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Give us feedback →</a><a class="_text-xs _font-medium _text-gray-500 hover:_text-gray-900 dark:_text-gray-400 dark:hover:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:_text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:_text-gray-50" href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql.github.io/tree/source/src/pages/learn/validation.mdx">Edit this page</a><button aria-hidden="true" disabled="" class="_flex _items-center _gap-1.5 _transition _opacity-100 disabled:_opacity-0 _text-xs _font-medium _text-gray-500 hover:_text-gray-900 dark:_text-gray-400 dark:hover:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:_text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:_text-gray-50">Scroll to top<svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_-rotate-90 _size-4 _border _rounded-full _border-current"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg></button></div></div></nav><div id="reach-skip-nav"></div><article class="_w-full _break-words nextra-content _flex _min-h-[calc(100vh-var(--nextra-navbar-height))] _min-w-0 _justify-center _pb-8 _pr-[calc(env(safe-area-inset-right)-1.5rem)]"><main class="_w-full _min-w-0 _max-w-6xl _px-6 _pt-4 md:_px-12"><div class="nextra-breadcrumb _mt-1.5 _flex _items-center _gap-1 _overflow-hidden _text-sm _text-gray-500 dark:_text-gray-400 contrast-more:_text-current"><div class="_whitespace-nowrap _transition-colors _min-w-[24px] _overflow-hidden _text-ellipsis" title="Learn">Learn</div><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_w-3.5 _shrink-0"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg><div class="_whitespace-nowrap _transition-colors _font-medium _text-gray-700 contrast-more:_font-bold contrast-more:_text-current dark:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:dark:_text-current" title="Validation">Validation</div></div><h1 class="_mt-2 _text-4xl _font-bold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100">Validation</h1> <p class="learn-subtitle">Learn how GraphQL validates operations using a schema</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">On this page, we’ll explore an important phase in the lifecycle of a GraphQL request called <a href="https://spec.graphql.org/draft/#sec-Validation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">validation</a>. A request must be syntactically correct to run, but it should also be valid when checked against the API’s schema.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In practice, when a GraphQL operation reaches the server, the document is first parsed and then validated using the type system. This allows servers and clients to effectively inform developers when an invalid query has been created, without relying on runtime checks. Once the operation is validated, it can be <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/execution/">executed</a> on the server and a response will be delivered to the client.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Validation examples<a href="#validation-examples" id="validation-examples" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">The GraphQL specification describes the detailed conditions that must be satisfied for a request to be considered valid. In the sections that follow, we’ll look at a few examples of common validation issues that may occur in GraphQL operations.</p> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Requesting non-existent fields<a href="#requesting-non-existent-fields" id="requesting-non-existent-fields" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">When we query for a field, the field must be defined on the relevant type. As <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">hero</code> returns a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code> type, its selection set may only request the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code> type’s fields; <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code> does not have a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">favoriteSpaceship</code> field, so this query is invalid:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Selection sets and leaf fields<a href="#selection-sets-and-leaf-fields" id="selection-sets-and-leaf-fields" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Whenever we query for a field and it returns something other than a Scalar or Enum type, we need to specify what data we want to get back from the field (a “selection set”). The <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">hero</code> query field returns a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code>, and we’ve already seen examples that request fields like <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">name</code> and <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">appearsIn</code> on it. If we omit those leaf field selections, then the query will not be valid:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Similarly, querying fields of a scalar or enum doesn’t make sense, therefore adding a selection set to a leaf field will make the query invalid:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Missing fragments for fields that output abstract types<a href="#missing-fragments-for-fields-that-output-abstract-types" id="missing-fragments-for-fields-that-output-abstract-types" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Earlier, it was noted that a query can only ask for fields on the type in question. So when we query for <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">hero</code> which returns a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code>, we can only request fields that exist on the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code> Interface type. What happens if we want to query for R2-D2’s primary function, though?</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">That query is invalid, because <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">primaryFunction</code> is not one of the shared fields defined by the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code> Interface type. We want some way of indicating that we wish to fetch <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">primaryFunction</code> if the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code> is a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Droid</code>, and to ignore that field otherwise. We can use the <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/queries/#fragments">fragments</a> to do this. By setting up a fragment defined on <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Droid</code> and including it in the selection set, we ensure that we only query for <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">primaryFunction</code> where it is defined:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">This query is valid, but it’s a bit verbose; named fragments were valuable above when we used them multiple times, but we’re only using this one once. Instead of using a named fragment, we can use an <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/queries/#inline-fragments">inline fragment</a>; this still allows us to indicate the type we are querying on, but without naming a separate fragment:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Cyclic fragment spreads<a href="#cyclic-fragment-spreads" id="cyclic-fragment-spreads" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">To start, let’s take a complex valid query. This is a nested query, but with the duplicated fields factored out into a fragment:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">The following is an alternative to the above query, attempting to use recursion instead of the explicit three levels of nesting. This new query is invalid because a fragment cannot refer to itself (directly or indirectly) since the resulting cycle could create an unbounded result!</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">This has just scratched the surface of the validation system; there are a number of validation rules in place to ensure that a GraphQL operation is semantically meaningful. The specification goes into more detail about this topic in the <a href="https://spec.graphql.org/draft/#sec-Validation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">validation section</a>, and the <a href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/main/src/validation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">validation directory in the reference implementation</a> contains code implementing a specification-compliant GraphQL validator.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Validation errors<a href="#validation-errors" id="validation-errors" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">As we have seen in the examples above, when a GraphQL server encounters a validation error in a request, it will return information about what happened in the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">errors</code> key of the response. Specifically, when GraphQL detects a validation issue in a document, it raises a <em>request error</em> before execution begins, meaning that no partial data will be included in the response.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">And because the GraphQL specification requires all implementations to validate incoming requests against the schema, developers won’t need to write specific runtime logic to handle these validation issues manually.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Next steps<a href="#next-steps" id="next-steps" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">To recap what we’ve learned about validation:</p> <ul class="[:is(ol,ul)_&]:_my-3 [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _list-disc ltr:_ml-6 rtl:_mr-6"> <li class="_my-2">To be executed, requests must include a syntactically correct document that is considered valid when checked against the schema</li> <li class="_my-2">The specification requires implementations check incoming requests contain valid field selections, correct fragment usage, and more</li> <li class="_my-2">When a validation issue occurs, the server will raise a request error and return to the client information about what happened; field execution will not start</li> </ul> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Head over to the <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/execution/">Execution</a> page to learn how GraphQL provides data for each field in a request after the validation step successfully completes.</p><div class="_mt-16"></div><div class="_mb-8 _flex _items-center _border-t _pt-8 dark:_border-neutral-800 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 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