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<span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behavior and life history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_and_life_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior and life history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olfactory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfactory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Olfactory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfactory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auditory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auditory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Auditory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auditory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Visual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Tactile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mating_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mating strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Birth and parenting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Standard classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interaction with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interaction with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Exploitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Fur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Animal testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>As pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pests_and_disease_vectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pests_and_disease_vectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>As pests and disease vectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pests_and_disease_vectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoology,_osteology,_comparative_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoology,_osteology,_comparative_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Zoology, osteology, comparative anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoology,_osteology,_comparative_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Various" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Various</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Various-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rodent</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">138 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaagdier" title="Knaagdier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Knaagdier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagetiere" title="Nagetiere – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nagetiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%A5" title="ዘራይጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዘራይጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jursseeh" title="Jursseeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Jursseeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="قوارض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوارض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="তীক্ষ্ণদন্তী প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তীক্ষ্ণদন্তী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%B1api%27%C5%A9va" title="Oñapi'ũva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Oñapi'ũva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%99miricil%C9%99r" title="Gəmiricilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gəmiricilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گمیریجی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گمیریجی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80" title="তীক্ষ্ণদন্তী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তীক্ষ্ণদন্তী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giat-kh%C3%AD-l%C5%ABi" title="Giat-khí-lūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giat-khí-lūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Кимереүселәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кимереүселәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Грызуны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грызуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Грызуны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грызуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Гризачи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гризачи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogeviecha" title="Nogeviecha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nogeviecha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodari" title="Glodari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glodari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigner" title="Krigner – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krigner" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Мэрээшэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мэрээшэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosegadors" title="Rosegadors – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rosegadors" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăшлавçăсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăшлавçăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangungutkut" title="Mangungutkut – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mangungutkut" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlodavci" title="Hlodavci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlodavci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnofil" title="Cnofil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cnofil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnavere" title="Gnavere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gnavere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciebanat" title="Ciebanat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ciebanat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagetiere" title="Nagetiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nagetiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin_Deigh%C3%A1zh%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tsin Deigházhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsin Deigházhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryzarje" title="Gryzarje – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Gryzarje" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4rilised" title="Närilised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Närilised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Τρωκτικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρωκτικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%C4%9Duloj" title="Ronĝuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ronĝuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karraskari" title="Karraskari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karraskari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جوندگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوندگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rodent" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnagd%C3%BDr" title="Gnagdýr – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gnagdýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjifdieren" title="Kjifdieren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kjifdieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creimire" title="Creimire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Creimire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creimiche" title="Creimiche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Creimiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roedores" title="Roedores – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roedores" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%B9%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Царгаш-йӀаьха дийнаташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Царгаш-йӀаьха дийнаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A4%EC%B9%98%EB%A5%98" title="설치류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="설치류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կրծողներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրծողներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="कृंतक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृंतक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrymzaki" title="Hrymzaki – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hrymzaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodavci" title="Glodavci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glodavci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodero" title="Rodero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rodero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan_pengerat" title="Hewan pengerat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hewan pengerat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æхсынджытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсынджытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iziququdi" title="Iziququdi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Iziququdi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagd%C3%BDr" title="Nagdýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nagdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מכרסמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכרסמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9wan_kekrikitan" title="Kéwan kekrikitan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kéwan kekrikitan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95" title="ದಂಶಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಂಶಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მღრღნელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მღრღნელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кеміргіштер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кеміргіштер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knivil" title="Knivil – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Knivil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebadadunol_(Rodentia)" title="Sebadadunol (Rodentia) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sebadadunol (Rodentia)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma_kojeran" title="Koma kojeran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Koma kojeran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%87%D2%AF" title="Кемирүүчү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кемирүүчү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Ньымыштшы – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ньымыштшы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauz%C4%93ji" title="Grauzēji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grauzēji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knabberd%C3%A9ieren" title="Knabberdéieren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Knabberdéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau%C5%BEikai" title="Graužikai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graužikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaogdiere" title="Knaogdiere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Knaogdiere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ekok%C9%9B%CC%81k%C9%9Bk%C9%9B" title="Nyama ekokɛ́kɛkɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ekokɛ́kɛkɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodente" title="Rodente – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rodente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roditor" title="Roditor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Roditor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1gcs%C3%A1l%C3%B3k" title="Rágcsálók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rágcsálók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Глодачи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глодачи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="കരണ്ടുതീനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരണ്ടുതീനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="कुरतडणारे प्राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुरतडणारे प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="قوارض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قوارض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodensia" title="Rodensia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rodensia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Мэрэгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэрэгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကိုက်ဖြတ် သတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုက်ဖြတ် သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaagdieren" title="Knaagdieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Knaagdieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%A7%E6%AD%AF%E7%9B%AE" title="齧歯目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="齧歯目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescecature" title="Rescecature – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Rescecature" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaudiarten" title="Gnaudiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gnaudiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnagere" title="Gnagere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gnagere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnagarar" title="Gnagarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gnagarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grugeux" title="Grugeux – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Grugeux" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurxumsoo" title="Qurxumsoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qurxumsoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiruvchilar" title="Kemiruvchilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kemiruvchilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5" title="ਕੁਤਰਦੰਦੀ ਜੀਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਤਰਦੰਦੀ ਜੀਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%92_%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%92" title="کترے ددپلانے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کترے ددپلانے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Йириссез – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Йириссез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaagdeerter" title="Gnaagdeerter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gnaagdeerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryzonie" title="Gryzonie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gryzonie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roedores" title="Roedores – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roedores" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roz%C4%83toare" title="Rozătoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rozătoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khankiq" title="Khankiq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khankiq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Грызуны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грызуны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кэрбээччилэр аймахтара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кэрбээччилэр аймахтара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rodent" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnauedierte" title="Gnauedierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gnauedierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brejt%C3%ABsit" title="Brejtësit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brejtësit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rodent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlodavce" title="Hlodavce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hlodavce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodavci" title="Glodavci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glodavci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خورۆکەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خورۆکەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Глодари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глодари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodavci" title="Glodavci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glodavci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyrsij%C3%A4t" title="Jyrsijät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jyrsijät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnagare" title="Gnagare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gnagare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" title="Rodentia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rodentia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="கொறிணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொறிணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timse%C9%A3%E1%BA%93a%E1%BA%93" title="Timseɣẓaẓ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timseɣẓaẓ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Кимерүчеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кимерүчеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0" title="อันดับสัตว์ฟันแทะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันดับสัตว์ฟันแทะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хоянда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хоянда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiriciler" title="Kemiriciler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kemiriciler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гризуни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гризуни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کترنے والا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کترنے والا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BChtajad" title="Nühtajad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nühtajad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_G%E1%BA%B7m_nh%E1%BA%A5m" title="Bộ Gặm nhấm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Gặm nhấm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawiant" title="Rawiant – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rawiant" data-language-autonym="Walon" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
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style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Paleocene">Late Paleocene</a> – recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petr%C3%B3polis,_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petr%C3%B3polis%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_09.jpg/263px-Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petr%C3%B3polis%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petr%C3%B3polis%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_09.jpg/395px-Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petr%C3%B3polis%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petr%C3%B3polis%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_09.jpg/526px-Hydrochoeris_hydrochaeris_in_Brazil_in_Petr%C3%B3polis%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">Capybara</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Springharelg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Springharelg.jpg/106px-Springharelg.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Springharelg.jpg/159px-Springharelg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Springharelg.jpg/212px-Springharelg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Springhare" class="mw-redirect" title="Springhare">Springhare</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldmantelziesel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Goldmantelziesel.jpg/153px-Goldmantelziesel.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Goldmantelziesel.jpg/230px-Goldmantelziesel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Goldmantelziesel.jpg/306px-Goldmantelziesel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1773" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Golden-mantled_ground_squirrel" title="Golden-mantled ground squirrel">Golden-mantled ground squirrel</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Beaver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/American_Beaver.jpg/104px-American_Beaver.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/American_Beaver.jpg/156px-American_Beaver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/American_Beaver.jpg/208px-American_Beaver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/North_American_beaver" title="North American beaver">North American beaver</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mouse_white_background.jpg/155px-Mouse_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mouse_white_background.jpg/233px-Mouse_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Mouse_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">House mouse</a></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Rodentia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mirorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simplicidentata" title="Simplicidentata">Simplicidentata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rodentia</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Bowdich" title="Thomas Edward Bowdich">Bowdich</a>, 1821</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Suborders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha" title="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castorimorpha" title="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha" title="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Caviomorpha" title="Caviomorpha">Caviomorpha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myomorpha" title="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha" title="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodent_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rodent_range.png/220px-Rodent_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rodent_range.png/330px-Rodent_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rodent_range.png/440px-Rodent_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Combined range of all rodent species (not including introduced populations) </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Rodents</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rodere</i></span>, 'to gnaw') are <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Rodentia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">roh-<span style="font-size:90%">DEN</span>-shə</i></a>), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing <a href="/wiki/Incisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisors">incisors</a> in each of the upper and lower <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a>. