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The research scientist working within the Batten Conservation Complex’s laboratories utilizes various scientific and analytic techniques to determine what materials make up the objects in the Museum’s Collection. Characterizing the materials present helps us preserve these objects and improves our historical […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Mariners' Museum and Park" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/marinersmuseum" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-12-09T18:52:56+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rope-conservation.webp" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2560" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1707" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/webp" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@marinersmuseum" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="12 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/","url":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/","name":"Conservation Science Research - The Mariners' Museum and Park","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rope-conservation.webp","datePublished":"2024-12-04T20:05:17+00:00","dateModified":"2024-12-09T18:52:56+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rope-conservation.webp","contentUrl":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/rope-conservation.webp","width":2560,"height":1707},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation-science-research/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Conservation Science Research"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/#website","url":"https://www.marinersmuseum.org/","name":"The Mariners' Museum and Park","description":"One of the nation's largest privately owned and maintained parks. 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0.7 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0.3 0 0.2 0 0.3-0.7-0.1-1.3-0.1-0.6 0-1.3 0-0.6 0-1.2 0-0.7 0-1.4 0.1-0.1-0.1 0-0.3 0-0.3 0-0.3 0.2 0 0.5-0.1 0.4 0 0.7-0.1 0.3-0.1 0.4-0.2 0-0.3 0.1-0.7 0-0.4 0-0.9l-0.1-9.3q0-0.5 0-0.9 0-0.5-0.1-0.7 0-0.2-0.3-0.2-0.3-0.1-0.7-0.1-0.3-0.1-0.5-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.3-0.1-0.2 0-0.3 0.7 0 1.3 0.1 0.7 0 1.3 0 0.6 0 1.4 0 0.8 0 1.7 0zm2.4 3.9q0-1.4-0.8-2.3-0.7-0.9-2.6-0.9-0.2 0-0.6 0-0.4 0-0.4 0.2-0.1 0.2-0.2 0.7 0 0.4 0 0.9l0.1 4.6h1.1q0.9 0 1.6-0.4 0.8-0.4 1.3-1.1 0.5-0.7 0.5-1.7z" /> </svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">The Mariners' Museum and Park</span> </a> </p> </div> <div class="site-navigation"> <button class="menu-open" aria-controls="main-navigation"> <svg width="34" height="25" viewBox="0 0 34 25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M0 0.815918H34V3.77244H0V0.815918ZM0 11.1637H34V14.1203H0V11.1637Z" fill="white" /> <path d="M34 21.5116H0V24.4681H34V21.5116Z" fill="white" /> </svg> Menu </button> <div id="main-navigation" 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class="entry-title screen-reader-text">Conservation Science Research</h1> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content container"> <div class="block__mariners-cover alignfull content-position-left has-light-background" data-component="aiLazyload"> <div class="block__mariners-cover--content content-background-none"> <div class="content-container"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-"></h2> <p></p> </div> </div> <div class="block__mariners-cover--background"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1044" src="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/S03202018-BAS-948515-e1733346102873.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/S03202018-BAS-948515-e1733346102873.jpg 2048w, https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/S03202018-BAS-948515-e1733346102873-300x153.jpg 300w, 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data-permalink="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/conservation/uss-monitor/s03202018-bas-948515/" data-orig-file="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/S03202018-BAS-948515-e1733346102873.jpg" data-orig-size="2048,1044" data-comments-opened="0" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="MonitorResearch" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/S03202018-BAS-948515-e1733346102873-300x153.jpg" data-large-file="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/S03202018-BAS-948515-e1733346102873-1024x522.jpg" /> </div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-lake-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7d86233c605cd94de01ac37fd07ae062" id="h-conservation-science-research">Conservation