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Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigaziun </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" title="Visitar la pagina principala [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principala</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:La_pinta" title="Infurmaziuns davart il project, tge che ti pos far, nua che ti chassas infurmaziuns"><span>Discutar en la pinta</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Zuf%C3%A4llige_Seite" title="Chargiar ina pagina casuala. 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Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich." class=""><span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Pologna" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>T'annunziar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Weitere Optionen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils persunals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils persunals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Benutzermenü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm"><span>Donaziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Pologna" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Pologna" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>T'annunziar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Seiten für abgemeldete Benutzer <a href="/wiki/Agid:Einf%C3%BChrung" aria-label="Erfahre mehr über das Bearbeiten"><span>Weitere Informationen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribuziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Discussiun davart modificaziuns che derivan da questa adressa dad IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pagina da discussiun da questa IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Anfang</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Num_dal_pajais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Num_dal_pajais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Num dal pajais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Num_dal_pajais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Geografia umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topografia_da_la_Pologna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topografia_da_la_Pologna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topografia da la Pologna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topografia_da_la_Pologna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Costa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muntognas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muntognas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Muntognas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muntognas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depressiun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depressiun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Depressiun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depressiun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilisaziun_dal_terren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilisaziun_dal_terren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Utilisaziun dal terren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilisaziun_dal_terren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_e_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_e_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Flora e fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_e_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Populaziun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Populaziun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Populaziun umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Populaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structura_demografica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structura_demografica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structura demografica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structura_demografica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etnias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etnias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Etnias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etnias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Linguas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religiuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religiuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religiuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religiuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Istorgia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorgia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Istorgia umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Istorgia_tempriva_e_fundaziun_dal_ducadi_da_la_Pologna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorgia_tempriva_e_fundaziun_dal_ducadi_da_la_Pologna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Istorgia tempriva e fundaziun dal ducadi da la Pologna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorgia_tempriva_e_fundaziun_dal_ducadi_da_la_Pologna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temp_medieval_e_temp_modern_tempriv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_medieval_e_temp_modern_tempriv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Temp medieval e temp modern tempriv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temp_medieval_e_temp_modern_tempriv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spartiziuns_–_suppressiun_e_cumbat_d’independenza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spartiziuns_–_suppressiun_e_cumbat_d’independenza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Spartiziuns – suppressiun e cumbat d’independenza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spartiziuns_–_suppressiun_e_cumbat_d’independenza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independenza_e_Segunda_Republica_(1918–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independenza_e_Segunda_Republica_(1918–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Independenza e Segunda Republica (1918–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independenza_e_Segunda_Republica_(1918–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_(1939–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_(1939–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Segunda Guerra mundiala (1939–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_(1939–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republica_populara_(1945–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republica_populara_(1945–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Republica populara (1945–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republica_populara_(1945–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terza_Republica_(dapi_il_1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terza_Republica_(dapi_il_1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Terza Republica (dapi il 1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terza_Republica_(dapi_il_1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Politica umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistem_politic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_politic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sistem politic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_politic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politica_da_l’exteriur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politica_da_l’exteriur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Politica da l’exteriur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politica_da_l’exteriur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Militar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administraziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administraziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Administraziun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administraziun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Administraziun umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administraziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sutdivisiun_administrativa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sutdivisiun_administrativa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sutdivisiun administrativa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sutdivisiun_administrativa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Economia umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilantscha_dal_stadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilantscha_dal_stadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bilantscha dal stadi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilantscha_dal_stadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerzi_cun_l’exteriur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerzi_cun_l’exteriur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Commerzi cun l’exteriur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerzi_cun_l’exteriur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martgà_da_lavur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martgà_da_lavur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Martgà da lavur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martgà_da_lavur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provediment_d’energia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provediment_d’energia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Provediment d’energia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provediment_d’energia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Infrastructura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Infrastructura umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Traffic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traffic_sin_via" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_sin_via"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Traffic sin via</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_sin_via-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viafier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viafier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Viafier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viafier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviatica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviatica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Aviatica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviatica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.4</span> <span>Navigaziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furmaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furmaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Furmaziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furmaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistem_da_scola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_da_scola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Sistem da scola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_da_scola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scienza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scienza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Scienza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scienza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Cultura umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Litteratura_polonaisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura_polonaisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Litteratura polonaisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratura_polonaisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temp_medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Temp medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temp_medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaschientscha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaschientscha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Renaschientscha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaschientscha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Baroc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.4</span> <span>Illuminissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.5</span> <span>Romantica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positivissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positivissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.6</span> <span>Positivissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positivissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giuvna_Pologna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giuvna_Pologna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.7</span> <span>Giuvna Pologna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giuvna_Pologna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tranterguerras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tranterguerras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.8</span> <span>Tranterguerras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tranterguerras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suenterguerra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suenterguerra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.9</span> <span>Suenterguerra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suenterguerra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Musica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_figurativ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_figurativ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Art figurativ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_figurativ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Architectura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Medias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Televisiun_e_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Televisiun_e_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.1</span> <span>Televisiun e radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Televisiun_e_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_ed_internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_ed_internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.2</span> <span>Print ed internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_ed_internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Usits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mangiar_e_baiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangiar_e_baiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Mangiar e baiver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mangiar_e_baiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temp_liber,_turissem_e_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_liber,_turissem_e_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Temp liber, turissem e sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temp_liber,_turissem_e_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dis_da_festa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dis_da_festa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.9</span> <span>Dis da festa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dis_da_festa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Annotaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Litteratura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colliaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colliaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Colliaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colliaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pologna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Zu