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. They are native to all major land masses except for <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these land masses by human activity. </p><p>Rodents are extremely diverse in their ecology and lifestyles and can be found in almost every terrestrial habitat, including human-made environments. Species can be <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">fossorial</a> (burrowing), <a href="/wiki/Saltatorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltatorial">saltatorial</a>/ricochetal (leaping on their hind legs), or semiaquatic. However, all rodents share several morphological features, including having only a single upper and lower pair of ever-growing incisors. Well-known rodents include <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie_dog" title="Prairie dog">prairie dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavia" title="Cavia">guinea pigs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pika" title="Pika">pikas</a>, which also have incisors that grow continuously (but have two pairs of upper incisors instead of one),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were once included with rodents, but are now considered to be in a separate order, the <a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>. Nonetheless, Rodentia and Lagomorpha are <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister groups</a>, sharing a <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">single common ancestor</a> and forming the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glires" title="Glires">Glires</a>. </p><p>Most rodents are small animals with robust bodies, short limbs, and long tails. They use their sharp incisors to gnaw food, excavate burrows, and defend themselves. Most eat seeds or other plant material, but some have more varied diets. They tend to be social animals and many species live in societies with complex ways of communicating with each other. Mating among rodents can vary from <a href="/wiki/Monogamous_pairing_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous pairing in animals">monogamy</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygyny in nature">polygyny</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a>. Many have <a href="/wiki/Litter_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Litter (animal)">litters</a> of underdeveloped, <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> young, while others are <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> (relatively well developed) at birth. </p><p>The rodent <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> on the supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>. Rodents greatly diversified in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, as they spread across continents, sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dispersal" title="Oceanic dispersal">crossing oceans</a>. Rodents reached both South America and Madagascar from Africa and, until the arrival of <i>Homo sapiens</i>, were the only terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placental mammals</a> to reach and colonize Australia. </p><p>Rodents have been used as food, for clothing, as <a href="/wiki/Rodents_as_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents as pets">pets</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">laboratory animals</a> in research. Some species, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black rat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">house mouse</a>, are serious <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, eating and spoiling food stored by humans and spreading diseases. Accidentally <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> of rodents are often considered to be <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> and have caused the extinction of numerous species, such as island birds, the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> being an example, previously isolated from land-based predators. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnagarnas_tandsystem,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/330px-Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of typical rodent tooth system: The front surface of the <a href="/wiki/Incisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisors">incisors</a> is hard <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>, whereas the rear is softer <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentine</a>. The act of chewing wears down the dentine, leaving a sharp, chisel-like edge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labeled_Rattus_Skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labeled_Rattus_Skull.jpg/220px-Labeled_Rattus_Skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labeled_Rattus_Skull.jpg/330px-Labeled_Rattus_Skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labeled_Rattus_Skull.jpg/440px-Labeled_Rattus_Skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Noticeable <a href="/wiki/Diastema" title="Diastema">diastema</a> in a rodent skull</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagez%C3%A4hne_eines_Hausmeerschweinchens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nagez%C3%A4hne_eines_Hausmeerschweinchens.jpg/220px-Nagez%C3%A4hne_eines_Hausmeerschweinchens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nagez%C3%A4hne_eines_Hausmeerschweinchens.jpg/330px-Nagez%C3%A4hne_eines_Hausmeerschweinchens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nagez%C3%A4hne_eines_Hausmeerschweinchens.jpg/440px-Nagez%C3%A4hne_eines_Hausmeerschweinchens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="3167" /></a><figcaption>Incisors of a <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The distinguishing feature of the rodents is their pairs of continuously growing, razor-sharp, open-rooted <a href="/wiki/Tooth#Rodents" title="Tooth">incisors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These incisors have thick layers of enamel on the front and little enamel on the back.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they do not stop growing, the animal must continue to wear them down so that they do not reach and pierce the skull. As the incisors grind against each other, the softer dentine on the rear of the teeth wears away, leaving the sharp enamel edge shaped like the blade of a <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species have up to 22 teeth with no canines or anterior <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a>. A gap, or <a href="/wiki/Diastema" title="Diastema">diastema</a>, occurs between the incisors and the cheek teeth in most species. This allows rodents to suck in their cheeks or lips to shield their mouth and throat from wood shavings and other inedible material, discarding this waste from the sides of their mouths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chinchillas and guinea pigs have a high-fiber diet; their molars have no roots and grow continuously like their incisors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many species, the molars are relatively large, intricately structured, and highly cusped or ridged. Rodent molars are well equipped to grind food into small particles.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jaw musculature is strong. The lower jaw is thrust forward while gnawing and is pulled backwards during chewing.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gnawing uses incisors and chewing uses molars, however, due to the cranial anatomy of rodents these feeding methods cannot be used at the same time and are considered to be mutually exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among rodents, the <a href="/wiki/Masseter_muscle" title="Masseter muscle">masseter</a> muscle plays a key role in chewing, making up 60% – 80% of the total muscle mass among masticatory muscles and reflects rodents' herbivorous diet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodent groups differ in the arrangement of the jaw muscles and associated skull structures, both from other mammals and amongst themselves. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha" title="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_grey_squirrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern grey squirrel">eastern grey squirrel</a>, have a large deep <a href="/wiki/Masseter" class="mw-redirect" title="Masseter">masseter</a>, making them efficient at biting with the incisors. The <a href="/wiki/Myomorpha" title="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a>, such as the brown rat, have enlarged <a href="/wiki/Temporalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporalis">temporalis</a> and masseter muscles, making them able to chew powerfully with their molars.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rodents, masseter muscles insert behind the eyes and contribute to eye boggling that occurs during gnawing where the quick contraction and relaxation of the muscle causes the eyeballs to move up and down.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha" title="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a>, such as the guinea pig, have larger superficial masseter muscles and smaller deep masseter muscles than rats or squirrels, possibly making them less efficient at biting with the incisors, but their enlarged internal pterygoid muscles may allow them to move the jaw further sideways when chewing.<sup id="cite_ref-CoxJeffery_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoxJeffery-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cheek_pouch" title="Cheek pouch">cheek pouch</a> is a specific morphological feature used for storing food and is evident in particular subgroups of rodents like <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rat" title="Kangaroo rat">kangaroo rats</a>, hamsters, chipmunks and gophers which have two bags that may range from the mouth to the front of the shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-Duckett1853_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duckett1853-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> True mice and rats do not contain this structure but their cheeks are elastic due to a high degree of musculature and innervation in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VolRenderShearWarp.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/VolRenderShearWarp.gif/170px-VolRenderShearWarp.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/VolRenderShearWarp.gif/255px-VolRenderShearWarp.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/VolRenderShearWarp.gif/340px-VolRenderShearWarp.gif 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Volume rendering of a mouse skull (CT) using shear warp algorithm</figcaption></figure> <p>While the largest species, the <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a>, can weigh as much as 66 kg (146 lb), most rodents weigh less than 100 g (3.5 oz). Rodents have wide-ranging morphologies, but typically have squat bodies and short limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fore limbs usually have five digits, including an opposable thumb, while the hind limbs have three to five digits. The elbow gives the forearms great flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of species are <a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">plantigrade</a>, walking on both the palms and soles of their feet, and have claw-like nails. The nails of burrowing species tend to be long and strong, while arboreal rodents have shorter, sharper nails. Rodent species use a wide variety of methods of locomotion including <a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism" title="Quadrupedalism">quadrupedal</a> walking, running, burrowing, climbing, <a href="/wiki/Biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Biped">bipedal</a> hopping (<a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rat" title="Kangaroo rat">kangaroo rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hopping_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopping mice">hopping mice</a>), swimming and even gliding.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anomalure" title="Anomalure">Scaly-tailed squirrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel" title="Flying squirrel">flying squirrels</a>, although not closely related, can both glide from tree to tree using <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">parachute-like membranes</a> that stretch from the fore to the hind limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-aerodynamic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerodynamic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Common_agouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Common agouti">agouti</a> is fleet-footed and <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>-like, being <a href="/wiki/Digitigrade" title="Digitigrade">digitigrade</a> and having hoof-like nails. The majority of rodents have tails, which can be of many shapes and sizes. Some tails are <a href="/wiki/Prehensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehensile">prehensile</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_harvest_mouse" title="Eurasian harvest mouse">Eurasian harvest mouse</a>, and the fur on the tails can vary from bushy to completely bald. The tail is sometimes used for communication, as when beavers slap their tails on the water surface or house mice rattle their tails to indicate alarm. Some species have vestigial tails or no tails at all.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species, the tail is capable of regeneration if a part is broken off.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinchilla_lanigera_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chinchilla_lanigera_11.jpg/220px-Chinchilla_lanigera_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chinchilla_lanigera_11.jpg/330px-Chinchilla_lanigera_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chinchilla_lanigera_11.jpg/440px-Chinchilla_lanigera_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">Chinchilla</a> with its long whiskers. Chinchillas are also known for having the densest fur of any land mammal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Rodents generally have well-developed senses of <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a>, hearing, and vision. Nocturnal species often have enlarged eyes and some are sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. Many species have long, sensitive <a href="/wiki/Whiskers" title="Whiskers">whiskers</a> or vibrissae for touch or <a href="/wiki/Whisking_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Whisking in animals">"whisking"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen-2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen-2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whisker action is mostly driven by the brain stem, which is itself provoked by the cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen-2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen-2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Legg et al. 1989 find an alternate circuit between the cortex and whiskers through the cerebellar circuits, and Hemelt & Keller 2008 the superior colliculus.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen-2014_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen-2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rodents have <a href="/wiki/Cheek_pouches" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheek pouches">cheek pouches</a>, which may be lined with fur. These can be turned inside out for cleaning. In many species, the tongue cannot reach past the incisors. Rodents have efficient digestive systems, absorbing nearly 80% of ingested energy. When eating <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, the food is softened in the stomach and passed to the <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a>, where bacteria reduce it to its <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> elements. The rodent then practices <a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">coprophagy</a>, eating its own fecal pellets, so the nutrients can be absorbed by the gut. Rodents therefore often produce a hard and dry fecal pellet.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horn et al. 2013<sup id="cite_ref-Horn-et-al-2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn-et-al-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makes the finding that rodents entirely lack the ability to vomit.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapoor-et-al-2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapoor-et-al-2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balaban-Yates-2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balaban-Yates-2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schier-Spector-2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schier-Spector-2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horn-et-al-2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn-et-al-2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many species, the penis contains a bone, the <a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">baculum</a>; the testes can be located either abdominally or at the groin.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> occurs in many rodent species. In some rodents, males are larger than females, while in others the reverse is true. Male-bias sexual dimorphism is typical for <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">ground squirrels</a>, kangaroo rats, solitary <a href="/wiki/Mole_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole rat">mole rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pocket_gopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket gopher">pocket gophers</a>; it likely developed due to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> and greater male–male combat. Female-bias sexual dimorphism exists among <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zapodinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapodinae">jumping mice</a>. It is not understood why this pattern occurs, but in the case of <a href="/wiki/Yellow-pine_chipmunk" title="Yellow-pine chipmunk">yellow-pine chipmunks</a>, males may have selected larger females due to their greater reproductive success. In some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, sexual dimorphism can vary from population to population. In <a href="/wiki/Bank_vole" title="Bank vole">bank voles</a>, females are typically larger than males, but male-bias sexual dimorphism occurs in alpine populations, possibly because of the lack of predators and greater competition between males.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-NYC_Rat_in_a_Flowerbox_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">Brown rat</a> in a flowerbox: Some rodents thrive in human habitats.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most widespread groups of mammals, rodents can be found on every continent except Antarctica. They are the only terrestrial placental mammals to have colonized Australia and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> without human intervention. Humans have also allowed the animals to spread to many remote oceanic islands (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">Polynesian rat</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodents have adapted to almost every terrestrial habitat, from cold <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> (where they can live under snow) to hot deserts. </p><p>Some species such as <a href="/wiki/Tree_squirrel" title="Tree squirrel">tree squirrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_World_porcupine" title="New World porcupine">New World porcupines</a> are <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">arboreal</a>, while some, such as <a href="/wiki/Gopher" title="Gopher">gophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuco-tuco" title="Tuco-tuco">tuco-tucos</a>, and mole rats, live almost completely underground, where they build complex burrow systems. Others dwell on the surface of the ground, but may have a burrow into which they can retreat. Beavers and <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a> are known for being semiaquatic,<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the rodent best adapted for aquatic life is probably the <a href="/wiki/Earless_water_rat" title="Earless water rat">earless water rat</a> from New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodents have also thrived in human-created environments such as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG/220px-American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG/330px-American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG/440px-American_Beaver_with_dam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Some rodents, like this <a href="/wiki/North_American_beaver" title="North American beaver">North American beaver</a> with its dam of gnawed tree trunks and the lake it has created, are considered <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" title="Ecosystem engineer">ecosystem engineers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though some species are common pests for humans, rodents also play important ecological roles.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rodents are considered <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" title="Ecosystem engineer">ecosystem engineers</a> in their respective habitats. In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of North America, the burrowing activities of prairie dogs play important roles in soil <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> and nutrient redistribution, raising the organic content of the soil and increasing the absorption of water. They maintain these grassland habitats,<sup id="cite_ref-JankeMartínez-Estévez2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JankeMartínez-Estévez2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some large herbivores such as <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> prefer to graze near prairie dog colonies due to the increased nutritional quality of forage.<sup id="cite_ref-Krueger1986_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger1986-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extirpation of prairie dogs can also contribute to regional and local <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, increased seed depredation, and the establishment and spread of invasive shrubs.<sup id="cite_ref-JankeMartínez-Estévez2013_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JankeMartínez-Estévez2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burrowing rodents may eat the fruiting bodies of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and spread <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> through their feces, thereby allowing the fungi to disperse and form <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">symbiotic relationships</a> with the roots of plants (which usually cannot thrive without them). As such, these rodents may play a role in maintaining healthy forests.<sup id="cite_ref-PérezCastillo-Guevara2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PérezCastillo-Guevara2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many temperate regions, beavers play an essential <a href="/wiki/Hydrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological">hydrological</a> role. When building their dams and lodges, beavers alter the paths of streams and rivers<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allow for the creation of extensive wetland habitats. One study found that engineering by beavers leads to a 33 percent increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plant</a> species in <a href="/wiki/Riparian_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian area">riparian areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study found that beavers increase wild salmon populations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, some rodents are seen as <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, due to their wide range.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_and_life_history">Behavior and life history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behavior and life history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg/220px-Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg/330px-Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg/440px-Tamias_striatus_CT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3193" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_chipmunk" title="Eastern chipmunk">Eastern chipmunk</a> carrying food in cheek pouches</figcaption></figure> <p>Most rodents are <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a>, feeding exclusively on plant material such as seeds, stems, leaves, flowers, and roots. Some are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a> and a few are predators.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Field_vole" class="mw-redirect" title="Field vole">field vole</a> is a typical herbivorous rodent and feeds on grasses, herbs, root tubers, moss, and other vegetation, and gnaws on bark during the winter. It occasionally eats invertebrates such as insect larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Plains_pocket_gopher" title="Plains pocket gopher">plains pocket gopher</a> eats plant material found underground during tunneling, and also collects grasses, roots, and tubers in its cheek pouches and <a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(animal_behavior)" title="Hoarding (animal behavior)">caches</a> them in underground larder chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Texas_pocket_gopher" title="Texas pocket gopher">Texas pocket gopher</a> avoids emerging onto the surface to feed by seizing the roots of plants with its jaws and pulling them downwards into its burrow. It also practices coprophagy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/African_pouched_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="African pouched rat">African pouched rat</a> forages on the surface, gathering anything that might be edible into its capacious cheek pouches until its face bulges out sideways. It then returns to its burrow to sort through the material it has gathered and eats the nutritious items.