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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient Egyptian royal cubit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egyptian_royal_cubit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_cubit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_cubit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biblical cubit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_cubit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Islamic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cubit_arm_in_heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cubit_arm_in_heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cubit arm in heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cubit_arm_in_heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cubit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_(%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3)" title="ذراع (وحدة قياس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذراع (وحدة قياس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codo_(unidat)" title="Codo (unidat) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Codo (unidat)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldu_(unid%C3%A1)" title="Coldu (unidá) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Coldu (unidá)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آرشین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرشین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colze_(unitat)" title="Colze (unitat) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colze (unitat)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubitu" title="Cubitu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cubitu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cubit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit_(Einheit)" title="Cubit (Einheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cubit (Einheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AE%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Πήχης (μονάδα μέτρησης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πήχης (μονάδα μέτρησης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codo_(unidad_de_longitud)" title="Codo (unidad de longitud) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Codo (unidad de longitud)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulno_(unuo)" title="Ulno (unuo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ulno (unuo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besabete" title="Besabete – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Besabete" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4_(%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="ارش (یکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارش (یکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coud%C3%A9e" title="Coudée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coudée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%90%EB%B9%97" title="큐빗 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="큐빗" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95)" title="हाथ (मात्रक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाथ (मात्रक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasta" title="Hasta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hasta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubito" title="Cubito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cubito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94)" title="אמה (יחידת מידה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמה (יחידת מידה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="წყრთა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყრთა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82)" title="ക്യൂബിറ്റ് (ഏകകം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്യൂബിറ്റ് (ഏകകം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cubit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="キュビット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キュビット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cubit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amma_(jednostka)" title="Amma (jednostka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amma (jednostka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4vado" title="Côvado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Côvado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cubit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubit_(dol%C5%BEinska_mera)" title="Kubit (dolžinska mera) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kubit (dolžinska mera)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubit" title="Kubit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kubit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முழம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முழம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94)" title="ศอก (หน่วยวัด) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศอก (หน่วยวัด)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cubit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="ذراع – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ذراع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubito" title="Kubito – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kubito" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%98_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="肘 (單位) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肘 (單位)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6502030#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cubit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cubit (disambiguation)">Cubit (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubit_rule_Egyptian_NK_from_Liverpool_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cubit_rule_Egyptian_NK_from_Liverpool_museum.jpg/220px-Cubit_rule_Egyptian_NK_from_Liverpool_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cubit_rule_Egyptian_NK_from_Liverpool_museum.jpg/330px-Cubit_rule_Egyptian_NK_from_Liverpool_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cubit_rule_Egyptian_NK_from_Liverpool_museum.jpg/440px-Cubit_rule_Egyptian_NK_from_Liverpool_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian cubit rod in the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_World_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool World Museum">Liverpool World Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measuring_ruler-N_1538-IMG_4492-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Measuring_ruler-N_1538-IMG_4492-gradient.jpg/220px-Measuring_ruler-N_1538-IMG_4492-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Measuring_ruler-N_1538-IMG_4492-gradient.jpg/330px-Measuring_ruler-N_1538-IMG_4492-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Measuring_ruler-N_1538-IMG_4492-gradient.jpg/440px-Measuring_ruler-N_1538-IMG_4492-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Cubit rod of <a href="/wiki/Maya_(Egyptian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (Egyptian)">Maya</a>, 52.3 cm long, 1336–1327 BC (<a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>cubit</b> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">unit</a> of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was primarily associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. The term <i>cubit</i> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>. The <i>common cubit</i> was divided into 6 <a href="/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)">palms</a> × 4 <a href="/wiki/Finger_(unit)" title="Finger (unit)">fingers</a> = 24 <a href="/wiki/Digit_(unit)" title="Digit (unit)">digits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Royal cubits</i> added a palm for 7 palms × 4 fingers = 28 digits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lengths typically ranged from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>44.4 to 52.92 cm (1 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in to 1 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in), with an ancient Roman cubit being as long as 120 cm (3 ft 11 in). </p><p>Cubits of various lengths were employed in many parts of the world in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and as recently as <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern times</a>. The term is still used in <a href="/wiki/Hedgelaying" title="Hedgelaying">hedgelaying</a>, the length of the forearm being frequently used to determine the interval between stakes placed within the hedge.