einem Artikel in einer anderen Sprache gehen. Verfügbar in 305 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-305" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">305 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – abchasian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abchasian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Полшэ – adygai" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Полшэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – tudestg svizzer" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tudestg svizzer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Amisisch" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amisisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaland" title="Polaland – englais vegl" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Polaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="englais vegl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولندا – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܦܘܠܢܕ – arameic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܘܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پولونيا – Marokkanisches Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پولونيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkanisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولاندا – Ägyptisches Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Ägyptisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোলেণ্ড – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu%C3%B1a" title="Puluña – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Puluña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – aserbeidschanic" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbeidschanic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهیستان – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – baschkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poin" title="Poin – Bairisch" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Poin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bairisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97nk%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Lėnkėjė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėnkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Zentralbikolano" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Zentralbikolano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Westküsten-Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="Westküsten-Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – bieloruss" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша – bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulandia" title="Pulandia – Banjaresisch" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulandia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjaresisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕོ་ལན། – tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕོ་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89" title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ – bugi" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Польшо – Russisches Burjatisch" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Польшо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russisches Burjatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8F%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Pŏ̤-làng – Min Dong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Min Dong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – tschetschen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tschetschen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskowa" title="Polskowa – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polskowa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaki" title="Polaki – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Polaki" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%82" title="ᏉᎳᏂ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پۆڵەندا – curd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – cors" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="cors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehistan" title="Lehistan – tirc crimean" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lehistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tirc crimean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – tschec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tschec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2lsk%C3%B4" title="Pòlskô – kaschubic" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòlskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kaschubic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пол҄ьска – slav da baselgia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пол҄ьска" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slav da baselgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – tschuvasch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tschuvasch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl – kimric" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Pwyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kimric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="empfohlener Artikel"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – danais" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – tudestg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – bass sorb" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bass sorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Zentral-Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Zentral-Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ޕޮލެންޑު – maledivic" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕޮލެންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maledivic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2" title="པོ་ལེནཌི – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="པོ་ལེནཌི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94lisa" title="Pɔlisa – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pɔlisa" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%B3gna" title="Pulógna – Emilianisch" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pulógna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emilianisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – englais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollando" title="Pollando – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pollando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – spagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – eston" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eston" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1a" title="Poloña – Extremadurisch" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Poloña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهستان – persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonya" title="Poloonya – fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Poloonya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – finlandais" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladi" title="Poladi – fidschian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Poladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidschian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – feroais" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – franzos" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franzos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Frankoprovenzalisch" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Frankoprovenzalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolen" title="Poolen – fris dal nord" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poolen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="fris dal nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonie" title="Polonie – friulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Polonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalen" title="Poalen – fris" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pholainn" title="An Pholainn – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pholainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – Gagausisch" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagausisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2gn" title="Pològn – Französisch-Guayana Kreolisch" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pològn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Französisch-Guayana Kreolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ph%C3%B2lainn" title="A' Phòlainn – gaelic scot" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Phòlainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic scot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3%C3%B1a" title="Polóña – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Polóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – Goa-Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa-Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰 – gotic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="પોલેંડ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Pholynn" title="Yn Pholynn – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Pholynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-l%C3%A0n" title="Pô-làn – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Dlani" title="Pōlani – hawaian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pōlani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פולין – ebraic" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Fidschi-Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidschi-Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – aut sorb" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="aut sorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2y" title="Polòy – creol haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polòy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creol haitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyelorsz%C3%A1g" title="Lengyelország – ungarais" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyelország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լեհաստան – armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փոլոնիա – Westarmenisch" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոլոնիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Westarmenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – indonais" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puulan" title="Puulan – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Puulan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Полхехье – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Полхехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – talian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B3%E1%93%9A%E1%93%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ポーランド – giapunais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapunais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan" title="Puolan – Jamaikanisch-Kreolisch" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puolan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaikanisch-Kreolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/polskas" title="polskas – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="polskas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunda" title="Bulunda – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bulunda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лэхьый – kabardic" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лэхьый" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94l%C9%94%C9%94%C3%B1%C9%A9" title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ – Kabiyé" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiyé" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borandi" title="Borandi – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Borandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – casac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="casac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%89" title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ – cambodschan" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambodschan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="폴란드 – corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Польска – Komi-Permjakisch" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Польска" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permjakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – colognais" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="colognais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – kirghis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – luxemburgais" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Lakisch" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsca" title="Polsca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Polsca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupoolo" title="Bupoolo – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bupoolo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – limburgais" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ladinisch" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌ – laot" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkija" title="Lenkija – lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoleja" title="Puoleja – Lettgallisch" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Puoleja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Lettgallisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polija" title="Polija – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – madurais" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Полень мастор – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Полень мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4l%C3%B4nia" title="Pôlônia – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Ostmari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Ostmari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полска – macedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പോളണ്ട് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88" title="Польш – mongolic" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Польш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Bergmari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Bergmari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – malaic" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonja" title="Polonja – maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Polonja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Польша Мастор – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Польша Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="لهستون – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لهستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonnia" title="Pulonnia – neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pulonnia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – bass tudestg" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bass tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Niedersächsisch" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Niedersächsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – nepalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – ollandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ollandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – norvegiais nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiais nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – norvegais bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegais bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%A2" title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polongne" title="Polongne – Normannisch" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Polongne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normannisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – sotho dal nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho dal nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltso_H%C3%B3teelnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonha" title="Polonha – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1u" title="Pol'šu – Olonetzisch" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pol'šu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Olonetzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolaandi" title="Poolaandi – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Poolaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%C3%A6" title="Польшæ – ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Польшæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonne" title="Polonne – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Polonne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Pennsylvaniadeutsch" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvaniadeutsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Pfälzisch" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Pfälzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeland" title="Poeland – Pitcairn-Englisch" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Poeland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – polac" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Piemontesisch" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piemontesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Westliches Panjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Westliches Panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – Pontisch" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89" title="پولنډ – paschto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paschto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunya" title="Pulunya – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulunya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Vlax-Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax-Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunii" title="Pulunii – aromunic" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pulunii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromunic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonie" title="Pulonie – Tarandíne" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pulonie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarandíne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – russ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Польско – Russinisch" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Польско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Russinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonye" title="Polonye – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Polonye" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="पोलॅण्ड् – sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोलॅण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonia" title="Pulonia – sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – scot" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="پولينڊ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پولينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – sami dal nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami dal nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6l%C3%B4ni" title="Pölôni – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Pölôni" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – serbo-croat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunya" title="Bulunya – tachelit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="පෝලන්තය – singalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEsko" title="Poľsko – slovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland" title="Boland – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пољска – serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikondre" title="Polikondre – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Polikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPholandi" title="IPholandi – swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPholandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – sotho dal sid" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho dal sid" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Saterfriesisch" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – sundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="empfohlener Artikel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – svedais" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – Schlesisch (Wasserpolnisch)" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Schlesisch (Wasserpolnisch)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="போலந்து – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="పోలాండ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోలాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лаҳистон – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лаҳистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศโปแลนด์ – tailandais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%A1a" title="Polša – Talisch" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Polša" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – tirc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tirc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poran" title="Poran – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Poran" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polendi" title="Polendi – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Polendi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لەھىستان – uiguric" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لەھىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Польща – ucranais" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польща" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucranais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – usbec" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82%C3%B2nia" title="Połònia – Venetisch" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Połònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1anma" title="Pol'šanma – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pol'šanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Lan" title="Ba Lan – vietnamais" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooln" title="Pooln – Westflämisch" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pooln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Westflämisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A4n" title="Polän – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Polän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – vallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1" title="Poloñ – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Poloñ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPoland" title="IPoland – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IPoland" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="פוילן – jiddic" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוילן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Pólándì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pólándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlanz" title="Bohlanz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%B4l%27n" title="Poôl'n – Seeländisch" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Poôl'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Seeländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – marocan tamazight standardisà" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="marocan tamazight standardisà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – chinais" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Klassisches Chinesisch" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassisches Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-l%C3%A2n" title="Pho-lân – Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPolandi" title="IPolandi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPolandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifitgar las colliaziuns tar autras linguas" class="wbc-editpage">Modifitgar colliaziuns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Tip da pagina"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pologna" title="Mussar l'artitgel [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artitgel</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div style="right:30px; display:none;" class="topicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artitgels_che_mintga_Vichipedia_duai_aver" title="Artitgel dals 1000"><img alt="Artitgel dals 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1000HA.png/28px-1000HA.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/1000HA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span></div> <table class="prettytable float-right" align="right" width="330"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDD;"><font size="+1"><b>Republica da la Pologna</b></font><br /> <p><b>Rzeczpospolita Polska</b><font size="-1"> (polonais)</font> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%" class="nogrid"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" width="50%" style="background-color:transparent; border:none"> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/150px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/225px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/300px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="background-color:transparent; border:none; width:50%; font-size:90%; text-align: center"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/100px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/150px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/200px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; width:50%; font-size:90%; text-align: center"> </td> <td style="border:none; width:50%; font-size:90%; text-align: center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Lingua uffiziala</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_polonaisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua polonaisa (n'exista betg)">polonais</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Chapitala</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia">Varsovia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Furma da stadi</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">republica parlamentara </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Schef da stadi</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">president dal stadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Duda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Duda (n'exista betg)">Andrzej Duda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Schef da la regenza</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">primminister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Tusk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Tusk (n'exista betg)">Donald Tusk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Surfatscha</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">312 679  km² </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Abitants</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">38 562 000 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Spessezza</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">123 abitants per km² </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Munaida</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">złoty </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Independenza</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">11 da november 1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Imni naziunal</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazurek_D%C4%85browskiego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (n'exista betg)">Mazurek Dąbrowskiego</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Zona d'urari</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">+1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Numer da l'auto</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">PL </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>TLD d'internet</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">.pl </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f4; font-size:90%;"><b>Preselecziun</b> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;">+48 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#f2f2f4;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:EU-Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/330px-EU-Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/495px-EU-Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/660px-EU-Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller; vertical-align:top; background-color:#f2f2f4;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Polandmap_cia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Polandmap_cia.png/330px-Polandmap_cia.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Polandmap_cia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>La <b>Pologna</b> (polonais <i>Polska</i> [ˈpɔlska]), uffizial Republica da la Pologna (polonais <i>Rzeczpospolita Polska</i> [ʐɛʈ͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlita ˈpɔlska]) è ina republica parlamentara situada en l’<a href="/wiki/Europa_Centrala" title="Europa Centrala">Europa Centrala</a>. Chapitala ed a medem temp la pli gronda citad dal pajais è <a href="/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia">Varsovia</a> (polonais Warszawa); la pli gronda aglomeraziun furma la regiun metropola enturn Katowice. La Pologna è in stadi unitar ch’è dividì en 16 voivodias. Cun ina grondezza da 312 679 kilometers quadrat è la Pologna il sisavel grond pajais da l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a> e cun 38,5 milliuns abitants medemamain il stadi cun la sisavel gronda populaziun. En il nord e vest dal pajais regia surtut in clima oceanic, en il sid ed ost in clima continental. </p><p>En il temp medieval tempriv èn sa domiciliads en rom da la migraziun dals pievels stirpas dals Polans dal vest en parts dal territori dal stadi odiern. L’emprima menziun documentada deriva dal 966; da quel temp ha l’emprim duca polonais ch’è cumprovà istoricamain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieszko I (n'exista betg)">Mieszko I</a>, avert il pajais al cristianissem. L’onn 1025 han ins fundà il Reginavel da la Pologna. Quel è s’unì il 1569 tras l’Uniun da Lublin cun il gronducadi da la Lituania a la Republica roiala Pologna-Lituania ch’è sa sviluppada ad in dals pli gronds e pussants stadis da l’Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da quel temp è naschida l’emprima constituziun moderna da l’Europa (1791). </p><p>Tras las trais spartiziuns dal territori statal la fin dal 18avel tschientaner han ils stadis vischins privà la Pologna da sia suveranitad. Pir il 1918, en rom dal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contract_da_Versailles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contract da Versailles (n'exista betg)">Contract da Versailles</a>, ha la Pologna puspè cuntanschì si’independenza statala. L’occupaziun dal pajais tras truppas tudestgas e sovieticas durant la <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala">Segunda Guerra mundiala</a> ha custà la vita a milliuns burgais da la Pologna, oravant tut a gidieus polonais. Dapi il 1952 è la Republica da la Pologna stada sut l’influenza da l’Uniun sovietica. Il 1989, surtut sut l’influenza dal moviment da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solidarność (n'exista betg)">Solidarność</a>, ha gì lieu ina midada da sistem politica ed economica. Dapi il 2005 è la Pologna commembra da l’Uniun europeica e furma in’impurtanta forza economica en l’Europa Centrala. </p><p>Areguard il product naziunal brut sa chatta la Pologna sin il 22avel plaz da tut ils stadis dal mund; areguard la paritad da la capacitad da cumpra sin il 21avel plaz. Er en l’Index dal svilup uman cuntanscha la Pologna ina posiziun vaira auta (2016: plaz 35 cun la valur d’index 0,855). Situà tranter ils spazis culturals da l’Europa dal Vest e da l’Ost è il pajais segnà d’ina istorgia fitg variada, en il decurs da la quala è sa sviluppada ina ritga ierta culturala. Sper la commembranza en l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a> fa il pajais er part da las Naziuns unidas, da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE (n'exista betg)">OSCE</a>, da la <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> e dal <a href="/wiki/Cussegl_da_l%27Europa" title="Cussegl da l'Europa">Cussegl da l'Europa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Num_dal_pajais">Num dal pajais</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifitgar secziun: Num dal pajais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Num dal pajais"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il num cumplet dal pajais, <i>Rzeczpospolita Polska</i>, sa referescha explicitamain a la republica aristocratica ch’ha existì fin il 1795 e na furma betg be ina translaziun dal term modern ‹republica› (polonais <i>Republika</i>). Entant che la muntada latina da quest ultim term è ‹chaussa dal pievel› u ‹chaussa publica›, munta la noziun <i>Rzeczpospolita</i> verbalmain ‹chaussa communabla›. </p><p>Il num Pologna deriva dals Polans, ina stirpa dals Slavs dal vest, ch’è sa domiciliada en il 5avel tschientaner en il territori da las regiuns odiernas Poznań e Gniezno, tranter ils flums Odra e Wisła. Ils Polans, la denominaziun dals quals cumpara pir vers l’onn 1000, vivevan per gronda part da l’agricultura; lur num è sa sviluppà dal term ‹pole›, per rumantsch ‹champ/funs›. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifitgar secziun: Geografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Geografia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topografia_da_la_Pologna">Topografia da la Pologna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifitgar secziun: Topografia da la Pologna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Topografia da la Pologna"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Poland_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/250px-Poland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/375px-Poland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/500px-Poland_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Topografia dal pajais</figcaption></figure> <p>Il territori statal da la Pologna cuvra ina surfatscha da 312 679 km². En il nord cunfinescha il pajais cun la <a href="/wiki/Mar_da_l%27Ost" title="Mar da l'Ost">Mar da l'Ost</a> e l’oblast russa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaliningrad (n'exista betg)">Kaliningrad</a>, en l’ost cun la <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia">Bielorussia</a> e l’<a href="/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a>, en il sid cun la <a href="/wiki/Slovachia" title="Slovachia">Slovachia</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Tschechia" title="Tschechia">Tschechia</a> ed en il vest cun la <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. Il cunfin dal stadi mesira tut en tut 3583 kilometers (da quai Tschechia 796 km, Slovachia 541 km, Ucraina 535 km, Germania 467 km, Bielorussia 418 km, Russia 210 km, Lituania 104 km, en pli 524 km vers la Mar da l’Ost). </p><p>Il punct situà il pli al nord è il cap Rozewie, il punct il pli al sid è il piz da l’Opołonek en la muntogna Bieszczady. La distanza tranter quests dus puncts mesira 649 kilometers. Il punct situà il pli al vest è la citad Cedynia, il pendant a l’ost la storta dal flum Bug en la vischnanca Horodło en ina distanza da 689 kilometers. </p><p>Il territori da la Pologna sa lascha divider en sis intschess geografics. Dal nord vers il sid èn quai: ils territoris da costa, las cuntradas dorsalas, la bassa, las planiras autas, ils premunts e la muntogna. </p><p>La costa tanscha en il nord da la Pologna per lung da la Mar da l’Ost. La regiun dorsala è sa furmada durant l’ultim temp da glatsch ed è segnada da morenas da basa e lateralas. La bassa consista dal Batschigl da Varsovia e da la Bassa da la Podlachia. Er las planiras autas sa cumponan da duas parts principalas, Wyżyna Małopolska e Wyżyna Lubelska. Als premunts vegnan attribuidas la Bassa Silesiana e las Precarpatas. En il sid dal pajais sa chattan diversas muntognas, numnadamain las Muntognas Mesaunas Polonaisas, il Giura da la Cracovia, las Muntognas da Świętokrzyskie, las Beskidas, las Beskidas Orientalas e las Sudetas. La pli auta elevaziun dal pajais, l’Auta Tatra, furma in’auta muntogna d’ina structura geologica fitg variada. La muntogna sin territori polonais ch’è geologicamain la pli giuvna furman las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpatas (n'exista betg)">Carpatas</a>, la segund giuvna las Sudetas. Visiblas èn las structuras geologicas pli veglias be en il sid dal pajais; en las ulteriuras parts dal pajais vegn la cuntrada dominada da sediments pli giuvens. Surtut en la part centrala dal pajais è il fund geologic sa sbassà a partir dal perm, uschia che las stresas da sediment cuntanschan per part in’autezza da fin a 10 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flums">Flums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifitgar secziun: Flums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Flums"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_w_Warszawie_widok_przez_Wis%C5%82%C4%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_w_Warszawie_widok_przez_Wis%C5%82%C4%99.jpg/200px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_w_Warszawie_widok_przez_Wis%C5%82%C4%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_w_Warszawie_widok_przez_Wis%C5%82%C4%99.jpg/300px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_w_Warszawie_widok_przez_Wis%C5%82%C4%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_w_Warszawie_widok_przez_Wis%C5%82%C4%99.jpg/400px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_w_Warszawie_widok_przez_Wis%C5%82%C4%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>La Wisła a Varsovia</figcaption></figure> <p>Ils pli lungs flums èn Wisła cun 1022 km, Odra cun 840 km, Warta cun 795 km e Bug cun 774 km. </p><p>Il Bug furma il cunfin oriental dal pajais. La Wisła e l’Odra mainan, sco blers flums pli pitschens en la Pomarania, en la Mar da l’Ost. Quests dus flums domineschan las relaziuns idrografic-fluvialas dal pajais. Intgins flums mainan lur aua en la Mar dal Nord, auters sur il Danubi ed il Dnister en la Mar Naira. </p><p>Ils flums polonais èn gia vegnids duvrads fitg baud per la navigaziun. Gia ils <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> han fatg diever per lur expediziuns da sblundregiada tras l’Europa da talas vias d’aua (surtut Wisła ed Odra). En il temp medieval e temp modern tempriv, cur che la Pologna e la Lituania tutgavan tar las pli impurtantas furnituras da granezza en tut l’Europa, èn products agrars vegnids manads sur la Wisła en direcziun Gdańsk e vinavant en l’Europa dal Vest. Da quai dattan fin oz perditga blers gronds magazins e graners da la renaschientscha e dal temp baroc en las citads situadas per lung dal flum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lais">Lais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifitgar secziun: Lais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Lais"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:3_Wigry_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3_Wigry_10.jpg/200px-3_Wigry_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3_Wigry_10.jpg/300px-3_Wigry_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/3_Wigry_10.jpg/400px-3_Wigry_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Il lai Wigry en la Podlachia</figcaption></figure> <p>Cun radund 9300 auas serradas da las qualas la surfatscha surpassa ina hectara, tutga la Pologna tar ils pajais dal mund cun ils pli blers lais. En l’Europa ha be la Finlanda dapli lais per km² che la Pologna. Ils pli gronds lais, cun ina surfatscha da bundant 100 km², èn Śniardwy e Mamry en la Masuria sco er Jezioro Łebsko e Jezioro Drawsko en la Pomarania. Sper las plattas da lais en il nord (Masuria, Pomarania, Caschubia, Gronda Pologna) datti er in grond dumber da lais alpins en la Tatra, dals quals il Morskie Oko è il pli grond. </p><p>Tar ils emprims lais, dals quals las rivas èn vegnidas populadas, tutgan quels da la Platta da lais da la Gronda Pologna. Il vitg da palissadas da Biskupin, en il qual abitavan bundant 1000 persunas, è vegnì fundà gia avant il 7avel millenni a.C. ed appartegneva a la Cultura da la Lusacia. Ils perdavants dals Polonais odierns, ils Polans, han construì lur emprimas turs sin inslas situadas en lais. Il prinzi legendar Popiel duai avair regì en il 8avel tschientaner a Kruszwica al Lai da Gopło. Er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieszko I (n'exista betg)">Mieszko I</a>, l’emprim regent da la Pologna ch’è documentà istoricamain, aveva ses palaz sin in’insla situada en il flum Warta a Poznań. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa">Costa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifitgar secziun: Costa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Costa"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Slowinski_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slowinski_National_Park.jpg/200px-Slowinski_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slowinski_National_Park.jpg/300px-Slowinski_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slowinski_National_Park.jpg/400px-Slowinski_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Dunas en il Parc naziunal da Słowiński</figcaption></figure> <p>La costa da la Mar da l’Ost ch’appartegna a la Pologna s’extenda sur ina lunghezza da 528 km e tanscha da Świnoujście sin las inslas Usedom e Wolin en il vest fin a Krynica Morska en l’ost. Tar la costa polonaisa sa tracti per gronda part d’ina costa sablunusa ch’è, pervi dal current e dal vent, segnada d’in moviment cuntinuant dal sablun. Tras quai sa furman bleras costas stippas, dunas e lieungas da terra. La pli gronda insla polonaisa en la Mar da l’Ost è Wolin. Las pli grondas citads da port èn Gdynia, Gdańsk, Szczecin e Świnoujście. Ils pli enconuschents lieus da bogn a la Mar da l’Ost èn Świnoujście, Zoppot, Międzyzdroje, Kołobrzeg, Łeba, Władysławowo e Jurata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muntognas">Muntognas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifitgar secziun: Muntognas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Muntognas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las trais pli impurtantas chadainas da muntognas en Pologna èn, dal vest a l’ost, las Sudetas, las Carpatas e las Muntognas da Świętokrzyskie. Tuttas trais muntognas sa dividan puspè en chadainas pli pitschnas. </p><p>Las Sudetas èn caracterisadas da surfatschas miaivlas, gulivas en las autezzas e da furmas fitg stippas vers il fund da las vals. La pli auta part da las Sudetas furman las Muntognas dals Gigants cun il Śnieżka (1602 m). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg/200px-Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg/300px-Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg/400px-Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Impressiun da l’Auta Tatra</figcaption></figure> <p>La pli gronda part da las Carpatas polonaisas cumpiglian las Beskidas. Cun 1725 m è il Babia Góra la pli auta muntogna mesauna en tut l’Europa Centrala. Ulteriuras chadainas da las Carpatas polonaisas furman Gorce e Pieniny. En il sidost dal pajais èn situadas las Baskidas Orientalas cun la chadaina da muntogna Bieszczady. </p><p>La Tatra al cunfin tranter la Pologna e la Slovachia furma sper las Alps la suletta auta muntogna en l’Europa Centrala. Dals radund 70 pizs da la Pologna ch’èn pli auts che 2000 meters sa chattan tuts en l’Auta Tatra u en la Tatra dal Vest. Il pli aut punct dal pajais furma in piz lateral dal Rysy cun 2499 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depressiun">Depressiun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifitgar secziun: Depressiun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Depressiun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fin il 2013 valeva il lieu Raczki Elbląskie en il delta da la Wisła sco il punct il pli bass dal pajais (1,8 m sut il livel da la mar). Novas mesiraziuns han mussà che quest record tutga al vitg Marzęcino che sa chatta medemamain en il delta da la Wisła. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilisaziun_dal_terren">Utilisaziun dal terren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifitgar secziun: Utilisaziun dal terren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Utilisaziun dal terren"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>27 % dal pajais èn cuverts cun guaud. Grondas parts da la Pologna èn segnadas da guauds da tieus e da faus. En il nordvest domineschan surtut ils faus, vers nordost crescha la cumpart da tieus. En las muntognas da la Pologna dal Sid prevalan guauds maschadads da ruvers e faus resp. da pigns e faus. </p><p>Bundant la mesadad da la surfatscha da la Pologna vegn cultivada; la surfatscha totala dals ers sa sminuescha da preschent in pau, entant ch’il terren cultivà restant vegn utilisà a moda pli intensiva. L’allevament da muvel è surtut derasà vastamain en las regiuns muntagnardas. </p><p>Bundant in procent dal territori statal (3145 km²) vegnan protegids en furma da 23 parcs naziunals. En quest reguard sa chatta la Pologna sin l’emprim plaz en tut l’Europa. Vitiers vegnan numerus reservats e territoris da protecziun da la natira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_e_fauna">Flora e fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifitgar secziun: Flora e fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Flora e fauna"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Wisent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wisent.jpg/200px-Wisent.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wisent.jpg/300px-Wisent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wisent.jpg/400px-Wisent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Bison europeic en il parc naziunal da Białowieża</figcaption></figure> <p>Il dumber da las spezias d’animals e da plantas en la Pologna è il pli aut da l’entira Uniun europeica<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; medemamain na dat nagin auter pajais dimora ad in uschè aut dumber da spezias smanatschadas. Uschia vivan qua anc animals ch’èn gia morts ora en vastas parts da l’Europa sco il bison europeic, l’urs brin, il luf, il luf-tscherver, l’elan u il castur. Ultra da quai datti en l’ost da la Pologna guauds selvadis che n’èn mai vegnids runcads (p.ex. il guaud selvadi da Białowieża). </p><p>La Pologna furma er il pli impurtant territori da cuar dals utschels migrants europeics. Radund in quart da tut ils utschels migrants che vegnan la stad en l’Europa cuan en Pologna. Quai vala surtut per las plattas da lais e per las palids che stattan savens sut protecziun da la natira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clima">Clima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifitgar secziun: Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Clima"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Pologna è segnada d’in clima transitoric. Qua frunta l’aria sitga dal continent eurasian sin l’aria umida da l’Atlantic. En il nord e vest prevala surtut in clima maritim moderà, en l’ost e sidost in clima continental. Sco lingia da cunfin vala l’axa tranter la part superiura da la Warta e la part inferiura da la Wisła.