<sup id="cite_ref-Attenborough_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">Agouti</a> species are one of the few animal groups that can break open the large capsules of the <a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a> fruit. Too many seeds are inside to be consumed in one meal, so the agouti carries some off and caches them. This helps dispersal of the seeds as any that the agouti fails to retrieve are distant from the parent tree when they germinate. Other nut-bearing trees tend to bear a glut of fruits in the autumn. These are too numerous to be eaten in one meal and squirrels gather and store the surplus in crevices and hollow trees. In desert regions, seeds are often available only for short periods. The kangaroo rat collects all it can find and stores them in larder chambers in its burrow.<sup id="cite_ref-Attenborough_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capibara_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Capibara_1.jpg/220px-Capibara_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Capibara_1.jpg/330px-Capibara_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Capibara_1.jpg/440px-Capibara_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">Capybara</a> grazing</figcaption></figure> <p>A strategy for dealing with seasonal plenty is to eat as much as possible and store the surplus nutrients as fat. <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">Marmots</a> do this, and may be 50% heavier in the autumn than in the spring. They rely on their fat reserves during their long winter <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Attenborough_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenborough-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beavers feed on the leaves, buds, and inner bark of growing trees, as well as aquatic plants. They store food for winter use by felling small trees and leafy branches in the autumn and immersing them in their pond, sticking the ends into the mud to anchor them. Here, they can access their food supply underwater even when their pond is frozen over.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although rodents have been regarded traditionally as herbivores, most small rodents opportunistically include insects, worms, fungi, fish, or meat in their diets and a few have become specialized to rely on a diet of animal matter. A functional-morphological study of the rodent tooth system supports the idea that primitive rodents were omnivores rather than herbivores. Studies of the literature show that numerous members of the Sciuromorpha and Myomorpha, and a few members of the Hystricomorpha, have either included animal matter in their diets or been prepared to eat such food when offered it in captivity. Examination of the stomach contents of the North American <a href="/wiki/White-footed_mouse" title="White-footed mouse">white-footed mouse</a>, normally considered to be herbivorous, showed 34% animal matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Landry_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landry-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More specialized carnivores include the <a href="/wiki/Shrewlike_rat" title="Shrewlike rat">shrewlike rats</a> of the Philippines, which feed on insects and soft-bodied invertebrates, and the <a href="/wiki/Rakali" title="Rakali">rakali</a> or Australian water-rat, which devours aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs, and water birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Landry_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landry-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Onychomys_leucogaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Onychomys leucogaster">grasshopper mouse</a> from dry regions of North America feeds on insects, scorpions, and other small mice, and only a small part of its diet is plant material. It has a chunky body with short legs and tail, but is agile and can easily overpower prey as large as itself.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg/220px-T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg/330px-T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg/440px-T%C3%A1rsas_pr%C3%A9rikutya_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Prairie dog "town". Prairie dogs are extremely social.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rodents exhibit a wide range of types of social behavior ranging from the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">caste system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">naked mole-rat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the extensive "town" of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Prairie_dog" title="Prairie dog">prairie dog</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoogland1995_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoogland1995-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through family groups to the independent, solitary life of the <a href="/wiki/Edible_dormouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible dormouse">edible dormouse</a>. Adult dormice may have overlapping feeding ranges, but they live in individual nests and feed separately, coming together briefly in the breeding season to mate. The <a href="/wiki/Pocket_gopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket gopher">pocket gopher</a> is also a solitary animal outside the breeding season, each individual digging a complex tunnel system and maintaining a territory.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger rodents tend to live in family units where parents and their offspring live together until the young disperse. <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">Beavers</a> live in extended family units typically with a pair of adults, this year's kits, the previous year's offspring, and sometimes older young.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown rats usually live in small colonies with up to six females sharing a burrow and one male defending a <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a> around the burrow. At high population densities, this system breaks down and males show a hierarchical system of <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance</a> with overlapping ranges. Female offspring remain in the colony while male young disperse.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prairie_vole" title="Prairie vole">prairie vole</a> is <a href="/wiki/Monogamous_pairing_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous pairing in animals">monogamous</a> and forms a lifelong pair bond. Outside the breeding season, prairie voles live with others in small colonies. A male is not aggressive towards other males until he has mated, after which time he defends a territory, a female, and a nest against other males. The pair huddles together, grooms one another, and shares nesting and pup-raising responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg/220px-Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg/330px-Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg/440px-Nest_of_naked_mole_rats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A nest of <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naked mole rat">naked mole rats</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the most social of rodents are the ground squirrels, which typically form <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a> based on female kinship, with males dispersing after weaning and becoming nomadic as adults. Cooperation in ground squirrels varies between species and typically includes making alarm calls, defending territories, sharing food, protecting nesting areas, and preventing infanticide.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_prairie_dog" title="Black-tailed prairie dog">black-tailed prairie dog</a> forms large towns that may cover many hectares. The burrows do not interconnect, but are excavated and occupied by territorial family groups known as coteries. A coterie often consists of an adult male, three or four adult females, several nonbreeding yearlings, and the current year's offspring. Individuals within coteries are friendly with each other, but hostile towards outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoogland1995_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoogland1995-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most extreme examples of colonial behavior in rodents are the <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a> naked mole rat and <a href="/wiki/Damaraland_mole_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Damaraland mole rat">Damaraland mole rat</a>. The naked mole rat lives completely underground and can form colonies of up to 80 individuals. Only one female and up to three males in the colony reproduce, while the rest of the members are smaller and sterile, and function as workers. Some individuals are of intermediate size. They help with the rearing of the young and can take the place of a reproductive if one dies.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Damaraland mole rat is characterized by having a single reproductively active male and female in a colony where the remaining animals are not truly sterile, but become fertile only if they establish a colony of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2004_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olfactory">Olfactory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Olfactory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG/220px-Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG/330px-Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG/440px-Zwei_M%C3%A4use.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Nepotistic species such as house mice rely on urine, feces and glandular secretions to recognize their kin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rodents use scent marking in many social contexts including inter- and intra-species communication, the marking of trails and the establishment of territories. Their urine provides genetic information about individuals including the species, the sex and individual identity, and metabolic information on dominance, reproductive status and health. Compounds derived from the <a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" title="Major histocompatibility complex">major histocompatibility complex</a> (MHC) are bound to several urinary proteins. The odor of a predator depresses scent-marking behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodents are able to recognize close relatives by smell and this allows them to show <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> (preferential behavior toward their kin) and also avoid inbreeding. This <a href="/wiki/Kin_recognition" title="Kin recognition">kin recognition</a> is by <a href="/wiki/Olfactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> cues from urine, feces and glandular secretions. The main assessment may involve the MHC, where the degree of relatedness of two individuals is correlated to the MHC genes they have in common. In non-kin communication, where more permanent odor markers are required, as at territorial borders, then non-volatile <a href="/wiki/Major_urinary_proteins" title="Major urinary proteins">major urinary proteins</a> (MUPs), which function as <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a> transporters, may also be used. MUPs may also signal individual identity, with each male <a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">house mouse</a> (<i>Mus musculus</i>) excreting urine containing about a dozen genetically encoded MUPs.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>House mice deposit urine, which contains pheromones, for territorial marking, individual and group recognition, and social organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territorial beavers and <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrels</a> investigate and become familiar with the scents of their neighbors and respond less aggressively to intrusions by them than to those made by non-territorial "floaters" or strangers. This is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Dear_enemy_effect" title="Dear enemy effect">dear enemy effect</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bjorkoyli_2002_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjorkoyli_2002-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auditory">Auditory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Auditory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo,_Netherlands-8b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg/220px-Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg/330px-Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg/440px-Octodon_degus_-Artis_Zoo%2C_Netherlands-8b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_degu" title="Common degu">Common degus</a> have a complex vocal repertoire.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many rodent species, particularly those that are diurnal and social, have a wide range of alarm calls that are emitted when they perceive threats. There are both direct and indirect benefits of doing this. A potential predator may stop when it knows it has been detected, or an alarm call can allow <a href="/wiki/Conspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecific">conspecifics</a> or related individuals to take evasive action.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species, for example prairie dogs, have complex anti-predator alarm call systems. These species may have different calls for different predators (e.g. aerial predators or ground-based predators) and each call contains information about the nature of the precise threat.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urgency of the threat is also conveyed by the acoustic properties of the call.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social rodents have a wider range of vocalizations than do solitary species. Fifteen different call-types have been recognized in adult <a href="/wiki/Fukomys" title="Fukomys">Kataba mole rats</a> and four in juveniles.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Common_degu" title="Common degu">common degu</a>, another social, burrowing rodent, exhibits a wide array of communication methods and has an elaborate vocal repertoire comprising fifteen different categories of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasonic calls play a part in social communication between <a href="/wiki/Dormouse" title="Dormouse">dormice</a> and are used when the individuals are out of sight of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>House mice use both audible and ultrasonic calls in a variety of contexts. Audible vocalizations can often be heard during agonistic or aggressive encounters, whereas ultrasound is used in sexual communication and also by pups when they have fallen out of the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/220px--Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv/Adult_marmot_whistling.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Marmot whistling</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">Laboratory rats</a> (which are brown rats, <i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) emit short, high frequency, ultrasonic vocalizations during purportedly pleasurable experiences such as rough-and-tumble play, when anticipating routine doses of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, during mating, and when tickled. The vocalization, described as a distinct "chirping", has been likened to <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a>, and is interpreted as an expectation of something rewarding. In clinical studies, the chirping is associated with positive emotional feelings, and social bonding occurs with the tickler, resulting in the rats becoming conditioned to seek the tickling. However, as the rats age, the tendency to chirp declines. Like most rat vocalizations, the chirping is at frequencies too high for humans to hear without special equipment, so <a href="/wiki/Bat_detector" title="Bat detector">bat detectors</a> have been used for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual">Visual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rodents, like all placental mammals except primates, have just two types of light receptive cones in their retina,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a short wavelength "blue-UV" type and a middle wavelength "green" type. They are therefore classified as <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromats</a>; however, they are visually sensitive into the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and therefore can see light that humans can not. The functions of this UV sensitivity are not always clear. In <a href="/wiki/Common_degu" title="Common degu">degus</a>, for example, the belly reflects more UV light than the back. Therefore, when a degu stands up on its hind legs, which it does when alarmed, it exposes its belly to other degus and ultraviolet vision may serve a purpose in communicating the alarm. When it stands on all fours, its low UV-reflectance back could help make the degu less visible to predators.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultraviolet light is abundant during the day but not at night. There is a large increase in the ratio of ultraviolet to visible light in the morning and evening twilight hours. Many rodents are active during twilight hours (crepuscular activity), and UV-sensitivity would be advantageous at these times. Ultraviolet reflectivity is of dubious value for nocturnal rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The urine of many rodents (e.g. voles, degus, mice, rats) strongly reflects UV light and this may be used in communication by leaving visible as well as olfactory markings.<sup id="cite_ref-Desjardins_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desjardins-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the amount of UV that is reflected decreases with time, which in some circumstances can be disadvantageous; the <a href="/wiki/Common_kestrel" title="Common kestrel">common kestrel</a> can distinguish between old and fresh rodent trails and has greater success hunting over more recently marked routes.<sup id="cite_ref-Viitala_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viitala-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tactile">Tactile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tactile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg/220px-Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg/330px-Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg/440px-Palestine_Mole-rat_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spalax_ehrenbergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalax ehrenbergi">Middle East blind mole rat</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Seismic_communication" title="Seismic communication">seismic communication</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vibrations can provide cues to conspecifics about specific behaviors being performed, predator warning and avoidance, herd or group maintenance, and courtship. The <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_blind_mole_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East blind mole rat">Middle East blind mole rat</a> was the first mammal for which <a href="/wiki/Seismic_communication" title="Seismic communication">seismic communication</a> was documented. These <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">fossorial</a> rodents bang their head against the walls of their tunnels. This behavior was initially interpreted as part of their tunnel building behavior, but it was eventually realized that they generate temporally patterned seismic signals for long-distance communication with neighboring mole rats.<sup id="cite_ref-mapoflife.org_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mapoflife.org-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Footdrumming is used widely as a predator warning or defensive action. It is used primarily by fossorial or semi-fossorial rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall,_(2001)_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall,_(2001)-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banner-tailed kangaroo rat produces several complex footdrumming patterns in a number of different contexts, one of which is when it encounters a snake. The footdrumming may alert nearby offspring but most likely conveys that the rat is too alert for a successful attack, thus preventing the snake's predatory pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-mapoflife.org_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mapoflife.org-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Randall_and_Matocq,_(1997)_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall_and_Matocq,_(1997)-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several studies have indicated intentional use of <a href="/wiki/Ground_vibrations" title="Ground vibrations">ground vibrations</a> as a means of intra-specific communication during courtship among the <a href="/wiki/Cape_mole_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape mole rat">Cape mole rat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Narins_et_al.,_(1992)_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narins_et_al.,_(1992)-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Footdrumming has been reported to be involved in male-male competition; the dominant male indicates its resource holding potential by drumming, thus minimizing physical contact with potential rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-mapoflife.org_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mapoflife.org-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating_strategies">Mating strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mating strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerus_inauris_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerus_inauris_1.jpg/220px-Xerus_inauris_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerus_inauris_1.jpg/330px-Xerus_inauris_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Xerus_inauris_1.jpg/440px-Xerus_inauris_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption>The Cape ground squirrel is an example of a promiscuous rodent.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some species of rodent are monogamous, with an adult male and female forming a lasting <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bond</a>. Monogamy can come in two forms; obligate and facultative. In obligate monogamy, both parents care for the offspring and play an important part in their survival. This occurs in species such as <a href="/wiki/California_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="California mouse">California mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldfield_mouse" title="Oldfield mouse">oldfield mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_giant_rat" title="Malagasy giant rat">Malagasy giant rats</a> and beavers. In these species, males usually mate only with their partners. In addition to increased care for young, obligate monogamy can also be beneficial to the adult male as it decreases the chances of never finding a mate or mating with an infertile female. In facultative monogamy, the males do not provide direct parental care and stay with one female because they cannot access others due to being spatially dispersed. Prairie voles appear to be an example of this form of monogamy, with males guarding and defending females within their vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterman_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygyny in nature">polygynous</a> species, males will try to monopolize and mate with multiple females. As with monogamy, polygyny in rodents can come in two forms; defense and non-defense. Defense polygyny involves males controlling territories that contain resources that attract females. This occurs in ground squirrels like <a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_marmot" title="Yellow-bellied marmot">yellow-bellied marmots</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_ground_squirrel" title="California ground squirrel">California ground squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbian_ground_squirrel" title="Columbian ground squirrel">Columbian ground squirrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richardson%27s_ground_squirrel" title="Richardson's ground squirrel">Richardson's ground squirrels</a>. Males with territories are known as "resident" males and the females that live within the territories are known as "resident" females. In the case of marmots, resident males do not appear to ever lose their territories and always win encounters with invading males. Some species are also known to directly defend their resident females and the ensuing fights can lead to severe wounding. In species with non-defense polygyny, males are not territorial and wander widely in search of females to monopolize. These males establish dominance hierarchies, with the high-ranking males having access to the most females. This occurs in species like <a href="/wiki/Belding%27s_ground_squirrel" title="Belding's ground squirrel">Belding's ground squirrels</a> and some tree squirrel species.