<sup id="cite_ref-green_man_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green_man-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word "cubit" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> noun <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cubitum</i></span> "elbow", from the verb <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum</i></span> "to lie down",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which also comes the adjective "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recumbent" class="extiw" title="wikt:recumbent">recumbent</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Egyptian_royal_cubit">Ancient Egyptian royal cubit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Egyptian royal cubit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Ancient Egyptian units of measurement</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a> <b>royal cubit</b> (<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn"><i>meh niswt</i></i></span>) is the earliest attested standard measure. Cubit rods were used for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">measurement of length</a>. A number of these rods have survived: two are known from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Maya_(Egyptian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (Egyptian)">Maya</a>, the treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/18th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th dynasty">18th dynasty</a> pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>; another was found in the tomb of Kha (<a href="/wiki/TT8" class="mw-redirect" title="TT8">TT8</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. Fourteen such rods, including one double cubit rod, were described and compared by Lepsius in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-lepsius_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lepsius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cubit rods range from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">523.5 to 529.2 mm (<span class="frac">20<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> to <span class="frac">20<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) in length and are divided into seven <a href="/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)">palms</a>; each palm is divided into four <a href="/wiki/Digit_(unit)" title="Digit (unit)">fingers</a>, and the fingers are further subdivided.<sup id="cite_ref-clagett_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clagett-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lepsius_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lepsius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arnold_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnold-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="width: 175px; float: right; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 0.01em 0 0 0.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" valign="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D42.png?b40a1" height="12" title="D42" alt="D42" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyph</a> of the royal cubit, <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn"><i>meh niswt</i></i></span></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubit_rod_Turin_Museum.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cubit_rod_Turin_Museum.PNG/660px-Cubit_rod_Turin_Museum.PNG" decoding="async" width="660" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cubit_rod_Turin_Museum.PNG/990px-Cubit_rod_Turin_Museum.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cubit_rod_Turin_Museum.PNG/1320px-Cubit_rod_Turin_Museum.PNG 2x" data-file-width="4957" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption> Cubit rod from the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Egizio" title="Museo Egizio">Egyptian Museum of Turin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early evidence for the use of this royal cubit comes from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic Period</a>: on the <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Stone" title="Palermo Stone">Palermo Stone</a>, the flood level of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> river during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> is given as measuring 6 cubits and 1 palm.<sup id="cite_ref-clagett_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clagett-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of the royal cubit is also known from <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Step Pyramid of Djoser</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a> in around 2700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-lauer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement">Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nippur_cubit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nippur_cubit.JPG/330px-Nippur_cubit.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nippur_cubit.JPG/495px-Nippur_cubit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nippur_cubit.JPG/660px-Nippur_cubit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>The Nippur cubit-rod in the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">Archeological Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement</a> originated in the loosely organized city-states of <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Sumer#Early_Dynastic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Sumer">Early Dynastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>. Each <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> and trade <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> had its own standards until the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> when <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> issued a common standard. This standard was improved by <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>, but fell into disuse after the Akkadian Empire dissolved. The standard of Naram-Sin was readopted in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nan%C5%A1e_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanše Hymn">Nanše Hymn</a> which reduced a plethora of multiple standards to a few agreed upon common groupings. Successors to Sumerian civilization including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians continued to use these groupings. </p><p>The Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a>, Hebrew, <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a>, Hurrian, Hittite, <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a>, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Classical Mesopotamian System also has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Harappan and Egyptian metrologies. </p><p>In 1916, during the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and in the middle of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">assyriologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eckhard_Unger" title="Eckhard Unger">Eckhard Unger</a> found a copper-alloy bar