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href="/w/index.php?title=Thecacera_pennigera&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><i><b>Thecacera pennigera</b></i>, <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> the <b>winged thecacera</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sea_slug" title="Sea slug">sea slug</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranch</a>, a shell-less <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyceridae" title="Polyceridae">Polyceridae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Thecacera pennigera</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thecacera_Pennigera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thecacera_Pennigera.jpg/220px-Thecacera_Pennigera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thecacera_Pennigera.jpg/330px-Thecacera_Pennigera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thecacera_Pennigera.jpg/440px-Thecacera_Pennigera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="2313"></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The nudibranch <i>Thecacera pennigera</i>, Mar Piccolo of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Thecacera" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">Nudibranchia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyceroidea" title="Polyceroidea">Polyceroidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyceridae" title="Polyceridae">Polyceridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thecacera" title="Thecacera"><i>Thecacera</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>T. pennigera</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Thecacera pennigera</i></span></b><br><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">(Montagu, 1815)</a><sup id="cite_ref-montagu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montagu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Doris pennigera</i><small> Montagu, 1815</small></li> <li><i>T. lamellata</i><small> Barnard, 1933</small></li> <li><i>T. maculata</i><small> Eliot, 1905</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Distribution_and_habitat"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution and habitat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Biology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Biology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thecacera_pennigera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><i>Thecacera pennigera</i> has a short, wide head with two lateral flaps and two sheathed <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory</a> organs called <a href="/wiki/Rhinophore" title="Rhinophore">rhinophores</a>. The body is wedge shaped, being wide at the front and ending in a slender foot with a lateral keel on either side. Halfway along the body are two long, thin, <a href="/wiki/Postbranchial_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Postbranchial body">postbranchial</a> processes with white tips. These are club-shaped and glandular and have a defensive function. A group of bipinnate or tripinnate <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> lies just above and to the front of these processes. The general colour of the body is translucent white and the upper side is covered with orange splotches and small black spots. The adult length is usually between 15 millimetres (0.6 in) and 30 millimetres (1.2 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSIP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSIP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thecacera_pennigera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><i>Thecacera pennigera</i> was described from the south coast of England.<sup id="cite_ref-montagu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montagu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reported to have a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, being found in temperate waters on either side of the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, around South and West Africa, Brazil, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, and more recently in Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a significant difference in colouring between Atlantic populations and Pacific specimens which may indicate that this is a complex of several species rather than a single cosmopolitan species. When conditions are suitable, it can occur in considerable numbers, but often it is sporadic or even rare. It is found at depths of down to 36 metres (120 ft) living on arborescent <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoans</a>. In the N. E. Atlantic (type locality) it feeds exclusively on the bryozoan <i><a href="/wiki/Bugula_plumosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugula plumosa">Bugula plumosa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sometimes foul the <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a> of vessels and both the bryozoans and the nudibranch have been extending their ranges, presumably travelling by ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSIP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSIP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thecacera_pennigera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Like other sea slugs, <i>Thecacera pennigera</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a>. Packets of sperm are exchanged by mating pairs of slugs and fertilisation is internal. The fertilised <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> are deposited in strings draped across the substrate, usually bryozoans of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bugula" title="Bugula">Bugula</a></i>, on which the sea slug feeds. It is not clear whether there is a <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> stage or whether juvenile sea slugs hatch direct from the eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thecacera_pennigera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-montagu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-montagu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-montagu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">Montagu G.</a> (1815). Descriptions of several new or rare animals, principally marine, discovered on the South coast of Devonshire. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 11: 1–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoRMS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140840"><i>Thecacera pennigera</i> (Montagu, 1815)</a> World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-12-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/Thecacera_pennigera.htm"><i>Thecacera pennigera</i> (Winged Thecacera)</a> Smithsonian Marine Station. Retrieved 2011-12-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSIP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSIP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSIP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=mollusca&id=976"><i>Thecacera pennigera</i></a> Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2011-12-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudman, W.B., 1997 (December 19) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/thecpen"><i>Thecacera pennigera</i> (Montagu, 1815).</a> [In] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C., 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=W13760"><i>Thecacera pennigera</i> (Montagu, 1813).</a> [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) 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position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thecacera_pennigera&oldid=1259564799">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thecacera_pennigera&oldid=1259564799</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Thecacera_pennigera&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="205.155.225.253" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732569462"> <span>Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 21:17</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecacera_pennigera" title="Thecacera pennigera – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thecacera pennigera" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecacera_pennigera" title="Thecacera pennigera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thecacera pennigera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestippelde_mosdierslak" title="Gestippelde mosdierslak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gestippelde mosdierslak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecacera_pennigera" title="Thecacera pennigera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thecacera pennigera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecacera_pennigera" title="Thecacera pennigera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thecacera pennigera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecacera_pennigera" title="Thecacera pennigera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thecacera pennigera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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