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterman_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_plug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/220px-Mating_plug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/330px-Mating_plug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/440px-Mating_plug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">mating plug</a> in a female Richardson's ground squirrel</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a>, in which both males and females mate with multiple partners, also occurs in rodents. In species such as the white-footed mouse, females give birth to litters with multiple paternities. Promiscuity leads to increased <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a> and males tend to have larger testicles. In the <a href="/wiki/Cape_ground_squirrel" title="Cape ground squirrel">Cape ground squirrel</a>, the male's testes can be 20 percent of its head-body length.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterman_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several rodent species have flexible mating systems that can vary between monogamy, polygyny and promiscuity.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterman_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female rodents play an active role in choosing their mates. Factors that contribute to female preference may include the size, dominance and spatial ability of the male.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eusocial naked mole rats, a single female monopolizes mating from at least three males.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most rodent species, such as brown rats and house mice, <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> occurs on a regular cycle while in others, such as voles, it is <a href="/wiki/Induced_ovulation_(animals)" title="Induced ovulation (animals)">induced by mating</a>. During copulation, males of some rodent species deposit a <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">mating plug</a> in the female's genital opening, both to prevent sperm leakage and to protect against other males inseminating the female. Females can remove the plug and may do so either immediately or after several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediobasal_hypothalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediobasal hypothalamus">mediobasal hypothalamus</a> changes in response to <a href="/wiki/Photoperiod" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoperiod">photoperiod</a>. Thyroid hormones in turn induce reproductive changes. This is found by Watanabe et al. 2004 and 2007, Barrett et al. 2007, Freeman et al. 2007, and Herwig et al. 2009 in <a href="/wiki/Siberian_hamster" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian hamster">Siberian hamsters</a>, Revel et al. 2006 and Yasuo et al. 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_hamster" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian hamster">Syrian hamsters</a>, Yasuo et al. 2007 and Ross et al. 2011 in rats, and Ono et al. 2008 in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakane-Yoshimura-2019_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakane-Yoshimura-2019-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_parenting">Birth and parenting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Birth and parenting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_voles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bank_voles.jpg/220px-Bank_voles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bank_voles.jpg/330px-Bank_voles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bank_voles.jpg/440px-Bank_voles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Bank_vole" title="Bank vole">bank voles</a> in their nest beneath a wood pile</figcaption></figure> <p>Rodents may be born either <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> (blind, hairless and relatively underdeveloped) or <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> (mostly furred, eyes open and fairly developed) depending on the species. The altricial state is typical for squirrels and mice, while the precocial state usually occurs in species like guinea pigs and porcupines. Females with altricial young typically build elaborate nests before they give birth and maintain them until their offspring are <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">weaned</a>. The female gives birth sitting or lying down and the young emerge in the direction she is facing. The newborns first venture out of the nest a few days after they have opened their eyes and initially keep returning regularly. As they get older and more developed, they visit the nest less often and leave permanently when weaned.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuire_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuire-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In precocial species, the mothers invest little in nest building and some do not build nests at all. The female gives birth standing and the young emerge behind her. Mothers of these species maintain contact with their highly mobile young with maternal contact calls. Though relatively independent and weaned within days, precocial young may continue to nurse and be groomed by their mothers. Rodent litter sizes also vary and females with smaller litters spend more time in the nest than those with larger litters.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuire_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuire-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagonian_Maras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patagonian_Maras.jpg/220px-Patagonian_Maras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patagonian_Maras.jpg/330px-Patagonian_Maras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Patagonian_Maras.jpg/440px-Patagonian_Maras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_mara" title="Patagonian mara">Patagonian maras</a> with young, an example of a monogamous and communal nesting species</figcaption></figure> <p>Mother rodents provide both direct parental care, such as nursing, grooming, retrieving and huddling, and indirect parenting, such as food caching, nest building and protection to their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuire_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuire-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many social species, young may be cared for by individuals other than their parents, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">alloparenting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_breeding" title="Cooperative breeding">cooperative breeding</a>. This is known to occur in black-tailed prairie dogs and Belding's ground squirrels, where mothers have communal nests and nurse unrelated young along with their own. There is some question as to whether these mothers can distinguish which young are theirs. In the <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_mara" title="Patagonian mara">Patagonian mara</a>, young are also placed in communal warrens, but mothers do not permit youngsters other than their own to nurse.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Infanticide_in_rodents" title="Infanticide in rodents">Infanticide exists in numerous rodent species</a> and may be practiced by adult conspecifics of either sex. Several reasons have been proposed for this behavior, including nutritional stress, resource competition, avoiding misdirecting parental care and, in the case of males, attempting to make the mother sexually receptive. The latter reason is well supported in <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> but less so in rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-infanticide_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infanticide-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infanticide appears to be widespread in black-tailed prairie dogs, including infanticide from invading males and immigrant females, as well as occasional <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalism</a> of an individual's own offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect against infanticide from other adults, female rodents may employ avoidance or direct aggression against potential perpetrators, multiple mating, territoriality or early termination of pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-infanticide_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infanticide-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Feticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Feticide">Feticide</a> can also occur among rodents; in <a href="/wiki/Alpine_marmot" title="Alpine marmot">Alpine marmots</a>, dominant females tend to suppress the reproduction of subordinates by being antagonistic towards them while they are pregnant. The resulting stress causes the fetuses to abort.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangaroo-rat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kangaroo-rat.jpg/220px-Kangaroo-rat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kangaroo-rat.jpg/330px-Kangaroo-rat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kangaroo-rat.jpg/440px-Kangaroo-rat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Kangaroo rats can locate food caches by spatial memory.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rodents have advanced <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">cognitive</a> abilities. They can quickly learn to avoid poisoned baits, which makes them difficult pests to deal with.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guinea pigs can learn and remember complex pathways to food.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squirrels and kangaroo rats are able to locate caches of food by <a href="/wiki/Spatial_memory" title="Spatial memory">spatial memory</a>, rather than just by smell.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because laboratory mice (house mice) and rats (brown rats) are widely used as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">scientific models</a> to further our understanding of biology, a great deal has come to be known about their cognitive capacities. Brown rats exhibit <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a>, where information processing is biased by whether they are in a positive or negative affective state.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, laboratory rats trained to respond to a specific tone by pressing a lever to receive a reward, and to press another lever in response to a different tone so as to avoid receiving an electric shock, are more likely to respond to an intermediate tone by choosing the reward lever if they have just been tickled (something they enjoy), indicating "a link between the directly measured positive affective state and decision making under uncertainty in an animal model."<sup id="cite_ref-Rygula_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rygula-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laboratory (brown) rats may have the capacity for <a href="/wiki/Metacognition" title="Metacognition">metacognition</a>—to consider their own learning and then make decisions based on what they know, or do not know, as indicated by choices they make apparently trading off difficulty of tasks and expected rewards, making them the first animals other than primates known to have this capacity,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these findings are disputed, since the rats may have been following simple <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a> principles,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">behavioral economic</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown rats use social learning in a wide range of situations, but perhaps especially so in acquiring food preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-HansonChoice_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HansonChoice-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galef_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galef-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_evolution">Classification and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classification and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rodents" title="List of rodents">List of rodents</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG/290px-Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG/435px-Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG/580px-Masillamys_Senckenberg_2007-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Masillamys" title="Masillamys">Masillamys</a></i> sp. fossil from the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Messel_Pit_fossil_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Messel Pit fossil site">Messel Pit fossil site</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_rodents" title="List of extinct rodents">List of extinct rodents</a></div> <p>Dentition is the key feature by which <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> rodents are recognized and the earliest record of such mammals comes from the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>, shortly after the extinction of the non-avian <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> some 66 million years ago. These fossils are found in <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kay_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the supercontinent composed of modern-day North America, Europe, and Asia. The divergence of <a href="/wiki/Glires" title="Glires">Glires</a>, a clade consisting of rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares and pikas), from other placental mammals occurred within a few million years after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary; rodents and lagomorphs then <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">radiated</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a> data suggest modern rodents (members of the order Rodentia) had appeared by the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other molecular divergence estimations are in agreement with the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-Douzery03_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douzery03-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horneretal_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horneretal-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodents are thought to have evolved in Asia, where local <a href="/wiki/Multituberculata" title="Multituberculata">multituberculate</a> faunas were severely affected by the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> and never fully recovered, unlike their North American and European relatives. In the resulting ecological vacuum, rodents and other Glires were able to evolve and diversify, taking the niches left by extinct multituberculates. The correlation between the spread of rodents and the demise of multituberculates is a controversial topic, not fully resolved. American and European multituberculate assemblages do decline in diversity in correlation with the introduction of rodents in these areas, but the remaining Asian multituberculates co-existed with rodents with no observable replacement taking place, and ultimately both clades co-existed for at least 15 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_2010_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood_2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of the colonization of the world's continents by rodents is complex. The movements of the large superfamily <a href="/wiki/Muroidea" title="Muroidea">Muroidea</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerbillinae" title="Gerbillinae">gerbils</a>, true <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>) may have involved up to seven colonizations of Africa, five of North America, four of Southeast Asia, two of South America and up to ten of Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg/220px-Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg/330px-Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg/440px-Ceratogaulus_hatcheri_NMNH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The horned gopher <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratogaulus_hatcheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratogaulus hatcheri">Ceratogaulus hatcheri</a></i>, a burrowing mammal of the late Miocene to early Pleistocene, is the only known horned rodent.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, rodents began to diversify. Beavers appeared in Eurasia in the late Eocene before spreading to North America in the late Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in the Eocene, <a href="/wiki/Hystricognath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hystricognath">hystricognaths</a> invaded Africa, most probably having originated in Asia at least 39.5 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Marivaux_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marivaux-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Africa, fossil evidence shows that some hystricognaths (<a href="/wiki/Caviomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caviomorph">caviomorphs</a>) <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_South_America#Order:_Rodentia_(rodents)" title="List of mammals of South America">colonized South America</a>, which was an isolated continent at the time, evidently making use of ocean currents to <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dispersal" title="Oceanic dispersal">cross the Atlantic on floating debris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caviomorphs had arrived in South America by 41 million years ago (implying a date at least as early as this for hystricognaths in Africa),<sup id="cite_ref-Marivaux_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marivaux-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had <a href="/wiki/List_of_rodents_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of rodents of the Caribbean">reached the Greater Antilles</a> by the early <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, suggesting that they must have dispersed rapidly across South America.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nesomyidae" title="Nesomyidae">Nesomyid</a> rodents are thought to have rafted from Africa to Madagascar 20–24 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali&Huber_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali&Huber-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 27 species of native <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Madagascar#Order:_Rodentia_(rodents)" title="List of mammals of Madagascar">Malagasy rodents</a> appear to be descendants of a single colonization event. </p><p>By 20 million years ago, fossils recognizably belonging to the current families such as Muridae had emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-Kay_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, when Africa had collided with Asia, African rodents such as the <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupine</a> began to spread into <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fossil species were very large in comparison to modern rodents and included the giant beaver, <i><a href="/wiki/Castoroides" title="Castoroides">Castoroides ohioensis</a></i>, which grew to a length of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and weight of 100 kg (220 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest known rodent was <i><a href="/wiki/Josephoartigasia_monesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephoartigasia monesi">Josephoartigasia monesi</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Pacarana" title="Pacarana">pacarana</a> with an estimated body length of 3 m (10 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first rodents arrived in Australia via Indonesia around 5 million years ago. Although <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> are the most prominent mammals in Australia, many <a href="/wiki/List_of_rodents_of_Australia" title="List of rodents of Australia">rodents</a>, all belonging to the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Murinae" title="Murinae">Murinae</a>, are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Australia" title="List of mammals of Australia">continent's mammal species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breed_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breed-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about fifty species of 'old endemics', the first wave of rodents to colonize the country in the Miocene and early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, and eight true rat (<i><a href="/wiki/Rattus" title="Rattus">Rattus</a></i>) species of 'new endemics', arriving in a subsequent wave in the late Pliocene or early <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. The earliest fossil rodents in Australia have a maximum age of 4.5 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and molecular data is consistent with the colonization of New Guinea from the west during the late Miocene or early Pliocene followed by rapid diversification. A further wave of <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> occurred after one or more colonizations of Australia some 2 to 3 million years later.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodents participated in the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a> that resulted from the joining of the Americas by formation of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, around 3 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a> age.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this exchange, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Central_America#Order:_Rodentia_(rodents)" title="List of mammals of Central America">small number of species</a> such as the New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) headed north.<sup id="cite_ref-Kay_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the main southward invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sigmodontinae" title="Sigmodontinae">sigmodontines</a> preceded formation of the land bridge by at least several million years, probably occurring via rafting.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith1999_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1999-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parada2013_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parada2013-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigmodontines diversified explosively once in South America, although some degree of diversification may have already occurred in Central America before the colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1999_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1999-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parada2013_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parada2013-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_classification">Standard classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Standard classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> name "Rodentia" is attributed to the English traveler and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Bowdich" title="Thomas Edward Bowdich">Thomas Edward Bowdich</a> (1821).<sup id="cite_ref-TOLWeb_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOLWeb-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Modern Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rodentia</i></span> is derived from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rodens</i></span>, present participle of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rodere</i></span> – "to gnaw", "eat away".