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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Evolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Phylogeny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Taxonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Major species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hulled_versus_free-threshing_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hulled_versus_free-threshing_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Hulled versus free-threshing species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hulled_versus_free-threshing_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 As a food </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle As a food subsection </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grain_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grain_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Grain classes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grain_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_value_and_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_value_and_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Food value and uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_value_and_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_advisories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_advisories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Health advisories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_advisories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production and consumption </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_and_consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production and consumption subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production_and_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Global </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century_yields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century_yields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Late 20th century yields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century_yields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Agronomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agronomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Agronomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Agronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growing_wheat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_wheat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Growing wheat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_wheat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crop_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Crop development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farming_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Farming techniques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Pests and diseases </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pests and diseases subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Animal pests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Breeding objectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Breeding_objectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Breeding objectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Breeding_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_higher_yields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_higher_yields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 For higher yields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_higher_yields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_disease_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_disease_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 For disease resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_disease_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_create_hybrid_vigor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_create_hybrid_vigor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 To create hybrid vigor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_create_hybrid_vigor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_gluten_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_gluten_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 For gluten content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_gluten_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_water_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_water_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 For water efficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_water_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_insect_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_insect_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 For insect resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_insect_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Genomics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genomics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genomics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decoding_the_genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoding_the_genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Decoding the genome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoding_the_genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Genetic engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wheat</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 168 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" > 168 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koring" title="Koring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weizen" title="Weizen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weizen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B4" title="ስንዴ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስንዴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गेहूँ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गेहूँ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%AD" title="قمح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قمح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum" title="Triticum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Triticum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%9B%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܚܛܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܛܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2nu" title="Grânu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Grânu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE" title="গম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigu" title="Trigu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trigu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गोहूँ – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गोहूँ" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatimir%C4%A9" title="Avatimirĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Avatimirĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بوغدا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوغدا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gandum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE" title="গম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%CC%8Dh-%C3%A1" title="Be̍h-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Be̍h-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Бойҙай – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бойҙай" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшаніца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пшаніца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गोहूँ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गोहूँ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пшеница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaz" title="Woaz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Woaz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="གྲོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྲོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinizh" title="Gwinizh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwinizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Улаан буудай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улаан буудай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blat" title="Blat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83" title="Тулă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тулă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum" title="Triticum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Triticum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorosi" title="Gorosi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gorosi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenith" title="Gwenith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwenith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeze" title="Weeze – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Weeze" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weizen" title="Weizen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weizen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AE%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ގޮދަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގޮދަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCoh_naad%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Tłʼoh naadą́ą́ʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼoh naadą́ą́ʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81" title="गहुँ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गहुँ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisu" title="Nisu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nisu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Σιτάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιτάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritiko" title="Tritiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tritiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gari" title="Gari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85" title="گندم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گندم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehuun" title="Gehuun – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gehuun" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hveiti" title="Hveiti – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hveiti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9" title="Blé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" title="小麥 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="小麥" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%82" title="ઘઉં – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઘઉં" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80" title="밀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गेहूँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गेहूँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1e%C5%84ca" title="Pšeńca – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pšeńca" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumento" title="Frumento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frumento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gandum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritico" title="Tritico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tritico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palauvakstrat" title="Palauvakstrat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Palauvakstrat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D0%BD%C3%A6%D1%83" title="Мæнæу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæнæу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hveiti" title="Hveiti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hveiti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum" title="Triticum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Triticum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="חיטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhum" title="Gandhum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gandhum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilee" title="Pilee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pilee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗೋಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೋಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigu" title="Trigu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Trigu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ხორბალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხორბალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Бидай (астық) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бидай (астық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaneth" title="Gwaneth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwaneth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngano" title="Ngano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ngano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ble_(sereyal)" title="Ble (sereyal) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ble (sereyal)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9" title="Blé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Blé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%93%D0%B4%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%B9" title="Шӓдӓнгӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӓдӓнгӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selin" title="Selin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Selin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%87%D3%8F%D0%B0" title="Лачӏа – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лачӏа" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum_(alimentum)" title="Triticum (alimentum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Triticum (alimentum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvie%C5%A1i" title="Kvieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weess" title="Weess – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Weess" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvietys" title="Kvietys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvietys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran" title="Gran – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gran" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weit" title="Weit – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Weit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%C3%A9t" title="Formét – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Formét" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAza" title="Búza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Búza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81" title="गहूँ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गहूँ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пченица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пченица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varimbazaha" title="Varimbazaha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varimbazaha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗോതമ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോതമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82" title="गहू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गहू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%AD" title="قمح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قمح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85" title="گندم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گندم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gandum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%93u-m%C4%83h" title="Siēu-măh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siēu-măh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Улаан буудай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан буудай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witi" title="Witi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Witi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarwe" title="Tarwe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tarwe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81" title="गहुँ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गहुँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="छ्व – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="छ्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AE" title="コムギ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コムギ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano" title="Rano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Rano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%B0" title="КӀа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КӀа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiaten" title="Wiaten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wiaten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvete" title="Hvete – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hvete" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveite" title="Kveite – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kveite" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ii mw-list-item"><a href="https://ii.