while excavating at Nippur. The bar dates from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2650 BCE</span> and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard. This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit as about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">518.6 mm (<span class="frac">20<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-acta_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acta-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some evidence that cubits were used to measure angular separation. The Babylonian Astronomical Diary for 568–567 BCE refers to Jupiter being one cubit behind the elbow of Sagittarius. One cubit measures about 2 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_cubit">Biblical cubit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biblical cubit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement</a></div> <p>The standard of the cubit (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אמה</span>) in different countries and in different ages has varied. This realization led the rabbis of the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> to clarify the length of their cubit, saying that the measure of the cubit of which they have spoken "applies to the cubit of middle-size".<sup id="cite_ref-MishnahMaimonides1967_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MishnahMaimonides1967-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, the requirement is to make use of a standard 6 handbreadths to each cubit,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which handbreadth was not to be confused with an outstretched palm, but rather one that was clenched and which handbreadth has the standard width of 4 fingerbreadths (each fingerbreadth being equivalent to the width of a thumb, about 2.25 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This puts the handbreadth at roughly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">9 cm (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in), and 6 handbreadths (1 cubit) at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">54 cm (<span class="frac">21<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in). <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, in his treatise <i><a href="/wiki/On_Weights_and_Measures_(Epiphanius)" class="mw-redirect" title="On Weights and Measures (Epiphanius)">On Weights and Measures</a></i>, describes how it was customary, in his day, to take the measurement of the biblical cubit: "The cubit is a measure, but it is taken from the measure of the forearm. For the part from the elbow to the wrist and the palm of the hand is called the cubit, the middle finger of the cubit measure being also extended at the same time and there being added below (it) the span, that is, of the hand, taken all together."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Chaim_Naeh" title="Avraham Chaim Naeh">Avraham Chaim Naeh</a> put the linear measurement of a cubit at 48 cm (19 in).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avrohom_Yeshaya_Karelitz" title="Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz">Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz</a> (the "Chazon Ish"), dissenting, put the length of a cubit at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">57.6 cm (<span class="frac">22<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabbi and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, makes a distinction between the cubit of 6 handbreadths used in ordinary measurements, and the cubit of 5 handbreadths used in measuring the <a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)#Altar_of_Incense" title="Altar (Bible)">Golden Altar</a>, the base of the <a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)#Altar_of_burnt_offering" title="Altar (Bible)">altar of burnt offerings</a>, its circuit and the horns of the altar.<sup id="cite_ref-MishnahMaimonides1967_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MishnahMaimonides1967-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">ancient Greek units of measurement</a>, the standard forearm cubit <span class="nowrap">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πῆχυς</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>pēkhys</i></i></span>)</span> measured approximately <span class="nowrap">460 mm (18 in).</span> The short forearm cubit <span class="nowrap">(<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πυγμή</span></span> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pygmē</i></span></i>, lit. "fist"),</span> from the knuckle of the middle finger (i.e., fist clenched) to the elbow, measured approximately <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">340 mm (<span class="frac">13<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, a cubit was equal to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Length" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman feet</a> or 6 palm widths (approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">444 mm or <span class="frac">17<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-klein_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 120-centimetre cubit (approximately four feet long), called the Roman ulna, was common in the Roman empire, which cubit was measured from the fingers of the outstretched arm opposite the man's hip.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>; also, </sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>with</sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_world">Islamic world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islamic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Islamic world, the cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhirāʿ</i></span>) had a similar origin, being originally defined as the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several different cubit lengths were current in the medieval Islamic world for the unit of length, ranging from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">48.25–145.6 cm (19–<span class="frac">57<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in), and in turn the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhirāʿ</i></span> was commonly subdivided into six handsbreadths (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qabḍa</i></span>), and each handsbreadth into four fingerbreadths (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aṣbaʿ</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly used definitions were: </p> <ul><li>the <b>legal cubit</b> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-sharʿiyya</i></span>), also known as the hand cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-yad</i></span>), cubit of Yusuf (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-Yūsufiyya</i></span>, named after the 8th-century <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qāḍī</a></i></span> Abu Yusuf), postal cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ <a href="/wiki/Al-barid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-barid">al-barīd</a></i></span>), "freed" cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-mursala</i></span>) and thread cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-ghazl</i></span>). It measured <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">49.8 cm (<span class="frac">19<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in), although in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> it measured 48.25 cm (19 in), possibly as a result of reforms of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 813–833</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <b>black cubit</b> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-sawdāʾ</i></span>), adopted in the Abbasid period and fixed by the measure used in the <a