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pika" title="Pika">pikas</a> (order Lagomorpha) have continuously growing incisors, as do rodents, and were at one time included in the order. However, they have an additional pair of incisors in the upper jaw and the two orders have quite separate evolutionary histories.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phylogeny of the rodents places them in the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> Glires, <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a>. The cladogram below shows the inner and outer relations of Rodentia based on a 2012 attempt by Wu et al. to align the molecular clock with paleontological data:<sup id="cite_ref-wuetal2012_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wuetal2012-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erinaceus_europaeus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Erinaceus_europaeus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Erinaceus_europaeus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Erinaceus_europaeus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Erinaceus_europaeus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Erinaceus_europaeus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Erinaceus_europaeus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="528" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scrotifera" title="Scrotifera">Scrotifera</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Equus_quagga_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="459" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Euarchonta" title="Euarchonta">Euarchonta</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-50px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-75px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff/lossless-page1-100px-Cynocephalus_doguera_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="780" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Glires" title="Glires">Glires</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ochotona" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochotona">Ochotona</a></i> (pikas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LagomysAlpinusRoyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LagomysAlpinusRoyle.jpg/50px-LagomysAlpinusRoyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LagomysAlpinusRoyle.jpg/75px-LagomysAlpinusRoyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/LagomysAlpinusRoyle.jpg/100px-LagomysAlpinusRoyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1983" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Leporidae" title="Leporidae">Leporidae</a> (rabbits and hares)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_(Plate_CVIII)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_CVIII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_CVIII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_CVIII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_CVIII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_CVIII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_CVIII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="331" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Rodentia</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha" title="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ctenodactylidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenodactylidae">Ctenodactylidae</a> (gundis)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectinator_spekei_Wagner_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pectinator_spekei_Wagner_white_background.jpg/50px-Pectinator_spekei_Wagner_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pectinator_spekei_Wagner_white_background.jpg/75px-Pectinator_spekei_Wagner_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pectinator_spekei_Wagner_white_background.jpg/100px-Pectinator_spekei_Wagner_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="316" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Atherurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Atherurus">Atherurus</a></i> (brush-tailed porcupines)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_(1883)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="308" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Octodontomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Octodontomys">Octodontomys</a></i> (mountain degus)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octodontomys_gliroides_1847_-white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Octodontomys_gliroides_1847_-white_background.jpg/50px-Octodontomys_gliroides_1847_-white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Octodontomys_gliroides_1847_-white_background.jpg/75px-Octodontomys_gliroides_1847_-white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Octodontomys_gliroides_1847_-white_background.jpg/100px-Octodontomys_gliroides_1847_-white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="308" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Erethizon" title="Erethizon">Erethizon</a></i> (North American porcupines)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg/50px-ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg/75px-ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg/100px-ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="344" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caviidae" title="Caviidae">Caviidae</a> (guinea pigs and capybara)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_(1914)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A guinea pig in profile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha" title="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Aplodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplodontia">Aplodontia</a></i> (mountain beavers)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aplodontia_rufa_(Harvard_University)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mountain beaver on display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aplodontia_rufa_%28Harvard_University%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/50px-Aplodontia_rufa_%28Harvard_University%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aplodontia_rufa_%28Harvard_University%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Aplodontia_rufa_%28Harvard_University%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aplodontia_rufa_%28Harvard_University%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Aplodontia_rufa_%28Harvard_University%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Glaucomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucomys">Glaucomys</a></i> (New World flying squirrels)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_(Plate_XV)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_XV%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_XV%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_XV%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_XV%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_XV%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-The_quadrupeds_of_North_America_%28Plate_XV%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="414" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tamias" title="Tamias">Tamias</a></i> (chipmunks)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chipmunk_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png/50px-Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png/75px-Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png/100px-Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="451" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Castorimorpha" title="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">Castor</a></i> (beavers)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1858)_b_068_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg/50px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg/75px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg/100px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="410" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dipodomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipodomys">Dipodomys</a></i> (kangaroo rats)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_111_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Image_taken_from_page_111_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Image_taken_from_page_111_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Image_taken_from_page_111_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Image_taken_from_page_111_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Image_taken_from_page_111_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Image_taken_from_page_111_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="226" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Thomomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomomys">Thomomys</a></i> (pocket gophers)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_pocket_gopher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Western_pocket_gopher.jpg/50px-Western_pocket_gopher.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Western_pocket_gopher.jpg/75px-Western_pocket_gopher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Western_pocket_gopher.jpg/100px-Western_pocket_gopher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Myomorpha" title="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Muroidea" title="Muroidea">Muroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cricetidae" title="Cricetidae">Cricetidae</a> (hamsters and new world mice)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_105_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Image_taken_from_page_105_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Image_taken_from_page_105_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Image_taken_from_page_105_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Image_taken_from_page_105_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Image_taken_from_page_105_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Image_taken_from_page_105_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mus_(genus)" title="Mus (genus)">Mus</a></i> (true mice)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MusMuralisSmit_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MusMuralisSmit_white_background.jpg/50px-MusMuralisSmit_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MusMuralisSmit_white_background.jpg/75px-MusMuralisSmit_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MusMuralisSmit_white_background.jpg/100px-MusMuralisSmit_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rattus" title="Rattus">Rattus</a></i> (rats)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskea_rotta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/50px-Ruskea_rotta.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/75px-Ruskea_rotta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/100px-Ruskea_rotta.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="110" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Dipodoidea" title="Dipodoidea">Dipodoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sicista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicista">Sicista</a></i> (birch mice)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallas_Sicista_betulina_1778-79_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pallas_Sicista_betulina_1778-79_white_background.png/50px-Pallas_Sicista_betulina_1778-79_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pallas_Sicista_betulina_1778-79_white_background.png/75px-Pallas_Sicista_betulina_1778-79_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pallas_Sicista_betulina_1778-79_white_background.png/100px-Pallas_Sicista_betulina_1778-79_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="111" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zapus" title="Zapus">Zapus</a></i> (jumping mice)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squirrels_and_other_fur-bearers_(Plate_15)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Squirrels_and_other_fur-bearers_%28Plate_15%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Squirrels_and_other_fur-bearers_%28Plate_15%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Squirrels_and_other_fur-bearers_%28Plate_15%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Squirrels_and_other_fur-bearers_%28Plate_15%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Squirrels_and_other_fur-bearers_%28Plate_15%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Squirrels_and_other_fur-bearers_%28Plate_15%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="574" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiocranius" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiocranius">Cardiocranius</a></i> (pygmy jerboas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiocranius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cardiocranius.jpg/50px-Cardiocranius.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cardiocranius.jpg/75px-Cardiocranius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cardiocranius.jpg/100px-Cardiocranius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="284" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The living rodent families based on the study done by Fabre et al. 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabre_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabre-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#F0F2F5">Rodentia classification </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Rodentia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha" title="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gliridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliridae">Gliridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sciurida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciurida">Sciurida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aplodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplodontidae">Aplodontidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sciuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuridae">Sciuridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chipmunk_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png/50px-Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png/75px-Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png/100px-Chipmunk_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="451" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ctenohystrica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenohystrica">Ctenohystrica</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ctenodactylomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenodactylomorpha">Ctenodactylomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ctenodactylidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenodactylidae">Ctenodactylidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diatomyidae" title="Diatomyidae">Diatomyidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Hystricognatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hystricognatha">Hystricognatha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hystricidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hystricidae">Hystricidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_(1883)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Actes_de_la_Socilinnnne_de_Bordeaux_%281883%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="308" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathyergomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathyergomorpha (page does not exist)">Bathyergomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bathyergidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyergidae">Bathyergidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathyergus_janetta_-_Smit_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bathyergus_janetta_-_Smit_white_background.jpg/50px-Bathyergus_janetta_-_Smit_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bathyergus_janetta_-_Smit_white_background.jpg/75px-Bathyergus_janetta_-_Smit_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bathyergus_janetta_-_Smit_white_background.jpg/100px-Bathyergus_janetta_-_Smit_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Petromuridae" title="Petromuridae">Petromuridae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thryonomyidae" title="Thryonomyidae">Thryonomyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aulacodus_swinderianus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aulacodus_swinderianus_white_background.jpg/50px-Aulacodus_swinderianus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aulacodus_swinderianus_white_background.jpg/75px-Aulacodus_swinderianus_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aulacodus_swinderianus_white_background.jpg/100px-Aulacodus_swinderianus_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="248" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caviida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caviida (page does not exist)">Caviida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cavioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavioidea">Cavioidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Erethizontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erethizontidae">Erethizontidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg/50px-ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg/75px-ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg/100px-ErethizonRufescensWolf_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="344" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cuniculidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuniculidae">Cuniculidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caviidae" title="Caviidae">Caviidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_(1914)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington_publication_%281914%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dasyproctidae" title="Dasyproctidae">Dasyproctidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_242_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_242_white_background.jpg/50px-Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_242_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_242_white_background.jpg/75px-Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_242_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_242_white_background.jpg/100px-Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_242_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="292" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chinchilloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinchilloidea">Chinchilloidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dinomyidae" title="Dinomyidae">Dinomyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephoartigasia_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Josephoartigasia_BW_flipped.jpg/50px-Josephoartigasia_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Josephoartigasia_BW_flipped.jpg/75px-Josephoartigasia_BW_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Josephoartigasia_BW_flipped.jpg/100px-Josephoartigasia_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinchillidae" title="Chinchillidae">Chinchillidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinchilla_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chinchilla_white_background.jpg/50px-Chinchilla_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chinchilla_white_background.jpg/75px-Chinchilla_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chinchilla_white_background.jpg/100px-Chinchilla_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Octodontoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Octodontoidea">Octodontoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Abrocomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrocomidae">Abrocomidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abrocoma_bennettii_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abrocoma_bennettii_white_background.png/50px-Abrocoma_bennettii_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abrocoma_bennettii_white_background.png/75px-Abrocoma_bennettii_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abrocoma_bennettii_white_background.png/100px-Abrocoma_bennettii_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="310" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Echimyidae" title="Echimyidae">Echimyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LoncheresCanicepsMintern_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/LoncheresCanicepsMintern_white_background.jpg/50px-LoncheresCanicepsMintern_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/LoncheresCanicepsMintern_white_background.jpg/75px-LoncheresCanicepsMintern_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/LoncheresCanicepsMintern_white_background.jpg/100px-LoncheresCanicepsMintern_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="276" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ctenomyidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenomyidae">Ctenomyidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Octodontidae" title="Octodontidae">Octodontidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octodon_cumingii_TZSL_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Octodon_cumingii_TZSL_white_background.jpg/50px-Octodon_cumingii_TZSL_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Octodon_cumingii_TZSL_white_background.jpg/75px-Octodon_cumingii_TZSL_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Octodon_cumingii_TZSL_white_background.jpg/100px-Octodon_cumingii_TZSL_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Castorimorpha" title="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Castoroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Castoroidea">Castoroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Castoridae" title="Castoridae">Castoridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1858)_b_068_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg/50px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg/75px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg/100px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281858%29_b_068_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="410" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Geomyoidea" title="Geomyoidea">Geomyoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heteromyidae" title="Heteromyidae">Heteromyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_108_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Image_taken_from_page_108_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Image_taken_from_page_108_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Image_taken_from_page_108_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Image_taken_from_page_108_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Image_taken_from_page_108_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Image_taken_from_page_108_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="336" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Geomyidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomyidae">Geomyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_pocket_gopher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Western_pocket_gopher.jpg/50px-Western_pocket_gopher.