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%85%AA" title="ꅪ – Sichuan Yi" lang="ii" hreflang="ii" data-title="ꅪ" data-language-autonym="ꆇꉙ" data-language-local-name="Sichuan Yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꆇꉙ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blat" title="Blat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Blat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%CA%BBdoy" title="Bugʻdoy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bugʻdoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਣਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਣਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edid" title="Edid – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Edid" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DD%A8%DA%A9" title="کݨک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کݨک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%85" title="غنم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غنم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiit" title="Wiit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wiit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A8i" title="Blèi – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Blèi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran" title="Gran – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gran" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weten_(Koorn)" title="Weten (Koorn) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Weten (Koorn)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszenica" title="Pszenica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pszenica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2u" title="Grâu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grâu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giv" title="Giv – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Giv" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Пшеніця – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пшеніця" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пшеница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wheat" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weete" title="Weete – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Weete" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruri" title="Gruri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gruri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmentu" title="Furmentu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Furmentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9F%E0%B7%94" title="තිරිඟු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තිරිඟු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wheat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%DA%BB%DA%AA" title="ڪڻڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪڻڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamadi" title="Qamadi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qamadi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D9%85" title="گەنم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەنم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пшеница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пшеница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pšenica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarigu" title="Tarigu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tarigu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehn%C3%A4t" title="Vehnät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vehnät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6dvete" title="Brödvete – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brödvete" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="கோதுமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோதுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irdn" title="Irdn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Irdn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irden" title="Irden – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Irden" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Бодай – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бодай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE" title="గోధుమ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గోధుమ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ข้าวสาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้าวสาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гандум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гандум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗೋಧಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗೋಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum" title="Triticum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Triticum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кызыл-тас – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кызыл-тас" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigo" title="Trigo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trigo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A6" title="小麦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="小麦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="ווייץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווייץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of grass cultivated for grain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the plant. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wheat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wheat (disambiguation)">Wheat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Wheat </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Vehn%C3%A4pelto_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vehn%C3%A4pelto_6.jpg/250px-Vehn%C3%A4pelto_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vehn%C3%A4pelto_6.jpg/330px-Vehn%C3%A4pelto_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vehn%C3%A4pelto_6.jpg/500px-Vehn%C3%A4pelto_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3400" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Triticum" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Triticum</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_aestivum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum aestivum">Triticum aestivum</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of Triticum species:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_aestivum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum aestivum">T. aestivum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_aethiopicum" title="Triticum aethiopicum">T. aethiopicum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_araraticum" title="Triticum araraticum">T. araraticum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_boeoticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum boeoticum">T. boeoticum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_carthlicum" title="Triticum carthlicum">T. carthlicum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_compactum" title="Triticum compactum">T. compactum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">T. dicoccoides</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_dicoccon" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum dicoccon">T. dicoccon</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum durum">T. durum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_ispahanicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum ispahanicum">T. ispahanicum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_karamyschevii" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum karamyschevii">T. karamyschevii</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_monococcum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum monococcum">T. monococcum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_polonicum" title="Triticum polonicum">T. polonicum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_spelta" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum spelta">T. spelta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triticum_thaoudar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triticum thaoudar (page does not exist)">T. thaoudar</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_timopheevii" title="Triticum timopheevii">T. timopheevii</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_turanicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum turanicum">T. turanicum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_turgidum" title="Triticum turgidum">T. turgidum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_urartu" title="Triticum urartu">T. urartu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_vavilovii" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum vavilovii">T. vavilovii</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Triticum_zhukovskyi" title="Triticum zhukovskyi">T. zhukovskyi</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Wheat is a group of wild and <a href="/wiki/Crop_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop domestication">domesticated</a> <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a> of the genus <a href="/wiki/Triticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum">Triticum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtrɪtɪkəm/</a>).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> They are <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivated</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> grains, which are <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> around the world. Well-known <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">wheat species and hybrids</a> include the most widely grown <a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">common wheat</a> (T. aestivum), <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">durum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan or Kamut</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a> suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> around 9600 BC. Wheat is grown on a larger area of land than any other food crop (220.7 million hectares or 545 million acres in 2021). World trade in wheat is greater than that of all other crops combined. In 2021, world wheat production was 771 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (850 million short tons), making it the second most-produced cereal after <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (known as corn in North America and Australia; wheat is often called corn in countries including Britain).<a href="#cite_note-Mencken-1984-4">[4]</a> Since 1960, world production of wheat and other grain crops has tripled and is expected to grow further through the middle of the 21st century. Global demand for wheat is increasing because of the usefulness of <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a> to the food industry. Wheat is an important source of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>. Globally, it is the leading source of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable proteins">vegetable proteins</a> in human food, having a protein content of about 13%, which is relatively high compared to other major cereals but relatively low in <a href="/wiki/Protein_quality" title="Protein quality">protein quality</a> (supplying <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>). When eaten as the <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grain</a>, wheat is a source of multiple <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary fibre">dietary fibre</a>. In a small part of the general population, gluten – which comprises most of the protein in wheat – can trigger <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">noncoeliac gluten sensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluten_ataxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten ataxia">gluten ataxia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/250px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/330px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/440px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>A: Plant; B ripe ear of corn; 1 <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelet</a> before flowering; 2 the same, flowering and spread, enlarged; 3 flowers with <a href="/wiki/Glume" title="Glume">glumes</a>; 4 <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> 5 <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>; 6 and 7 ovaries with juice scales; 8 and 9 parts of the scar; 10 fruit husks; 11, 12, 13 seeds, natural size and enlarged; 14 the same cut up, enlarged.</figcaption></figure> Wheat is a stout grass of medium to tall height. Its stem is jointed and usually hollow, forming a straw. There can be many stems on one plant. It has long narrow leaves, their bases sheathing the stem, one above each joint. At the top of the stem is the flower head, containing some 20 to 100 flowers. Each flower contains both male and female parts.<a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-5">[5]</a> The flowers are <a href="/wiki/Wind-pollinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind-pollinated">wind-pollinated</a>, with over 99% of pollination events being <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollinations</a> and the rest <a href="/wiki/Cross-pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-pollination">cross-pollinations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The flower is housed in a pair of small leaflike <a href="/wiki/Glume" title="Glume">glumes</a>. The two (male) <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> and (female) <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigmas</a> protrude outside the glumes. The flowers are grouped into <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a>, each with between two and six flowers. Each fertilised <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a> develops into a wheat grain or berry; botanically a <a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopsis</a> fruit, it is often called a seed. The grains ripen to a golden yellow; a head of grain is called an ear.<a href="#cite_note-Brittanica-5">[5]</a> Leaves emerge from the shoot apical <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a> in a telescoping fashion until the transition to reproduction i.e. flowering.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The last leaf produced by a wheat plant is known as the flag leaf. It is denser and has a higher <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> rate than other leaves, to supply <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> to the developing ear. In temperate countries the flag leaf, along with the second and third highest leaf on the plant, supply the majority of carbohydrate in the grain and their condition is paramount to yield formation.<a href="#cite_note-Pajević-1999-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Araus-1986-9">[9]</a> Wheat is unusual among plants in having more <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> on the upper (<a href="/wiki/Adaxial" title="Adaxial">adaxial</a>) side of the leaf, than on the under (<a href="/wiki/Abaxial" title="Abaxial">abaxial</a>) side.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It has been theorised that this might be an effect of it having been <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> and cultivated longer than any other plant.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter wheat</a> generally produces up to 15 leaves per shoot and spring wheat up to 9<a href="#cite_note-AHDB-12">[12]</a> and winter crops may have up to 35 <a href="/wiki/Tiller_(botany)" title="Tiller (botany)">tillers</a> (shoots) per plant (depending on cultivar).<a href="#cite_note-AHDB-12">[12]</a> Wheat <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> are among the deepest of arable crops, extending as far down as 2 metres (6 ft 7 in).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> While the roots of a wheat plant are growing, the plant also accumulates an energy store in its stem, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Fructans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fructans">fructans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> which helps the plant to yield under drought and disease pressure,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> but it has been observed that there is a trade-off between root growth and stem non-structural carbohydrate reserves. Root growth is likely to be prioritised in drought-adapted crops, while stem non-structural carbohydrate is prioritised in varieties developed for countries where disease is a bigger issue.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Depending on variety, wheat may be <a href="/wiki/Awn_(botany)" title="Awn (botany)">awned</a> or not awned. Producing awns incurs a cost in grain number,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> but wheat awns photosynthesise more efficiently than their leaves with regards to water usage,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> so awns are much more frequent in varieties of wheat grown in hot drought-prone countries than those generally seen in temperate countries. For this reason, awned varieties could become more widely grown due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. In Europe, however, a decline in <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience</a> of wheat has been observed.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheatareal.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wheatareal.PNG/500px-Wheatareal.PNG" decoding="async" width="440" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Wheatareal.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Origin and 21st century production areas of wheat</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domestication">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherers</a> in West Asia harvested wild wheats for thousands of years before they were <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> perhaps as early as 21,000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> but they formed a minor component of their diets.<a href="#cite_note-Arranz-Otaegui-2018-22">[22]</a> In this phase of pre-domestication cultivation, early cultivars were spread around the region and slowly developed the traits that came to characterise their domesticated forms.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Repeated harvesting and sowing of the grains of <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">wild grasses</a> led to the creation of domestic strains, as mutant forms ('sports') of wheat were more amenable to cultivation. In domesticated wheat, grains are larger, and the seeds (inside the <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a>) remain attached to the ear by a toughened <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a> during harvesting.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In wild strains, a more fragile rachis allows the ear to <a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">shatter</a> easily, dispersing the spikelets.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Selection for larger grains and non-shattering heads by farmers might not have been deliberately intended, but simply have occurred because these traits made gathering the seeds easier; nevertheless such 'incidental' selection was an important part of crop <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a>. As the traits that improve wheat as a food source involve the loss of the plant's natural <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a> mechanisms, highly domesticated strains of wheat cannot survive in the wild.<a href="#cite_note-Purugganan-2009-26">[26]</a> Wild <a href="/wiki/Einkorn_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkorn wheat">einkorn wheat</a> (T. monococcum subsp. boeoticum) grows across Southwest Asia in open <a href="/wiki/Forest_steppe" title="Forest steppe">parkland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> environments.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> It comprises three distinct <a href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">races</a>, only one of which, native to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Anatolia">Southeast Anatolia</a>, was domesticated.<a href="#cite_note-Ozkan-2002-28">[28]</a> The main feature that distinguishes domestic einkorn from wild is that its ears do not <a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">shatter</a> without pressure, making it dependent on humans for dispersal and reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> It also tends to have wider grains.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> Wild einkorn was collected at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10,700–9000 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9800–9300 BC), but the earliest archaeological evidence for the domestic form comes after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>  8800 BC in southern Turkey, at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Cafer Höyük">Cafer Höyük</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> Genetic evidence indicates that it was domesticated in multiple places independently.<a href="#cite_note-Ozkan-2002-28">[28]</a> Wild <a href="/wiki/Emmer_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmer wheat">emmer wheat</a> (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) is less widespread than einkorn, favouring the rocky <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> soils found in the <a href="/wiki/Hilly_Flanks" title="Hilly Flanks">hilly flanks</a> of the Fertile Crescent.