Science Research</h2> <p>Integral to all disciplines of Cultural Heritage Conservation is Conservation Science. The research scientist working within the Batten Conservation Complex’s laboratories utilizes various scientific and analytic techniques to determine what materials make up the objects in the Museum’s Collection. Characterizing the materials present helps us preserve these objects and improves our historical understanding by providing insight into how they were made and used and how they have deteriorated over time. Researching current treatment methods, adapting methods to suit the needs of individual objects, and creating new techniques for treatment and stabilization are all pivotal to conservation. Scientific analyses have been conducted on many objects in the Collection, from analyzing a pocket knife to characterizing medicines from a historic medical chest. The Mariners’ research scientist also works on the Museum’s Living Collection, monitoring the health of Mariners’ Lake.</p> <div class="block__mariners-accordion" data-component="accordion"> <div class="accordion-heading"> <h3> <button type="button" aria-expanded="false"> Equipment </button> </h3> </div> <div class="accordion-content" role="region"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><strong>Air Compressor </strong><br>IngersollRand/2340</li> <li><strong>Analytical Balance </strong><br>Ohaus/Pioneer</li> <li><strong>Autoclave </strong><br>Harvey/Sterilemax <br>Donated by VA DHR</li> <li><strong>Band Saw </strong><br>Rockwell</li> <li><strong>Bridge Crane</strong></li> <li><strong>Calibration Electrode </strong><br>IonX/Low Maintenance LM-5</li> <li><strong>Camera </strong><br>Nikon/D90</li> <li><strong>Camera </strong><br>Canon/EOS 5D</li> <li><strong>Camera</strong><br> Infrared Nikon/D70</li> <li><strong>Carbon Coater </strong><br>Cressington/180C <br>Funded by IMLS Grant</li> <li><strong>Carbon Dioxide Data Logger </strong><br>Onset HOBO MX1102A</li> <li><strong>Colorimeter & Visible Light Spectrophotometer </strong><br>Konica Minolta/Spectrophotometer CM700 Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Conductivity Meter</strong></li> <li><strong>Copy Stand </strong><br>Custom Design & Build <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Data Aquisition System </strong>Honeywell/Multitrend GR Graphic Recorder Funded by IMLS Grant</li> <li><strong>Dishwasher-Glassware/Laboratory </strong>Lancer/Ultima 815Lx <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Dry Ice Blasting Unit </strong><br>ColdJet/SDI Select 60 <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Electrolytical Reduction </strong><br><strong>Monitoring System</strong> <br>Honeywell <br>Funded by IMLS Grant</li> <li><strong>Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy – ATR and Reflectance Mode Attachements </strong>Bruker/Alpha <br>Funded by MARAD Grant & The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Freeze Dryer </strong><br>VirTis General Purpose 24DX48N4</li> <li><strong>Fume Trunks </strong><br>Enviroflex/Snorkvac</li> <li><strong>Fume Trunks </strong><br>Nederman/BenchTop Extraction ArmFX2 100 CHEM</li> <li><strong>Fumehoods </strong><br>Kewaunee/Venturi</li> <li><strong>Fumehoods </strong><br>Kewaunee/Supreme Air</li> </ul> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><strong>Gas Meters </strong><br>MSA/Altair 4x</li> <li><strong>Gold Sputter Coater </strong><br>Luxor <br>Funded by IMLS Grant</li> <li><strong>Handheld Environment Monitor </strong><br>ELSEC Model 765</li> <li>In-line pH Probes <br>Aquametrix/Standard 575</li> <li><strong>Ion Chromatography with Autosampler</strong><br>Thermo Scientific Dionex/Aquion <br>with AS-AP autosampler <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Light Microscopy </strong><br>Zeiss/Axioscope 5 PLM, UV-Fluorescence <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Mat Cutter </strong><br>Gunnar/AiOX Professional <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Ovens </strong><br>Binder GmbH/FD-S</li> <li><strong>pH Meter </strong><br>Thermo Scientific OrionStar/A211</li> <li><strong>Quarantine Freezer </strong><br>Thermo King/Magnum + <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Reverse Osmosis Water and Deionized Water System </strong><br>Siemens/RO Water System</li> <li><strong>Sample Grinder & Polisher </strong><br>Buehler/Ecomet 30 <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy</strong><br>NanoScience/Phenom XL<br>Funded by IMLS Grant</li> <li><strong>Stereomicroscopes </strong><br>Meiji/EMZ</li> <li><strong>Ultrasonic Cleaners – Scaler </strong><br>Parkell Turbosensor Scaler</li> <li><strong>Ultrasonic Bath</strong></li> <li><strong>Ultrasonic Welder </strong><br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>UV/Vis Spectrophotometer </strong><br>Thermo Scientific/Genesys 50 <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Wireless Triaxial Vibration Monitor </strong><br>Sigicom C22</li> <li><strong>X-radiography </strong><br>Yxlon/YSmart</li> <li><strong>X-radiography Scanner </strong><br>Durr NDT/HD-CR 35 <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscop</strong>y<br>Bruker/Tracer 5, Bruker/Tracer III-IV* <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> <li><strong>Structured Light Scanner </strong><br>Artec Leo 3D Scanner <br>Funded by The Bronze Door Society</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block__mariners-accordion" data-component="accordion"> <div class="accordion-heading"> <h3> <button type="button" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </button> </h3> </div> <div class="accordion-content" role="region"> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Altland, C., Sangouard, E., and McGath, M.K. 2023. <br>Comparative Testing of Alkaline Products for Treatment of Acidified Marine Wood. WOAM 2023, pp.173-183. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5902/Comparative-testing-of-alkaline-products-for-treatment-of-acidified-marine-wood">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5902/Comparative-testing-of-alkaline-products-for-treatment-of-acidified-marine-wood</a></li> <li>Bruhin, S., Hildbrand, E., Sangouard E., and Schramm J. 2017. Protection of organic remains in alkaline iron desalination. In <em>ICOM-CC 18thTriennial Conference Preprints, Copenhagen, 4–8 September 2017, ed. J. Bridgland, art. 0801. Paris: International Council of Museums., 26-37</em>. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/1580/Protection-of-organic-remains-in-alkaline-iron-desalination" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/1580/Protection-of-organic-remains-in-alkaline-iron-desalination</a></li> <li>Farrell, E. 2023. A Light at the End of the Tunnel: Using an Improvised Laser Measuring System to Verify the Bore Dimensions of an XI-Inch Dahlgren Shell Gun. <em>JAIC </em>62(2): 101-110. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2105380">https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2105380</a></li> <li>Farrell, E. 2022. At the Core of the Problem: A bespoke method used to clean the bores of USS Monitor’s XI-Inch Dahlgren Shell Guns. <em>JAIC</em> 62(1): 13-27. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2031458" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2031458</a></li> <li>Farrell, E. 2021. Consolidation in Treatment: Using Cyclododecane to Maintain a Waterlogged Brush During Cleaning. <em>WOAM Newsletter </em>61: 9-10.</li> <li>Farrell, E. 2020. A review of selected drilling methods used to de-concrete cast iron, smoothbore, marine archaeological artillery. <em>JAIC</em> 43(2): 142-161. DOI: 10.1080/19455224.2020.1753795</li> <li>Farrell, E., Hoffman, W., Kidd, I., McGath, M.K., Reed, B.W., Sangouard, E., and Sylcott, B. Forthcoming. Designing an affordable potentiostat for large-scale desalination through an engineering education partnership. In <em>Proceeding of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Cardiff, Sept. 2025</em>.</li> <li>Farrell, E., McGath, M.K., and Echerd, J. 2022. Testing the Compressive Strength and Reversibility of Consolidants Applied to Marine Archaeological Gray Cast Iron. In <em>Metals 2022: Preprints of the 10th Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Helsinki, Finland, September 5-9 2022</em>, eds. P. Mardikian et al., 114-122. Paris: International Council of Museums – Committee for Conservation (ICOM–CC) and The National Museum of Finland. ISBN 9782491997618. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5085/Testing-the-Compressive-Strength-and-Reversibility-of-Consolidants-Applied-to-Marine-Archaeological-Gray-Cast-Iron" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5085/Testing-the-Compressive-Strength-and-Reversibility-of-Consolidants-Applied-to-Marine-Archaeological-Gray-Cast-Iron</a></li> <li>Fleming, H., Haines, L., McGath, M., and King, L. 2021. Civil War Rubber: Historic Gaskets from USS <em>Monitor</em>. <em>Maritime Archaeological and Historical Society</em> 32(1): 12-14.</li> <li>Fleming, H., and Haines, L. 2019. Survey Says…: Using Archaeological Lenses and Conservation Assessment Tools to Influence Curation. In <em>ACUA Underwater Archaeology Proceedings 2019, </em>eds. D. Ball and C. Horrell, 89-96<em>. </em>An Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology Publication. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/41703572/An_Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology_Publication" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.academia.edu/41703572/An_Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology_Publication</a></li> <li>Gomez-Pretel, W.; E. Farrell. 2024. The Introduction of American Naval Ordnance in the Carribean Sea in the Late Modern Period: Operational Dimensions and American Expansion. <em>The Mariners’ Mirror</em> 110(3): 282-299. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2024.2371198">https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2024.2371198</a></li> <li>Grieve, S. 2009. Leather shoes form the Civil War: the excavation, conservation, and interpretation of footwear from the USS Monitor Including case studies. In <em>Proceedings of the 10th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherland, 2007, </em>eds. K.Straetkver and H. Huisman,<em> </em>723-740. Paris: International Council of Museums – Committee for Conservation (ICOM–CC) and Amersfoort : Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten.</li> <li>Grieve, S. 2008. The excavation, conservaiton, storage, and display of rubber artifacts recovered form the USS <em>Montior </em>(1862). <em>JAIC </em>47(2008): 141-151. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/1964460/THE_EXCAVATION_CONSERVATION_STORAGE_AND_DISPLAY_OF_RUBBER_ARTIFACTS_RECOVERED_FROM_THE_USS_MONITOR_1862_" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.academia.edu/1964460/THE_EXCAVATION_CONSERVATION_STORAGE_AND_DISPLAY_OF_RUBBER_ARTIFACTS_RECOVERED_FROM_THE_USS_MONITOR_1862_</a></li> <li>Grieve, S. 2006. Archaeological conservation of modern materials: a case study of waterlogged rubber gaskets from the USS <em>Monitor </em>(1862). <em>JMAA </em>22: 79-90. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/1964458/Archaeological_Conservation_of_Modern_Materials_A_Case_Study_of_Waterlogged_Rubber_Gaskets_from_the_USS_Monitor_1862_" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.academia.edu/1964458/Archaeological_Conservation_of_Modern_Materials_A_Case_Study_of_Waterlogged_Rubber_Gaskets_from_the_USS_Monitor_1862_</a></li> <li>Hoffman, W. Forthcoming. Going to pieces for conservation: experiences gained and lessons learned from ten years of disassembling USS Monitor composite artifacts. In <em>Proceedings of the Object Specialty Group and Archaeological Heritage Network joint session, 50th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, May 29-June 2022</em>. Washington DC: American Institute for Conservation.</li> <li>Hoffman, W. 2013. Bringing history to life: reproducing a Worthington steam pump for the USS <em>Monitor</em>. <em>AIC OSG</em>:169-194. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://resources.culturalheritage.org/osg-postprints/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2020/04/osg020-08.pdf</li> <li>Hoffman, W., E. Farrell, L. Haines, King L., M. K. McGath, and E. Sangouard. 2022. Building an Ironclad System: A Quarter-Century of Innovation in the Conservation of USS <em>Monitor</em>. In <em>Metals 2022: Preprints of the 10th Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Helsinki, Finland, September 5-9 2022</em>, eds. P. Mardikian et al., 281–289. Paris: International Council of Museums – Committee for Conservation (ICOM–CC) and The National Museum of Finland. ISBN 9782491997618. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5080/Building-an-Ironclad-System--A-Quarter-Century-of-Innovation-in-the-Conservation-of-USS-Monitor">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5080/Building-an-Ironclad-System–A-Quarter-Century-of-Innovation-in-the-Conservation-of-USS-Monitor</a></li> <li>Hoffman, W., and R. Spohn. 2021. Hot tub time machine: A heated water system for artifact disassembly and treatment. In Postprints of the Objects Specialty Group Session 46th Annual Meeting, Houston, 31 May – 2 June, 2018, eds. K. Dodson and M. Wilcop. Washington D.C.: American Institute for Conservation. ISSN 2169-1290.</li> <li>Hoffman, W., King, L. 2019. Equipment Identification and the Development of Dry-Ice Blasting Parameters for Cleaning Archaeological Wrought Iron, Copper Alloys, and Gray Cast Iron. In <em>Metals 2019: Proceeding of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Neuchatel, Switzerland, September 2-6 2019, eds. C. Chemmello, L. Brambilla, and E. Joseph, 265-272. Paris: ICOM–CC and He-Arc CR. ISBN 9789290124573.</em> <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/3550/-Equipment-Identification-and-the-Development-of-Dry-Ice-Blasting-Parameters-for-Cleaning-Archaeological-Wrought-Iron-Copper-Alloys-and-Gray-Cast-Iron" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/3550/-Equipment-Identification-and-the-Development-of-Dry-Ice-Blasting-Parameters-for-Cleaning-Archaeological-Wrought-Iron-Copper-Alloys-and-Gray-Cast-Iron</a></li> <li>Hoffman, W., and Spohn, R. 2018. Hot Tub Time Machine: A Heated Water System For Artifact Disdassembly and Treatment.<em> AIC OSG</em>: 1-21.</li> <li>Kiple, K., Sangouard, E., and McGath, M.K. Forthcoming. Evaluating Sulfur Mobility for Extraction from Waterlogged Organic Objects. <em>STAR</em>.<br>Krop, D., and Nordgren, E. 2011. Disassembly of USS <em>Monitor </em>complex mechanical components. In <em>Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Charleston, 11-15 October 2010</em>, eds. P. Mardikian, C. Chemello, C. Watters, and P. Hull, 70-78. Charleston: Clemson University. ISBN 978-0-9830399-0-7.</li> <li>McGath, M.K., and Sangouard, E. 2023. Quantifying Iron in the Treatment Solutions of Waterlogged Organics Using EDTA. In <em>Proceedings of the 15th ICOM-CC Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Working Group Interim Meeting, Mainz, 2023, </em>eds. I. Hovmand, M. Felter, I. Stelzner, 166-172. ICOM-CC. ISBN 978-2-491997-63-2. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5901/Quantifying-iron-in-the-treatment-solutions-of-waterlogged-organics-using-EDTA">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5901/Quantifying-iron-in-the-treatment-solutions-of-waterlogged-organics-using-EDTA</a></li> <li>Nordgren, E. Goncalves, P., Schindelholz, E., Brossia, C.S., and Yunovich, M. 2007. Corrosion assessment and implementaiton of techniques to mitigate corrosion of large artefacts form the USS <em>Monitor </em>(1862). In Metal 07 : interim meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal WG Amsterdam, 17-21 September 2007, ed. C. Degrigny, 55-61. Paris: International Council of Museums – Committee for Conservation (ICOM–CC) and Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.</li> <li>Sangouard, E. 2019. When Wood and Iron Are Inextricably Intertwined: The Treatment of a Gun Carriage from the USS <em>Monitor</em>. <em>AIC News </em>44 (3). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378549472_When_Wood_and_Iron_are_Inextricably_Intertwined_The_Treatment_of_a_Gun_Carriage_from_the_USS_Monitor" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378549472_When_Wood_and_Iron_are_Inextricably_Intertwined_The_Treatment_of_a_Gun_Carriage_from_the_USS_Monitor</a></li> <li>Sangouard, E., Gutshall, T., Haines, L., Haslam, O., King, L., and McGath, M.K. Forthcoming. Optimizing and Formalizing Conservation Processes of Large-Scale, Multi-Decade Projects. In <em>Proceeding of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Cardiff, Sept. 2025</em>.</li> <li>Sangouard, E., and Hoffman, W. 2019. Piecing Together History: Conservation of a Wool Coat from USS <em>Monitor</em>. In <em>Proceedings of the 14th ICOM-CC Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Working Group Interim Meeting, Portsmouth, UK,</em> 2019, ed. E. Williams, 143-152. ICOM-CC. ISBN 978-2-491997-32-8. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/4636/Piecing-Together-History--Conservation-of-a-Waterlogged-Wool-Coat-from-the-Civil-War">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/4636/Piecing-Together-History–Conservation-of-a-Waterlogged-Wool-Coat-from-the-Civil-War</a></li> <li>Sangouard, E., Nordgren, E., Sphon, R., Brunke, K., and Krop, D. 2015. Evaluation of sodium nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor for USS <em>Monitor </em>artifacts. <em>Studies in Conservation </em>60(4): 253-266. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1179/2047058414Y.0000000145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1179/2047058414Y.0000000145</a></li> <li>Sangouard, E. and Grieve, S. 2010. Evaluating Treatments of Waterlogged Lignum Vitae Objects from the USS Monitor. In: <em>Proceedings of the 11th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, North Carolina, 2010, eds. K. Straetkvern and E. Williams</em>. USA:ICOM Committee for Conservation.</li> <li>Sullivan, K., Spohn, R., and Sangouard, E. 2018. Investigating the use of sodium nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor in polyethylene glycol solutions. In <em>Proceedings of the 13th ICOM-CC Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Working Group, Florence 2016</em>, eds. E. Williams and E. Hocker, 262-270. Paris: International Council of Museums – Committee for Conservation (ICOM–CC). ISBN 978-2-491997-44-1. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/4837/Sodium-nitrite-as-a-corrosion-inhibitor-in-polyethylene-glycol-solutions-for-the-treatment-of-waterlogged-wooden-artifacts-with-ferrous-components-">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/4837/Sodium-nitrite-as-a-corrosion-inhibitor-in-polyethylene-glycol-solutions-for-the-treatment-of-waterlogged-wooden-artifacts-with-ferrous-components-</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="block__mariners-accordion" data-component="accordion"> <div class="accordion-heading"> <h3> <button type="button" aria-expanded="false"> Posters </button> </h3> </div> <div class="accordion-content" role="region"> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Duncan, E., L. Zachman., and M. K. McGath. 2024. Comparison of Colorimetric and Photographic Interpretation of A-D Strips®: L*a*b* to RGB. Poster presented at AIC’s 52st Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, May 20-24, 2024.</li> <li>Farrell, E. 2022. Creating Simulated Graphitized Archaeological Cast Iron Samples for Testing Conservation Treatments. Poster presented at AIC’s 50th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, May 13-18th 2022.</li> <li>Haines, L. 2023. Mysteries from the depths (of your collections): unlocking the full potential of archaeological artifacts. Poster presented at the ICOM-CC 20th Triennial Conference Preprints, Valencia,18–22 September 2023, ed. J. Bridgland. Paris: International Council of Museums. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5719/Mysteries-from-the-depths-of-your-collections--Unlocking-the-full-potential-of-archaeological-artifacts-in-museums" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5719/Mysteries-from-the-depths-of-your-collections–Unlocking-the-full-potential-of-archaeological-artifacts-in-museums</a></li> <li>Haines, L., H. Fleming, L. King, and M. K. McGath. 2021. Research and Conservation of Waterlogged Rubber Gaskets from USS Monitor (1862). Poster presented at the Society of Historical Archaeology 2021 Virtual Conference: An Archaeological Decameron.</li> <li>Hoffman, W. 2015. Testing Dry-Ice Cleaning on Archaeological Wrought Iron from the USS <em>Monitor</em>. Poster presented at AIC’s 43rd Annual Meeting in Miami, FL May 13-16, 2015.</li> <li>Hoffman, W. 2018. On a Roll: A New Artifact Support Approach during the Treatment of Guns and Cannons. Poster presented at AIC’s 46th Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, May 29th – June 2nd 2018.</li> <li>Hoffman, W., and M. K. McGath. 2019. A Project with Potential: Evaluating a new monitoring system for artifacts undergoing electrochemical treatment. Poster presented at AIC’s 47th Annual Meeting in New England, May 13-17, 2019.</li> <li>Hoffman, W., and M. K. McGath. 