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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799204]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799204]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799204; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='126799204']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126799202"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799202/From_the_centre_to_the_periphery_Hawaii_and_the_Pacific_community"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From the centre to the periphery: Hawaii and the Pacific community" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799202/From_the_centre_to_the_periphery_Hawaii_and_the_Pacific_community">From the centre to the periphery: Hawaii and the Pacific community</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Hawai‘i at the Crossroads tells the story of Hawai‘i’s role in the emergence of Japanese cultural...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Hawai‘i at the Crossroads tells the story of Hawai‘i’s role in the emergence of Japanese cultural and political internationalism during the interwar period. Following World War I, Japan became an important global power and Hawai‘i Japanese represented its largest and most significant emigrant group. During the 1920s and 1930s, Hawai‘i’s Japanese American population provided Japan with a welcome opportunity to expand its international and intercultural contacts. This volume, based on papers presented at the 2001 Crossroads Conference by scholars from the U.S., Japan, and Australia, explores U.S.–Japanese conflict and cooperation in Hawai‘i—truly the crossroads of relations between the two countries prior to the Pacific War. From the 1880s to 1924, 180,000 Japanese emigrants arrived in the U.S. A little less than half of those original arrivals settled in Hawai‘i; by 1900 they constituted the largest ethnic group in the Islands, making them of special interest to Tokyo. Even after its withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933, Japan viewed Hawai‘i as a largely sympathetic and supportive ally. Through its influential international conferences, Hawai‘i’s Institute of Pacific Relations conducted a program that was arguably the only informal diplomatic channel of consequence left to Japan following its withdrawal from the League. The Islands represented Japan’s best opportunity to explain itself to the U.S.; here American and Japanese diplomats, official and unofficial, could work to resolve the growing tension between their two countries. College exchange programs and substantial trade and business opportunities continued between Japan and Hawai‘i right up until December 1941. While hopes on both sides of the Pacific were shattered by the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japan-Hawai‘i connection underlying not a few of them remains important, informative, and above all compelling. Its further exploration provided the rationale for the Crossroads Conference and the essays compiled here. Contributors: Tomoko Akami, Jon Davidann, Masako Gavin, Paul Hooper, Michiko Itò, Nobuo Katagiri, Hiromi Monobe, Moriya Tomoe, Shimada Noriko, Mariko Takagi-Kitayama, Eileen H. Tamura</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126799202"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126799202"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799202; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799202]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799202]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126799200"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799200/The_nexus_of_the_nation_state_and_the_empire_Reconsidering_the_leagues_order_and_Japan_in_the_inter_war_period"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The nexus of the nation-state and the empire: Reconsidering the league's order and Japan in the inter-war period" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799200/The_nexus_of_the_nation_state_and_the_empire_Reconsidering_the_leagues_order_and_Japan_in_the_inter_war_period">The nexus of the nation-state and the empire: Reconsidering the league's order and Japan in the inter-war period</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126799200"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126799200"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799200; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126799199"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799199/Managing_Public_Opinion_The_National_News_Agency_of_Japan_Domei_tsushin_and_Public_Diplomacy_1936_40"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Managing Public Opinion: The National News Agency of Japan, Domei tsushin, and Public Diplomacy, 1936-40" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799199/Managing_Public_Opinion_The_National_News_Agency_of_Japan_Domei_tsushin_and_Public_Diplomacy_1936_40">Managing Public Opinion: The National News Agency of Japan, Domei tsushin, and Public Diplomacy, 1936-40</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126799199"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126799199"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799199; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799199]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799199]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799199; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='126799199']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126799199]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126799199,"title":"Managing Public Opinion: The National News Agency of Japan, Domei tsushin, and Public Diplomacy, 1936-40","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126799199/Managing_Public_Opinion_The_National_News_Agency_of_Japan_Domei_tsushin_and_Public_Diplomacy_1936_40","owner_id":33183423,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":33183423,"first_name":"Tomoko","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akami","page_name":"TAkami","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2015-07-19T19:23:47.783-07:00","display_name":"Tomoko