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href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Open.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Open.JPG/220px-Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Open.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Open.JPG/330px-Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Open.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Open.JPG/440px-Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Open.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>A vacuum flask cooker with the inner pot on a <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">kitchen stove</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>thermal cooker</b>, or a <b>vacuum flask cooker</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> device that uses <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> to retain heat and cook food without the continuous use of <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> or other heat source. It is a modern implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Haybox" title="Haybox">haybox</a>, which uses hay or straw to insulate a cooking pot. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_cooking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known thermal cooker dates from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval period</a> in Europe. After heating over a fire, a hot, earthenware pot containing food was placed in another, larger pot, box or hole in the ground, insulated by hay, moss, dry leaves or other material, and covered. The heat conserved within would slowly cook the food inside, saving fuel and work. An example of this type of cooker was found in Wales by a <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Archaeological_Society" title="Monmouth Archaeological Society">Monmouth Archaeological Society</a> excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Medieval instructions for cooking without fire taken from an Anglo-Norman manuscript in the British Library:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Take a small earthenware pot, with an earthenware lid which must be as wide as the pot, then take another pot of the same earthenware, with a lid like that of the first; this pot is to be deeper than the first by five fingers, and wider in circumference by three; then take pork and hens and cut into fair-sized pieces, and take fine spices and add them, and salt; take the small pot with the meat in it and place it upright in the large pot, cover it with the lid and stop it with moist clayey earth, so that nothing may escape, then take unslaked lime, and fill the larger pot with water, ensuring that no water enters the smaller pot; let it stand for the time it takes to walk between five and seven leagues and then open your pots, and you will found your food indeed cooked.</p></blockquote> <p>A <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)#English-speaking_world" title="League (unit)">league</a> is about three miles (five kms), so the length of cooking time is approximately five to seven hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_thermal_cookers">Modern thermal cookers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_cooking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern thermal cookers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_cooking" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal cooking">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Closed.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Closed.JPG/220px-Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Closed.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Closed.JPG/330px-Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Closed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Closed.JPG/440px-Vacuum_Flask_cooker_Closed.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>A vacuum flask cooker with the pot inside</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-1990s steel thermal cookers were developed in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of two <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> pots, one within the other. The inner pot is used to bring the food to the boil and the insulated outer pot is used as the container to retain heat and continue the cooking process. Some use insulation material between the outer pot walls, while others use a vacuum. </p><p>A vacuum cooker (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">燜燒鍋</span>) is a stainless steel <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">vacuum flask</a>. The flasks come in various sizes ranging from 20 to 40 centimetres (8 to 16 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (10 in) tall. A removable pot, with handle and lid, fits inside the vacuum flask. The pot and contents are heated to cooking temperature, and then sealed in the flask. The flask simply reduces heat loss to a minimum, so that the food remains at cooking temperature for a long time, and cooks without continued heating. Note that the food is not cooked in a vacuum. It is cooked inside a vacuum flask. The hollow evacuated wall of the cooker thermally insulates its contents from the environment, so they remain hot for several hours. </p><p>Thermal cookers appeal to Cantonese cooks because many <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese dishes</a> require prolonged braising or simmering. When these cookers were first introduced in the US, they sold very quickly in the larger <a href="/wiki/Asian_supermarket" title="Asian supermarket">Asian supermarkets</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">slow cooker</a> is used for a similar purpose; but instead of minimising heat loss, sufficient heat is applied to the non-insulated slow cooker to maintain a steady temperature somewhat below the boiling point of water. A slow cooker allows any desired cooking time; the more energy-efficient vacuum flask must cook within the time taken for the food to cool below cooking temperature. </p><p>Thermal cookers with two inner pots allow two items to be cooked at the same time, such as curry and rice. All thermal cookers are capable of cooking many dishes from soups to puddings. Cakes and bread can also be cooked by partly submerging the cake/bread tin in boiling water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_cooking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pot is filled with food and water and heated to cooking temperature outside of the flask on a stove, usually to boiling. It is then sealed inside the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">vacuum flask</a> for several hours. The flask minimises heat loss, keeping the food hot enough to continue cooking and avoid bacterial growth for many hours.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_cooking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_cooking" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal cooking">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Long cooking means more <a href="/wiki/Low-temperature_cooking" title="Low-temperature cooking">tender</a> meat and allows cooking of beans, lentils, and brown rice.</li> <li>Minimizes fuel, energy use, CO₂ emissions<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saves water, less evaporation.</li> <li>Saves food — no burning, no cleanup.</li> <li>Keeps flavour and nutrients in.</li> <li>Convenient — cooks while you are at work or sleeping or travelling.</li> <li>Can take travelling or to picnics.</li> <li>Reduces smoke, odor, humidity, grease buildup in kitchen.</li> <li>Easy cleanup.</li> <li>Safer — no power cord, the outside is not hot, spill-proof, reduces injuries.</li> <li>Reduces toxic fumes, which means less respiratory problems and other diseases, particularly in children.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_cooking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Precautions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a large part of the cooking time is spent at temperatures lower than 60 °C (as when the contents of the cooker are slowly cooling over a long period), a <a href="/wiki/Danger_zone_(food_safety)" title="Danger zone (food safety)">danger of food poisoning</a> due to toxins produced by multiplying bacteria arises. It is essential to heat food sufficiently at the outset of vacuum cooking; 60 °C throughout the dish for 10 minutes is sufficient to kill most pathogens of interest, effectively pasteurizing the dish.