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Western_pocket_gopher.jpg/75px-Western_pocket_gopher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Western_pocket_gopher.jpg/100px-Western_pocket_gopher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha" title="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anomaluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomaluridae">Anomaluridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aethurus_glirinus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aethurus_glirinus_white_background.jpg/50px-Aethurus_glirinus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aethurus_glirinus_white_background.jpg/75px-Aethurus_glirinus_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aethurus_glirinus_white_background.jpg/100px-Aethurus_glirinus_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="549" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedetidae" title="Pedetidae">Pedetidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Springhase-drawing_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Springhase-drawing_white_background.jpg/50px-Springhase-drawing_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Springhase-drawing_white_background.jpg/75px-Springhase-drawing_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Springhase-drawing_white_background.jpg/100px-Springhase-drawing_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="491" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Myomorpha" title="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Dipodoidea" title="Dipodoidea">Dipodoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dipodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipodidae">Dipodidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allactaga_elater_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Allactaga_elater_white_background.png/50px-Allactaga_elater_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Allactaga_elater_white_background.png/75px-Allactaga_elater_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Allactaga_elater_white_background.png/100px-Allactaga_elater_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="404" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Muroidea" title="Muroidea">Muroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Platacanthomyidae" title="Platacanthomyidae">Platacanthomyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Platacanthomys_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Platacanthomys_white_background.png/50px-Platacanthomys_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Platacanthomys_white_background.png/75px-Platacanthomys_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Platacanthomys_white_background.png/100px-Platacanthomys_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="818" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spalacidae" title="Spalacidae">Spalacidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_geh%C3%B6rig_(1835)_Tachyoryctes_splendens_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_geh%C3%B6rig_%281835%29_Tachyoryctes_splendens_%28white_background%29.png/50px-Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_geh%C3%B6rig_%281835%29_Tachyoryctes_splendens_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_geh%C3%B6rig_%281835%29_Tachyoryctes_splendens_%28white_background%29.png/75px-Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_geh%C3%B6rig_%281835%29_Tachyoryctes_splendens_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_geh%C3%B6rig_%281835%29_Tachyoryctes_splendens_%28white_background%29.png/100px-Neue_Wirbelthiere_zu_der_Fauna_von_Abyssinien_geh%C3%B6rig_%281835%29_Tachyoryctes_splendens_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="233" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Calomyscidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calomyscidae">Calomyscidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nesomyidae" title="Nesomyidae">Nesomyidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DendromysLovatiSmit_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DendromysLovatiSmit_white_background.jpg/50px-DendromysLovatiSmit_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DendromysLovatiSmit_white_background.jpg/75px-DendromysLovatiSmit_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DendromysLovatiSmit_white_background.jpg/100px-DendromysLovatiSmit_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cricetidae" title="Cricetidae">Cricetidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_46816_Hamster_ordinaire_white_background.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/FMIB_46816_Hamster_ordinaire_white_background.jpeg/50px-FMIB_46816_Hamster_ordinaire_white_background.jpeg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/FMIB_46816_Hamster_ordinaire_white_background.jpeg/75px-FMIB_46816_Hamster_ordinaire_white_background.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/FMIB_46816_Hamster_ordinaire_white_background.jpeg/100px-FMIB_46816_Hamster_ordinaire_white_background.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Muridae" title="Muridae">Muridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskea_rotta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/50px-Ruskea_rotta.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/75px-Ruskea_rotta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/100px-Ruskea_rotta.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="110" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The order Rodentia may be divided into <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infraorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraorder">infraorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">superfamilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>. There is a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallelism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergence</a> among rodents caused by the fact that they have tended to evolve to fill largely similar niches. This parallel evolution includes not only the structure of the teeth, but also the infraorbital region of the skull (below the eye socket) and makes classification difficult as similar traits may not be due to common ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_von_Brandt" title="Johann Friedrich von Brandt">Brandt</a> (1855) was the first to propose dividing Rodentia into three suborders, Sciuromorpha, Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha, based on the development of certain muscles in the jaw and this system was widely accepted. Schlosser (1884) performed a comprehensive review of rodent fossils, mainly using the cheek teeth, and found that they fitted into the classical system, but Tullborg (1899) proposed just two sub-orders, Sciurognathi and Hystricognathi. These were based on the degree of inflection of the lower jaw and were to be further subdivided into Sciuromorpha, Myomorpha, Hystricomorpha and Bathyergomorpha. Matthew (1910) created a <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogenetic tree</a> of New World rodents but did not include the more problematic Old World species. Further attempts at classification continued without agreement, with some authors adopting the classical three suborder system and others Tullborg's two suborders.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> These disagreements remain unresolved, nor have <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular studies</a> fully resolved the situation though they have confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of the group and that the clade has descended from a common Paleocene ancestor. Carleton and Musser (2005) in <i>Mammal Species of the World</i> have provisionally adopted a five suborder system: Sciuromorpha, Castorimorpha, Myomorpha, Anomaluromorpha, and Hystricomorpha. As of 2021 the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists" title="American Society of Mammalogists">American Society of Mammalogists</a> recognizes 34 recent families containing more than 481 genera and 2277 species.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Rodentia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Rodentia.jpg/220px-Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Rodentia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Rodentia.jpg/330px-Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Rodentia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Rodentia.jpg/440px-Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Rodentia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree of Rodentia on the basis of their whole genomes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Order Rodentia</b> (from Latin, <i>rodere</i>, to gnaw) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedetes_surdaster,_Amboseli_NP,_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/220px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/330px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg/440px-Pedetes_surdaster%2C_Amboseli_NP%2C_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha" title="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a>: <a href="/wiki/East_African_springhare" title="East African springhare">East African springhare</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/170px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/255px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg/340px-Pocket-Gopher_Ano-Nuevo-SP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castorimorpha" title="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a>: <a href="/wiki/Botta%27s_pocket_gopher" title="Botta's pocket gopher">Botta's pocket gopher</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porcupine-BioDome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/170px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/255px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Porcupine-BioDome.jpg/340px-Porcupine-BioDome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caviomorpha" title="Caviomorpha">Caviomorpha</a>: <a href="/wiki/North_American_porcupine" title="North American porcupine">North American porcupine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/220px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/330px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG/440px-Syrian_hamster_filling_his_cheek_pouches_with_Dandelion_leaves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Myomorpha" title="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a>: <a href="/wiki/Golden_hamster" title="Golden hamster">Golden or Syrian hamster</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/220px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/330px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg/440px-Graphiurus_spec_-murinus-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha" title="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a>: <a href="/wiki/African_dormouse" class="mw-redirect" title="African dormouse">African dormouse</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha" title="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Anomaluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomaluridae">Anomaluridae</a>: scaly-tailed squirrels</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Pedetidae" title="Pedetidae">Pedetidae</a>: springhares</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Zenkerella_(rodent)" title="Zenkerella (rodent)">Zenkerellidae</a>: Cameroon scaly-tail</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Castorimorpha" title="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Castoroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Castoroidea">Castoroidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Castoridae" title="Castoridae">Castoridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Geomyoidea" title="Geomyoidea">Geomyoidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Geomyidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomyidae">Geomyidae</a>: pocket gophers (true gophers)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Heteromyidae" title="Heteromyidae">Heteromyidae</a>: kangaroo rats, <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_mouse" title="Kangaroo mouse">kangaroo mice</a></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha" title="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a> <ul><li>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Ctenodactylomorphi" title="Ctenodactylomorphi">Ctenodactylomorphi</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ctenodactylidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenodactylidae">Ctenodactylidae</a>: gundis</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Diatomyidae" title="Diatomyidae">Diatomyidae</a>: Laotian rock rat</li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Hystricognathi" title="Hystricognathi">Hystricognathi</a> <ul><li>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Phiomorpha" title="Phiomorpha">Phiomorpha</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Bathyergidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyergidae">Bathyergidae</a>: African mole rats</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">Heterocephalidae</a>: naked mole-rat</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Hystricidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hystricidae">Hystricidae</a>: Old World porcupines</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Petromuridae" title="Petromuridae">Petromuridae</a>: dassie rat</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Thryonomyidae" title="Thryonomyidae">Thryonomyidae</a>: cane rats</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Caviomorpha" title="Caviomorpha">Caviomorpha</a> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/New_World_porcupine" title="New World porcupine">Erethizontoidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Erethizontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erethizontidae">Erethizontidae</a>: New World porcupines</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Chinchilloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinchilloidea">Chinchilloidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Chinchillidae" title="Chinchillidae">Chinchillidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">chinchillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscacha" title="Viscacha">viscachas</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Dinomyidae" title="Dinomyidae">Dinomyidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pacarana" title="Pacarana">pacaranas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Cavioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavioidea">Cavioidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Caviidae" title="Caviidae">Caviidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caviidae" title="Caviidae">cavies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cavia" title="Cavia">guinea pigs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Dasyproctidae" title="Dasyproctidae">Dasyproctidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agoutis</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Cuniculidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuniculidae">Cuniculidae</a>: pacas</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Octodontoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Octodontoidea">Octodontoidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Abrocomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrocomidae">Abrocomidae</a>: chinchilla rats</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ctenomyidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenomyidae">Ctenomyidae</a>: tuco-tucos</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Echimyidae" title="Echimyidae">Echimyidae</a>: spiny rats, <a href="/wiki/Hutia" title="Hutia">hutias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nutria" title="Nutria">nutria</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Octodontidae" title="Octodontidae">Octodontidae</a>: octodonts</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Myomorpha" title="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Dipodoidea" title="Dipodoidea">Dipodoidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Dipodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipodidae">Dipodidae</a>: jerboas</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Sminthidae" title="Sminthidae">Sminthidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Birch_mouse" title="Birch mouse">birch mice</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Zapodidae" title="Zapodidae">Zapodidae</a>: jumping mice</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Muroidea" title="Muroidea">Muroidea</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Calomyscidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calomyscidae">Calomyscidae</a>: mouse-like hamsters</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Cricetidae" title="Cricetidae">Cricetidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_World_rats_and_mice" title="New World rats and mice">New World rats and mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">lemmings</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Muridae" title="Muridae">Muridae</a>: true mice and rats, <a href="/wiki/Gerbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerbil">gerbils</a>, spiny mice, <a href="/wiki/Crested_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crested rat">crested rat</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Nesomyidae" title="Nesomyidae">Nesomyidae</a>: climbing mice, rock mice, white-tailed rat, Malagasy rats and mice</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Platacanthomyidae" title="Platacanthomyidae">Platacanthomyidae</a>: spiny dormice</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Spalacidae" title="Spalacidae">Spalacidae</a>: mole rats, bamboo rats, <a href="/wiki/Zokor" title="Zokor">zokors</a></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha" title="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Aplodontiidae" title="Aplodontiidae">Aplodontiidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mountain_beaver" title="Mountain beaver">mountain beaver</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Gliridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliridae">Gliridae</a> (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): dormice</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Sciuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuridae">Sciuridae</a>: squirrels, including <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie_dog" title="Prairie dog">prairie dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmots</a></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_humans">Interaction with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interaction with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santamartamys,_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg/220px-Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg/330px-Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg/440px-Santamartamys%2C_David_Valle_Martinez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the critically endangered red crested soft-furred spiny rat</figcaption></figure> <p>While rodents are not the most seriously threatened order of mammals, there are 168 species in 126 genera that are said to warrant conservation attention<sup id="cite_ref-Amori_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amori-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the face of limited appreciation by the public. Since 76 percent of rodent genera contain only one species, much phylogenetic diversity could be lost with a comparatively small number of extinctions. In the absence of more detailed knowledge of species at risk and accurate taxonomy, conservation must be based mainly on higher taxa (such as families rather than species) and geographical hot spots.<sup id="cite_ref-Amori_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amori-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species of <a href="/wiki/Oryzomys" title="Oryzomys">rice rat</a> have become extinct since the 19th century, probably through habitat loss and the introduction of alien species.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Colombia, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_hairy_dwarf_porcupine" title="Brown hairy dwarf porcupine">brown hairy dwarf porcupine</a> was recorded from only two mountain localities in the 1920s, while the <a href="/wiki/Santamartamys" class="mw-redirect" title="Santamartamys">red crested soft-furred spiny rat</a> is known only from its <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">type locality</a> on the Caribbean coast, so these species are considered vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUCN Species Survival Commission writes "We can safely conclude that many South American rodents are seriously threatened, mainly by environmental disturbance and intensive hunting".<sup id="cite_ref-Lidicker_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lidicker-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "three now cosmopolitan commensal rodent pest species"<sup id="cite_ref-Buckle_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckle-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the brown rat, the <a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black rat</a> and the house mouse) have been dispersed in association with humans, partly on sailing ships in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>, and with a fourth species in the Pacific, the Polynesian rat (<i>Rattus exulans</i>), have severely damaged island <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biotas</a> around the world. For example, when the black rat reached <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a> in 1918, over 40 percent of the terrestrial bird species of the island, including the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_fantail" title="Lord Howe fantail">Lord Howe fantail</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became extinct within ten years. Similar destruction has been seen on <a href="/wiki/Midway_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Midway Island">Midway Island</a> (1943) and <a href="/wiki/Big_South_Cape_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Big South Cape Island">Big South Cape Island</a> (1962). Conservation projects can with careful planning completely eradicate these pest rodents from islands using an <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> rodenticide such as <a href="/wiki/Brodifacoum" title="Brodifacoum">brodifacoum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckle_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckle-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach has been successful on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a> in the United Kingdom, where the eradication of an estimated 40,000 brown rats is giving populations of <a href="/wiki/Manx_shearwater" title="Manx shearwater">Manx shearwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffin</a> a chance to recover from near-extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodents have also been susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, especially species living on low-lying islands. The <a href="/wiki/Bramble_Cay_melomys" title="Bramble Cay melomys">Bramble Cay melomys</a>, which lived in the northernmost point of land of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, was the first mammal species to be <a href="/wiki/List_of_recently_extinct_mammals" title="List of recently extinct mammals">declared extinct as a consequence of human-caused climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slezak_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slezak-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation">Exploitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fur">Fur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg/170px-Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg/255px-Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg/340px-Peru-chinchilla_fur_redingote_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Chinchilla <a href="/wiki/Fur_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur coat">fur coat</a>, exhibited at the 1900 <i>Exposition Universelle</i>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Humanity has long used animal skins for clothing, as the leather is durable and the <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> provides extra insulation.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native people of North America made much use of beaver pelts, tanning and sewing them together to make robes. Europeans appreciated the quality of these and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a> developed and became of prime importance to early settlers. In Europe, the soft underfur known as "beaver wool" was found to be ideal for felting and was made into beaver hats and trimming for clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Coypu" class="mw-redirect" title="Coypu">coypu</a> took over as a cheaper source of fur for felting and was farmed extensively in America and Europe; however, fashions changed, new materials became available and this area of the animal fur industry declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Granby_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granby-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">chinchilla</a> has a soft and silky coat and the demand for its fur was so high that it was nearly wiped out in the wild before farming took over as the main source of pelts.