Akami","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/TAkami"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126799198"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799198/The_Open_Ocean_for_Interimperial_Collaboration"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Open Ocean for Interimperial Collaboration" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799198/The_Open_Ocean_for_Interimperial_Collaboration">The Open Ocean for Interimperial Collaboration</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oceanic Archives, Indigenous Epistemologies, and Transpacific American Studies</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter examines the Pacific Ocean as a transnational space from the perspective of the US a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter examines the Pacific Ocean as a transnational space from the perspective of the US as a new maritime empire in the region, and proposes an alternative analytical perspective for this analysis, interimperialism, to three currently dominant ones; imperialism versus nationalism; a vertical analysis of an empire; and power conflicts among the empires. The chapter focuses on experts at the two institutions, namely, the Institute of Pacific Relations and the Pan Pacific Science Congress, in the 1920s, and examines the nature of their Pan Pacific visions, a Pacific version of Pan Americanism. It argues that these experts saw the ocean as an open space that connected the people in and across the Pacific and pursued interimperial cooperative schemes, not as a space divided into closed seas where various polities competed for territorial control. Their interimperial schemes had two distinct characteristics; first, they framed their objectives in the rhetoric of a shared “imperial civilizing mission.” which satisfied moral guilt of the metropolitan elite, but still reinforced their empires’ superior position over the colonized. Second, Pan Pacific schemes ensured interimperial cooperation of managing the ocean space, rather than a conflict.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126799198"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126799198"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799198; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799198]").text(description); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126799198]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126799198,"title":"The Open Ocean for Interimperial Collaboration","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126799198/The_Open_Ocean_for_Interimperial_Collaboration","owner_id":33183423,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":33183423,"first_name":"Tomoko","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akami","page_name":"TAkami","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2015-07-19T19:23:47.783-07:00","display_name":"Tomoko Akami","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/TAkami"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115652443"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115652443/Victor_Heiser_and_the_Rockefeller_Foundation_as_a_Medium_for_the_Intercolonial_Transfer_of_Health_Management_Knowledge_in_Asia_in_the_Era_of_the_League_of_Nations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Victor Heiser and the Rockefeller Foundation as a Medium for the Intercolonial Transfer of Health Management Knowledge in Asia in the Era of the League of Nations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112000280/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115652443/Victor_Heiser_and_the_Rockefeller_Foundation_as_a_Medium_for_the_Intercolonial_Transfer_of_Health_Management_Knowledge_in_Asia_in_the_Era_of_the_League_of_Nations">Victor Heiser and the Rockefeller Foundation as a Medium for the Intercolonial Transfer of Health Management Knowledge in Asia in the Era of the League of Nations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Victor Heiser was in charge of Rockefeller programs in Asia and the Pacific (which his contempora...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Victor Heiser was in charge of Rockefeller programs in Asia and the Pacific (which his contemporaries called the &quot;Pacific region&quot;) as Director for the East of the International Health Board (IHB) of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1915 to 1934. The IHB provided a substantial portion (30-40 percent) of the funding for international health projects of the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO, 1921-46), and also conducted its own programs in various parts of the world. In recent years, scholars have begun to see the League as an important harbinger of global norms in the following era of the United Nations, and the role of the LNHO is in particularly well acknowledged. Heiser oversaw a large part of the LNHO&#39;s international health work in Asia and the Pacific. Compared to other Rockefeller IHB officers who worked in Asia, such as John B. Grant, Roger Greene, and Selskar Gunn, however, Heiser&#39;s work as Director for the East, especially in the relations between t...