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dal fanadur fin il settember suflan ils vents per ordinari nà dal vest; l’enviern, surtut il december e schaner, domineschan vents nà da l’ost. La primavaira e l’atun mida la direcziun dal vent tranter vest ed ost. </p><p>En la Tatra datti las pli autas precipitaziun annualas (en media 1700 mm), entant che quellas cumpiglian al nord da Varsovia, al Lai da Gopło, en il vest da Poznań e sper Bydgoszcz be gist 500 mm. Ils mais cun las pli grondas precipitaziuns èn l’avrigl ed il settember. Il schaner è il mais il pli fraid. L’enviern croda savens naiv en las differentas parts dal pajais. La temperatura media annuala munta tut tenor regiun a 5 fin 7 °C resp. 8 fin 10 °C; en las regiuns da las Carpatas e da las Sudetas situadas il pli ad aut croda la media annuala fin ca. 0 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Populaziun">Populaziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifitgar secziun: Populaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=12" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Populaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structura_demografica">Structura demografica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifitgar secziun: Structura demografica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=13" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Structura demografica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cun radund 38 milliuns abitants (situaziun dal 2016) dumbra la Pologna la otgavel gronda populaziun en l’Europa e la sisavel gronda entaifer l’Uniun europeica. La spessezza da la populaziun munta a 122 abitants per kilometer quadrat. La rata da naschientschas giascha tar 1,34 uffants per dunna. L’aspectativa da vita ha muntà tranter il 2010 ed il 2015 77,6 onns (umens: 73,7, dunnas 81,7). La vegliadetgna media muntava il 2016 40,4 onns. Fin la mesadad dal tschientaner quintan ins che la vegliadetgna media creschia marcantamain e ch’il dumber da la populaziun pudess sa sbassar sin 33 milliuns abitants. Ils motivs èn la quota da naschientschas relativamain bassa sco er l’emigraziun.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etnias">Etnias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifitgar secziun: Etnias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=14" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Etnias"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Bilingual_Polish-Belarusian_Street_Sign_Dydule.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bilingual_Polish-Belarusian_Street_Sign_Dydule.JPG/200px-Bilingual_Polish-Belarusian_Street_Sign_Dydule.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bilingual_Polish-Belarusian_Street_Sign_Dydule.JPG/300px-Bilingual_Polish-Belarusian_Street_Sign_Dydule.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bilingual_Polish-Belarusian_Street_Sign_Dydule.JPG/400px-Bilingual_Polish-Belarusian_Street_Sign_Dydule.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Tavla da traffic bilingua polonais-bieloruss sper Białystok</figcaption></figure> <p>Ord vista etnica furma la Pologna odierna in stadi ordvart omogen, quai ch’è nunusità per l’istorgia dal pajais. Tenor la dumbraziun dal pievel dal 2011 èn 99,7 % da la populaziun burgais polonais; da quels sa designeschan 95,53 % sco Polonais (2,17 % cun inditgar supplementarmain in’ulteriura identitad). Suenter la <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala">Segunda Guerra mundiala</a> èsi stà ina da las finamiras dal reschim communistic da cuntanscher omogenitad tranter auter cun translocaziuns sfurzadas u cun assimilar minoritads etnicas. En la constituziun dal 1947 era vegnida garantida l’egualitad dals burgais senza resguard sin la naziunalitad; l’onn 1960 han ins però pussibilità dretgs spezials per minoritads.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dapi il 1997 è la protecziun da minoritads francada en la constituziun. </p><p>A las minoritads naziunalas appartegnan ils Tudestgs (0,28 %), Bieloruss (0,12 %), Ucranais (0,12 %) e Russ (0,03 %), sco er Lituans, Tschecs, Slovacs ed Armens. Minoritads etnicas furman ils Caschubs (0,59 %), Roma (0,04 %), Lemkos (0,03 %) sco er Tatars, Caraits e Gidieus. Plinavant vivan en la Pologna radund 2,1 % Silesians; quels considereschan sasezs per part sco Tudestgs, per part sco Polonais. </p><p>Ina lescha areguard las minoritads naziunalas ed etnicas sco er davart las linguas regiunalas han ins relaschà il 2005. En quella vegn tranter auter statuì che vischnancas, en las qualas dapli che 20 % appartegnan ad ina minoritad, pon far diever da la lingua respectiva sco lingua auxiliara. La suletta lingua regiunala renconuschida furma il caschub; ma er en territoris cun ina minoritad da lingua tudestga èn las tavlas dal lieu scrittas en duas linguas. </p><p>La gronda part da las persunas da l’exteriur ch’èn idas a star ils ultims onns en la Pologna derivan da stadis commembers da l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a> (surtut <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>). Ulteriuras gruppas da migraziun pli grondas derivan dals stadis vischins <a href="/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia">Bielorussia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> sco er dal <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, da la <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_da_la_China" title="Republica Populara da la China">Republica Populara da la China</a>, da la <a href="/wiki/Tirchia" title="Tirchia">Tirchia</a>, dal <a href="/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan">Kasachstan</a> e da la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigeria (n'exista betg)">Nigeria</a>. </p><p>Il dumber da Polonais che vivan a l’exteriur vegn stimà en tut il mund sin fin a 20 milliuns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguas">Linguas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifitgar secziun: Linguas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=15" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Linguas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Polish-alphabet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Polish-alphabet.png/220px-Polish-alphabet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Polish-alphabet.png/330px-Polish-alphabet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Polish-alphabet.png/440px-Polish-alphabet.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Alfabet polonais</figcaption></figure> <p>La lingua naziunala da la Pologna è il polonais ch’appartegna a la gruppa da las linguas slavas dal vest. Il 1990 duvravan en Pologna da 38 milliuns abitants radund 37 milliuns il polonais sco lingua da mintgadi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daspera existan las linguas minoritaras ch’appartegnan a las minoritads naziunalas et etnicas menziunadas survart. </p><p>Cumbain ch’il polonais dominava gia pli baud en la vita da mintgadi, ha il latin furmà fin il 18avel tschientaner la lingua administrativa, da baselgia e da scola. Tar las pli veglias perditgas da la lingua polonaisa en furma scritta sa tracti da nums e glossas cuntegnids en documents latins, surtut en la Bulla da Gniezno da papa Innocent II da l’onn 1136, en la quala cumparan bunamain 400 singuls nums da lieus e da persunas en lingua polonaisa. L’emprima construcziun cumpletta en polonais è cuntegnida en ina cronica dal 1270, ed en la litteratura è il polonais vegnì plaunsieu en diever a partir dal 14avel tschientaner. A partir dal 16avel tschientaner, cur che la lingua è er vegnida en diever a moda pli intensiva sco lingua litterara, è sa sviluppà il polonais da standard. Durant las spartiziuns dal pajais da la fin dal 18avel fin l’entschatta dal 20avel tschientaner è il polonais vegnì stgatschà tras il russ resp. tudestg. </p><p>Cur ch’il stadi polonais è sa constituì da nov l’onn 1918 è la lingua polonaisa daventada la lingua uffiziala. Da quel temp discurrivan radund 65 % polonais sco lingua materna; l’ulteriura populaziun discurriva ucranais, bieloruss, tudestg, jiddic ed autras linguas. Dapi ch’ins ha spustà vers vest ils cunfins dal pajais (la fin dals onns 1940), furma la Pologna per l’emprima giada in stadi ch’è etnicamain relativamain omogen. Radund 95 % fin 98 % da la populaziun èn Polonais e correspundentamain dominanta è er la preschientscha da la lingua polonaisa en il mintgadi. </p><p>L’ortografia polonaisa sa basa sin l’alfabet latin. Quel han ins cumplettà cun bustabs e segns diacritics sco , Ć, Ę, Ł, Ń, Ó, Ś, Ź e Ż. Ils bustabs Q, V e X fan bain part da l’alfabet polonais, ma cumparan be en pleds esters. </p><p>Ils dialects polonais sa dividan tradiziunalmain en tschintg gruppas: polonais grond, polonais pitschen, masov, silesian e caschub. Vitiers vegnan dialects maschadads en ils territoris ch’èn sa furmads en rom da las translocaziuns da Polonais suenter la Segunda Guerra mundiala. Il caschub vegn er resguardà sco atgna lingua. </p><p>Radund 8 milliuns persunas dovran il polonais ordaifer il territori statal da la Pologna sco lingua da famiglia. Suenter il russ è il polonais la lingua slava la pli frequenta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religiuns">Religiuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifitgar secziun: Religiuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=16" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Religiuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Wang,_Karpacz_-_44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Wang%2C_Karpacz_-_44.jpg/170px-%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Wang%2C_Karpacz_-_44.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Wang%2C_Karpacz_-_44.jpg/255px-%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Wang%2C_Karpacz_-_44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Wang%2C_Karpacz_-_44.jpg/340px-%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Wang%2C_Karpacz_-_44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Baselgia evangelica a Karpacz</figcaption></figure> <p>Dapi la <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala">Segunda Guerra mundiala</a> e la spustada da la Pologna vers vest è il pajais per gronda part catolic. 87 % da la populaziun appartegnan a la baselgia catolic-romana (situaziun dal 2011); avant il 1939 eran quai 66 %. En enquistas actualas inditgeschan bundant la mesadad dals catolics da pratitgar lur cretta. La segund gronda cuminanza religiusa è la baselgia ortodoxa (0,5 milliuns il 2006, quai che correspunda a 1,3 % da la populaziun). Avant il 1939 appartegnevan anc 11 % da la populaziun a la baselgia ortodoxa. Ulteriuras confessiuns cristianas ed autras religiuns (gidieus, muslims etc.) furman minoritads fitg pitschnas. </p><p>Las regiuns dal stadi polonais odiern ch’èn situadas il pli al vest (Silesia Inferiura, Brandenburg da l’Ost, Prussia dal Vest, Pomarania Davos) eran oriundamain per gronda part da confessiun evangelic-luterana. Quai è sa midà en quel mument che la populaziun indigena (tudestga) è emmigrada vers vest suenter la fin da la Segunda Guerra mundiala. Percunter era la populaziun da lingua tudestga ch’è vegnida stgatschada a partir dal 1945 da las regiuns Silesia Superiura e Varmia surtut da confessiun catolica. </p><p>In’auta stima giauda en la Pologna papa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gion_Paul_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gion Paul II (n'exista betg)">Gion Paul II</a> (1920–2005). Avant si’elecziun sco papa (1978) è el stà sco Karol Wojtyła archuvestg da Cracovia. Ils onns 1980 e 1990 ha el giugà in’impurtanta rolla durant la fin dal bloc da l’ost.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avant che las stirpas polonaisas èn vegnidas cristianisadas han quellas enconuschì, sco auters pievels dals Slavs dal vest er, in sistem religius politeistic. Il dieu principal furmava Świętowit; statuas da quest dieu cun quatter chaus han ins chattà tranter la Pomarania e l’Ucraina. Parzialmain ha questa religiun pudì sa mantegnair fin en il 14avel tschientaner. Surtut en il nordost dal pajais han ins ultra da quai pratitgà in cult dals perdavants ch’è per part sa mantegnì fin en il 19avel tschientaner, ed al qual la litteratura romantica è puspè sa referida (p.ex. Adam Mickiewicz). </p><p>Probablamain èn las stirpas polonaisas vegnidas en il decurs dal 9avel tschientaner en contact cun la cretta cristiana (sur il Reginavel da la Gronda Moravia). Sco ch’intgins cronists rapportan, duai il cristianissem tenor il ritus bizantin gia esser vegnì introducì en la regiun da Cracovia dal temp dals apostels slavs Kyrillos e Methodios. L’onn 965 ha alura il duca da la Pologna, Mieszko I, maridà la princessa boemiana Dubrawka ed ha sa laschà battegiar l’onn proxim tenor il ritus latin. Uschia han er ses subdits gì da s’orientar tenor il cristianissem occidental. En il temp medieval n’è la Pologna però mai stada omogena areguard la cretta. Anc avant ch’il cristianissem sa possia insumma metter tras dapertut, èn immigrads suenter l’Edict da toleranza da Kalisz dal 1265 gidieus da l’Europa dal Vest e hussits da la Boemia. E tras l’uniun cun la Lituania ils onns 1386 e 1569 èn cristians ortodoxs da lingua bielorussa ed ucranaisa vegnids sut il domini dals reginavels polonais. Il luteranissem (a partir dal 16avel tschientaner) ha surtut chattà buna accoglientscha entaifer la populaziun tudestga da las citads da la Pologna dal Nord, entant ch’il calvinissem è vegnì recepì da l’aristocrazia pitschna, la Szlachta. Il 1555 han ins debattà davart la dumonda da stgaffir en la Pologna ina baselgia naziunala protestanta. Quest pass na duev’ins la finala bain betg far, ma ils ‹Articuli Henriciani› dal 1573 han segirà en la constituziun polonaisa la libertad da cretta individuala, uschia ch’i n’èn mai proruttas guerras religiusas en la Pologna. Il 1596 è sa constituida la baselgia catolic-greca; ma en il decurs dal 17avel tschientaner èsi reussì a la cuntrarefurmaziun da manar la gronda part da las persunas d’autra confessiun sin la vart catolic-romana. </p><p>Vers la fin dal 17avel tschientaner ha il retg polonais colonisà tatars muslims en la Podlachia. Ina minoritad muslima relativamain gronda viveva er enturn Kamieniec Podolski en la Podolia ch’ha appartegnì tranter il 1672 ed il 1699 a l’Imperi osmanic. </p><p>Ils gidieus polonais èn dividids dapi il 18avel tschientaner en duas direcziuns da cretta dominantas, ils haskala illuminads ed ils chassids ortodoxs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorgia">Istorgia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifitgar secziun: Istorgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=17" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Istorgia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istorgia_tempriva_e_fundaziun_dal_ducadi_da_la_Pologna">Istorgia tempriva e fundaziun dal ducadi da la Pologna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifitgar secziun: Istorgia tempriva e fundaziun dal ducadi da la Pologna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=18" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Istorgia tempriva e fundaziun dal ducadi da la