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> It is more diverse, with domesticated varieties falling into two major groups: hulled or non-shattering, in which threshing separates the whole <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelet</a>; and free-threshing, where the individual grains are separated. Both varieties probably existed in prehistory, but over time free-threshing cultivars became more common.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> Wild emmer was first cultivated in the southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, as early as 9600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colledge-2007-30">[30]</a> Genetic studies have found that, like einkorn, it was domesticated in southeastern Anatolia, but only once.<a href="#cite_note-Ozkan-2002-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The earliest secure archaeological evidence for domestic emmer comes from Çayönü, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8300–7600 BC, where distinctive scars on the spikelets indicated that they came from a hulled domestic variety.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> Slightly earlier finds have been reported from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a> in Syria, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8500–8200 BC, but these were identified using a less reliable method based on grain size.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_farming">Early farming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early farming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NHM_-_Jungsteinzeit_Sichel_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NHM_-_Jungsteinzeit_Sichel_2.jpg/220px-NHM_-_Jungsteinzeit_Sichel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NHM_-_Jungsteinzeit_Sichel_2.jpg/330px-NHM_-_Jungsteinzeit_Sichel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NHM_-_Jungsteinzeit_Sichel_2.jpg/440px-NHM_-_Jungsteinzeit_Sichel_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption>Sickles with <a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">stone microblades</a> were used to harvest wheat in the Neolithic period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8500–4000 BC</figcaption></figure> Einkorn and emmer are considered two of the <a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">founder crops</a> cultivated by the first farming societies in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> West Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-27">[27]</a> These communities also cultivated naked wheats (T. aestivum and T. durum) and a now-extinct domesticated form of <a href="/wiki/Triticum_timopheevii" title="Triticum timopheevii">Zanduri wheat</a> (T. timopheevii),<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> as well as a wide variety of other cereal and non-cereal crops.<a href="#cite_note-Arranz-Otaegui-2023-33">[33]</a> Wheat was relatively uncommon for the first thousand years of the Neolithic (when <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> predominated), but became a staple after around 8500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Arranz-Otaegui-2023-33">[33]</a> Early wheat cultivation did not demand much labour. Initially, farmers took advantage of wheat's ability to establish itself in <a href="/wiki/Annual_grasslands" title="Annual grasslands">annual grasslands</a> by enclosing fields against grazing animals and re-sowing stands after they had been harvested, without the need to systematically remove vegetation or till the soil.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> They may also have exploited natural wetlands and floodplains to practice <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9crue_farming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Décrue farming (page does not exist)">décrue farming</a>, sowing seeds in the soil left behind by receding floodwater.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It was harvested with <a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">stone-bladed</a> <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The ease of storing wheat and other cereals led farming households to become gradually more reliant on it over time, especially after they developed individual storage facilities that were large enough to hold more than a year's supply.<a href="#cite_note-Weide-2021-39">[39]</a> Wheat grain was stored after <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> removed.<a href="#cite_note-Weide-2021-39">[39]</a> It was then processed into flour using <a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">ground stone</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a> made from ground einkorn and the tubers of a form of <a href="/wiki/Club-rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Club-rush">club rush</a> (Bolboschoenus glaucus) was made as early as 12,400 BC.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7100–6000 BC), both wholegrain wheat and flour was used to prepare bread, <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Apart from food, wheat may also have been important to Neolithic societies as a source of <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, which could be used for fuel, <a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">wicker-making</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> construction.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spread">edit</a>]</div> Domestic wheat was quickly spread to regions where its wild ancestors did not grow naturally. Emmer was introduced to Cyprus as early as 8600 BC and einkorn <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7500 BC;<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> emmer reached <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> by 6500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> shortly after 6000 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> by 5000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> "The early Egyptians were developers of <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> and the use of the oven and developed baking into one of the first large-scale food production industries."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> By 4000 BC, wheat had reached the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2015-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brace-2019-51">[51]</a> Wheat was also cultivated in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> around 3500 BC. <a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Wheat likely appeared in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s lower <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> around 2600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The oldest evidence for <a href="/wiki/Hexaploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaploid">hexaploid</a> wheat has been confirmed through <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> of wheat seeds, dating to around 6400–6200 BC, recovered from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bilgic-2016-54">[54]</a> As of 2023,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit">[update]</a> the earliest known wheat with sufficient gluten for yeasted breads was found in a granary at <a href="/wiki/Assiros" title="Assiros">Assiros</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> dated to 1350 BC.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, wheat continued to spread across Europe and to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>. In the British Isles, wheat straw (<a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatch</a>) was used for roofing in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and remained in common use until the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> White wheat bread was historically a high status food, but during the nineteenth century it became in Britain an item of mass consumption, displacing <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> from diets in the North of the country. It became "a sign of a high degree of culture".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> After 1860, the enormous expansion of <a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">wheat production in the United States</a> flooded the world market, lowering prices by 40%, and (along with the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> growing) made a major contribution to the nutritional welfare of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:UrukPlate3000BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumerian cylinder seal impression dating to c. 3200 BC showing an ensi and his acolyte feeding a sacred herd wheat stalks; Ninurta was an agricultural deity and, in a poem known as the "Sumerian Georgica", he offers detailed advice on farming"><img alt="Sumerian cylinder seal impression dating to c. 3200 BC showing an ensi and his acolyte feeding a sacred herd wheat stalks; Ninurta was an agricultural deity and, in a poem known as the "Sumerian Georgica", he offers detailed advice on farming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/UrukPlate3000BCE.jpg/250px-UrukPlate3000BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/UrukPlate3000BCE.jpg/330px-UrukPlate3000BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/UrukPlate3000BCE.jpg/500px-UrukPlate3000BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="812" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> impression dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3200 BC showing an <a href="/wiki/Ensi_(Sumerian)" title="Ensi (Sumerian)">ensi</a> and his acolyte feeding a sacred herd wheat stalks; <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a> was an agricultural deity and, in a poem known as the "Sumerian Georgica", he offers detailed advice on farming</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Threshing of wheat in ancient Egypt"><img alt="Threshing of wheat in ancient Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg/220px-Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg/330px-Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg/440px-Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="589" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Threshing of wheat in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_harvesting_wheat,_Raisen_district,_Madhya_Pradesh,_India_ggia_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional wheat harvesting India, 2012"><img alt="Traditional wheat harvesting India, 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg/220px-Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg/330px-Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg/440px-Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="2472" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional wheat harvesting India, 2012</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phylogeny">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg/960px-Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg/1100px-Polyploid_wheat_origins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wheat origins by repeated <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">polyploidy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golovnina-2007-60">[60]</a> Not all species are shown.</figcaption></figure> Some wheat species are <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a>, with two sets of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, but many are stable <a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">polyploids</a>, with four sets of chromosomes (<a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">tetraploid</a>) or six (<a href="/wiki/Hexaploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaploid">hexaploid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Golovnina-2007-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a> wheat (Triticum monococcum) is diploid (AA, two complements of seven chromosomes, 2n=14).<a href="#cite_note-Belderok-2000-61">[61]</a> Most tetraploid wheats (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">durum</a> wheat) are derived from <a href="/wiki/Emmer#Wild_emmer" title="Emmer">wild emmer</a>, T. dicoccoides. Wild emmer is itself the result of a hybridization between two diploid wild grasses, <a href="/wiki/Triticum_urartu" title="Triticum urartu">T. urartu</a> and a wild goatgrass such as <a href="/wiki/Aegilops_speltoides" title="Aegilops speltoides">Ae. speltoides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The hybridization that formed wild emmer (AABB, four complements of seven chromosomes in two groups, 4n=28) occurred in the wild, long before domestication, and was driven by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. Hexaploid wheats evolved in farmers' fields as wild emmer hybridized with another goatgrass, <a href="/wiki/Aegilops_squarrosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegilops squarrosa">Ae. squarrosa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aegilops_tauschii" title="Aegilops tauschii">Ae. tauschii</a>, to make the <a href="/wiki/Hexaploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaploid">hexaploid</a> wheats including <a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">bread wheat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golovnina-2007-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dvorak-2012-63">[63]</a> A 2007 <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogeny</a> of the wheats gives the following not fully-resolved <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> of major cultivated species; the large amount of hybridisation makes resolution difficult. Markings like "6N" indicate the degree of <a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">polyploidy</a> of each species:<a href="#cite_note-Golovnina-2007-60">[60]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a> 2N, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> 2N/4N, and other cereals </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Wheats </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Triticum monococcum (<a href="/wiki/Einkorn_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkorn wheat">einkorn</a>) 2N </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%97_Aegilotriticum" title="× Aegilotriticum">× Aegilotriticum</a> hybrids (<a href="/wiki/Aegilops" title="Aegilops">Aegilops</a> x Triticum) 6N </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Triticum_timopheevii" title="Triticum timopheevii">Triticum timopheevii</a> (zanduri wheat) and others 4N </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Triticum aestivum (<a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">common or bread wheat</a>) 6N </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Triticum durum/turgidum (<a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">durum</a> wheat) 4N </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Triticum spelta (<a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>) 6N </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Triticum turanicum (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">khorasan wheat</a>) 4N </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Triticum dicoccum (<a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>) 4N </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> many other species </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">Taxonomy of wheat</a></div> During 10,000 years of cultivation, numerous forms of wheat, many of them <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>, have developed under a combination of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">artificial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. This complexity and diversity of status has led to much confusion in the naming of wheats.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_species">Major species</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major species">edit</a>]</div> Hexaploid species (6N) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Common wheat</a> or bread wheat (T. aestivum) – The most widely cultivated species in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Yang-2022-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a> (T. spelta) – Another species largely replaced by bread wheat, but in the 21st century grown, often organically, for <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_food" title="Artisanal food">artisanal</a> bread and pasta.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li></ul> Tetraploid species (4N) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">Durum</a> (T. durum) – A wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat.<a href="#cite_note-Yang-2022-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a> (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum and T. t. conv. durum) – A species cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient times</a>, derived from wild emmer, T. dicoccoides, but no longer in widespread use.<a href="#cite_note-USDA_ARS-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan or Kamut</a> (T. turgidum ssp. turanicum, also called T. turanicum) is an ancient grain type; Khorasan is a historical region in modern-day Afghanistan and the northeast of Iran. The grain is twice the size of modern wheat and has a rich nutty flavor.<a href="#cite_note-Khlestkina-2006-69">[69]</a></li></ul> Diploid species (2N) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a> (T. monococcum). Domesticated from wild einkorn, T. boeoticum, at the same time as emmer wheat.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hulled_versus_free-threshing_species">Hulled versus free-threshing species</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hulled versus free-threshing species">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg/250px-Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg/330px-Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg/500px-Naked_and_hulled_wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Hulled wheat and <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a>. Note how the einkorn ear breaks down into intact spikelets.</figcaption></figure> The wild species of wheat, along with the domesticated varieties <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Potts-1996-71">[71]</a> emmer<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> have hulls. This more primitive morphology (in evolutionary terms) consists of toughened glumes that tightly enclose the grains, and (in domesticated wheats) a semi-brittle rachis that breaks easily on threshing. The result is that when threshed, the wheat ear breaks up into spikelets. To obtain the grain, further processing, such as milling or pounding, is needed to remove the hulls or husks. Hulled wheats are often stored as spikelets because the toughened glumes give good protection against pests of stored grain.<a href="#cite_note-Potts-1996-71">[71]</a> In free-threshing (or naked) forms, such as durum wheat and common wheat, the glumes are fragile and the rachis tough. On threshing, the <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> breaks up, releasing the grains.