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0d872421c541e0d1b0d5ba82d003a9f4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112000280,"asset_id":115652443,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112000280/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115652443"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115652443"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115652443; 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From the Center to the Periphery: Hawai‘i and the Pacific Community","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126799208/1_From_the_Center_to_the_Periphery_Hawai_i_and_the_Pacific_Community","owner_id":33183423,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":33183423,"first_name":"Tomoko","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akami","page_name":"TAkami","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2015-07-19T19:23:47.783-07:00","display_name":"Tomoko Akami","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/TAkami"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126799207"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799207/The_limits_of_peace_propaganda"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The limits of peace propaganda" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799207/The_limits_of_peace_propaganda">The limits of peace propaganda</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Organizations and the Media in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126799207"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126799207"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799207; 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799206]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799206]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799206; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='126799206']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126799202"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799202/From_the_centre_to_the_periphery_Hawaii_and_the_Pacific_community"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From the centre to the periphery: Hawaii and the Pacific community" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799202/From_the_centre_to_the_periphery_Hawaii_and_the_Pacific_community">From the centre to the periphery: Hawaii and the Pacific community</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Hawai‘i at the Crossroads tells the story of Hawai‘i’s role in the emergence of Japanese cultural...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Hawai‘i at the Crossroads tells the story of Hawai‘i’s role in the emergence of Japanese cultural and political internationalism during the interwar period. Following World War I, Japan became an important global power and Hawai‘i Japanese represented its largest and most significant emigrant group. During the 1920s and 1930s, Hawai‘i’s Japanese American population provided Japan with a welcome opportunity to expand its international and intercultural contacts. This volume, based on papers presented at the 2001 Crossroads Conference by scholars from the U.S., Japan, and Australia, explores U.S.–Japanese conflict and cooperation in Hawai‘i—truly the crossroads of relations between the two countries prior to the Pacific War. From the 1880s to 1924, 180,000 Japanese emigrants arrived in the U.S. A little less than half of those original arrivals settled in Hawai‘i; by 1900 they constituted the largest ethnic group in the Islands, making them of special interest to Tokyo. Even after its withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933, Japan viewed Hawai‘i as a largely sympathetic and supportive ally. Through its influential international conferences, Hawai‘i’s Institute of Pacific Relations conducted a program that was arguably the only informal diplomatic channel of consequence left to Japan following its withdrawal from the League. The Islands represented Japan’s best opportunity to explain itself to the U.S.; here American and Japanese diplomats, official and unofficial, could work to resolve the growing tension between their two countries. College exchange programs and substantial trade and business opportunities continued between Japan and Hawai‘i right up until December 1941. While hopes on both sides of the Pacific were shattered by the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japan-Hawai‘i connection underlying not a few of them remains important, informative, and above all compelling. Its further exploration provided the rationale for the Crossroads Conference and the essays compiled here. Contributors: Tomoko Akami, Jon Davidann, Masako Gavin, Paul Hooper, Michiko Itò, Nobuo Katagiri, Hiromi Monobe, Moriya Tomoe, Shimada Noriko, Mariko Takagi-Kitayama, Eileen H. Tamura</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126799202"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126799202"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799202; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799202]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799202]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126799199"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799199/Managing_Public_Opinion_The_National_News_Agency_of_Japan_Domei_tsushin_and_Public_Diplomacy_1936_40"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Managing Public Opinion: The National News Agency of Japan, Domei tsushin, and Public Diplomacy, 1936-40" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799199/Managing_Public_Opinion_The_National_News_Agency_of_Japan_Domei_tsushin_and_Public_Diplomacy_1936_40">Managing Public Opinion: The National News Agency of Japan, Domei tsushin, and Public Diplomacy, 1936-40</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126799199"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126799199"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799199; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799199]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799199]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799199; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='126799199']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126799199]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126799199,"title":"Managing Public Opinion: The National News Agency of Japan, Domei tsushin, and Public Diplomacy, 