Pologna"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png/230px-West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png" decoding="async" width="230" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png/345px-West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png/460px-West_slavs_9th-10th_c..png 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Repartiziun dals Slavs dal vest en il temp medieval tempriv</figcaption></figure> <p>Ils Romans han gia menziunà enturn la naschientscha da Cristus las duas citads Kalisz e Truso. In pau avant l’onn 200 a.C. avevan stirpas germanas colonisà vastas parts da la Pologna odierna. Funtaunas scrittas rapportan da Gots, Vandals, Lugiens e Burgognais. Perditgas archeologicas da quel temp furman la Cultura da Przeworsk (a partir da 250 ni 200 a.C.) e la Cultura da Wielbark (a partir da ca. 100 a.C.). Tranter 250 s.C. e 450 s.C. èn ils Germans da l’Ost ids vinavant en l’Italia, en Germania, Frantscha, Spagna e Tunesia ed èn sa maschadads cun la populaziun indigena. A medem temp ha la migraziun dals pievels manà auters pievels en la Pologna odierna, tranter quels ils Balts ed ils Slavs. A lunga vista èn sa domiciliads dapi il 5avel tschientaner ils Slavs dal Vest en il territori da la Pologna. Avant la fundaziun dal ducadi da la Pologna han Vikings, Ungarais e Moravs fatg invasiuns da rapina en la Pologna. Cun quest temp èn er colliadas las ditgas enturn ils emprims prinzis legendars da la Pologna Popiel, Piast, Lech e Siemowit. </p><p>Il Ducadi da la Pologna è vegnì fundà a l’entschatta dal 10avel tschientaner nà da Poznań e Gniezno. Il num da quel deriva dals Polans, ina stirpa dals Slavs dal Vest. Ils onns 960–992 ha il duca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieszko I (n'exista betg)">Mieszko I</a> or da la dinastia dals Piasts regnà il Ducadi; pass per pass ha el suttamess las ulteriuras stirpas dals Slavs dal Vest tranter ils flums Oder e Bug. </p><p>L’onn 966 ha Mieszko I sa laschà battegiar tenor il ritus catolic-roman. Sut Mieszko I e ses figl Bolesław il Valurus ha l’extensiun territoriala cuntanschì dimensiuns che correspundan fitg ferm als cunfins statals odierns. Vers l’onn 997 ha la Pologna fatg in’allianza politic-militara cun il Reginavel ostrofrancon. Durant l’Act da Gniezno l’onn 1000 han il regent da la Pologna Bolesław I e l’imperatur Otto III confermà quella. Cun la curunaziun da Bolesław l’onn 1025 è la Pologna vegnida auzada en il stadi d’in reginavel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temp_medieval_e_temp_modern_tempriv">Temp medieval e temp modern tempriv</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp medieval e temp modern tempriv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=19" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp medieval e temp modern tempriv"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Rzeczpospolita.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rzeczpospolita.png/230px-Rzeczpospolita.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rzeczpospolita.png/345px-Rzeczpospolita.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rzeczpospolita.png/460px-Rzeczpospolita.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Republica roiala Pologna-Lituania (1569–1795)</figcaption></figure> <p>Durant il temp da regenza dal Piast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz I (n'exista betg)">Kazimierz I</a> han ins translocà la chapitala l’onn 1040 da Gniezno a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cracovia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cracovia (n'exista betg)">Cracovia</a>. Suenter la mort da Bolesław III han ins introducì la constituziun da seniorat, tenor la quala ils figls da Bolesław III regivan las singulas parts dal pajais sut il seniorat dal pli vegl represchentant da la dinastia. Quest particularissem ha durà fin l’onn 1295 ed ha manà ad ina ferma sparpagliaziun da las forzas politicas en Pologna: Il 1138 è il pajais dà dapart en sis ducadis independents: Pitschna Pologna, Gronda Pologna, Pomarania, Pomerelia, Silesia e Masovia. Ils proxims onns èn singuls da quests ducadis anc sa dividids da lur vart en ducadis pli pitschens. Dus ducadis èn sa spartids dal tuttafatg dal territori dal reginavel ed èn ids lur atgna via, numnadamain la Pomarania il 1181 e la Pomerelia il 1227. La Silesia è daventada il 1348 ina part da la Boemia ed ha uschia fatg part dal Sontg Imperi roman. Ultra da quai han conquistas da vart da divers stadis (Boemia, Brandenburg, Urden teutonic) flaivlentà en il decurs dals proxims decennis la Pologna. Er la sconfitta cunter ils Mongols l’onn 1241 e las grondas spogliaziuns tras ils Tatars ch’èn suandadas han manà ad ina diminuziun dal dumber da la populaziun en ils ducadis parzials da la Pologna. </p><p>A l’entschatta dal 14avel tschientaner ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław I (n'exista betg)">Władysław I</a> puspè reunì la Pologna. Ses figl, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasimir_il_Grond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasimir il Grond (n'exista betg)">Kasimir il Grond</a>, ha cuntinuà la lavur da ses bab ed ha mess ad ir refurmas socialas ed economicas che duevan far da la Pologna ina pussanza dominanta entaifer l’Europa Centrala. L’onn 1386 ha il gronduca Jagiełło da la Lituania maridà la regina polonaisa Jadwiga. El, <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław II Jagiełło (n'exista betg)">Władysław II Jagiełło</a>, ha stgaffì uschia il stadi dubel da la Pologna e Lituania che dueva influenzar durant ils proxims 400 onns a moda decisiva l’istorgia da l’Europa Centrala e da l’Ost. Suenter la Battaglia sper Grunwald (1410) e la gronda sconfitta da l’Urden teutonic ch’è stada colliada cun quella, è il stadi dubel da la Pologna e Lituania schizunt avanzà ad ina da las pussanzas continentalas las pli impurtantas. Sur lung temp ha la sfera d’influenza da quest pli grond stadi europeic tanschì da la Mar Baltica a la Mar Naira e da l’Adria fin avant las portas da Moscau. Sin iniziativa da l’ultim retg polonais da la dinastia dals Jagellons, Zygmunt August, è l’uniun persunala tranter la Pologna e la Lituania vegnida transfurmada l’onn 1569 a Lublin en in’uniun reala. Dapi lura furmavan la Pologna e la Lituania l’uschenumnada republica aristocratica ed uschia l’emprim stadi modern da l’Europa cun in sistem republican aristocratic e cun separaziun da las pussanzas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spartiziuns_–_suppressiun_e_cumbat_d’independenza"><span id="Spartiziuns_.E2.80.93_suppressiun_e_cumbat_d.E2.80.99independenza"></span>Spartiziuns – suppressiun e cumbat d’independenza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifitgar secziun: Spartiziuns – suppressiun e cumbat d’independenza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=20" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Spartiziuns – suppressiun e cumbat d’independenza"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Partitions_of_Poland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Partitions_of_Poland.png/230px-Partitions_of_Poland.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Partitions_of_Poland.png/345px-Partitions_of_Poland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Partitions_of_Poland.png/460px-Partitions_of_Poland.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Ils cunfins da la Pologna dal 1772 e las spartiziuns dals onns 1772, 1793 e 1795</figcaption></figure> <p>En il 17avel e 18avel tschientaner è la republica crudada en ina crisa cuntinuanta ch’è stada segnada da diversas guerras (cun la <a href="/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia">Svezia</a>, l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_osmanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperi osmanic (n'exista betg)">Imperi osmanic</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prussia (n'exista betg)">Prussia</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transilvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transilvania (n'exista betg)">Transilvania</a>), la mancanza da refurmas politicas e tumults a l’intern. Igl èn sa furmads magnats (uschenumnadas confederaziuns cunter ils interess dal stadi e dal retg), sullevaziuns da cosacs e confruntaziuns permanentas cun ils Tatars da la Crim en il sidost dal pajais. A flaivlentar vinavant il stadi han attribuì dus svilups: per l’ina l’elecziun da dinasts da l’exteriur sco retgs polonais (che na disponivan da nagina pussanza dinastica en la Pologna e dependevan perquai da la bainvulientscha da l’auta aristocrazia); per l’autra il fatg che l’aristocrazia polonaisa, la Szlachta ed ils magnats eran sezs en dischuniun. Ord vista polonaisa vegn surtut l’influenza da l’uschenumnà temp dals Saxons considerada sco ordvart negativa per l’ulteriur svilup dal stadi polonais. </p><p>Er il fatg ch’ins ha ratifitgà l’onn 1791 l’emprima constituziun europeica moderna insumma n’ha betg pudì franar la fin da la republica aristocratica. En las trais spartiziuns da la Pologna ils onns 1772, 1793 e 1795 han ils vischins profità da la flaivlezza interna da la Pologna: la Prussia, l’Austria e la Russia han attatgà a medem temp il pajais e la finala parti quel tranter pèr. La Pologna è uschia vegnida privada da sia suveranitad e stratga dapart en trais differents stadis. </p><p>Sut insistenza da l’imperatur franzos <a href="/wiki/Napoleun" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleun">Napoleun</a> è sa furmà l’onn 1807 – or da las acquisiziuns che la Prussia aveva fatg en rom da la segunda e terza spartiziun – in ducadi da Varsovia relativamain pitschen. A quest stadi vasal da la <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a> èsi reussì il 1809 da reconquistar da l’<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> parts da la Pitschna Pologna (Galizia dal Vest). Pervi da la sconfitta da l’allianza franzos-polonaisa en rom da la campagna militara en Russia l’onn 1812 ed en la Battaglia dals pievels sper Lipsia l’onn 1813 n’ha la suveranitad statala da la Pologna betg pudì vegnir restabilida; en rom dal Congress da Vienna, che vegniva dominà da las pussanzas da las anteriuras spartiziuns, han ins danovamain dividì il ducadi. Grondas parts da la Gronda Pologna èn puspè crudadas a la Pologna (sco provinza Poznań). Cracovia è daventà ina citad-stadi, la Republica Cracovia. Ils territoris restants, l’uschenumnada ‹Pologna dal Congress›, han ins attribuì il 1815 en uniun persunala a l’Imperi russ. Abstrahà dal regent communabel era quest Reginavel da la Pologna formalmain independent. Fin il 1831 ha quel giudì ina vasta autonomia. Il fatg che l’administraziun zaristica ha alura empruvà da dismetter pass per pass quest’autonomia ha manà a la sullevaziun da november da l’onn 1830. Quella dueva però far naufragi ed ha gì per consequenza che la populaziun polonaisa en las zonas respectivas è vegnida germanisada resp. russifitgada pli e pli fitg. Quest process è anc s’intensivà suenter in’ulteriura emprova da sullevaziun l’onn 1863: Il num Pologna è vegnì scumandà ed il pajais renumnà da las autoritads russas en Territori da la Wisła; svilups cumparegliabels han gì lieu sut ils Hohenzollern en las regiuns Pomerelia e Gronda Pologna. Be en la Galizia, la part da la Pologna che steva sut domini austriac, han las refurmas politicas che la chasa Habsburg-Lothringen ha mess ad ir dapi il 1867 lubì da mitschar da la suppressiun spiertala e naziunala. En la part russa ha alura la revoluziun dal 1905 muntà ina vieuta; en rom da quella dominavan l’emprim pretensiuns socialisticas, pli tard però er la dumonda da l’independenza naziunala.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independenza_e_Segunda_Republica_(1918–1939)"><span id="Independenza_e_Segunda_Republica_.281918.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Independenza e Segunda Republica (1918–1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifitgar secziun: Independenza e Segunda Republica (1918–1939)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=21" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Independenza e Segunda Republica (1918–1939)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Polen_administrativ_1921-1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polen_administrativ_1921-1939.png/210px-Polen_administrativ_1921-1939.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polen_administrativ_1921-1939.png/315px-Polen_administrativ_1921-1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polen_administrativ_1921-1939.png/420px-Polen_administrativ_1921-1939.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Sutdivisiun administrativa 1921–1939</figcaption></figure> <p>En il decurs da l’<a href="/wiki/Emprima_Guerra_mundiala" title="Emprima Guerra mundiala">Emprima Guerra mundiala</a> han la <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> e l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austria-Ungaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austria-Ungaria (n'exista betg)">Austria-Ungaria</a> decidì da fundar in agen stadi polonais or dal territori da la Pologna dal Congress ch’els avevan prendì davent da la Russia. Questa mesira dueva plitost restrenscher la sfera d’influenza russa che renconuscher il dretg da tut ils Polonais sin in agen stadi. Pervi dals eveniments da guerra n’han quests plans però betg pudì vegnir realisads. </p><p>Suenter l’Emprima Guerra mundiala ha la Pologna puspè recuperà sia suveranitad. Il Contract da pasch da Versailles ha confermà l’onn 1919 l’independenza da la Republica da la Pologna tenor il dretg internaziunal. La Pologna è uschia daventada in stadi fundatur da la Societad da las naziuns. A medem temp han ins concludì il zercladur 1919 en rom dal Contract da minoritads polonais da proteger la minoritad tudestga en Pologna. </p><p>Las pussanzas victuras avevan previs per l’Europa Centrala e da l’Ost cunfins statals tenor las maioritads da la populaziun correspundentas. La Republica da Weimar è uschia stada sfurzada da desister per gronda part da las provinzas prussianas Prussia dal Vest e Poznań; quellas aveva la Prussia annectà a ses temp en rom da las spartiziuns da la Pologna. Immediat suenter questa decisiun da las pussanzas victuras han 200 000 Tudestgs bandunà ils territoris ch’eran vegnids attribuids a la Republica da la Pologna ed èn sa rendids en Germania. </p><p>En la fasa da consolidaziun dal nov stadi hai dà divers conflicts cun ils stadis vischins. Per gronda part èn quels resultads da las relaziuns politicas nuncleras suenter la fin da las monarchias dals Hohenzollern (Germania) e dals Romanow (Russia). </p><p>A partir dal mars 1919 èsi reussì a la Pologna en la Guerra polonais-sovietica da conquistar vastas parts da l’Ucraina e da la Bielorussia. Igl è suandada ina cunteroffensiva sovietica ch’ha l’emprim gì success. En la Battaglia sper Varsovia l’onn 1920 ha l’Armada cotschna però subì grondas sperditas ed ha stuì sa retrair fin en l’Ucraina. Suenter la victoria dal marschal Józef Piłsudski cunter ils Bolschevics a la Wisła è il cunfin oriental da la Pologna vegnì fixà il mars 1921 radund 250 km a l’ost da la lingia da Curzon. </p><p>La lingia da Curzon marcava il cunfin oriental dal territori da colonisaziun polonais serrà. Ils territoris pli a l’ost (Kresy) eran segnads d’ina structura da la populaziun maschadada cun Polonais, Ucranais, Bieloruss, Lituans, Gidieus e Tudestgs, per il pli però cun ina predominanza polonaisa. Entant che la maioritad da la populaziun en las citads era per ordinari catolic-romana u gidieua, era la populaziun rurala per gronda part ortodoxa. Tuttina na dueva la finamira da Piłsudski d’etablir l’Ucraina sco ‹stadi neutral› independent tranter la Pologna e la Russia sovietica betg reussir. A Riga ha la Pologna renconuschì l’Ucraina sco part da l’Uniun sovietica da pli tard sut Mykola Skrypnyk. En ils territoris che la Russia sovietica ha concedì a la Pologna, a l’ost dal Bug Occidental, furmavan