href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">Nilometer</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rawda_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawda Island">Rawda Island</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">54.04 cm (<span class="frac">21<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in). It is also known as the common cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-ʿāmma</i></span>), sack-cloth cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-kirbās</i></span>), and was the most commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Spain">Islamic Spain</a> under the name <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-Rashshāshiyya</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <b>king's cubit</b> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ <a href="/wiki/Al-malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-malik">al-malik</a></i></span>), inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persians</a>. It measured eight <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qabḍa</i></span> for a total of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">66.5 cm (<span class="frac">26<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) on average. It was this measure used by <a href="/wiki/Ziyad_ibn_Abihi" title="Ziyad ibn Abihi">Ziyad ibn Abihi</a> for his survey of <a href="/wiki/Iraq_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq (region)">Iraq</a>, and is hence also known as Ziyadi cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-Ziyādiyya</i></span>) or survey cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-misāḥaʾ</i></span>). From Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 754–775</span>) it was also known as the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-Hāshimiyya</i></span>). Other identical measures were the work cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-ʿamal</i></span>) and likely also the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-hindāsa</i></span>, which measures <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">65.6 cm (<span class="frac">25<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <b>cloth cubit</b>, which fluctuated widely according to region: the Egyptian cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-bazz</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-baladiyya</i></span>) measured <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">58.15 cm (<span class="frac">22<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">29</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in), that of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> 63 cm (25 in), that of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">67.7 cm (<span class="frac">26<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in), that of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">82.9 cm (<span class="frac">32<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in), and that of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> 68.6 cm (27 in).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A variety of more local or specific cubit measures were developed over time: the "small" Hashemite cubit of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">60.05 cm (<span class="frac">23<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">21</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in), also known as the cubit of Bilal (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-Bilāliyya</i></span>, named after the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basran</a> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāḍī</i></span> Bilal ibn Abi Burda); the Egyptian carpenter's cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ bi'l-najjāri</i></span>) or architect's cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-miʿmāriyya</i></span>) of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">77.5 cm (<span class="frac">30<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in)</span>, reduced and standardized to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">75 cm (<span class="frac">29<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) in the 19th century; the house cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-dār</i></span>) of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">50.3 cm (<span class="frac">19<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in), introduced by the Abbasid-era <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāḍī</i></span> Ibn Abi Layla; the cubit of Umar (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-ʿUmariyya</i></span>) of 72.8 centimetres (28.7 in) and its double, the scale cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-dhirāʿ al-mīzāniyya</i></span>) established by al-Ma'mun and used mainly for measuring canals.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval and early modern Persia, the cubit (usually known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">gaz</i></span>) was either the legal cubit of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">49.8 cm (<span class="frac">19<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in), or the <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> cubit of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">79.8 cm (<span class="frac">31<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A royal cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">gaz-i shāhī</i></span>) appeared in the 17th century with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">95 cm (<span class="frac">37<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in), while a "shortened" cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">gaz-i mukassar</i></span>) of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">6.8 cm (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) (likely derived from the widely used cloth cubit of Aleppo) was used for cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure survived into the 20th century, with 1 <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">gaz</i></span> equal to 104 cm (41 in).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a> also had its own royal cubit (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhirāʿ-i pādishāhī</i></span>) of 81.3 cm (32 in).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other measurements based on the length of the forearm include some lengths of <a href="/wiki/Ell" title="Ell">ell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian units of measurement">Russian</a> lokot (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">локоть</span></span>), the Indian <a href="/wiki/Hasta_(unit)" title="Hasta (unit)"><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi">hasta</i></span></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai</a> <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th">sok</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_units_of_measurement" title="Malay units of measurement">Malay</a> <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">hasta</i></span>, the Tamil <span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta">muzham</i></span>, the Telugu <span title="Telugu-language romanization"><i lang="te-Latn">moora</i></span> (<span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">మూర</span></span>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_units_of_measurement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khmer units of measurement (page does not exist)">Khmer</a> <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">hat</i></span>, and the Tibetan <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khru</i></span> (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">ཁྲུ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cubit_arm_in_heraldry">Cubit arm in heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cubit arm in heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry_Fig268.