2019. A Project with Potential: Evaluating a new monitoring system for artifacts undergoing electrochemical treatment. Poster presented at Metals 2019: Proceeding of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Neuchatel, Switzerland, September 2-6 2019, eds. C. Chemmello, L. Brambilla, and E. Joseph. Paris: ICOM–CC and He-Arc CR.</li> <li>King, L., and E. Farrell. 2022. Microclimates for Marine Archaeological Ion Artillery: Three Case Studies in Treatment, Storage, and Display. <em>Metal 2022</em>. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5125/Microclimates-for-Marine-Archaeological-Iron-Artillery--Three-Case-Studies-in-Treatment-Storage-and-Display" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5125/Microclimates-for-Marine-Archaeological-Iron-Artillery–Three-Case-Studies-in-Treatment-Storage-and-Display</a></li> <li>King, L., L. Haines, M. K. McGath, and H. Fleming. 2020. A Sticky Situation: Conservation of Historic Waterlogged Rubber. Poster presented at AIC’s 48th Virtual Annual Meeting, May-August 2020.</li> <li>King, L., and W. Hoffman. 2017. Guns and Ships: Using Dry Ice Blasting in the Conservation of Cast Iron. Poster presented at AIC’s 45th Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, May 28th – June 2nd 2017.</li> <li>McGath, M.K., and E. Sangouard, E. 2023. Sustainability at every level. Poster presented at the ICOM-CC 20th Triennial Conference Preprints, Valencia,18–22 September 2023, ed. J. Bridgland. Paris: International Council of Museums. <a href="https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5720/Sustainability-at-every-level" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/5720/Sustainability-at-every-level</a></li> <li>Recuero, R., and M. Givens. 2023. A ‘Collections-Based, Community-Focused’ Strategy. Poster presented at the American Alliance of Museums Conference, May 19-22nd 2023.</li> <li>Sangouard, E., and R. Spohn. 2019. Utilizing a heated rinse to facilitate the removal of sodium sesquicarbonate for large USS Monitor’s copper alloys after desalination. Poster presented at <em>Metals 2019: Proceeding of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Neuchatel, Switzerland, September 2-6 2019,</em> eds. C. Chemmello, L. Brambilla, and E. Joseph. Paris: ICOM–CC and He-Arc CR. ISBN 9789290124573.</li> <li>Sangouard, E., Hoffman, W., and K. M. Sullivan. 2017. The USS <em>Monitor </em>gun carriages: treatment steps and innovations for the conservation of complex composite artifacts. Poster presented at AIC’s 45th Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, May 28th – June 2nd 2017.</li> <li>Sangoaurd, E., and K. M. Sullivan. 2017. Investigating the impact of sodium nitrite on wood. In <em>ICOM-CC 18thTriennial Conference Preprints, Copenhagen, 4–8 September 2017, </em>ed. J. Bridgland, art. 0801. Paris: International Council of Museums. https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/1624/Investigating-the-impact-of-sodium-nitrite-on-wood</li> <li>Sangouard, E., E. Nordgren, R. Spohn, and K. Brunke. 2010. Evaluation of sodium nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor for USS <em>Monitor </em>artifacts. Poster presented at Metal 2010: Proceeding of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Charleston, SC, USA October 11-15 2010, ed. P. Mardikian, C. Chemello, C. Watters, and P. Hull. Paris: ICOM–CC.</li> <li>Schmidt, P. L., and M. K. McGath. 2019. Infrared camera conversion: considerations and a case study. Poster presented at AIC’s 47th Annual Meeting in New England, May 13-17, 2019.</li> <li>Sullivan, K. M. 2015. Analyzing and retreating copper alloy artifacts from the USS <em>Monitor</em>. Poster presented at AIC’s 43rd Annual Meeting in Miami, FL May 13-16, 2015.</li> <li>Zachman, L., E. Duncan, and M. K. McGath. Improved Interpretation of A-D Strips® with Colorimetry & Visible Light Spectrophotometry. Poster presented at The American Institute for Conservation’s 51st Annual Meeting, Jacksonville, FL, May 16-20, 2023.