ils Polonais l’onn 1919 25 % da la populaziun. Il 1939, suenter ina politica da colonisaziun ch’ha favurisà ils Polonais, eran quai gia 38 %. Inslas linguisticas polonaisas en regiuns ucranaisas u bielorussas han furmà las regiuns da Pinsk, Łuck, Stanisławów e Lwów. Tut en tut eran en quest territori il 1939 da 13,5 milliuns abitants radund 3,5 milliuns Polonais. La regiun enturn Vilnius è restada fin oz per gronda part da lingua polonaisa e la citad da Vilnius sez furma, suenter che ses abitants polonais èn vegnids translocads suenter la guerra, in’insla linguistica lituana. </p><p>La consolidaziun interna dal nov stadi è sa mussada sco ordvart difficila pervi da la dischuniun tranter las partidas politicas ed ils differents sistems d’administraziun, d’economia, da furmaziun e da giustia ch’eran sa furmads durant la spartiziun dal pajais sco er pervi da la preschientscha da fermas minoritads etnicas (31 % da l’entira populaziun). Areguard la politica exteriura fascheva la Pologna l’emprim part dal sistem d’allianzas franzos. Ina cooperaziun cun ses dus pli gronds stadis vischins na vegniva betg en dumonda per la Pologna. Las relaziuns cun la Germania eran bloccadas per divers motivs: Per l’ina pervi da la politica restrictiva da la Pologna cunter la minoritad tudestga ch’ha manà a l’emigraziun da ca. 1 milliun burgais tudestgs, per l’autra pervi da la refusaziun da la regenza Stresemann d’acceptar il nov cunfin tudestg a l’ost e terzio pervi d’ina ‹guerra da duana› areguard la cotgla da la Silesia Superiura. En l’ost era en pli s’etablì cun il sistem sovietic in cuntrast politic-ideologic. </p><p>Ils 12 da matg 1926, suenter in culp da stadi, è marschal Piłsudski vegnì a la pussanza (1926–1928 e 1930 sco primminister, 1926–1935 sco minister da guerra). Per segirar ils cunfins vers ils stadis vischins han ins fatg patgs da nunagressiun cun l’Uniun sovietica (1932) e cun il Reich tudestg (1934). Il minister da l’exteriur Józef Beck aveva en egl l’avanzament da la Pologna ad ina pussanza egemoniala en la part orientala da l’Europa Centrala, da la Mar da l’Ost fin a l’Adria. Ses plans duevan però far naufragi pervi da la situaziun geopolitica. </p><p>Curt temp avant che la Pologna vegnia attatgada da la Germania naziunalsocialistica, ha ella tschentà en rom da la Cunvegna da Minca pretensiuns territorialas envers la Tschecoslovachia. Cunter la voluntad da la regenza tscheca ha la Pologna annectà l’october 1938 il territori dad Olsa ch’era populà per gronda part da Polonais ed il qual era vegnì occupà il 1919 da la Tschecoslovachia. Il prim da settember 1939 ha il Reich tudestg attatgà la Pologna. Er truppas dal stadi vasal tudestg Slovachia èn avanzadas sin territori polonais. Suenter che las parts occidentalas dal pajais eran idas a perder als invasurs tudestgs, ha cumenzà ils 17 da settember l’occupaziun sovietica da la Pologna da l’Ost. Quella avev’ins fatg sut il pretext da «proteger» la populaziun bielorussa ed ucranaisa. L’annexiun e spartiziun dal territori statal polonais avevan ils dus dictaturs decidì en in protocol supplementar secret al Patg da Hitler-Stalin. Cun quai è vegnida messa ad ir la Segunda Guerra mundiala, en il decurs da la quala tranter 5,62 e 5,82 milliuns burgais polonais (radund la mesadad da derivanza gidieua) èn vegnids per la vita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_(1939–1945)"><span id="Segunda_Guerra_mundiala_.281939.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Segunda Guerra mundiala (1939–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifitgar secziun: Segunda Guerra mundiala (1939–1945)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=22" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Segunda Guerra mundiala (1939–1945)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Obwieszczenie_1944-03-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Obwieszczenie_1944-03-21.jpg/200px-Obwieszczenie_1944-03-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Obwieszczenie_1944-03-21.jpg/300px-Obwieszczenie_1944-03-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Obwieszczenie_1944-03-21.jpg/400px-Obwieszczenie_1944-03-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>Mesiras da retorsiun tudestgas a Varsovia (1944)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Curzon-Linie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Curzon-Linie.svg/230px-Curzon-Linie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Curzon-Linie.svg/345px-Curzon-Linie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Curzon-Linie.svg/460px-Curzon-Linie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Midaments territorials dal 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Cun l’attatga da la Germania sin la Pologna il prim da settember 1939 ha cumenzà la <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala">Segunda Guerra mundiala</a>. Ils 17 da settember 1939 è marschada l’Armada Cotschna en la part orientala dal pajais. La notg dals 17 sin ils 18 da settember 1939 ha la regenza polonaisa bandunà il pajais ed è sa rendida en la Rumenia neutrala, pli tard a Paris ed il 1940 a Londra per organisar nà da là la resistenza. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> ha fatg cler da l’entschatta ennà ch’el veglia liquidar la classa regenta polonaisa. Be en il decurs dals emprims quatter mais dal domini d’occupaziun èn vegnidas sajettadas pliras 10 000 persunas. A l’entschatta dals onns 1940 han ils naziunalsocialists erigì plirs champs da concentraziun sin territori polonais, tranter quels ils champs da concentraziun e d’extirpaziun Auschwitz, Majdanek e Treblinka. Per grondas parts da la populaziun civila polonaisa ha il temp d’occupaziun gì consequenzas catastrofalas. En intgins cas èn er Polonais sa participads a la privaziun dals dretgs e deportaziun dals gidieus polonais. </p><p>Tar las finamiras centralas da la politica d’occupaziun en l’entir territori han tutgà: 1) eliminar ed extirpar ils gidieus polonais e l’intelligenza polonaisa; 2) spustar il cunfin tudestg vers ost ed extender il «spazi da viver en l’ost»; 3) rinforzar l’economia da guerra tudestga cun explotar il potenzial da forzas da lavur (en furma da lavur sfurzada) e las resursas materialas da la Pologna. La Gronda Pologna, las parts da la Prussia dal Vest ch’ins aveva stuì surlaschar il 1919 a la Pologna sco er la part orientala da la Silesia Superiura ha la Germania annectà. Las regiuns Pitschna Pologna, Masovia e Galizia cun radund 10 milliuns abitants han ins suttamess sco Guvernament general al minister dal Reich Hans Frank. Quel ha dirigì la politica da destrucziun nà dal Wawel, la sedia roiala dals anteriurs retgs polonais a Cracovia. </p><p>Er ils Polonais ch’èn vegnids sut domini sovietic èn stads pertutgads da mesiras violentas. Ins stima che radund 1,5 milliuns anteriurs burgais polonais sajan vegnids deportads. 300 000 schuldads polonais han stuì ir en praschunia da guerra sovietica; be 82 000 dad els han survivì. La gronda part dals uffiziers, ca. 30 000 persunas, èn vegnids assassinads l’onn 1940 da truppas sovieticas en la Mazzacra da Katyn ed en ils champs da praschuniers da guerra da Starobelsk, Koselsk ed Ostaschkow. </p><p>Il 1941 è sa furmada en la retroterra da l’Uniun sovietica da schuldads polonais l’Armada Anders che cumpigliava sis divisiuns. Pervi da mancanza d’equipament ed alimentaziun han ins però dischlocà questas unitads sur la Persia en il Proxim Orient, nua ch’ellas èn vegnidas subordinadas al commando britannic. Pli tard han ellas battì sco segund corps polonais en l’Italia. </p><p>Schuldads polonais han battì da la vart dals Alliads a praticamain tuttas fronts da la Segunda Guerra mundiala, da la Battaglia aviatica per l’Engalterra, en l’Africa, en l’Uniun sovietica ed a chaschun da l’invasiun en l’Italia ed en la Normandia. Ils schuldads polonais han uschia furmà, anc avant ils Franzos, la quart gronda armada dals Alliads sin il continent europeic. Gruppas da partisans polonais, las qualas han furmà il pli grond moviment da resistenza en l’Europa occupada, han er cumbattì en la Pologna sez. Suenter che l’Armada cotschna aveva surpassà il schaner 1944 il cunfin polonais dal 1939, han ins discharmà las truppas da l’Armada da la patria; ils uffiziers da quella èn vegnids sajettads u tramess en il gulag sovietic. Il cumbat da singulas unitads clandestinas cunter il reschim communistic ch’era dependent da l’Uniun sovietica ha cuntinuà fin la fin dals onns 1940. </p><p>Il prim d’avust 1944 ha cumenzà sin cumond da la regenza d’exil a Londra la Sullevaziun da Varsovia. L’Uniun sovietica, las truppas da la quala sa chattavan gia a la riva orientala da la Wisła, n’han praticamain betg sustegnì las unitads da l’Armada da la patria. E pervi da la gronda distanza n’era in agid effectiv da vart dals Alliads dal vest betg pussaivla. Uschia èsi reussì a las truppas d’occupaziun tudestgas d’abatter la pli gronda sullevaziun ch’è vegnida fatga en l’Europa cunter ils naziunalsocialists. Il dumber dals morts vegn stimà sin 180 000 fin 250 000. Silsuenter han ils Tudestgs destruì cun material explosiv quasi l’entir center da la citad da Varsovia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republica_populara_(1945–1989)"><span id="Republica_populara_.281945.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Republica populara (1945–1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifitgar secziun: Republica populara (1945–1989)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=23" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Republica populara (1945–1989)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Westverschiebung.Polens.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Westverschiebung.Polens.gif/230px-Westverschiebung.Polens.gif" decoding="async" width="230" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Westverschiebung.Polens.gif/345px-Westverschiebung.Polens.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Westverschiebung.Polens.gif/460px-Westverschiebung.Polens.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Posiziun dal territori statal avant (blau) e suenter la Segunda Guerra mundiala (cotschen)</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Suenter la fin da la Segunda Guerra mundiala han ins, tenor la Cunvegna da Potsdam, spustà ils cunfins da l’anteriur territori statal da la Pologna vers vest. Uschia ha la Pologna pers a l’Uniun sovietica il terz oriental da ses anteriur territori statal ch’era etnicamain maschadà, cun maioritads ucranaisas e bielorussas. La populaziun polonaisa ch’era sesenta en quests territoris, radund 1,5 milliuns umans, han ins sfurzà da dischlocar. Gia ils onns 1943/44 eran dieschmillis Polonais vegnids assassinads en las mazzacras a Volhynia e tschientmillis avevan stuì fugir. </p><p>En il vest ed en il nord han ins attribuì a la Pologna ils territoris situads a l’ost dals flums Oder e Neisse. Radund 5 milliuns Tudestgs eran fugids da là vers la fin da la guerra; cun in scumond d’entrar han ins impedì ch’els returnian. Suenter la guerra èn vegnids stgatschads 3,5 milliuns ulteriurs umans. Las pitschnas minoritads tudestgas ch’èn restadas enavos han survegnì nums polonais; il diever da la lingua tudestga han ins scumandà en Pologna.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En ils territoris «recuperads» en il vest èn ids a star trais milliuns burgais da la Pologna Centrala, radund in fin dus milliuns repatriants or da las regiuns da l’ost (Kresy) e l’onn 1947 ca. 150 000 Ucranais ch’èn vegnids stgatschads tras l’Acziun Wisła or dal territori da cunfin cun l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_sovietica" title="Uniun sovietica">Uniun sovietica</a>. </p><p>Ils novs cunfins èn vegnids reglads l’avust 1945 en rom da la Conferenza da Potsdam. En rom da la Cunvegna da Görlitz dal fanadur 1950 ha la Republica democratica tudestga renconuschì questa fixaziun dal cunfin, ed en rom da la cunvegna ch’è vegnida fatga il december 1970 a Varsovia er la Republica federala tudestga. </p><p>A l’occupaziun tudestga durant la Segunda Guerra mundiala è suandada la dictatura communistica. Il pajais è vegnì en la sfera d’influenza da l’Uniun sovietica ed è daventà sco Republica populara da la Pologna ina part dal bloc da l’ost. A partir dal 1956, suenter diversas sullevaziuns, han ins inizià in process da destalinisaziun sut il parsura da la partida communistica Władysław Gomułka. Fin l’onn 1989 è la Pologna stada integrada en il Cussegl per agid economic vicendaivel ed en il Patg da Varsovia. Il 1968 ha la Pologna gidà ad abatter la Primavaira da Prag. En furma da pliras sullevaziuns ha però er la populaziun polonaisa adina puspè exprimì sia malaveglia envers la regenza communistica (p.ex. en la Sullevaziun da Poznań, il 1970 a Gdańsk u il 1976 a Radom ed Ursus sper Varsovia). </p><p>Pir la fundaziun dal sindicat Solidarność sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lech Wałęsa (n'exista betg)">Lech Wałęsa</a> ha la finala mess ad ir la vieuta en la politica ed en la societad dal pajais che dueva culminar en ils eveniments revoluziunars dal 1980 fin 1989. En rom da quels han ins l’emprim proclamà il dretg da guerra, silsuenter han gì lieu discurs a la maisa radunda e la finala il zercladur 1989 las emprimas elecziuns libras en l’entir bloc da l’ost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terza_Republica_(dapi_il_1989)"><span id="Terza_Republica_.28dapi_il_1989.29"></span>Terza Republica (dapi il 1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifitgar secziun: Terza Republica (dapi il 1989)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=24" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Terza Republica (dapi il 1989)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tar las elecziuns en il parlament dal zercladur 1989 ha il Comité da burgais Solidarność, l’organisaziun politica dal sindicat Solidarność, gudagnà tut ils 161 (da 460) sezs en il Sejm ch’èn stads a libra elecziun e 99 da 100 sezs en il Senat ch’era vegnì reintroducì. Tadeusz Mazowiecki è daventà l’emprim primminister betg communistic da la Pologna dapi il 1945 e l’emprim schef da regenza betg communistic dals stadis dal Patg da Varsovia insumma. Ils 29 da december 1989 han ins midà la constituziun. Las disposiziuns areguard l’allianza cun l’Uniun sovietica ed ils stadis dal bloc da l’ost sco er la rolla dominanta da la partida communistica èn vegnidas stritgadas or da la constituziun. Ultra da quai han ins reintroducì l’anteriur num dal stadi <i>Rzeczpospolita Polska</i> (Republica da la Pologna) cun la veglia vopna. En gronds pass è er l’economia polonaisa vegnida transfurmada dapi il 1989 en in’economia da martgà (tenor il Plan Balcerowicz). Il december 1990 è l’anteriur parsura da la Solidarność Lech Wałęsa vegnì elegì en ina votaziun dal pievel sco president dal stadi. Il 1991 è la commembranza en il Patg da Varsovia ida a fin cun la dissoluziun da l’allianza militara. </p><p>Il december 1995 è <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski (n'exista betg)">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a> daventà successur da Wałęsa sco president dal stadi. Durant il temp d’uffizi da Kwaśniewski è la Pologna daventada il 1999 commembra da la NATO ed il 2004 da l’Uniun europeica (sco stadi il pli grond ed il pli ferm populà da tut ils 13 novs commembers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politica">Politica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifitgar secziun: Politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=25" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Politica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_politic">Sistem politic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifitgar secziun: Sistem politic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=26" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sistem