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_food">As a food</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a food">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grain_classes">Grain classes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grain classes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wheat_grain_classes" title="Wheat grain classes">Wheat grain classes</a></div> Classification of wheat greatly varies by the producing country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2016109–116-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>'s grain classes were formerly related to the production region or port of shipment: Rosafe (grown in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe province">Santa Fe province</a>, shipped through <a href="/wiki/Rosario,_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosario, Argentina">Rosario</a>), Bahia Blanca (grown in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenos Aires province">Buenos Aires</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Pampa" class="mw-redirect" title="La Pampa">La Pampa</a> provinces and shipped through <a href="/wiki/Bahia_Blanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahia Blanca">Bahia Blanca</a>), Buenos Aires (shipped through the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Port of Buenos Aires">port of Buenos Aires</a>). While mostly similar to the US Hard Red Spring wheat, the classification caused inconsistencies, so Argentina introduced three new classes of wheat, with all names using a prefix Trigo Dura Argentina (TDA) and a number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2016109–110-76">[76]</a> The grain classification in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> is within the purview of its National Pool Classification Panel. Australia chose to measure the protein content at 11% <a href="/wiki/Moisture_basis" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisture basis">moisture basis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2016110-77">[77]</a> The decisions on the wheat classification in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> are coordinated by the Variety Registration Office of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a>. Like in the US system, the eight classes in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> and six classes in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> are based on colour, season, and hardness. Canada has a unique requirement that the varieties of wheat grains should allow for purely visual identification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2016110–111-78">[78]</a> The wheat grain classes used in the <a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">United States</a> are named by colour, season, and hardness:<a href="#cite_note-Bridgwater-1966-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-1981-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDA-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_value_and_uses">Food value and uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Food value and uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/250px-USDA_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/330px-USDA_wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/500px-USDA_wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="3151" /></a><figcaption>Wheat is used in a wide variety of foods.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Wheat, hard red winter</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,368 kJ (327 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">71.18 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.41</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">12.2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.54 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">12.61 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">32%</div> 0.383 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 0.115 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">34%</div> 5.464 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 0.954 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">18%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 38 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 31.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 1.01 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 1.9 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">18%</div> 3.19 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">30%</div> 126 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">173%</div> 3.985 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">23%</div> 288 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 363 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 2.65 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">13.1 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Selenium</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">70.7 µg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168890/nutrients">Link to USDA Database Entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-82">[82]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-83">[83]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wheat is a staple cereal worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Mauseth-2014-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Belderok-2000-61">[61]</a> Raw <a href="/wiki/Wheat_berry" title="Wheat berry">wheat berries</a> can be ground into <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">flour</a> or, using hard <a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">durum wheat</a> only, can be ground into <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a>; germinated and dried creating <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>; crushed or cut into cracked wheat; parboiled (or steamed), dried, and de-branned into <a href="/wiki/Groats" class="mw-redirect" title="Groats">groats</a>, then crushed into <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">bulgur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> If the raw wheat is broken into parts at the mill, as is usually done, the outer husk or <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a> can be used in several ways. Wheat is a major ingredient in baked foods, such as <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bread_roll" title="Bread roll">rolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">crackers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">muffins</a>; in <a href="/wiki/List_of_fried_dough_foods" title="List of fried dough foods">fried foods</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnuts</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muesli" title="Muesli">muesli</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a>; and in drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">boza</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented beverage</a>).<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In manufacturing wheat products, gluten is valuable to impart <a href="/wiki/Viscoelastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscoelastic">viscoelastic</a> functional qualities in <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2002-87">[87]</a> enabling the preparation of diverse processed foods such as breads, noodles, and pasta that facilitate wheat consumption.<a href="#cite_note-EUFIC-2009-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2015-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> Raw red winter wheat is 13% water, 71% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> including 12% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, 13% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and 2% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). Some 75–80% of the protein content is as <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2002-87">[87]</a> In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), wheat provides 1,368 kilojoules (327 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and is a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of multiple <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary minerals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (table). The <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B3" title="Vitamin B3">niacin</a> (36% DV), <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> (33% DV), and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a> (23% DV), are present in significant amounts (table). Wheat is a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable proteins">vegetable proteins</a> in human food, having a relatively high protein content compared to other major cereals.<a href="#cite_note-European_Community-2016-90">[90]</a> However, wheat proteins have a low quality for human nutrition, according to the <a href="/wiki/Digestible_Indispensable_Amino_Acid_Score" title="Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score">DIAAS</a> protein quality evaluation method.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-2013-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-2015-92">[92]</a> Though they contain adequate amounts of the other essential amino acids, at least for adults, wheat proteins are deficient in the <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2015-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2022-93">[93]</a> Because the proteins present in the wheat <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> (gluten proteins) are particularly poor in lysine, <a href="/wiki/White_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="White flour">white flours</a> are more deficient in lysine compared with whole grains.<a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2015-89">[89]</a> Significant efforts in plant breeding are made to develop lysine-rich wheat varieties, without success, as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vasal-94">[94]</a> Supplementation with proteins from other food sources (mainly <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>) is commonly used to compensate for this deficiency,<a href="#cite_note-FAO-95">[95]</a> since the limitation of a single essential amino acid causes the others to break down and become excreted, which is especially important during growth.<a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2015-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_advisories">Health advisories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Health advisories">edit</a>]</div> Consumed worldwide by billions of people, wheat is a significant food for human nutrition, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> where wheat products are primary foods.<a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2015-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2009-96">[96]</a> When eaten as the <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grain</a>, wheat supplies multiple nutrients and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> recommended for children and adults.<a href="#cite_note-EUFIC-2009-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2015-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2014-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2016-98">[98]</a> In genetically susceptible people, wheat gluten can trigger <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2002-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-WGOGG-2016-99">[99]</a> Coeliac disease affects about 1% of the general population in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WGOGG-2016-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIDDK-2016-100">[100]</a> The only known effective treatment is a strict lifelong <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WGOGG-2016-99">[99]</a> While coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as a <a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WGOGG-2016-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIDDK-2016-100">[100]</a> Other diseases <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">triggered by eating wheat</a> are <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-coeliac gluten sensitivity</a><a href="#cite_note-NIDDK-2016-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ludvigsson-2012-101">[101]</a> (estimated to affect 0.5% to 13% of the general population<a href="#cite_note-Molina-Infante-2015-102">[102]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gluten_ataxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten ataxia">gluten ataxia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ludvigsson-2012-101">[101]</a> Certain short-chain carbohydrates present in wheat, known as <a href="/wiki/FODMAP" title="FODMAP">FODMAPs</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">fructose polymers</a>), may be the cause of non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit">[update]</a>, reviews have concluded that FODMAPs only explain certain gastrointestinal symptoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a>, but not the <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity#Extraintestinal" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">extra-digestive symptoms</a> that people with non-coeliac gluten sensitivity may develop.<a href="#cite_note-Volta-2019-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verbeke-2018-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fasano-2015-105">[105]</a> Other wheat proteins, amylase-trypsin inhibitors, have been identified as the possible activator of the <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immune system</a> in coeliac disease and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-Verbeke-2018-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fasano-2015-105">[105]</a> These proteins are part of the plant's natural defense against insects and may cause intestinal <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> in humans.<a href="#cite_note-Verbeke-2018-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barone-2014-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_consumption">Production and consumption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Production and consumption">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global">Global</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Global">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">International wheat production statistics</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:14em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Wheat production, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Millions of tonnes </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>137.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>107.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>104.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>44.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>36.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>34.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>34.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>808.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">UN Food and Agriculture Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WheatYield.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheat-growing areas of the world"><img alt="Wheat-growing areas of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WheatYield.png/330px-WheatYield.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WheatYield.png/500px-WheatYield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WheatYield.png/960px-WheatYield.png 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="902" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheat-growing areas of the world</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_of_wheat_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of wheat (2019)[108]"><img alt="Production of wheat (2019)[108]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Production_of_wheat_%282019%29.svg/300px-Production_of_wheat_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Production_of_wheat_%282019%29.svg/450px-Production_of_wheat_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Production_of_wheat_%282019%29.svg/600px-Production_of_wheat_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="392" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of wheat (2019)<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops,_Main_Commodities.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheat's share (brown) of world crop production fell in the 21st century."><img alt="Wheat's share (brown) of world crop production fell in the 21st century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="269" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/500px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/538px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheat's share (brown) of world crop production fell in the 21st century.</div> </li> </ul> In 2022, world wheat production was 808.4 million tonnes, led by China, India, and Russia which collectively provided 43.22% of the world total.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">the largest exporters were</a> Russia (32 million tonnes), United States (27), Canada (23) and France (20), while the largest importers were Indonesia (11 million tonnes), Egypt (10.4) and Turkey (10.0).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2021, wheat was grown on 220.7 million hectares or 545 million acres worldwide, more than any other food crop.<a href="#cite_note-FAOStat-2023-111">[111]</a> World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-2002-112">[112]</a> Global demand for wheat is increasing due to the unique <a href="/wiki/Viscoelastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscoelastic">viscoelastic</a> and adhesive properties of <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a> proteins, which facilitate the production of processed foods, whose consumption is increasing as a result of the worldwide industrialization process and <a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">westernization of diets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shewry-2015-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Day-2006-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_prices_in_England,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wheat_prices_in_England%2C_OWID.svg/500px-Wheat_prices_in_England%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wheat_prices_in_England%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Wheat_prices_in_England%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wheat_prices_in_England%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Wheat_prices_in_England%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wheat prices in England, 1264–1996<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> Wheat became a central agriculture endeavor in the worldwide <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in the 19th century, and remains of great importance in Australia, Canada and India.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In Australia, with vast lands and a limited work force, expanded production depended on technological advances, especially regarding irrigation and machinery. By the 1840s there were 900 growers in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. They used "Ridley's Stripper", a reaper-harvester perfected by <a href="/wiki/John_Ridley_(inventor)" title="John Ridley (inventor)">John Ridley</a> in 1843,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> to remove the heads of grain. In Canada, modern farm implements made large scale wheat farming possible from the late 1840s. By 1879, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> was the center, followed by <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, as the spread of railway lines allowed easy exports to Britain. By 1910, wheat made up 22% of Canada's exports, rising to 25% in 1930 despite the sharp decline in prices during the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Efforts to expand wheat production in South Africa, Kenya and India were stymied by low yields and disease. However, by 2000 India had become the second largest producer of wheat in the world.