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry_Fig268.png/170px-Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry_Fig268.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry_Fig268.png/255px-Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry_Fig268.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry_Fig268.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>A heraldic <b>cubit arm</b>, <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister"><i>dexter</i></a>, <i>vested</i> and <i>erect</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cubit arm</b> in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> may be <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister"><i>dexter</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister"><i>sinister</i></a>. It may be <i>vested</i> (with a sleeve) and may be shown in various positions, most commonly <i>erect</i>, but also <i>fesswise</i> (horizontal), <i>bendwise</i> (diagonal) and is often shown grasping objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Heraldic_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heraldic-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most often used erect as a <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a>, for example by the families of Poyntz of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Acton" title="Iron Acton">Iron Acton</a>, Rolle of <a href="/wiki/Stevenstone" title="Stevenstone">Stevenstone</a> and Turton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="List of obsolete units of measurement">List of obsolete units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">System of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">Unit of measurement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cubit">"Definition of CUBIT"</a>. 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+CUBIT&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcubit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Skinner, <i>Sacred Geometry – Deciphering The Code</i> (Sterling, 2009) & many other sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green_man-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green_man_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart" class="citation web cs1">Hart, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117055558/http://shropshirehedgelaying.co.uk/hedgelaying_article_3.php">"The Green Man"</a>. <i>Shropshire Hedgelaying</i>. Oliver Liebscher. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shropshirehedgelaying.co.uk/hedgelaying_article_3.php">the original</a> on 17 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>On the roadside the finish is clean and neat, a living fence of intertwined branches between stakes placed an old cubit (the length of a man's forearm or approximately 18 inches) apart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shropshire+Hedgelaying&rft.atitle=The+Green+Man&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shropshirehedgelaying.co.uk%2Fhedgelaying_article_3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cassell's Latin Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, Second edition, 1989; online version September 2011. <i>s.v.</i> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/45477">cubit</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lepsius-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lepsius_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lepsius_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lepsius (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PRQGAAAAQAAJ"><i>Die altaegyptische Elle und ihre Eintheilung</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Dümmler. p. 14–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clagett-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clagett_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clagett_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Clagett (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8c10QYoGa4UC"><i>Ancient Egyptian science, a Source Book. Volume Three: Ancient Egyptian Mathematics</i></a>. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-232-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-232-0">978-0-87169-232-0</a>. p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnold-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arnold_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Dieter (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DU04vCP_TFAC"><i>Building in Egypt: pharaonic stone masonry</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506350-9">978-0-19-506350-9</a>. p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lauer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lauer_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Philippe Lauer (1931). "Étude sur Quelques Monuments de la III<sup>e</sup> Dynastie (Pyramide à Degrés de Saqqarah)". <i>Annales du Service des Antiquités de L'Egypte</i> IFAO <b>31</b>:60 p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder 1908, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acta-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acta_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqYXAQAAMAAJ"><i>Acta praehistorica et archaeologica</i></a> Volumes 7–8. Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte; Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut (Berlin, Germany); Staatliche Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Berlin: Bruno Hessling Verlag, 1976. p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steele, John M., <i>A Brief Introduction to Astronomy in the Middle East</i> (SAQI, 2008), pp. 41–42. Steele does not elaborate on the relationship between the cubit as a unit of length and a unit of angular separation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MishnahMaimonides1967-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MishnahMaimonides1967_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MishnahMaimonides1967_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary</i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a>), vol. 3, <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>: Jerusalem 1967, <i>Middot</i> 3:1 [p. 291] (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (<i>Kelim</i> 17:9–10, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DanbyMishnah/page/n657">629, note 14 – 630</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> (<i>Kelim Baba-Metsia</i> 6:12–13), however, it brings down a second opinion, namely, that of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a>, who distinguishes between a medium-sized cubit of 5 handbreadths, used principally for rabbinic measurements in measuring the bare and untilled ground near a vineyard and where there is a prohibition to grow therein seed plants under the laws of <a href="/wiki/Diverse_kinds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diverse kinds">Diverse Kinds</a>, and a larger cubit of 6 handbreadths used to measure therewith the altar. Cf. <a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Saul Lieberman</a>, <i>Tosefet Rishonim</i> (part 3), Jerusalem 1939, p. 54, s.v. איזו היא אמה בינונית, where he brings down a variant reading of the same Tosefta and where it has 6 handbreadths, instead of 5 handbreadths, for the medium size cubit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren" title="Charles Warren">Warren, C.