Navarra | Spain, Map, & History

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class="list-unstyled my-0" data-level="h1"><li data-target="#ref1"><div class="pl-25"><a class="link-gray-900 w-100" href="/place/Navarra">Introduction</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref5147"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Navarra#ref5147">Geography</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref5146"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Navarra#ref5146">History</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li></ul> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Navarra/additional-info">References & Edit History</a> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="/facts/Navarra">Related Topics</a> </div> <div class="tlr-media-slider pb-10 mb-30"> <a class="section-header link-gray-900 font-serif font-14 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</div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="mb-30 tlr-student-links"> <div class="text-gray-900 p-5 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-10 mb-10"> For Students </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/summary/Navarra"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-133/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.133.9" class="default " height="200" width="200"/> </a> </div> <div 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680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/57/146657-050-3FD27EF0/Francis-Xavier-birthplace-Javier-Castle-Navarra-comunidad.jpg?w=300"> <img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/57/146657-050-3FD27EF0/Francis-Xavier-birthplace-Javier-Castle-Navarra-comunidad.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop" alt="Navarra: Javier Castle" loading="eager" /> </picture> <button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"> <em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em> </button> </a> </div> <figcaption class="card-body"> <div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"> <span> <a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/57/146657-050-3FD27EF0/Francis-Xavier-birthplace-Javier-Castle-Navarra-comunidad.jpg" data-href="/media/1/406913/151296">Navarra: Javier Castle</a> <span><span>Javier Castle, birthplace of Saint Francis Xavier, Javier, Navarra <em>comunidad autónoma</em>, Spain.</span></span> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <span class="link-blue">(more)</span> </button> </span> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div><div class="topic-header"> <div class="d-flex align-items-top justify-content-between"> <div class="d-flex flex-column"> <div> <div> <h1>Navarra</h1></div> </div> <div class="topic-identifier font-16 font-md-20">autonomous area, Spain</div> </div> </div> <div class="d-none d-sm-flex flex-row"> <div class="mr-10 mb-15"> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="d-block md-topic-tools qa-action-buttons mb-15" data-topic-id="406913"> <button class="js-tooltip btn btn-sm btn-outline-blue border pr-10 border-2 text-nowrap" > <em class="material-icons md-icon ml-n10 my-n5 mr-5" 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Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). </div> <div class="type-menu"> <label for="feedback-type" class="label mb-10">Feedback Type</label> <select id="feedback-type" class="form-select mb-30" name="feedbackTypeId" required> <option value="" selected="selected">Select a type (Required)</option> <option value="1">Factual Correction</option> <option value="2">Spelling/Grammar Correction</option> <option value="3">Link Correction</option> <option value="4">Additional Information</option> <option value="5">Other</option> </select> </div> <label for="feedback" class="label mb-10">Your Feedback</label> <textarea id="feedback" class="form-control mb-30" name="feedback" maxlength="3000" rows="7" required></textarea> <button class="btn btn-blue" type="submit">Submit Feedback</button> </form> <div class="success-messaging d-none mt-30"> <div class="title">Thank you for your feedback</div> <p>Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-websites-modal size-lg d-none"> <div class="md-modal-body"> <div class="h2 font-serif pb-15 border-bottom font-weight-bold"> External Websites </div> <div class="pb-20"> <ul class="list-unstyled mt-20 lh-lg"> <li><a class="external" href="https://www.visitnavarra.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">Official Tourism Site of Navarra, Spain</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es-na.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">CRW Flags - Flag of Navarre, Spain</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11390-navarre" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">JewishEncyclopedia.com - Navarre</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="toc-header-marker"></div> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 js-header-ai-ask-button d-none btn-sm btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 mr-0 mr-lg-10 ml-5 ml-sm-10 ml-lg-0 p-10"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> <div class="caption alternate-titles">Also known as: Comunidad Foral de Navarra, Navarre</div> <div class="md-byline module-spacing "> <div class="font-serif font-12"> <span class="written-by text-gray-700"> Written by </span> <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"> <a class="d-block p-20 qa-editor-popup gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor" href="/contributor/Vicente-Rodriguez/5003" > <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold">Vicente Rodriguez</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 clamp-description text-black">Research Scientist, Instituto de Economía y Geografía, Madrid, Spain. Co-author of <i>Northern Europeans and the Mediterranean: A New California or a New Florida?; Southern Europe and the New Migrations...</i></div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> Vicente Rodriguez</span></div> <div class="font-serif font-12 text-gray-700"> <span class="qa-fact-checked-by">Fact-checked by</span> <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"> <a class="d-block p-20 qa-editor-popup font-12" href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419" > <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 text-black">Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link font-12 "> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></div> <div class="last-updated font-12 font-serif"> <a class="byline-edit-history" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Navarra/additional-info#history" rel="nofollow">Article History</a> </div></div> </div> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button d-none d-sm-block js-sections-inline-button module-spacing btn d-lg-none"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <div class="d-flex d-sm-none flex-row"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button js-sections-inline-button module-spacing"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 ai-ask-button btn border-2 module-spacing btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 p-10 