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In the 19th century the American wheat frontier moved rapidly westward. By the 1880s 70% of American exports went to British ports. The first successful <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevator</a> was built in Buffalo in 1842.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The cost of transport fell rapidly. In 1869 it cost 37 cents to transport a bushel of wheat from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. In 1905 it was 10 cents.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century_yields">Late 20th century yields</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Late 20th century yields">edit</a>]</div> In the 20th century, global wheat output expanded by about 5-fold, but until about 1955 most of this reflected increases in wheat crop area, with lesser (about 20%) increases in crop yields per unit area. After 1955 however, there was a ten-fold increase in the rate of wheat yield improvement per year, and this became the major factor allowing global wheat production to increase. Thus technological innovation and scientific crop management with <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">synthetic nitrogen fertilizer</a>, irrigation and wheat breeding were the main drivers of wheat output growth in the second half of the century. There were some significant decreases in wheat crop area, for instance in North America.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Better seed storage and germination ability (and hence a smaller requirement to retain harvested crop for next year's seed) is another 20th-century technological innovation. In medieval England, farmers saved one-quarter of their wheat harvest as seed for the next crop, leaving only three-quarters for food and feed consumption. By 1999, the global average seed use of wheat was about 6% of output.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In the 21st century, rising temperatures associated with <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> are reducing wheat yield in several locations.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agronomy">Agronomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agronomy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_wheat">Growing wheat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Growing wheat">edit</a>]</div> Wheat is an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> crop. It can be planted in autumn and harvested in early summer as <a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">winter wheat</a> in climates that are not too severe, or planted in spring and harvested in autumn as spring wheat. It is normally planted after <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tilling</a> the soil by <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughing</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Harrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrowing">harrowing</a> to kill weeds and create an even surface. The seeds are then scattered on the surface, or <a href="/wiki/Seed_drill" title="Seed drill">drilled</a> into the soil in rows. Winter wheat lies dormant during a winter freeze. It needs to develop to a height of 10 to 15 cm before the cold intervenes, so as to be able to survive the winter; it requires a period with the temperature at or near freezing, its <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormancy</a> then being broken by the thaw or rise in temperature. Spring wheat does not undergo dormancy. Wheat requires a deep <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, preferably a <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> with organic matter, and available minerals including soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. An acid and <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peaty</a> soil is not suitable. Wheat needs some 30 to 38 cm of rain in the growing season to form a good crop of grain.<a href="#cite_note-EOS-2023-124">[124]</a> The farmer may intervene while the crop is growing to add <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, water by <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, or pesticides such as <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a> to kill broad-leaved weeds or <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> to kill insect pests. The farmer may assess soil minerals, soil water, weed growth, or the arrival of pests to decide timely and cost-effective corrective actions, and crop ripeness and water content to select the right moment to harvest. Harvesting involves <a href="/wiki/Reaping" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaping">reaping</a>, cutting the stems to gather the crop; and <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a>, breaking the ears to release the grain; both steps are carried out by a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a>. The grain is then dried so that it can be stored safe from <a href="/wiki/Mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Mould">mould</a> fungi.<a href="#cite_note-EOS-2023-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crop_development">Crop development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Crop development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_developmental_stages.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wheat_developmental_stages.tif/lossy-page1-390px-Wheat_developmental_stages.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wheat_developmental_stages.tif/lossy-page1-585px-Wheat_developmental_stages.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wheat_developmental_stages.tif/lossy-page1-780px-Wheat_developmental_stages.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5138" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>Wheat developmental stages on the <a href="/wiki/BBCH-scale" title="BBCH-scale">BBCH</a> and Zadok's scales</figcaption></figure> Wheat normally needs between 110 and 130 days between sowing and harvest, depending upon climate, seed type, and soil conditions. Optimal crop management requires that the farmer have a detailed understanding of each stage of development in the growing plants. In particular, spring <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">growth regulators</a> are typically applied only at specific stages of plant development. For example, it is currently recommended that the second application of nitrogen is best done when the ear (not visible at this stage) is about 1 cm in size (Z31 on <a href="/wiki/Zadoks_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Zadoks scale">Zadoks scale</a>). Knowledge of stages is also important to identify periods of higher risk from the climate. Farmers benefit from knowing when the 'flag leaf' (last leaf) appears, as this leaf represents about 75% of photosynthesis reactions during the grain filling period, and so should be preserved from disease or insect attacks to ensure a good yield. Several systems exist to identify crop stages, with the <a href="/wiki/Feekes_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Feekes scale">Feekes</a> and Zadoks scales being the most widely used. Each scale is a standard system which describes successive stages reached by the crop during the agricultural season.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> For example, the stage of pollen formation from the mother cell, and the stages between <a href="/wiki/Anthesis" title="Anthesis">anthesis</a> and maturity, are susceptible to high temperatures, and this adverse effect is made worse by water stress.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WheatFlower1-rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthesis stage"><img alt="Anthesis stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WheatFlower1-rotated.jpg/169px-WheatFlower1-rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WheatFlower1-rotated.jpg/253px-WheatFlower1-rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WheatFlower1-rotated.jpg/337px-WheatFlower1-rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anthesis" title="Anthesis">Anthesis</a> stage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_Ear_milk_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late milk stage"><img alt="Late milk stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wheat_Ear_milk_full.jpg/250px-Wheat_Ear_milk_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wheat_Ear_milk_full.jpg/330px-Wheat_Ear_milk_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1521" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late milk stage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Melissa_Askew_2015-08-08_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right before harvest"><img alt="Right before harvest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melissa_Askew_2015-08-08_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Melissa_Askew_2015-08-08_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melissa_Askew_2015-08-08_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/500px-Melissa_Askew_2015-08-08_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melissa_Askew_2015-08-08_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/960px-Melissa_Askew_2015-08-08_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Right before harvest</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming_techniques">Farming techniques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Farming techniques">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_agricultural_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="British agricultural revolution">British agricultural revolution</a></div> Technological advances in soil preparation and seed placement at planting time, use of <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> to improve plant growth, and advances in harvesting methods have all combined to promote wheat as a viable crop. When the use of <a href="/wiki/Seed_drill" title="Seed drill">seed drills</a> replaced broadcasting sowing of seed in the 18th century, another great increase in productivity occurred. Yields of pure wheat per unit area increased as methods of crop rotation were applied to land that had long been in cultivation, and the use of fertilizers became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Improved agricultural husbandry has more recently included pervasive <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural automation">automation</a>, starting with the use of <a href="/wiki/Threshing_machine" title="Threshing machine">threshing machines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and progressing to large and costly machines like the <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> which greatly increased productivity.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> At the same time, better varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10 wheat</a>, developed in Japan in the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> or the dwarf wheat developed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>, greatly increased yields.<a href="#cite_note-Shindler-2016-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In addition to gaps in farming system technology and knowledge, some large wheat grain-producing countries have significant losses after harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmers' inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. Some 10% of total wheat production is lost at farm level, another 10% is lost because of poor storage and road networks, and additional amounts are lost at the retail level.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> of the Indian subcontinent, as well as North China, irrigation has been a major contributor to increased grain output. More widely over the last 40 years, a massive increase in fertilizer use together with the increased availability of semi-dwarf varieties in developing countries, has greatly increased yields per hectare.<a href="#cite_note-Godfray-2010-134">[134]</a> In developing countries, use of (mainly nitrogenous) fertilizer increased 25-fold in this period. However, farming systems rely on much more than fertilizer and breeding to improve productivity. A good illustration of this is Australian wheat growing in the southern winter cropping zone, where, despite low rainfall (300 mm), wheat cropping is successful even with relatively little use of nitrogenous fertilizer. This is achieved by crop rotation with leguminous pastures. The inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a> crop in the rotations has boosted wheat yields by a further 25%.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In these low rainfall areas, better use of available soil-water (and better control of soil erosion) is achieved by retaining the stubble after harvesting and by minimizing tillage.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable,_The_Wheat_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wheat Field by John Constable, 1816"><img alt="The Wheat Field by John Constable, 1816" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_Constable%2C_The_Wheat_Field.jpg/330px-John_Constable%2C_The_Wheat_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_Constable%2C_The_Wheat_Field.jpg/500px-John_Constable%2C_The_Wheat_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_Constable%2C_The_Wheat_Field.jpg/960px-John_Constable%2C_The_Wheat_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1384" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Wheat_Field_(Constable)" title="The Wheat Field (Constable)">The Wheat Field</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, 1816</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_Farm_in_Behbahan,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Field ready for harvesting"><img alt="Field ready for harvesting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wheat_Farm_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg/400px-Wheat_Farm_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wheat_Farm_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg/601px-Wheat_Farm_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wheat_Farm_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg/800px-Wheat_Farm_in_Behbahan%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Field ready for harvesting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 342px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 340px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Combine harvester cuts the wheat stems, threshes the wheat, crushes the chaff and blows it across the field, and loads the grain onto a tractor trailer."><img alt="Combine harvester cuts the wheat stems, threshes the wheat, crushes the chaff and blows it across the field, and loads the grain onto a tractor trailer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/510px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/766px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/1019px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1082" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">Combine harvester</a> cuts the wheat stems, <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshes</a> the wheat, crushes the <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> and blows it across the field, and loads the grain onto a tractor trailer.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases">edit</a>]</div> Pests and diseases consume 21.47% of the world's wheat crop annually.<a href="#cite_note-Savary-2019-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Diseases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wheat_diseases" title="Wheat diseases">Wheat diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_wheat_diseases" title="List of wheat diseases">List of wheat diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_10772_Rustaffected_wheat_seedlings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10772_Rustaffected_wheat_seedlings.jpg/170px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10772_Rustaffected_wheat_seedlings.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10772_Rustaffected_wheat_seedlings.jpg/255px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10772_Rustaffected_wheat_seedlings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10772_Rustaffected_wheat_seedlings.jpg/340px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10772_Rustaffected_wheat_seedlings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="2657" /></a><figcaption>Rust-affected wheat seedlings</figcaption></figure> There are many wheat diseases, mainly caused by fungi, bacteria, and <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transgenic_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic plant">Plant breeding</a> to develop new disease-resistant varieties, and sound crop management practices are important for preventing disease. Fungicides, used to prevent the significant crop losses from fungal disease, can be a significant variable cost in wheat production. Estimates of the amount of wheat production lost owing to plant diseases vary between 10 and 25% in Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> A wide range of organisms infect wheat, of which the most important are viruses and fungi.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The main wheat-disease categories are: <ul><li>Seed-borne diseases: these include seed-borne scab, seed-borne <a href="/wiki/Stagonospora" title="Stagonospora">Stagonospora</a> (previously known as Septoria), <a href="/wiki/Common_bunt" title="Common bunt">common bunt</a> (stinking smut), and <a href="/wiki/Loose_smut" title="Loose smut">loose smut</a>. These are managed with <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Leaf- and head- <a href="/wiki/Blight" title="Blight">blight</a> diseases: Powdery mildew, <a href="/wiki/Wheat_leaf_rust" title="Wheat leaf rust">leaf rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septoria_tritici" class="mw-redirect" title="Septoria tritici">Septoria tritici</a> leaf blotch, Stagonospora (Septoria) nodorum leaf and glume blotch, and <a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a> head scab.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>Crown and <a href="/wiki/Root_rot" title="Root rot">root rot</a> diseases: Two of the more important of these are '<a href="/wiki/Take-all" title="Take-all">take-all</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporium_gramineum" title="Cephalosporium gramineum">Cephalosporium</a> stripe. Both of these diseases are soil borne.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_rust" title="Stem rust">Stem rust</a> diseases: Caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (basidiomycete) fungi e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ug99" title="Ug99">Ug99</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2008-143">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_blast" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat blast">Wheat blast</a>: Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2020-144">[144]</a></li> <li>Viral diseases: <a href="/wiki/Wheat_spindle_streak_mosaic_virus" title="Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus">Wheat spindle streak mosaic</a> (yellow mosaic) and <a href="/wiki/Barley_yellow_dwarf" title="Barley yellow dwarf">barley yellow dwarf</a> are the two most common viral diseases. Control can be achieved by using resistant varieties.