</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientcubitourw00warruoft/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Ancient Cubit and Our Weights and Measures</i></a>. London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientcubitourw00warruoft/page/4/mode/1up">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752584387">752584387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Cubit+and+Our+Weights+and+Measures&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752584387&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientcubitourw00warruoft%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> (<i>Kelim Baba-Metsia</i> 6:12–13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary</i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a>), vol. 1, <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>: Jerusalem 1963, <i>Kila'im</i> 6:6 [p. 127] (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – the Syriac Version</i> (ed. James Elmer Dean, The University of Chicago Press: Chicago 1935, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham Haim Noe, <i>Sefer Ḳuntres ha-Shiʻurim</i> (Abridged edition from <i>Shiʻurei Torah</i>), Jerusalem 1943, p. 17 (section 20).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chazon Ish, <i>Orach Chaim</i> 39:14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVörös2015" class="citation cs2">Vörös, Gyozo (2015), "Anastylosis at Machaerus", <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>, vol. 41, no. 1, Jan/Feb 2015, p. 56</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Anastylosis+at+Machaerus&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1%2C+Jan%2FFeb+2015&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s&rft.aufirst=Gyozo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klein-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-klein_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Arthur Klein (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYZGAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey</i></a>. New York: Dover. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486258393" title="Special:BookSources/9780486258393">9780486258393</a>. p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Mark H. (30 January 2014). Kaushik Bose (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F489757">"The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary (Review Article)"</a>. <i>Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>2014</b>: 489757 [4]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F489757">10.1155/2014/489757</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Cubit%3A+A+History+and+Measurement+Commentary+%28Review+Article%29&rft.volume=2014&rft.pages=489757+4&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2014%2F489757&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2014%252F489757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1814" class="citation book cs1">Grant, James (1814). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoughtsonorigin01gran_0"><i>Thoughts on the Origin and Descent of the Gael: With an Account of the Picts, Caledonians, and Scots; and Observations Relative to the Authenticity of the Poems of Ossian</i></a>. Edinburgh: For A. Constable and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoughtsonorigin01gran_0/page/137">137</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>Solinus, cap. 45, uses ulna for cubitus, where Pliny speaks of a crocodile of 22 cubits long. Solinus expresses it by so many ulnae, and Julius Pollux uses both words for the same... they call a cubitus an ulna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+the+Origin+and+Descent+of+the+Gael%3A+With+an+Account+of+the+Picts%2C+Caledonians%2C+and+Scots%3B+and+Observations+Relative+to+the+Authenticity+of+the+Poems+of+Ossian&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=For+A.+Constable+and+Company&rft.date=1814&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthoughtsonorigin01gran_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzdural1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ozdural, Alpay (1998). Necipoğlu, Gülru (ed.). "Sinan's Arsin: A Survey of Ottoman Architectural Metrology". <i>Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World</i>. <b>15</b>. Leiden, The Netherlands: 109. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992">0732-2992</a>. <q>... Roman ulna of four feet...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas%3A+An+Annual+on+the+Visual+Culture+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Sinan%27s+Arsin%3A+A+Survey+of+Ottoman+Architectural+Metrology&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0732-2992&rft.aulast=Ozdural&rft.aufirst=Alpay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_27-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinz1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hinz, W. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Dhir%C4%81%CA%BF&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Dhirāʿ"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume II:<i> C–G</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dhir%C4%81%CA%BF&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DDhir%25C4%2581%25CA%25BF%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rigpa Wiki, accessed January 2022, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/khru">[1]</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heraldic-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heraldic_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllcock2003" class="citation book cs1">Allcock, Hubert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEmZhTZ3XnwC&q=cubit+arm&pg=PA24"><i>Heraldic design : its origins, ancient forms, and modern usage, with over 500 illustrations</i></a>. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/048642975X" title="Special:BookSources/048642975X"><bdi>048642975X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldic+design+%3A+its+origins%2C+ancient+forms%2C+and+modern+usage%2C+with+over+500+illustrations&rft.place=Mineola%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=048642975X&rft.aulast=Allcock&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEmZhTZ3XnwC%26q%3Dcubit%2Barm%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2003" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Dieter (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofa00diet"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture</i></a></span>. Taurus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-465-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-465-1"><bdi>1-86064-465-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Architecture&rft.pub=Taurus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86064-465-1&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofa00diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch_&_al.1906" class="citation cs2">Hirsch, Emil G.; et al. (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14821-weights-and-measures">"Weights and Measures"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/"><i>The Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a>, vol. XII, pp. 483 ff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weights+and+Measures&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=483+ff&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft.au=Immanuel+Benzinger&rft.au=Joseph+Jacobs&rft.au=Jacob+Zallel+Lauterbach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14821-weights-and-measures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACubit" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Petrie, Sir Flinders (1881). <i>Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh</i>.</li> <li>Stone, Mark H., "The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary", <i>Journal of Anthropology</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F489757">10.1155/2014/489757</a>, 2014</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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