<sup id="cite_ref-Granby_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granby-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quills and guardhairs of porcupines are used for traditional decorative clothing. For example, their guardhairs are used in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Roach_(headdress)" title="Roach (headdress)">"porky roach"</a> headdress. The main quills may be dyed, and then applied in combination with thread to embellish leather accessories such as knife sheaths and leather bags. <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> women would harvest the quills for <a href="/wiki/Quillwork" title="Quillwork">quillwork</a> by throwing a blanket over a porcupine and retrieving the quills it left stuck in the blanket.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consumption">Consumption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 89 species of rodent, mostly Hystricomorpha such as guinea pigs, agoutis and capybaras, are eaten by humans; in 1985, there were at least 42 different societies in which people eat rats.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiedler_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guinea pigs were first raised for food around 2500 B.C. and by 1500 B.C. had become the main source of meat for the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>. Dormice were raised by the Romans in special pots called "gliraria", or in large outdoor enclosures, where they were fattened on walnuts, chestnuts, and acorns. The dormice were also caught from the wild in autumn when they were fattest, and either roasted and dipped into honey or baked while stuffed with a mixture of pork, pine nuts, and other flavorings. Researchers found that in Amazonia, where large mammals were scarce, pacas and common agoutis accounted for around 40 percent of the annual game taken by the indigenous people, but in forested areas where larger mammals were abundant, these rodents constituted only about 3 percent of the take.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiedler_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guinea pigs are used in the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>, Peru, in dishes such as <i>cuy al horno</i>, baked guinea pig.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional Andean stove, known as a <i>qoncha</i> or a <i>fogón</i>, is made from mud and clay reinforced with straw and hair from animals such as guinea pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Peru, there are at any time 20 million domestic guinea pigs, which annually produce 64 million edible carcasses. This animal is an excellent food source since the flesh is 19% protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiedler_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, mostly squirrels, but also muskrats, porcupines, and <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhogs</a> are eaten by humans. The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo people</a> ate prairie dog baked in mud, while the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Paiute</a> ate gophers, squirrels, and rats.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiedler_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiedler-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_testing">Animal testing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Animal testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg/220px-Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg/330px-Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg/440px-Lab_mouse_mg_3140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Laboratory house mouse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rodents are used widely as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> in animal testing.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMP2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolff_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albino mutant <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">rats</a> were first used for research in 1828 and later became the first animal <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> for purely scientific purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-krinke_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krinke-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, the house mouse is the most commonly used laboratory rodent, and in 1979 it was estimated that fifty million were used annually worldwide. They are favored because of their small size, fertility, short gestation period and ease of handling and because they are susceptible to many of the conditions and infections that afflict humans. They are used in research into <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guinea pigs were popular laboratory animals until the late 20th century; about 2.5 million guinea pigs were used annually in the United States for research in the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-gad_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gad-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that total decreased to about 375,000 by the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-harkness_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harkness-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, they constituted about 2% of all laboratory animals.<sup id="cite_ref-gad_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gad-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guinea pigs played a major role in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory</a> in the late 19th century, through the experiments of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Émile Roux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">launched into orbital space flight</a> several times—first by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik 9">Sputnik 9</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosatellite" title="Biosatellite">biosatellite</a> of 9 March 1961, with a successful recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naked mole rat is the only known mammal that is <a href="/wiki/Poikilothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Poikilothermic">poikilothermic</a>; it is used in studies on <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>. It is also unusual in not producing the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">substance P</a>, a fact which researchers find useful in studies on <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin,_(2010)_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin,_(2010)-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodents have sensitive olfactory abilities, which have been used by humans to detect odors or chemicals of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Wines_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wines-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gambian_pouched_rat" title="Gambian pouched rat">Gambian pouched rat</a> is able to detect <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> bacilli with a sensitivity of up to 86.6%, and specificity (detecting the absence of the bacilli) of over 93%; the same species has been trained to detect <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rats have been studied for possible use in hazardous situations such as in disaster zones. They can be trained to respond to commands, which may be given remotely, and even persuaded to venture into brightly lit areas, which rats usually avoid.<sup id="cite_ref-NG_01-05-02_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG_01-05-02-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solon_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solon-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pets">As pets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: As pets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fancy_rat" title="Fancy rat">Fancy rat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fancy_mouse" title="Fancy mouse">Fancy mouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodents_as_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents as pets">Rodents as pets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinchilla-Soelvmarmorert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chinchilla-Soelvmarmorert.jpg/220px-Chinchilla-Soelvmarmorert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chinchilla-Soelvmarmorert.jpg/330px-Chinchilla-Soelvmarmorert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chinchilla-Soelvmarmorert.jpg/440px-Chinchilla-Soelvmarmorert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Chinchilla</figcaption></figure> <p>Rodents including guinea pigs,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, chinchillas, degus and chipmunks make convenient pets able to live in small spaces, each species with its own qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are normally kept in cages of suitable sizes and have varied requirements for space and social interaction. If handled from a young age, they are usually docile and do not bite. Guinea pigs have a long lifespan and need a large cage.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rats also need plenty of space and can become very tame, can learn tricks and seem to enjoy human companionship. Mice are short-lived but take up very little space. Hamsters are solitary but tend to be nocturnal. They have interesting behaviors, but unless handled regularly they may be defensive. Gerbils are not usually aggressive, rarely bite and are sociable animals that enjoy the company of humans and their own kind.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pests_and_disease_vectors">As pests and disease vectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: As pests and disease vectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG/220px-Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG/330px-Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG/440px-Potatoes_feeding_damage_HC1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Rodents cause significant losses to crops, such as these potatoes damaged by <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some rodent species are serious agricultural <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, eating large quantities of food stored by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in 2003, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> lost to mice and rats in Asia was estimated to be enough to feed 200 million people. Most of the damage worldwide is caused by a relatively small number of species, chiefly rats and mice.<sup id="cite_ref-Stenseth_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenseth-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, rodents reduce crop yields by around fifteen percent, while in some instances in South America losses have reached ninety percent. Across Africa, rodents including <i><a href="/wiki/Mastomys" title="Mastomys">Mastomys</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arvicanthis" title="Arvicanthis">Arvicanthis</a></i> damage cereals, groundnuts, vegetables and cacao. In Asia, rats, mice and species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Microtus" title="Microtus">Microtus brandti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meriones_unguiculatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriones unguiculatus">Meriones unguiculatus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eospalax" title="Eospalax">Eospalax baileyi</a></i> damage crops of rice, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, tubers, vegetables and nuts. In Europe, as well as rats and mice, species of <i><a href="/wiki/Apodemus" title="Apodemus">Apodemus</a></i>, <i>Microtus</i> and in occasional outbreaks <i><a href="/wiki/Arvicola_terrestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvicola terrestris">Arvicola terrestris</a></i> cause damage to orchards, vegetables and pasture as well as cereals. In South America, a wider range of rodent species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Holochilus" title="Holochilus">Holochilus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akodon" title="Akodon">Akodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Calomys">Calomys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oligoryzomys" title="Oligoryzomys">Oligoryzomys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllotis" title="Phyllotis">Phyllotis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sigmodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmodon">Sigmodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zygodontomys" title="Zygodontomys">Zygodontomys</a></i>, damage many crops including sugar cane, fruits, vegetables, and tubers.<sup id="cite_ref-Stenseth_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenseth-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodents are also significant vectors of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-kijlstra_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kijlstra-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black rat, with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_rat_flea" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern rat flea">fleas that it carries</a>, plays a primary role in spreading the bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McCormick_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormick-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carries the organisms responsible for <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weil%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Weil's disease">Weil's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">toxoplasmosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">trichinosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kijlstra_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kijlstra-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of rodents carry <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantavirus">hantaviruses</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Puumala_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Puumala virus">Puumala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobrava_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrava virus">Dobrava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa_virus" title="Saaremaa virus">Saaremaa viruses</a>, which can infect humans.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodents also help to transmit diseases including <a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">babesiosis</a>, cutaneous <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis" title="Human granulocytic anaplasmosis">human granulocytic anaplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Omsk hemorrhagic fever">Omsk hemorrhagic fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powassan_virus" title="Powassan virus">Powassan virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">rickettsialpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relapsing_fever" title="Relapsing fever">relapsing fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodent_Bait_Station,_Chennai,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/220px-Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/330px-Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/440px-Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Rodent Bait Station, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Because rodents are a nuisance and endanger <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, human societies often attempt to control them. Traditionally, this involved poisoning and trapping, methods that were not always safe or effective. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">integrated pest management</a> attempts to improve control with a combination of surveys to determine the size and distribution of the pest population, the establishment of tolerance limits (levels of pest activity at which to intervene), interventions, and evaluation of effectiveness based on repeated surveys. Interventions may include education, making and applying laws and regulations, modifying the habitat, changing farming practices, and <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a> using <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">poisoning</a> and trapping.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of pathogens such as <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> has the drawback that they can infect man and domestic animals, and rodents often become resistant. The use of predators including <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizards</a> has been found unsatisfactory. Domestic and feral <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> are able to control rodents effectively, provided the rodent population is not too large.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, two species in particular, the house mouse and the brown rat, are actively controlled to limit damage in growing crops, loss and contamination of stored crops and structural damage to facilities, as well as to comply with the law.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodentology" title="Rodentology">Rodentology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Andrew_T." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Andrew T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/lagomorph">"Lagomorph"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lagomorph&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Smith%2C+Andrew+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Flagomorph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingle,_G.Dickman,_C._R.MacDonald,_D._W.2001" class="citation book cs1">Single, G.; Dickman, C. R.; MacDonald, D. W. (2001). "Rodents". In MacDonald, D. W. (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Mammals</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 578–587. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1969-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1969-5"><bdi>978-0-7607-1969-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rodents&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Mammals&rft.pages=578-587&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1969-5&rft.au=Single%2C+G.&rft.au=Dickman%2C+C.+R.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCMP2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMP2000_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaggoner,_Ben2000" class="citation web cs1">Waggoner, Ben (15 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/rodentia/rodentia.html">"Introduction to the Rodentia"</a>. University of California Museum of Paleontology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429075637/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/rodentia/rodentia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Rodentia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft.date=2000-08-15&rft.au=Waggoner%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fmammal%2Frodentia%2Frodentia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2003_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak,_R._M.1999" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, R. M. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa"><i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 1244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-5789-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.pages=1244&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8&rft.au=Nowak%2C+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkersmammalsof0001nowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemiec,_Brook_A.2011" class="citation book cs1">Niemiec, Brook A. (15 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsL3UmJk3roC&pg=PA13"><i>Small Animal Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Disease: A Colour Handbook</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84076-630-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84076-630-1"><bdi>978-1-84076-630-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Animal+Dental%2C+Oral+and+Maxillofacial+Disease%3A+A+Colour+Handbook&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84076-630-1&rft.au=Niemiec%2C+Brook+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsL3UmJk3roC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxRayfieldFaganHerrel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Philip G.; Rayfield, Emily J.; Fagan, Michael J.; Herrel, Anthony; Pataky, Todd C.; Jeffery, Nathan (27 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338682">"Functional Evolution of the Feeding System in Rodents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4): e36299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...736299C">2012PLoSO...736299C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036299">10.1371/journal.pone.0036299</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338682">3338682</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558427">22558427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Functional+Evolution+of+the+Feeding+System+in+Rodents&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e36299&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3338682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...736299C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22558427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036299&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft.au=Rayfield%2C+Emily+J.&rft.au=Fagan%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Herrel%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Pataky%2C+Todd+C.&rft.au=Jeffery%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3338682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1970" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, William D. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25594"><i>Mammalian masticatory apparatus</i></a>. Vol. 18. [Chicago]: Field Museum Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429170908/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25594">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammalian+masticatory+apparatus&rft.place=%5BChicago%5D&rft.pub=Field+Museum+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F25594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroberg-Fejko2014" class="citation journal cs1">Froberg-Fejko, Karen (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Flaban.611">"Give a rat a bone: satisfying rodents' need to gnaw"</a>. <i>Lab Animal</i>. <b>43</b> (10): 378–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Flaban.611">10.1038/laban.611</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-4475">1548-4475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19686731">19686731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lab+Animal&rft.atitle=Give+a+rat+a+bone%3A+satisfying+rodents%27+need+to+gnaw&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=378-379&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19686731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1548-4475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Flaban.611&rft.aulast=Froberg-Fejko&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Flaban.611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoxJeffery-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoxJeffery_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxJeffery2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Philip G.; Jeffery, Nathan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/81105/1/Cox_Jeffery_preprint.pdf">"Reviewing the Morphology of the Jaw-Closing Musculature in Squirrels, Rats, and Guinea Pigs with Contrast-Enhanced MicroCT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Anatomical Record</i>. <b>294</b> (6): 915–928. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.21381">10.1002/ar.21381</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21538924">21538924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17249666">17249666</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028003751/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/81105/1/Cox_Jeffery_preprint.