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-141">[141]</a></li></ul> A historically significant disease of cereals including wheat, though commoner in <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot">ergot</a>; it is unusual among plant diseases in also causing sickness in humans who ate grain contaminated with the fungus involved, <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea" title="Claviceps purpurea">Claviceps purpurea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harveson-2017-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_pests">Animal pests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Animal pests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pupa_of_Sitophilus_granarius_(L.)_inside_a_wheat_kernel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pupa_of_Sitophilus_granarius_%28L.%29_inside_a_wheat_kernel_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Pupa_of_Sitophilus_granarius_%28L.%29_inside_a_wheat_kernel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pupa_of_Sitophilus_granarius_%28L.%29_inside_a_wheat_kernel_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Pupa_of_Sitophilus_granarius_%28L.%29_inside_a_wheat_kernel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pupa_of_Sitophilus_granarius_%28L.%29_inside_a_wheat_kernel_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Pupa_of_Sitophilus_granarius_%28L.%29_inside_a_wheat_kernel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">Pupa</a> of the wheat weevil, <a href="/wiki/Sitophilus_granarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitophilus granarius">Sitophilus granarius</a>, inside a wheat kernel</figcaption></figure> Among insect pests of wheat is the <a href="/wiki/Wheat_stem_sawfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat stem sawfly">wheat stem sawfly</a>, a chronic pest in the Northern Great Plains of the United States and in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Wheat is the food plant of the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a>) species including <a href="/wiki/Flame_(moth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame (moth)">the flame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rustic_shoulder-knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustic shoulder-knot">rustic shoulder-knot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setaceous_Hebrew_character" title="Setaceous Hebrew character">setaceous Hebrew character</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turnip_moth" title="Turnip moth">turnip moth</a>. Early in the season, many species of birds and rodents feed upon wheat crops. These animals can cause significant damage to a crop by digging up and eating newly planted seeds or young plants. They can also damage the crop late in the season by eating the grain from the mature spike. Recent post-harvest losses in cereals amount to billions of dollars per year in the United States alone, and damage to wheat by various borers, beetles and weevils is no exception.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Rodents can also cause major losses during storage, and in major grain growing regions, field mice numbers can sometimes build up explosively to plague proportions because of the ready availability of food.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> To reduce the amount of wheat lost to post-harvest pests, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> scientists have developed an "insect-o-graph", which can detect insects in wheat that are not visible to the naked eye. The device uses electrical signals to detect the insects as the wheat is being milled. The new technology is so precise that it can detect 5–10 infested seeds out of 30,000 good ones.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding_objectives">Breeding objectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Breeding objectives">edit</a>]</div> In traditional agricultural systems, wheat populations consist of <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landraces</a>, informal farmer-maintained populations that often maintain high levels of morphological diversity. Although landraces of wheat are no longer extensively grown in Europe and North America, they continue to be important elsewhere. The origins of <a href="/wiki/Crop_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop breeding">formal wheat breeding</a> lie in the nineteenth century, when single line varieties were created through selection of seed from a single plant noted to have desired properties. Modern wheat breeding developed in the first years of the twentieth century and was closely linked to the development of <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian genetics">Mendelian genetics</a>. The standard method of breeding inbred wheat cultivars is by crossing two lines using hand emasculation, then selfing or inbreeding the progeny. Selections are identified (shown to have the genes responsible for the varietal differences) ten or more generations before release as a variety or cultivar.<a href="#cite_note-Bajaj-1990-150">[150]</a> Major breeding objectives include high <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">grain yield</a>, good quality, <a href="/wiki/Crop_disease_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop disease resistance">disease-</a> and insect resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses, including mineral, moisture and heat tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-MVGS_IAEA-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-2021-152">[152]</a> Wheat has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">mutation breeding</a>, with the use of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma-</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">x-rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> (collectively, radiation breeding), and sometimes harsh chemicals. The varieties of wheat created through these methods are in the hundreds (going as far back as 1960), more of them being created in higher populated countries such as China.<a href="#cite_note-MVGS_IAEA-151">[151]</a> Bread wheat with high grain iron and zinc content has been developed through gamma radiation breeding,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and through conventional selection breeding.<a href="#cite_note-MacNeil-2021-154">[154]</a> International wheat breeding is led by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico. <a href="/wiki/ICARDA" class="mw-redirect" title="ICARDA">ICARDA</a> is another major public sector international wheat breeder, but it was forced to relocate from Syria to Lebanon in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICARDA-155">[155]</a> Pathogens and wheat are in a constant process of <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fabre-2022-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungal_spore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal spore">Spore</a>-producing wheat rusts are substantially <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary adaptation">adapted</a> towards successful spore propagation, which is essentially to say its <a href="/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">R0</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fabre-2022-156">[156]</a> These pathogens tend towards high-R0 <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_attractor" title="Evolutionary attractor">evolutionary attractors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fabre-2022-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_higher_yields">For higher yields</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: For higher yields">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long-term_wheat_yields_in_Europe,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Long-term_wheat_yields_in_Europe%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Long-term_wheat_yields_in_Europe%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Long-term_wheat_yields_in_Europe%2C_OWID.svg/495px-Long-term_wheat_yields_in_Europe%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Long-term_wheat_yields_in_Europe%2C_OWID.svg/660px-Long-term_wheat_yields_in_Europe%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Breeding has increased yields over time</figcaption></figure> The presence of certain versions of wheat genes has been important for crop yields. Genes for the 'dwarfing' trait, first used by Japanese wheat breeders to produce <a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a> short-stalked wheat, have had a huge effect on wheat yields worldwide, and were major factors in the success of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> in Mexico and Asia, an initiative led by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Dwarfing genes enable the carbon that is fixed in the plant during photosynthesis to be diverted towards seed production, and they also help prevent the problem of lodging.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> "Lodging" occurs when an ear stalk falls over in the wind and rots on the ground, and heavy nitrogenous fertilization of wheat makes the grass grow taller and become more susceptible to this problem.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> By 1997, 81% of the developing world's wheat area was planted to semi-dwarf wheats, giving both increased yields and better response to nitrogenous fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Triticum_turgidum_subsp._polonicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum turgidum subsp. polonicum">T. turgidum subsp. polonicum</a>, known for its longer <a href="/wiki/Glume" title="Glume">glumes</a> and grains, has been bred into main wheat lines for its grain size effect, and likely has contributed these traits to Triticum petropavlovskyi and the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landrace</a> group Arrancada.<a href="#cite_note-Adamski-2021-161">[161]</a> As with many plants, <a href="/wiki/MADS-box" title="MADS-box">MADS-box</a> influences flower development, and more specifically, as with other agricultural Poaceae, influences yield. Despite that importance, as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit">[update]</a> little research has been done into MADS-box and other such spikelet and flower genetics in wheat specifically.<a href="#cite_note-Adamski-2021-161">[161]</a> The world record wheat yield is about 17 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> per <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a> (15,000 pounds per acre), reached in New Zealand in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> A project in the UK, led by <a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Research</a> has aimed to raise wheat yields in the country to 20 t/ha (18,000 lb/acre) by 2020, but in 2018 the UK record stood at 16 t/ha (14,000 lb/acre), and the average yield was just 8 t/ha (7,100 lb/acre).<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_disease_resistance">For disease resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: For disease resistance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stem_rust_on_differential_lines_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stem_rust_on_differential_lines_wheat.jpg/250px-Stem_rust_on_differential_lines_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stem_rust_on_differential_lines_wheat.jpg/330px-Stem_rust_on_differential_lines_wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stem_rust_on_differential_lines_wheat.jpg/500px-Stem_rust_on_differential_lines_wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Different strains have been infected with the <a href="/wiki/Stem_rust" title="Stem rust">stem rust fungus</a>. The strains bred to be resistant have their leaves unaffected or relatively unaffected by the fungus.</figcaption></figure> Wild grasses in the genus Triticum and related genera, and grasses such as <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> have been a source of many disease-resistance traits for cultivated wheat <a href="/wiki/Transgenic_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic plant">breeding</a> since the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">resistance genes</a> have been identified against <a href="/wiki/Pyrenophora_tritici-repentis" title="Pyrenophora tritici-repentis">Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</a>, especially races 1 and 5, those most problematic in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dahm-2021-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Wild relative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegilops_tauschii" title="Aegilops tauschii">Aegilops tauschii</a> is the source of several genes effective against <a href="/wiki/TTKSK" class="mw-redirect" title="TTKSK">TTKSK</a>/Ug99 - <a href="/wiki/Sr33_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sr33 (gene)">Sr33</a>, Sr45, Sr46, and SrTA1662 - of which Sr33 and SrTA1662 are the work of Olson et al., 2013, and Sr45 and Sr46 are also briefly reviewed therein.<a href="#cite_note-Bohra-2021-167">[167]</a> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Lr67 is an <a href="/wiki/R_gene" title="R gene">R gene</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant negative">dominant negative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Partial_adult_plant_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial adult plant resistance">partial adult resistance</a> discovered and molecularly characterized by Moore et al., 2015. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit">[update]</a> Lr67 is effective against all races of <a href="/wiki/Wheat_leaf_rust" title="Wheat leaf rust">leaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat_stripe_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat stripe rust">stripe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_stem_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat stem rust">stem</a> rusts, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_powdery_mildew" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> (Blumeria graminis). This is produced by a <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> in what is <a href="/wiki/Gene_prediction" title="Gene prediction">predicted to be</a> a <a href="/wiki/Hexose_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexose transporter">hexose transporter</a>. The product then <a href="/wiki/Heterodimerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodimerization">heterodimerizes</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Plant_susceptibility_allele" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant susceptibility allele">susceptible's</a> product, with the downstream result of reducing <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> uptake.<a href="#cite_note-Kourelis-2018-168">[168]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" />Lr34 is widely deployed in cultivars due to its abnormally broad effectiveness, conferring resistance against <a href="/wiki/Wheat_leaf_rust" title="Wheat leaf rust">leaf-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_stripe_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat stripe rust">stripe-rusts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_powdery_mildew" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dodds-2010-169">[169]</a> An important quantitative resistance gene, Lr34, has been isolated and used intensively in wheat cultivation worldwide; it provides a novel resistance mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-Krattinger-2009-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krattinger-2019-171">[171]</a> Krattinger et al. 2009 find Lr34 to be an <a href="/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP-binding cassette transporter">ABC transporter</a>, and conclude that this is the probable reason for its effectiveness<a href="#cite_note-Dodds-2010-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Furbank-2011-172">[172]</a> and the reason that it produces a 'slow rusting'/<a href="/wiki/Adult_plant_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult plant resistance">adult resistance</a> phenotype.<a href="#cite_note-Furbank-2011-172">[172]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" />Pm8 is a widely used <a href="/wiki/Wheat_powdery_mildew" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> resistance <a href="/wiki/Introgressed" class="mw-redirect" title="Introgressed">introgressed</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secale_cereale" class="mw-redirect" title="Secale cereale">Secale cereale</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Herrera-2017-173">[173]</a> It comes from the rye <a href="/wiki/1R_(chromosome)" class="mw-redirect" title="1R (chromosome)">1R chromosome</a>, a source of many resistances since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Herrera-2017-173">[173]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_head_blight_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusarium head blight resistance">Resistance to Fusarium head blight</a> (FHB, Fusarium ear blight) is also an important breeding target. <a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Marker-assisted breeding">Marker-assisted breeding</a> panels involving <a href="/wiki/Kompetitive_allele_specific_PCR" title="Kompetitive allele specific PCR">kompetitive allele specific PCR</a> can be used. Singh et al. 2019 identify a KASP <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic marker</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Pore-forming_toxin" title="Pore-forming toxin">pore-forming toxin</a>-like gene providing FHB resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Kaur-2020-174">[174]</a> In 2003 the first resistance genes against fungal diseases in wheat were isolated.<a href="#cite_note-Feuillet-2003-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yahiaoui-2004-176">[176]</a> In 2021, novel resistance genes were identified in wheat against <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_leaf_rust" title="Wheat leaf rust">wheat leaf rust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sánchez-Martín-2021-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolodziej-2021-178">[178]</a> Modified resistance genes have been tested in transgenic wheat and barley plants.<a href="#cite_note-Koller-2023-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_create_hybrid_vigor">To create hybrid vigor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: To create hybrid vigor">edit</a>]</div> Because wheat self-pollinates, creating <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_seed" title="Hybrid seed">hybrid seed</a> to provide the possible benefits of <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis</a>, hybrid vigor (as in the familiar F1 hybrids of maize), is extremely labor-intensive; the high cost of hybrid wheat seed relative to its moderate benefits have kept farmers from adopting them widely<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> despite nearly 90 years of effort.