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some foods, such as <a href="/wiki/Kidney_bean" title="Kidney bean">kidney beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">fava beans</a>, and many other varieties of beans contain a toxin, <a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">phytohaemagglutinin</a>, that requires boiling at 100 °C for at least 10 minutes to break down to safe levels. The best practice is to bring briefly to a rolling boil then put the pot in the flask. This keeps it hottest longest. With big chunks of food, boil a little longer before putting into the flask.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_cooking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_cooking" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal cooking">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Variants of thermal cooking, though a better name would be "heat retention" cooking: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wonderbag" title="Wonderbag">Wonderbag</a> is an insulated bag to put around existing pots.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haybox" title="Haybox">Haybox</a> cooking uses hay or sawdust to provide the insulation around the pot. <ul><li>A variant of the haybox that uses wool as the insulator<sup id="cite_ref-Italy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>A different kind of vacuum cooker is used in the candy manufacturing industry to cook candies at low air pressures. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a> cooking is cooking at temperatures under boiling, usually in a plastic bag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_cooking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/7915">"A fragment of a mediaeval fireless cooking pot, found in Monmouth Castle grounds"</a>. The Peoples Collection Wales. 20 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+fragment+of+a+mediaeval+fireless+cooking+pot%2C+found+in+Monmouth+Castle+grounds&rft.pub=The+Peoples+Collection+Wales&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplescollection.wales%2Fitems%2F7915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHieattJones1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hieatt, Constance B.; Jones, Robin F. (1986). "Two Anglo-Norman Culinary Collections Edited from British Library Manuscripts Additional 32085 and Royal 12.C.xii". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 859. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2853971">10.2307/2853971</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853971">2853971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Two+Anglo-Norman+Culinary+Collections+Edited+from+British+Library+Manuscripts+Additional+32085+and+Royal+12.C.xii&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=859&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2853971%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2853971&rft.aulast=Hieatt&rft.aufirst=Constance+B.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Robin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(03)83018-7">"Thermal performance evaluation of a latent heat storage unit for late evening cooking in a solar cooker having three reflectors"</a>. <i>Fuel and Energy Abstracts</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 237. July 2003. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6701%2803%2983018-7">10.1016/s0140-6701(03)83018-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6701">0140-6701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fuel+and+Energy+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Thermal+performance+evaluation+of+a+latent+heat+storage+unit+for+late+evening+cooking+in+a+solar+cooker+having+three+reflectors&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6701%2803%2983018-7&rft.issn=0140-6701&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6701%2803%2983018-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Thermal_Cooking">"Cookbook:Thermal Cooking - Wikibooks, open books for an open world"</a>. <i>en.wikibooks.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikibooks.org&rft.atitle=Cookbook%3AThermal+Cooking+-+Wikibooks%2C+open+books+for+an+open+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FCookbook%3AThermal_Cooking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greencooking.wikidot.com/vacuum-flask-cooking">Vacuum Flask Cooking - incredibly efficient cooking - Green Cooking Wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.douglasbaldwin.com/sous-vide.html">A Practical Guide to Sous Vide Cooking</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Italy_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoggioli2022" class="citation news cs1">Poggioli, Sylvia (2022-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/12/10/1140042621/italian-food-cooking-box-europe-energy-cost">"Amid rising energy costs, Italian cooks go old-school to save gas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Amid+rising+energy+costs%2C+Italian+cooks+go+old-school+to+save+gas&rft.date=2022-12-10&rft.aulast=Poggioli&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F12%2F10%2F1140042621%2Fitalian-food-cooking-box-europe-energy-cost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_cooking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greencooking.wikidot.com">Green Cooking</a> — Creative ways to 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colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_roasting" title="Dry roasting">Dry roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_salt_frying" title="Hot salt frying">Hot salt frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">Searing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Convection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbroiler" title="Charbroiler">Charbroiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling (charbroiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (traditional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">Rotisserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling#In_cooking" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocking_(cooking)" title="Shocking (cooking)">Shocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coddling" title="Coddling">Coddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaming_(cooking)" title="Creaming (cooking)">Creaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">Simmering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow cooking">Slow cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smothering_(cooking)" title="Smothering (cooking)">Smothering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">Stewing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Indirect heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bain-marie" title="Bain-marie">Bain-marie (Double boiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basting_(cooking)" title="Basting (cooking)">Basting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackening_(cooking)" title="Blackening (cooking)">Blackening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_(cooking)" title="Browning (cooking)">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_frying" title="Pan frying">Pan frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">Shallow frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentle_frying" title="Gentle frying">Gentle frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_(cooking)" title="Sweating (cooking)">Sweating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carryover_cooking" title="Carryover cooking">Carryover cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecuing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">Caramelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglazing_(cooking)" title="Deglazing (cooking)">Deglazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9" title="Flambé">Flambé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricassee" title="Fricassee">Fricassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_grilling" title="Indirect grilling">Indirect grilling/Plank cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying#Chao_technique" title="Stir frying">Stir frying (chao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_frying" title="Pressure frying">Pressure frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thermal cooking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(food)" title="Aging (food)">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">Purée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">Souring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_appliances" title="List of cooking appliances">List of cooking appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_vessels" title="List of cooking vessels">List of cooking vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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