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contact">Contact</h2> <p><strong>Conservation</strong><br><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#bdded2d3ced8cfcbdcc9d4d2d3fdd0dccfd4d3d8cfced0c8ced8c8d093d2cfda" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="aac9c5c4d9cfd8dccbdec3c5c4eac7cbd8c3c4cfd8d9c7dfd9cfdfc784c5d8cd">[email protected]</span></a><br>(757) 596-2222</p> </div> </article> </main> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text">Footer</h2> <div class="container"> <div class="cta"> <div class="logo"> <a href="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/" rel="home"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 390 394" width="196" height="198"> <title>mariners-logo-svg</title> <defs> <clipPath clipPathUnits="userSpaceOnUse" id="cp1"> <path d="m5.1 160.62v-176.81l47.14 1.73 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<h4 class="screen-reader-text">Address</h4> 100 Museum Drive Newport News, VA 23606 <span class="screen-reader-text"> (Google Map)</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="item phone"> <h4 id="phone-list-heading" class="screen-reader-text">Phone Numbers</h4> <div class="icon-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"> <svg width="37" height="57" viewBox="0 0 37 57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M17.5893 50.2329L17.6066 50.2546C19.1012 52.2813 21.2424 53.7377 23.6765 54.3831C26.1106 55.0286 28.692 54.8245 30.9945 53.8046L32.9961 52.918C33.8904 52.5213 34.5907 51.7857 34.9431 50.873C35.2954 49.9603 35.2711 48.945 34.8754 48.0502L31.1386 39.6207C30.7419 38.7264 30.0063 38.0261 29.0936 37.6737C28.1809 37.3214 27.1656 37.3457 26.2708 37.7414C25.828 37.9378 25.3508 38.0451 24.8665 38.057C24.3822 38.0689 23.9004 37.9852 23.4484 37.8107C22.9965 37.6362 22.5834 37.3744 22.2328 37.0401C21.8821 36.7059 21.6008 36.3058 21.4049 35.8628L15.4286 22.3666C15.0329 21.4718 15.0086 20.4566 15.361 19.5438C15.7133 18.6311 16.4136 17.8956 17.3079 17.4988C17.7509 17.3029 18.151 17.0216 18.4853 16.6709C18.8195 16.3203 19.0814 15.9072 19.2558 15.4552C19.4303 15.0033 19.514 14.5214 19.5021 14.0371C19.4902 13.5528 19.3829 13.0757 19.1865 12.6328L15.4551 4.19469C15.0584 3.30038 14.3228 2.60014 13.4101 2.24777C12.4974 1.8954 11.4821 1.91971 10.5873 2.31538L8.58568 3.20196C6.28346 4.22201 4.39779 5.99648 3.23986 8.23253C2.08194 10.4686 1.72095 13.0326 2.21647 15.5014L2.22276 15.5296C5.0796 27.9733 10.2959 39.7537 17.5893 50.2329Z" stroke="white" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" fill="none" /> </svg> </div> <div class="phone-wrapper"> <ul aria-labelledby="phone-list-heading" role="list" id="phone-list"> <li> <a href="tel:(757)596-2222"> <span class="display-block bold">Main <span class="screen-reader-text">Phone </span>: </span>(757) 596-2222 </a> </li> <li> <a href="tel:(757)591-7777"> <span class="display-block bold">Security: </span>(757) 591-7777 </a> </li> <li> <a href="tel:(757)254-2144"> <span class="display-block bold">After Hours Security: </span>(757) 254-2144 </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="item hours-museum"> <div class="icon-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"> <svg width="38" height="38" viewBox="0 0 38 38" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19 36.5C28.665 36.5 36.5 28.665 36.5 19C36.5 9.33502 28.665 1.5 19 1.5C9.33502 1.5 1.5 9.33502 1.5 19C1.5 28.665 9.33502 36.5 19 36.5Z" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" fill="none" /> <path d="M19 19V12.75" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" fill="none" /> <path d="M19 19L26.8117 26.8133" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" fill="none" /> </svg> </div> <div class="inner"> <div class="subitem"> <h4>Museum Hours</h4> <p>Open Daily from <span class="display-inline-block">9 a.m. - 5 p.m.</span></p> </div> <div class="subitem"> <h4>Park Hours</h4> <p>Open Daily from <span class="display-inline-block">6 a.m. - 6 p.m.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="item email"> <a href="https://www.marinersmuseum.org/contact/"> <h4 class="screen-reader-text">Contact Email </h4> <div class="icon-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="48" width="48"> <defs></defs> <title>email-action-unread</title> <rect x="1.5" y="4.75" width="21" height="15" rx="1.5" ry="1.5"></rect> <path d="M22.161,5.3l-8.144,6.264a3.308,3.308,0,0,1-4.034,0L1.839,5.3" fill="none" stroke="white" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5px"></path> </svg> </div> Contact Us</a> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright"> <div class="container"> <h3 class="screen-reader-text">Legal Information</h3> <p>© 1995 – 2025 The Mariners' Museum and Park. 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