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bajaj-1990-150">[150]</a> Commercial hybrid wheat seed has been produced using chemical hybridizing agents, <a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">plant growth regulators</a> that selectively interfere with pollen development, or naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasmic_male_sterility" title="Cytoplasmic male sterility">cytoplasmic male sterility</a> systems. Hybrid wheat has been a limited commercial success in Europe (particularly France), the United States and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Synthetic hexaploids made by crossing the wild goatgrass wheat ancestor <a href="/wiki/Aegilops_tauschii" title="Aegilops tauschii">Aegilops tauschii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Aegilops" title="Aegilops">Aegilops</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kishii-2019-185">[185]</a> and various durum wheats are now being deployed, and these increase the genetic diversity of cultivated wheats.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_gluten_content">For gluten content</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: For gluten content">edit</a>]</div> Modern bread wheat varieties have been <a href="/wiki/Breeding_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding (plant)">cross-bred</a> to contain greater amounts of gluten,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> which affords significant advantages for improving the quality of breads and pastas from a functional point of view.<a href="#cite_note-Delcour-2012-190">[190]</a> However, a 2020 study that grew and analyzed 60 wheat cultivars from between 1891 and 2010 found no changes in albumin/globulin and gluten contents over time. "Overall, the harvest year had a more significant effect on protein composition than the cultivar. At the protein level, we found no evidence to support an increased <a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">immunostimulatory</a> potential of modern winter wheat."<a href="#cite_note-Pronin-2020-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_water_efficiency">For water efficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: For water efficiency">edit</a>]</div> Stomata (or leaf pores) are involved in both uptake of carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere and water vapor losses from the leaf due to water <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a>. Basic physiological investigation of these gas exchange processes has yielded carbon <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> based method used for breeding wheat varieties with improved water-use efficiency. These varieties can improve crop productivity in rain-fed dry-land wheat farms.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_insect_resistance">For insect resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: For insect resistance">edit</a>]</div> The complex genome of wheat has made its improvement difficult. Comparison of hexaploid wheat genomes using a range of chromosome pseudomolecule and molecular scaffold assemblies in 2020 has enabled the resistance potential of its genes to be assessed. Findings include the identification of "a detailed multi-genome-derived nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein repertoire" which contributes to disease resistance, while the gene Sm1 provides a degree of insect resistance,<a href="#cite_note-Walkowiak-2020-193">[193]</a> for instance against the <a href="/wiki/Orange_wheat_blossom_midge" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange wheat blossom midge">orange wheat blossom midge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kassa-2016-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genomics">Genomics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Genomics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decoding_the_genome">Decoding the genome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Decoding the genome">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, 95% of the genome of Chinese Spring line 42 wheat was decoded.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> This genome was released in a basic format for scientists and plant breeders to use but was not fully annotated.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In 2012, an essentially complete gene set of bread wheat was published.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-2012-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_sequencing" title="Shotgun sequencing">Random shotgun libraries</a> of total DNA and cDNA from the T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (CS42) were sequenced to generate 85 Gb of sequence (220 million reads) and identified between 94,000 and 96,000 genes.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-2012-197">[197]</a> In 2018, a more complete Chinese Spring genome was released by a different team.<a href="#cite_note-UniSaskatchewan-2018-198">[198]</a> In 2020, 15 genome sequences from various locations and varieties around the world were reported, with examples of their own use of the sequences to localize particular insect and disease resistance factors.<a href="#cite_note-UniSaskatchewan-2020-199">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" />Wheat Blast Resistance is controlled by <a href="/wiki/R_gene" title="R gene">R genes</a> which are highly race-specific.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2020-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_engineering">Genetic engineering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Genetic engineering">edit</a>]</div> For decades, the primary <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_wheat" title="Genetically modified wheat">genetic modification</a> technique has been <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">non-homologous end joining</a> (NHEJ). However, since its introduction, the <a href="/wiki/CRISPR/Cas9" class="mw-redirect" title="CRISPR/Cas9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" />CRISPR/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" />Cas9</a> tool has been extensively adopted, for example: <ul><li>To intentionally damage three <a href="/wiki/Homolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Homolog">homologs</a> of TaNP1 (a <a href="/wiki/Glucose-methanol-choline_oxidoreductase_family" title="Glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family">glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase</a> gene) to produce a novel <a href="/wiki/Male_sterility" class="mw-redirect" title="Male sterility">male sterility</a> trait, by Li et al. 2020<a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumeria_graminis_f.sp._tritici_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici resistance">Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici resistance</a> has been produced by Shan et al. 2013 and Wang et al. 2014 by editing one of the <a href="/wiki/Mildew_resistance_locus_o" title="Mildew resistance locus o">mildew resistance locus o</a> genes (more specifically one of the <a href="/wiki/TaMLO" class="mw-redirect" title="TaMLO">Triticum aestivum MLO (TaMLO)</a> genes)<a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-200">[200]</a></li> <li>Triticum aestivum EDR1 (TaEDR1) (the EDR1 gene, which inhibits Bmt resistance) has been <a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">knocked out</a> by Zhang et al. 2017 to improve that resistance<a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-200">[200]</a></li> <li>Triticum aestivum HRC (TaHRC) has been disabled by Su et al. 2019 thus producing <a href="/wiki/Gibberella_zeae_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibberella zeae resistance">Gibberella zeae resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-200">[200]</a></li> <li>Triticum aestivum Ms1 (TaMs1) has been knocked out by Okada et al. 2019 to produce another novel male sterility<a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-200">[200]</a></li> <li>and <a href="/wiki/TaALS" class="mw-redirect" title="TaALS">Triticum aestivum acetolactate synthase (TaALS)</a> and <a href="/wiki/TaACC" class="mw-redirect" title="TaACC">Triticum aestivum acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (TaACC)</a> were subjected to base changes by Zhang et al. 2019 (in two publications) to confer <a href="/wiki/Herbicide_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicide resistance">herbicide resistance</a> to <a href="/wiki/ALS_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="ALS inhibitor">ALS inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACCase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCase inhibitor">ACCase inhibitors</a> respectively<a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-200">[200]</a></li></ul> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit">[update]</a> these examples illustrate the rapid deployment and results that CRISPR/Cas9 has shown in wheat disease resistance improvement.<a href="#cite_note-Li-2021-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: In art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_with_Crows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_with_Crows.jpg/260px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_with_Crows.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_with_Crows.jpg/390px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_with_Crows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_with_Crows.jpg/520px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield_with_Crows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4921" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wheatfield_with_Crows" title="Wheatfield with Crows">Wheatfield with Crows</a>, an 1890 painting by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>, Amsterdam </figcaption></figure> The Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> created the series <a href="/wiki/Wheat_Fields" title="Wheat Fields">Wheat Fields</a> between 1885 and 1890, consisting of dozens of paintings made mostly in different parts of rural France. They depict wheat crops, sometimes with farm workers, in varied seasons and styles, sometimes green, sometimes at harvest. <a href="/wiki/Wheatfield_with_Crows" title="Wheatfield with Crows">Wheatfield with Crows</a> was one of his last paintings, and is considered to be among his greatest works.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In 1967, the American artist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(painter)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (painter)">Thomas Hart Benton</a> made his oil on wood painting Wheat, showing a row of uncut wheat plants, occupying almost the whole height of the painting, between rows of freshly-cut stubble. The painting is held by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In 1982, the American conceptual artist <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Denes" title="Agnes Denes">Agnes Denes</a> grew a two-acre field of wheat at <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Park, Manhattan">Battery Park, Manhattan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ephemeral_art" title="Ephemeral art">ephemeral artwork</a> has been described as an act of protest. The harvested wheat was divided and sent to 28 world cities for an exhibition entitled "The International Art Show for the End of World Hunger".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinopyrum_intermedium" title="Thinopyrum intermedium">Intermediate wheatgrass</a>: a perennial alternative to wheat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">Wheat production in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">Wheat middlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-wheat_flour" title="Whole-wheat flour">Whole-wheat flour</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> lectotype designated by Duistermaat, Blumea 32: 174 (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Serial No. 42236 <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a> 2002-09-22 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/triticum">"triticum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. 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Retrieved 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+scientists+publish+draft+sequence+coverage+of+wheat+genome&rft.pub=Biotechnology+and+Biological+Sciences+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbsrc.ac.uk%2Fweb%2FFILES%2FPublications%2F1102_wheat_genome_case_study.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-2012-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall-2012_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall-2012_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hall (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510651">"Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 491 (7426): 705–10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.491..705B">2012Natur.491..705B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11650">10.1038/nature11650</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510651">3510651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23192148">23192148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+bread+wheat+genome+using+whole-genome+shotgun+sequencing&rft.volume=491&rft.issue=7426&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E705-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3510651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23192148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11650&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.491..705B&rft.au=Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3510651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UniSaskatchewan-2018-198"><a href="#cite_ref-UniSaskatchewan-2018_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2018/u-of-s-crop-scientists-help-crack-the-wheat-genome-code-.php">"U of S crop scientists help crack the wheat genome code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a>, Canada. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U+of+S+crop+scientists+help+crack+the+wheat+genome+code&rft.pub=University+of+Saskatchewan%2C+Canada&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.usask.ca%2Farticles%2Fresearch%2F2018%2Fu-of-s-crop-scientists-help-crack-the-wheat-genome-code-.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UniSaskatchewan-2020-199"><a href="#cite_ref-UniSaskatchewan-2020_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2020/landmark-study-generates-first-genomic-atlas-for-global-wheat-improvement.php">"Landmark study generates first genomic atlas for global wheat improvement"</a>. University of Saskatchewan. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landmark+study+generates+first+genomic+atlas+for+global+wheat+improvement&rft.pub=University+of+Saskatchewan&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.usask.ca%2Farticles%2Fresearch%2F2020%2Flandmark-study-generates-first-genomic-atlas-for-global-wheat-improvement.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-2021-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_200-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_200-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_200-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2021_200-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiZhangLiYan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Shaoya; Zhang, Chen; Li, Jingying; Yan, Lei; Wang, Ning; Xia, Lanqin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8299080">"Present and future prospects for wheat improvement through genome editing and advanced technologies"</a>. Plant Communications. 2 (4). Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Chinese Society for Plant Biology (Cell Press): 100211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PlCom...200211L">2021PlCom...200211L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.xplc.2021.100211">10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8299080">8299080</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34327324">34327324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Communications&rft.atitle=Present+and+future+prospects+for+wheat+improvement+through+genome+editing+and+advanced+technologies&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=100211&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8299080%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34327324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.xplc.2021.100211&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PlCom...200211L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shaoya&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Chen&rft.au=Li%2C+Jingying&rft.au=Yan%2C+Lei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ning&rft.au=Xia%2C+Lanqin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8299080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6JTCCBSZuoC&pg=PA11">Cézanne to Picasso: Ambroise Vollard, Patron of the Avant-garde</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. 2006. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588391957" title="Special:BookSources/1588391957"><bdi>1588391957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9zanne+to+Picasso%3A+Ambroise+Vollard%2C+Patron+of+the+Avant-garde&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1588391957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6JTCCBSZuoC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna2015" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Tony (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqWFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101">Art, Literature and Culture from a Marxist Perspective</a>. Springer. PT101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137526618" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137526618"><bdi>978-1137526618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%2C+Literature+and+Culture+from+a+Marxist+Perspective&rft.pages=PT101&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1137526618&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqWFCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/wheat-32285">"Wheat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheat&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanart.si.edu%2Fartwork%2Fwheat-32285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHessel2022" class="citation news cs1">Hessel, Katy (18 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/jul/18/a-field-of-wheat-on-a-45bn-patch-of-new-york-the-prophetic-eco-art-of-agnes-denes">"A field of wheat on a $4.5bn patch of New York: the prophetic eco art of Agnes Denes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+field+of+wheat+on+a+%244.5bn+patch+of+New+York%3A+the+prophetic+eco+art+of+Agnes+Denes&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft.aulast=Hessel&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2022%2Fjul%2F18%2Fa-field-of-wheat-on-a-45bn-patch-of-new-york-the-prophetic-eco-art-of-agnes-denes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan2016" class="citation book cs1">Khan, K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc1XDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">"Wheat Classes − Producing Nations"</a>. Wheat: Chemistry and Technology. American Association of Cereal Chemists International. Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-810454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-810454-5"><bdi>978-0-12-810454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wheat+Classes+%E2%88%92+Producing+Nations&rft.btitle=Wheat%3A+Chemistry+and+Technology&rft.series=American+Association+of+Cereal+Chemists+International&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-12-810454-5&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCc1XDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The World Wheat Book : A History of Wheat Breeding</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Bonjean, Alain P.; Angus, William J. (2001). The World Wheat Book : A History of Wheat Breeding. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lavoisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781898298724" title="Special:BookSources/9781898298724"><bdi>9781898298724</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59515318">59515318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Wheat+Book+%3A+A+History+of+Wheat+Breeding&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lavoisier&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59515318&rft.isbn=9781898298724&rft.aulast=Bonjean&rft.aufirst=Alain+P.&rft.au=Angus%2C+William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Bonjean, Alain P. (2011). The World Wheat Book : A History of Wheat Breeding. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lavoisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7430-1102-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7430-1102-4"><bdi>978-2-7430-1102-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707171112">707171112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Wheat+Book+%3A+A+History+of+Wheat+Breeding&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Lavoisier&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707171112&rft.isbn=978-2-7430-1102-4&rft.aulast=Bonjean&rft.aufirst=Alain+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Bonjean, Alain P.; Angus, William J.; Ginkel, Maarten van (2016). The World Wheat Book : A History of Wheat Breeding. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lavoisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>-Tec & doc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7430-2091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7430-2091-0"><bdi>978-2-7430-2091-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953081390">953081390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Wheat+Book+%3A+A+History+of+Wheat+Breeding&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Lavoisier-Tec+%26+doc&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953081390&rft.isbn=978-2-7430-2091-0&rft.aulast=Bonjean&rft.aufirst=Alain+P.&rft.au=Angus%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Ginkel%2C+Maarten+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Head, Lesley; Atchison, Jennifer; Gates, Alison (2016). Ingrained: A Human Bio-geography of Wheat. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-58854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-58854-4"><bdi>978-1-315-58854-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082225627">1082225627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ingrained%3A+A+Human+Bio-geography+of+Wheat&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082225627&rft.isbn=978-1-315-58854-4&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Atchison%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Gates%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jasny Naum, The Wheats of Classical Antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, Baltimore, 1944. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82345748">82345748</a>.</li> <li>Nelson, Scott Reynolds (2022). Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1541646460/">Excerpt</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Shiferaw, Bekele; Smale, Melinda; Braun, Hans-Joachim; Duveiller, Etienne; Reynolds, Mathew; Muricho, Geoffrey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12571-013-0263-y">"Crops that feed the world 10. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security"</a>. Food Security. 5 (3): 291–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12571-013-0263-y">10.1007/s12571-013-0263-y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Security&rft.atitle=Crops+that+feed+the+world+10.+Past+successes+and+future+challenges+to+the+role+played+by+wheat+in+global+food+security&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12571-013-0263-y&rft.aulast=Shiferaw&rft.aufirst=Bekele&rft.au=Smale%2C+Melinda&rft.au=Braun%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft.au=Duveiller%2C+Etienne&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Mathew&rft.au=Muricho%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12571-013-0263-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wheat" class="extiw" title="commons:Wheat">Wheat</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/crops/wheat.html">Triticum species</a> at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> (1971)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wheat271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wheat" title="Template:Wheat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wheat" title="Template talk:Wheat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wheat271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wheat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Common</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_wheat" title="Marquis wheat">Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/120px-USDA_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/250px-USDA_wheat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="3151" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Agronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_diseases" title="Wheat diseases">Wheat diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wheat_diseases" title="List of wheat diseases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_mildew" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat mildew">Wheat mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fly" title="Hessian fly">Hessian fly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWB_Limited" title="AWB Limited">Australian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">Corn exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grains_Council" title="International Grains Council">International Wheat Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Production statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_premium" title="Protein premium">Protein premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Plant parts and their uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stalk</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">Germ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">Chaff</a> (husk)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Germinated_wheat" title="Germinated wheat">Sprouts</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Basic preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>None</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_berry" title="Wheat berry">Berries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groats" class="mw-redirect" title="Groats">groats</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farina_(food)" title="Farina (food)">Farina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">Flour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">Middlings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">As an ingredient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">Flatbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Wheat gluten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Associated human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Bread riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_grains" title="Refined grains">Refined grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">Wheatpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">Shattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cereals" title="Template:Cereals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cereals" title="Template talk:Cereals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cereals_and_pseudocereals388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)96" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wheat (Triticum)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus">Miscanthus × giganteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5400" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Triticum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12106" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12106">Q12106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Triticum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Triticum">Triticum</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/195660">195660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/88505">88505</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42536">42536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121143">121143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8W4FX">8W4FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Triticum">Triticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/108051">108051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TRZG">1TRZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22346">22346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133826">133826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Triticum">Triticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=133826">133826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2706388">2706388</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrassBase" title="GrassBase">GrassBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/gen00668">gen00668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=12442">12442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/58390">58390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/19220-1">19220-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1310875">1310875</a></li> <li><a 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[\"CITEREFBohraKilianSivasankarCaccamo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorojevicBorojevic2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraceDiekmannBoothvan_Dorp2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridgwaterAldrich1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaprettiniVoth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCauvainCauvain2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColledge2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCondonFarquharRichards1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstableSomerville,_Bob2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtisRajaramanMacPherson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzajkowskaBogaardCharlesJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCárcamoEntzBeres2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahm2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayAugustinBateyWrigley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelcourJoyePareytWilderjans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoddsRathjen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubreuil2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuwayri1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDvorakDealLuoYou2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsmingerEnsminger1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Community,_Community_Research_and_Development_Information_Service2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabreBurieDucrotLion2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmers_Weekly2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFasanoSaponeZevallosSchuppan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldmanKislev2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuilletTravellaSteinAlbar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriebeQiNasudaZhang2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFullerCarretero2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFullerLucas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFullerWillcoxAllaby2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurbankTester2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurtanLee1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGautamDill-Macky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodfrayBeddingtonCruteHaddad2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolovninaGlushkovBlinovMayorov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález_CarreteroWollstonecroftFuller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraeberWengrow2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGrundas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarveson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerreraGustavssonÅhman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHessel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoganHendrix1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoisingtonKhairallahReevesRibaut1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesOliveiraFradgleyCorke2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarrigeMeadow1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshiMishraChatrathOrtiz_Ferrara2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahiluotoKasevaBalekOlesen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassaHaasSchliephakeLewis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaurMaviGillSaini2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhlestkinaRöderGrausgruberBörner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKishii2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKollerCamenzindJungBrunner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolodziejSinglaSánchez-MartínZbinden2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKourelisvan_der_Hoorn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrattingerKangBräunlichBoni2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrattingerLagudahSpielmeyerSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulshresthaTsunoda1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarKashyapSingh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiZhangLiYan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongLeipeJinWagner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopesReynolds2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucasColledgeSimmonsFuller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudvigssonLefflerBaiBiagi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuoYangYouKawahara2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuptonOliverRuckenbauer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacNeil2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaedaLucasSilvaTanno2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauseth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenna2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMencken1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilachFederizzi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillaDe_Diego-VicoMartín-Robles2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolina-InfanteSantolariaSandersFernández-Bañares2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNevo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtter2020\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFOverton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzkanBrandoliniSchäfer-PreglSalamini2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPajevićKrstićStankovićPlesničar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotrowski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipernoWeissHolstNadel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotts1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProninBornerWeberScherf2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuruggananFuller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRebetzkeBonnettReynolds2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichterMaher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSainiSedgleyAspinall1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkarIslamBarmaAhmed2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavaryWillocquetPethybridgeEsker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherratt1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShewry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShewry2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShewryHalfordBeltonTatham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShewryHey,_S._J.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShindler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghChhabraRazaYang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghHodson,_DavidHuerta-Espino,_JulioJin,_Yue2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghSethi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlaferSatorre1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMomberBatesGarwood2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwaminathan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchez-MartínWidrigHerrenWicker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTannoWillcox2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughanJudd2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerbeke2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermaKumarSheikhMalik2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigneBrioisZazzoWillcox2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoltaDe_GiorgioCaioUhde2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkowiakGaoMonatHaberer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeide2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeideGreenHodgsonDouché2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightPardey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWürschumLangerLonginTucker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahiaouiSrichumpaDudlerKeller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangLiLiLiu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangZhangLiuLiu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangChenDellVergauwen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoharyHopfWeiss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"Genetics\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"AUS\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 7,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Bioenergy\"] = 1,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"CHN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cereals\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 99,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 43,\n [\"Clade\"] = 6,\n [\"Col div\"] = 1,\n [\"Col div end\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"GRIN\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"IND\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Nutritionalvalue\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"RUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S2CID\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 2,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"USA\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 7,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wheat\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-rkvt9","timestamp":"20250405210922","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wheat","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wheat","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15645384","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15645384","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2025-04-04T08:22:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a3\/Vehn%C3%A4pelto_6.jpg","headline":"widely cultivated cereal grain"}</script> </body> </html>