ml-5"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="js-qf-module qf-module px-40 px-sm-20 py-15 mx-auto module-spacing font-14 bg-gray-50 rounded"> <div class="facts-list mt-10"> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Conventional: </dt> <dd>Navarre</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-link p-0" href="/facts/Navarra"> See all related content </a> </div> </div> </div> </div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref163375"></span>Navarra</strong>, <em>comunidad autónoma</em> (autonomous community) of northern <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Spain</a>, officially known as the Comunidad Foral de Navarra (“Regional <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="Community" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Community" data-type="MW">Community</a> of Navarra”). It is roughly coextensive with the Spanish portion of the historical kingdom of Navarra and coextensive with the modern <em>provincia</em> (province) of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Navarra" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Navarra</a>. Navarra is bordered by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/France" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">France</a> to the north and by the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="autonomous" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/autonomous" data-type="MW">autonomous</a> <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="communities" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communities" data-type="MW">communities</a> of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Basque-Country-region-Spain" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Basque Country</a> to the west, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aragon-region-Spain" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Aragon</a> to the east and south, and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/La-Rioja-region-Spain" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">La Rioja</a> to the southwest. The autonomous community of Navarra was established by the statute of <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="autonomy" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/autonomy" data-type="MW">autonomy</a> of August 10, 1982. The capital is <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pamplona-city-Spain" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pamplona</a>. Area 4,011 square miles (10,390 square km). Pop. (2008 est.) 610,384.</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span></section> <span class="marker h2"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref5147"> <h2 class="h1">Geography</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pyrenees" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Pyrenees</a> mountain range extends southward from France and dominates the northern half of Navarra. A tangled relief of forested mountains and well-watered valleys covers the region. Pastoralism and dense stands of timber are the main sources of wealth. Precipitation is high in the Pyrenees and tapers off sharply toward the south. South-central Navarra consists of basins and hills that serve to focus commerce on Pamplona. In this transitional zone, cereal cultivation mingles with forestlands and livestock rearing. A <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Mediterranean-climate" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Mediterranean climate</a> <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="prevails" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/prevails" data-type="EB">prevails</a> in the foothills and steppes of southern Navarra, which are drained by the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ebro-River" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Ebro River</a>. The landscape there is more arid and monotonous, with cultivation of cereals.</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The population in Navarra is concentrated along the Ebro River and in Pamplona, where it has grown at the expense of towns in the lower Pyrenees. Large compact towns predominate in the south, and small villages predominate in the mountains, where the population has been depleted by emigration.</p><div class="module-spacing"> </div><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span><div class="assemblies"><div class="w-100"><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="287489" data-asm-type="image"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media" data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/60/245160-050-DB721E51/Locator-map-Navarra.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/406913/287489"><picture><source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/60/245160-050-DB721E51/Locator-map-Navarra.jpg"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/60/245160-050-DB721E51/Locator-map-Navarra.jpg?w=300" alt="Navarra, Spain" data-width="2000" data-height="2000" loading="eager"></picture><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/60/245160-050-DB721E51/Locator-map-Navarra.jpg" data-href="/media/1/406913/287489">Navarra, Spain</a><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><p class="topic-paragraph">Navarra’s agricultural output has been kept relatively low by the fragmentation of farms, but the use of tractors and fertilizers in the autonomous community is well above the national average. Milk, wool, and wood are produced in the Pyrenees and their foothills, and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/wheat" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">wheat</a>, corn (maize), grapes, tomatoes, and alfalfa (lucerne) are grown in the irrigated zones of the south. Navarra’s manufacturing industries expanded rapidly since the mid-20th century and are concentrated around Pamplona. The chief products include metal parts, processed foods and beverages, and paper. Services are also concentrated in Pamplona, which is the commercial centre of Navarra.</p><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span class="marker h3"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref5146"> <h2 class="h1">History</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The old kingdom of Navarra <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="encompassed" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encompassed" data-type="MW">encompassed</a> the modern autonomous community and extended north into the modern French <em>département</em> (department) of Basses-Pyrénées. It was known as the kingdom of <span id="ref163376"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pamplona-city-Spain" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pamplona</a> until the last half of the 12th century. The city of Pamplona was occupied by the Muslims after 711, but the Basque magnates of the region early achieved some autonomy, and about the year 798 one of them, Iñigo Arista, established himself as an independent ruler there and for a time accepted Frankish suzerainty. By the time