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record&rft.atitle=Reviewing+the+Morphology+of+the+Jaw-Closing+Musculature+in+Squirrels%2C+Rats%2C+and+Guinea+Pigs+with+Contrast-Enhanced+MicroCT&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=915-928&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17249666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21538924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.21381&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft.au=Jeffery%2C+Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F81105%2F1%2FCox_Jeffery_preprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duckett1853-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duckett1853_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuckett1853" class="citation book cs1">Duckett, W. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F879.1">"<i>Geomys bursarius</i> (Rodentia: Geomyidae)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_Species" title="Mammalian Species">Mammalian Species</a></i>. <b>43</b> (1): 104–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F879.1">10.1644/879.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&rft.atitle=Geomys+bursarius+%28Rodentia%3A+Geomyidae%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-117&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F879.1&rft.au=Connior%2C+M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1644%252F879.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/geompers.htm">"Texan pocket gopher"</a>. <i>The Mammals of Texas: Rodents</i>. NSRL: Museum of Texas Tech University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005005859/http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/geompers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mammals+of+Texas%3A+Rodents&rft.atitle=Texan+pocket+gopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsrl.ttu.edu%2Ftmot1%2Fgeompers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attenborough-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Attenborough_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attenborough_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attenborough_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough2002" class="citation book cs1">Attenborough, David (2002). <i>The Life of Mammals</i>. 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NSRL: Museum of Texas Tech University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021010654/https://www.depts.ttu.edu/nsrl/mammals-of-texas-online-edition/Accounts_Rodentia/Onychomys_leucogaster.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mammals+of+Texas%3A+Rodents&rft.atitle=Northern+grasshopper+mouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depts.ttu.edu%2Fnsrl%2Fmammals-of-texas-online-edition%2FAccounts_Rodentia%2FOnychomys_leucogaster.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarvis-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis1981" class="citation journal cs1">Jarvis, Jennifer (1981). 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University of Chicago Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35118-6"><bdi>978-0-226-35118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black-Tailed+Prairie+Dog%3A+Social+Life+of+a+Burrowing+Mammal&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-35118-6&rft.aulast=Hoogland&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJzzQXkka54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan,_T._A.1962" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughan, T. 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Williams & Wilkins. pp. 30–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-03919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-03919-1"><bdi>978-0-683-03919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+and+Medicine+of+Rabbits+and+Rodents&rft.pages=30-39&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-683-03919-1&rft.aulast=Harkness&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrini2003" class="citation book cs1">Guerrini, Anita (2003). <i>Experimenting with Humans and Animals</i>. 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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818091113/http://www.cdc.gov/rodents/diseases/indirect.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720063821/https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/docs/IPM_Manual.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+pest+management%3A+conducting+urban+rodent+surveys&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnceh%2Fehs%2Fdocs%2Fipm_manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodzicki,_K.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wodzicki, K. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2481104">"Prospects for biological control of rodent populations"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the World Health Organization</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 461–467. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2481104">2481104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4587482">4587482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Prospects+for+biological+control+of+rodent+populations&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=461-467&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2481104%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4587482&rft.au=Wodzicki%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2481104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aictradeassurance.org.uk/latest-documents/g56-rodent-control-in-agriculture-an-hgca-guide/">"Rodent control in agriculture – an HGCA guide"</a>. Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425135107/https://www.aictradeassurance.org.uk/latest-documents/g56-rodent-control-in-agriculture-an-hgca-guide/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rodent+control+in+agriculture+%E2%80%93+an+HGCA+guide&rft.pub=Agriculture+and+Horticulture+Development+Board&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aictradeassurance.org.uk%2Flatest-documents%2Fg56-rodent-control-in-agriculture-an-hgca-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna,_Malcolm_C.Bell,_Susan_K.1997" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). <i>Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11013-6"><bdi>978-0-231-11013-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+Mammals+Above+the+Species+Level&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11013-6&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Malcolm+C.&rft.au=Bell%2C+Susan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_D._E.Reeder,_D._M.2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). <i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARodent" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Carleton, M. D.; Musser, G. G. "Order Rodentia", pages 745–752 in Wilson & Reeder (2005).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rodentia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rodentia">Rodentia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Rodentia">Rodentia</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rodent" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rodent">rodent</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoology,_osteology,_comparative_anatomy"><span id="Zoology.2C_osteology.2C_comparative_anatomy"></span>Zoology, osteology, comparative anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Zoology, osteology, comparative anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/61-rongeurs_langen_rodents_lang_langes_roedores_lang_?lang=en_UK">ArchéoZooThèque : Rodent osteology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129080233/http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/61-rongeurs_langen_rodents_lang_langes_roedores_lang_?lang=en_UK">Archived</a> 29 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (photos)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523144605/http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/84-rongeurs_lagomorphes_insectivores_langen_rodents_lagomorphs_insectivores_lang_langes_roedores_lagomorfos_insectivoros_lang_">ArchéoZooThèque : Rodent skeleton drawings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Various">Various</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Various"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.biodiversity.be/africanrodentia">African rodentia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/peromhc/sets/72157604976601269/">Rodent photos</a> on <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/rodents/">Rodent Species Fact Sheets</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Pest_Management_Association" title="National Pest Management Association">National Pest Management Association</a> on Deer Mice, Norway Rats, and other rodent species</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammals" title="Template:Mammals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals" title="Template talk:Mammals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_mammal_orders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> orders</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yinotheria" title="Yinotheria">Yinotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australosphenida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">Australosphenida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremata <small>(platypuses and echidnas)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">Marsupial</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ameridelphia" title="Ameridelphia">Ameridelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata <small>(shrew opossums)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">Didelphimorphia <small>(opossums)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria <small>(monitos del monte)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notoryctidae" title="Notoryctidae">Notoryctemorphia <small>(marsupial moles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia <small>(quolls and dunnarts)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia <small>(bilbies and bandicoots)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia <small>(kangaroos, koalas, and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">Placental</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantogenata" title="Atlantogenata">Atlantogenata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata <small>(armadillos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa <small>(anteaters and sloths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida <small>(tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">Macroscelidea <small>(elephant shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orycteropodidae" title="Orycteropodidae">Tubulidentata <small>(aardvarks)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Hyracoidea <small>(hyraxes)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea <small>(elephants)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia <small>(dugongs and manatees)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla <small>(hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Chiroptera <small>(bats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">Pholidota <small>(pangolins)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora <small>(dogs, cats and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla <small>(horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla <small>(pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rodentia <small>(rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha <small>(rabbits, hares and pikas)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeshrew" title="Treeshrew">Scandentia <small>(treeshrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">Dermoptera <small>(colugos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates <small>(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rodents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rodents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_families_in_order_Rodentia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant families in order <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rodentia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha" title="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">("Squirrel-like")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_beaver" title="Mountain beaver">Aplodontiidae <small>(Mountain beaver)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormouse" title="Dormouse">Gliridae <small>(Dormice)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">Sciuridae <small>(Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Castorimorpha" title="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">("Beaver-like")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Castoridae" title="Castoridae">Castoroidea</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Castoridae" title="Castoridae">Castoridae <small>(Beavers)</small></a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Geomyoidea" title="Geomyoidea">Geomyoidea</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gopher" title="Gopher">Geomyidae <small>(Pocket gophers)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heteromyidae" title="Heteromyidae">Heteromyidae <small>(Kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myomorpha" title="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">("Mouse-like")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dipodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipodidae">Dipodoidea</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dipodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipodidae">Dipodidae <small>(Jerboas, jumping mice and birch mice)</small></a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Muroidea" title="Muroidea">Muroidea</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Platacanthomyidae" title="Platacanthomyidae">Platacanthomyidae <small>(Oriental dormice)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spalacidae" title="Spalacidae">Spalacidae <small>(Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats, blind mole rats)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mouse-like_hamster" title="Mouse-like hamster">Calomyscidae <small>(Mouse-like hamsters)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nesomyidae" title="Nesomyidae">Nesomyidae <small>(Malagasy rats and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cricetidae" title="Cricetidae">Cricetidae <small>(Hamsters and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Muridae" title="Muridae">Muridae <small>(House mouse and relatives)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha" title="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">("Anomalure-like")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalure" title="Anomalure">Anomaluridae <small>(Anomalures)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedetidae" title="Pedetidae">Pedetidae <small>(Springhares)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha" title="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">("Porcupine-like")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gundi" title="Gundi">Ctenodactylidae <small>(Gundis)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomyidae" title="Diatomyidae">Diatomyidae <small>(Laotian rock rat)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_porcupine" title="Old World porcupine">Hystricidae <small>(Old World porcupines)</small></a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Phiomorpha" title="Phiomorpha">Phiomorpha</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blesmol" title="Blesmol">Bathyergidae <small>(Blesmols)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dassie_rat" title="Dassie rat">Petromuridae <small>(Dassie rat)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cane_rat" title="Cane rat">Thryonomyidae <small>(Cane rats)</small></a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Caviomorpha" title="Caviomorpha">Caviomorpha <small>(New World hystricognaths)</small></a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_World_porcupine" title="New World porcupine">Erethizontidae <small>(New World porcupines)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caviidae" title="Caviidae">Caviidae <small>(Cavies)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paca" title="Paca">Cuniculidae <small>(Pacas)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dasyproctidae" title="Dasyproctidae">Dasyproctidae <small>(Agoutis and acouchis)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dinomyidae" title="Dinomyidae">Dinomyidae <small>(Pacarana)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tuco-tuco" title="Tuco-tuco">Ctenomyidae <small>(Tuco-tucos)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Echimyidae" title="Echimyidae">Echimyidae <small>(Spiny rats, coypus, hutias)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Octodontidae" title="Octodontidae">Octodontidae <small>(Degus and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_rat" title="Chinchilla rat">Abrocomidae <small>(Chinchilla rats)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinchillidae" title="Chinchillidae">Chinchillidae <small>(Chinchillas and viscachas)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_families_in_order_Rodentia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_rodents" title="Template:Prehistoric rodents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_rodents" title="Template talk:Prehistoric rodents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_rodents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric rodents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_families_in_order_Rodentia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistoric families in order <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rodentia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha" title="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allomyidae (page does not exist)">Allomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylagaulidae" title="Mylagaulidae">Mylagaulidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reithroparamyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reithroparamyidae (page does not exist)">Reithroparamyidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Castorimorpha" title="Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eutypomyidae" title="Eutypomyidae">Eutypomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizospalax" title="Rhizospalax">Rhizospalacidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eomyidae" title="Eomyidae">Eomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentiamyidae" title="Florentiamyidae">Florentiamyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliscomyidae" title="Heliscomyidae">Heliscomyidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myomorpha" title="Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armintomys" title="Armintomys">Armintomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomalomyidae" title="Anomalomyidae">Anomalomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simimyidae" title="Simimyidae">Simimyidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha" title="Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapedetidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapedetidae (page does not exist)">Parapedetidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha" title="Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamquammyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamquammyidae (page does not exist)">Tamquammyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobiomyidae" title="Gobiomyidae">Gobiomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuomyidae (page does not exist)">Yuomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapattimyidae" title="Chapattimyidae">Chapattimyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaganomyidae" title="Tsaganomyidae">Tsaganomyidae</a></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluchimyinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baluchimyinae (page does not exist)">Baluchimyinae</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyergoides" title="Bathyergoides">Bathyergoididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myophiomyidae" title="Myophiomyidae">Myophiomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamantomyidae" title="Diamantomyidae">Diamantomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phiomyidae" title="Phiomyidae">Phiomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyamyidae" title="Kenyamyidae">Kenyamyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalomyidae" title="Cephalomyidae">Cephalomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocardiidae" title="Eocardiidae">Eocardiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoepiblemidae" title="Neoepiblemidae">Neoepiblemidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaxodontidae" title="Heptaxodontidae">Heptaxodontidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theridomorpha" title="Theridomorpha">Theridomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Theridomorpha" title="Template:Theridomorpha">Theridomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurymylidae" title="Eurymylidae">Eurymylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagomyidae" title="Alagomyidae">Alagomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetypomys" title="Archetypomys">Archetypomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocomyidae (page does not exist)">Cocomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanantonia" title="Ivanantonia">Ivanantoniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laredomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laredomyidae (page does not exist)">Laredomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischyromyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ischyromyidae (page does not exist)">Ischyromyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theridomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theridomyidae (page does not exist)">Theridomyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoptychidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protoptychidae (page does not exist)">Protoptychidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zegdoumyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zegdoumyidae (page does not exist)">Zegdoumyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciuravidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sciuravidae (page does not exist)">Sciuravidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylindrodontidae">Cylindrodontidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelomyidae (page does not exist)">Zelomyidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_rodents" title="Category:Prehistoric rodents">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/21px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/42px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Rodentia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10850" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10850">Q10850</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rodentia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Rodentia">Rodentia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rodentia/">Rodentia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Rodentia">Rodentia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=313">313</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3Z5">3Z5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8677">8677</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1RODEO">1RODEO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12648">12648</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e29e3737-b9da-4c42-8e07-6ebfd76eb98c">e29e3737-b9da-4c42-8e07-6ebfd76eb98c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/1459">1459</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43698">43698</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11808">11808</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180130">180130</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12200001">12200001</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000376181">NHMSYS0000376181</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9989">9989</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/bd4bb6ec-e755-4be9-a591-a99aa71a6934">bd4bb6ec-e755-4be9-a591-a99aa71a6934</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=864593">864593</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41370">41370</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C32887CB-FF95-BA66-FF3D-F9A1FA76EDD6">C32887CB-FF95-BA66-FF3D-F9A1FA76EDD6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=404079">404079</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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