1936-40","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126799199/Managing_Public_Opinion_The_National_News_Agency_of_Japan_Domei_tsushin_and_Public_Diplomacy_1936_40","owner_id":33183423,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":33183423,"first_name":"Tomoko","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akami","page_name":"TAkami","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2015-07-19T19:23:47.783-07:00","display_name":"Tomoko Akami","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/TAkami"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126799198"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799198/The_Open_Ocean_for_Interimperial_Collaboration"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Open Ocean for Interimperial Collaboration" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/126799198/The_Open_Ocean_for_Interimperial_Collaboration">The Open Ocean for Interimperial Collaboration</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oceanic Archives, Indigenous Epistemologies, and Transpacific American Studies</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter examines the Pacific Ocean as a transnational space from the perspective of the US a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter examines the Pacific Ocean as a transnational space from the perspective of the US as a new maritime empire in the region, and proposes an alternative analytical perspective for this analysis, interimperialism, to three currently dominant ones; imperialism versus nationalism; a vertical analysis of an empire; and power conflicts among the empires. The chapter focuses on experts at the two institutions, namely, the Institute of Pacific Relations and the Pan Pacific Science Congress, in the 1920s, and examines the nature of their Pan Pacific visions, a Pacific version of Pan Americanism. It argues that these experts saw the ocean as an open space that connected the people in and across the Pacific and pursued interimperial cooperative schemes, not as a space divided into closed seas where various polities competed for territorial control. Their interimperial schemes had two distinct characteristics; first, they framed their objectives in the rhetoric of a shared “imperial civilizing mission.” which satisfied moral guilt of the metropolitan elite, but still reinforced their empires’ superior position over the colonized. Second, Pan Pacific schemes ensured interimperial cooperation of managing the ocean space, rather than a conflict.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126799198"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="126799198"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 126799198; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=126799198]").text(description); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=126799198]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":126799198,"title":"The Open Ocean for Interimperial Collaboration","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126799198/The_Open_Ocean_for_Interimperial_Collaboration","owner_id":33183423,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":33183423,"first_name":"Tomoko","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Akami","page_name":"TAkami","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2015-07-19T19:23:47.783-07:00","display_name":"Tomoko Akami","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/TAkami"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115652443"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115652443/Victor_Heiser_and_the_Rockefeller_Foundation_as_a_Medium_for_the_Intercolonial_Transfer_of_Health_Management_Knowledge_in_Asia_in_the_Era_of_the_League_of_Nations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Victor Heiser and the Rockefeller Foundation as a Medium for the Intercolonial Transfer of Health Management Knowledge in Asia in the Era of the League of Nations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112000280/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115652443/Victor_Heiser_and_the_Rockefeller_Foundation_as_a_Medium_for_the_Intercolonial_Transfer_of_Health_Management_Knowledge_in_Asia_in_the_Era_of_the_League_of_Nations">Victor Heiser and the Rockefeller Foundation as a Medium for the Intercolonial Transfer of Health Management Knowledge in Asia in the Era of the League of Nations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Victor Heiser was in charge of Rockefeller programs in Asia and the Pacific (which his contempora...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Victor Heiser was in charge of Rockefeller programs in Asia and the Pacific (which his contemporaries called the &quot;Pacific region&quot;) as Director for the East of the International Health Board (IHB) of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1915 to 1934. The IHB provided a substantial portion (30-40 percent) of the funding for international health projects of the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO, 1921-46), and also conducted its own programs in various parts of the world. In recent years, scholars have begun to see the League as an important harbinger of global norms in the following era of the United Nations, and the role of the LNHO is in particularly well acknowledged. Heiser oversaw a large part of the LNHO&#39;s international health work in Asia and the Pacific. Compared to other Rockefeller IHB officers who worked in Asia, such as John B. Grant, Roger Greene, and Selskar Gunn, however, Heiser&#39;s work as Director for the East, especially in the relations between t...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0d872421c541e0d1b0d5ba82d003a9f4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112000280,"asset_id":115652443,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112000280/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115652443"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115652443"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115652443; 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