of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garcia-I-king-of-Navarre" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Garcia Iñiguez</a> (c. 860–880), this <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="dynasty" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynasty" data-type="MW">dynasty</a> was strong enough to assume regal titles and to establish diplomatic and dynastic ties with the neighbouring Christian kingdom of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Asturias-region-Spain" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Asturias</a>. Under <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sancho-I-Garces" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Sancho I Garcés</a> (905–925), the rulers of Pamplona expanded their dominions south of the Ebro River, capturing Nájera and much of La Rioja. Under <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sancho-III-Garces" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Sancho III Garcés</a> (1000–35), the Navarrese established a brief <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="hegemony" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hegemony" data-type="MW">hegemony</a> over all of Christian Spain. Sancho’s empire proved short-lived, however, for at his death the kingdom was divided up into Navarra, Aragon, and Castile. In 1076 <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sancho-Ramirez" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Sancho Ramírez</a> of Aragon occupied Pamplona. Navarra was then ruled by the Aragonese crown until 1134, when it recovered its independence under <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garcia-IV-or-V" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Garcia IV</a>, who reigned until 1150. A succession of French <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="dynasties" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynasties" data-type="MW">dynasties</a> ruled Navarra after 1234.</p><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Though Navarra at an early date ceased to have a frontier with the Muslims, many Muslims continued to live there. They were allowed to serve in the army and also provided an important source of skilled artisans. Large Jewish congregations, <em>aljamas</em>, existed in the chief towns and were protected by the Navarrese kings when persecution became serious elsewhere. Despite its small size in the later Middle Ages, Navarra played an important part in international politics, partly because it controlled the main pass into Spain in the western Pyrenees and was a buffer state between <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Gascony" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Gascony</a>, Castile, and Aragon. The chief pilgrim roads from the north to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Santiago-de-Compostela" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Santiago de Compostela</a> also <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="traversed" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/traversed" data-type="MW">traversed</a> the kingdom.</p><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD7 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">In 1512 <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-II-king-of-Spain" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Ferdinand II</a> of Aragon occupied the Spanish portion of Navarra, which was formally annexed to the Castilian crown in 1515. The Spanish portion was governed by a viceroy and retained many of its own laws and institutions until 1833, when it was fully incorporated into Spain. The French portion of Navarra, consisting of the northern slope of the western Pyrenees, remained a separate kingdom until 1589, when it was united with France.</p><div class="module-spacing"> <DIV class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION"><style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; margin-bottom: 15px; } @container (min-width: 475px) { .student-promo-banner { flex-direction: row; } .student-promo-banner-img-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 10px; justify-content: flex-start; } .student-promo-banner-text-wrapper { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; } .student-promo-banner-button-wrapper { margin-right: 0; } }</style> <div class="student-promo-banner-wrapper"> <div class="student-promo-banner d-flex flex-column align-items-center bg-blue rounded p-20"> <div class="student-promo-banner-img-wrapper mb-20 mr-0 d-flex justify-content-center"> <img class="rounded" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/BlueThistle.webp" /> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-text-wrapper ml-0 mb-10 text-center text-white"> <div class="h2 mb-10">Get Unlimited Access</div> <div class="h4 font-weight-semi-bold">Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more.</div> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-button-wrapper d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center ml-auto mr-auto"> <a class="btn btn-m btn-orange" href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=august-2024">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </DIV></div><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/contributor/Vicente-Rodriguez/5003">Vicente Rodriguez</a></span> <span class="marker PREMOD8 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Spanish Navarra continued to retain some of its historical <em>foral</em> (regional) rights, mainly in the areas of taxation and administration, until the end of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Franco" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Francisco Franco</a> regime in 1975. Upon Spain’s subsequent transition to <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="democracy" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy" data-type="MW">democracy</a>, Navarra’s historical status as a <em>foral</em> community was recognized within the framework of Spain’s 1978 constitution and Navarra’s statute of autonomy of August 10, 1982.</p><span class="marker MOD8 mod-inline"></span> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></span> </section><span class="marker end-of-content"></span><span class="marker after-article"></span></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script>  <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"Topic","templateName":"DESKTOP","pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":1,"pageId":406913,"pageLength":822,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-133/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.133.9"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-133/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.133.9' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"C","adLeg":"C","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"Topic","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":"MEDIUM","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":true} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>

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Navarra | Spain, Map, & History | Britannica