politic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:PL_Sejm_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PL_Sejm_hall.jpg/220px-PL_Sejm_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PL_Sejm_hall.jpg/330px-PL_Sejm_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PL_Sejm_hall.jpg/440px-PL_Sejm_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sala plenara dal parlament polonais</figcaption></figure> <p>La Republica da la Pologna furma ina democrazia parlamentara. Il parlament sa cumpona da duas chombras: il Sejm (460 deputads) ed il Senat (100 senaturs). </p><p>Il Sejm è in dals pli vegls parlaments dal mund; el exista en diversas furmas e cun interrupziuns dapi l’onn 1493. Las partidas ch’èn represchentadas en il parlament sa gruppeschan sco fracziuns en la regenza ed en l’opposiziun. </p><p>L’executiva sa cumpona dal primminister e dal cussegl dals ministers e vegn nominada dal president dal stadi. Ensemen cun quel parta ella tschertas cumpetenzas (defensiun naziunala, politica da l’exteriur), ma tuttas duas instanzas han la finala da dar pled e fatg al parlament. Il president vegn elegì mintga tschintg onns directamain dal pievel; ina giada è admessa ina reelecziun. </p><p>La politica da l’intern è stada segnada ils onns 1990 da gronda dinamica entaifer il sistem da partidas. En il fratemp èn s’etablidas fermas structuras or da las partidas postcommunisticas e las forzas politicas dal moviment da Solidarność ch’èn dadas dapart. A l’intern drizza il pajais l’attenziun surtut sin las refurmas ch’al duain render abel da concurrer en l’economia globala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politica_da_l’exteriur"><span id="Politica_da_l.E2.80.99exteriur"></span>Politica da l’exteriur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifitgar secziun: Politica da l’exteriur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=27" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Politica da l’exteriur"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La politica exteriura da la Terza Republica è segnada da l’istorgia dal pajais e da sia posiziun geopolitica. Entaifer l’Uniun europeica sa stenta il pajais da mantegnair in aut grad d’autonomia. Entaifer l’Europa da l’Ost vesa la Pologna sasezza sco advocata da l’Ucraina areguard las relaziuns da quella envers la NATO e l’Uniun europeica. Envers ils anteriurs partenaris dal bloc da l’ost sa stenta la regenza da la Pologna da tgirar relaziuns stabilas ed amicablas, quai che serva er a l’economia polonaisa. </p><p>Ultra da quai furma la Pologna in fitg stretg allià dals Stadis Unids. Sin territori polonais èn er staziunadas truppas americanas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Militar">Militar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modifitgar secziun: Militar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=28" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Militar"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il president è il cumandant superiur da las forzas armadas polonaisas. Directamain è il militar però suttamess al minister da defensiun e consista da las forzas armadas terrestras, da la marina e da l’aviatica militara. </p><p>La Pologna ha actualmain radund 120 000 schuldads e 500 000 reservists. La pitga principala da las forzas armadas furman ils radund 1000 chars armads da cumbat. Blers da quels derivan però anc da producziun sovietica ed èn antiquads. Las forzas militaras aviaticas disponan da ca. 200 aviuns da cumbat, per gronda part medemamain models pli vegls. Actualmain è la Pologna londervi da modernisar sias forzas armadas. Quest process han ins intensivà en vista a la crisa en l’Ucraina e vegn er sustegnì dals Stadis Unids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administraziun">Administraziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modifitgar secziun: Administraziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=29" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Administraziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sutdivisiun_administrativa">Sutdivisiun administrativa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modifitgar secziun: Sutdivisiun administrativa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=30" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sutdivisiun administrativa"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dapi il 1999 è la Pologna dividida en 16 voivodias (<i>województwo</i>). Damai che la Pologna furma in stadi central, na disponan questas unitads territorialas da nagina qualitad statala. I suonda ina survista da las voivodias cun il dumber d’abitants (situaziun dal 2016): </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Wojewodztwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wojewodztwa.jpg/240px-Wojewodztwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wojewodztwa.jpg/360px-Wojewodztwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wojewodztwa.jpg/480px-Wojewodztwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Sutdivisiun administrativa</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Województwo warmińsko-mazurskie (1 436 367)</li> <li>Województwo wielkopolskie (3 481 625)</li> <li>Województwo świętokrzyskie (1 252 900)</li> <li>Województwo podkarpackie (2 127 656)</li> <li>Województwo małopolskie (3 382 260)</li> <li>Województwo kujawsko-pomorskie (2 083 927)</li> <li>Województwo lubuskie (1 017 376)</li> <li>Województwo łódzkie (2 485 323)</li> <li>Województwo lubelskie (2 133 340)</li> <li>Województwo mazowieckie (5 365 898)</li> <li>Województwo dolnośląskie (2 903 710)</li> <li>Województwo opolskie (993 036)</li> <li>Województwo podlaskie (1 186 625)</li> <li>Województwo pomorskie (2 315 611)</li> <li>Województwo śląskie (4 559 164)</li> <li>Województwo zachodniopomorskie (1 708 174)</li></ul> <p>Mintga voivodia dispona, sco autoritad autonoma, d’in’atgna represchentanza dal pievel, d’in’atgna suprastanza e d’in marschal sco parsura. Tar il voivod sa tracti percunter d’in represchentant da la regenza centrala a Varsovia ch’è responsabel per la controlla da l’autonomia da las voivodias e dals plauns statals inferiurs. </p><p>Las voivodias sa dividan en 380 circuls (<i>powiat</i>), ils quals sa cumponan da lur vart da radund 2500 vischnancas (<i>gmina</i>) (situaziun dal 2016). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citads">Citads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modifitgar secziun: Citads" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=31" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Citads"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las pli grondas citads da la Pologna èn Varsovia, Cracovia, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Bydgoszcz e Lublin. Las pli grondas aglomeraziuns furman Varsovia, la zona industriala da la Silesia Superiura e la regiun che cumpiglia las trais citads Gdańsk, Sopot e Gdynia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Modifitgar secziun: Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=32" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Economia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Warsaw7ob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Warsaw7ob.jpg/220px-Warsaw7ob.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Warsaw7ob.jpg/330px-Warsaw7ob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Warsaw7ob.jpg/440px-Warsaw7ob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ils sgrattatschiels a Varsovia sco segn dal svilup economic da la Terza Republica</figcaption></figure> <p>L’economia da la Pologna sa chattava il 2016 sin il 24avel plaz mundial, e quai tant areguard il product naziunal brut (467 647 milliuns dollars) sco er resguardond la paritad da la capacitad da cumpra (1 054 319 milliuns dollars). </p><p>Dapi la fin dal socialissem è l’economia polonaisa sa sviluppada relativamain bain. Ils ultims onns ha la Pologna pudì nudar ina creschientscha economica respectabla. Quella vegn promovida tras ina politica favuraivla a l’economia, stabilitad areguard la politica fiscala, in dretg da lavur flexibel, l’utilisaziun consequenta dals meds da promoziun da l’Uniun europeica per schlargiar l’infrastructura e betg il davos er tras investiziuns directas nà da l’exteriur. En congual cun il product naziunal brut da l’entira Uniun europeica ha la Pologna cuntanschì il 2015 in index da 69 (EU-28:100). </p><p>A nivel regiunal è il product naziunal brut repartì a moda fitg irregulara. Las regiuns las pli ritgas èn la Masovia (133 % da la media naziunala) e la Silesia Inferiura (114 %). Las regiuns las pli povras èn Lublin (68 %), las Subcarpatas (71 %) e Świętokrzyskie (74 %).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La dischoccupaziun muntava il 2016 a ca. 10,3 %. En il Global Competitiveness Index, che mesira la cumpetitivitad d’in pajais, sa chattava la Pologna il 2016/17 sin il 36avel plaz da 139 pajais. La Pologna vala sco in’economia publica fitg averta che profitescha fitg ferm dal commerzi liber entaifer l’Uniun europeica. </p><p>La Pologna è stà il sulet pajais europeic che n’è betg stà pertutgà d’ina recessiun durant la crisa globala dal 2008. Ils onns 2013 e 2014 era l’economia sa revegnida dal tuttafatg; entant che l’inflaziun muntava il 2010 2,581 %, regia dapi il 2014 deflaziun.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilantscha_dal_stadi">Bilantscha dal stadi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Modifitgar secziun: Bilantscha dal stadi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=33" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Bilantscha dal stadi"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il budget statal cumpigliava il 2016 expensas da 86,6 milliardas dollars ed entradas da 73,4 milliardas dollars. Da quai resulta in deficit en l’autezza da 2,8 % dal product naziunal brut. Ils debits dal stadi muntavan il 2016 a radund 253 milliardas dollars u 54,2 % dal product naziunal brut. </p><p>Da tut las expensas statalas ha la Pologna impundì il 2006 6,2 % per la sanadad, 5,5 % per la furmaziun e 1,7 % per il militar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerzi_cun_l’exteriur"><span id="Commerzi_cun_l.E2.80.99exteriur"></span>Commerzi cun l’exteriur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Modifitgar secziun: Commerzi cun l’exteriur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=34" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Commerzi cun l’exteriur"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’export ha cumpiglià l’onn 2016 183,0 milliardas euros e l’import 178,2 milliardas euros. Damai che la Pologna furma in lieu da producziun favuraivel per interpresas da l’exteriur, è la bilantscha commerziala en il fratemp positiva. Cun 27,4 % dals exports e 28,3 % dals imports furma la <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> il pli impurtant partenari commerzial. Ulteriurs impurtants partenaris da commerzi èn ils stadis commembers da l’Uniun europeica <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginavel_Un%C3%AC" title="Reginavel Unì">Reginavel Unì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pajais_Bass" title="Pajais Bass">Pajais Bass</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tschechia" title="Tschechia">Tschechia</a>, en pli la <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China (n'exista betg)">China</a> ed ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martgà_da_lavur"><span id="Martg.C3.A0_da_lavur"></span>Martgà da lavur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Modifitgar secziun: Martgà da lavur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=35" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Martgà da lavur"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La quota da dischoccupaziun ha muntà ils ultims onns tranter 7 e ca. 10 %. Quella è però derasada a moda fitg irregulara sin las singulas parts dal pajais. En las citads Poznań e Varsovia regia praticamain occupaziun cumplaina, en las regiuns ruralas da Varmia-Masuria percunter savens in dumber da dischoccupads tranter 10 e 15 %. </p><p>Radund 12 % da las persunas occupadas lavuravan il 2013 en l’agricultura, quai ch’è ina quota fitg auta en cumparegliaziun cun la media en l’Uniun europeica (5 %). 30,3 % lavuravan en l’industria e 57,8 % en il sectur da servetschs. Radund in terz da tut las plazzas da lavur fan part dal servetsch public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provediment_d’energia"><span id="Provediment_d.E2.80.99energia"></span>Provediment d’energia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Modifitgar secziun: Provediment d’energia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=36" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Provediment d’energia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La producziun d’electricitad brutta da tut las ovras electricas en Pologna ha muntà l’onn 2012 ca. 160 TWh. Per gronda part vegnan transfurmads charvun da crap e charvun da terra en energia (il 2012 88,6 % da tut la producziun d’electricitad). In dals motivs daco che la cumpart da la cotgla è uschè auta en Pologna, è da vesair en las stentas da la politica d’esser uschè independents sco pussaivel d’imports d’energia. Perquai sa metta la politica er cunter finamiras da protecziun dal clima memia ambiziusas, damai che quellas pudessan esser colliadas cun auts custs. Tuttina ha l’energia regenerabla pudì fitgar pe e crescha cuntinuadamain (surtut biomassa, energia da vent e forza idraulica). </p><p>Il pajais na posseda nagin’ovra atomara, mabain be in reactur d’emprova; dapi che quel aveva cuntanschì valurs criticas l’onn 1974 vegn el be manà cun dus terzs da la prestaziun. La planisaziun da novas ovras atomaras è vegnida sistida il 2013; ins ha argumentà questa renunzia cun ils custs che fissan memia auts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructura">Infrastructura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Modifitgar secziun: Infrastructura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=37" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Infrastructura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:B787_Dreamliner_SP-LRA_(8239516410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/B787_Dreamliner_SP-LRA_%288239516410%29.jpg/220px-B787_Dreamliner_SP-LRA_%288239516410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/B787_Dreamliner_SP-LRA_%288239516410%29.jpg/330px-B787_Dreamliner_SP-LRA_%288239516410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/B787_Dreamliner_SP-LRA_%288239516410%29.jpg/440px-B787_Dreamliner_SP-LRA_%288239516410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Aviun da la societad aviatica polonaisa LOT</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic">Traffic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Modifitgar secziun: Traffic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=38" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Traffic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Pologna è in impurtant pajais da transit, e quai tant en direcziun nord-sid sco er vest-ost e viceversa. Gia en l’antica ed en il temp medieval manavan bleras vias da commerzi tras la Pologna odierna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traffic_sin_via">Traffic sin via</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Modifitgar secziun: Traffic sin via" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=39" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Traffic sin via"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La rait da vias ha ina lunghezza totala da 382 000 km. Da quai èn radund 1400 km autostradas ed ulteriurs bundant 1000 km vias directas. La rait d’autostradas e da vias directas vegn schlargiada a moda rasanta. </p><p>Malgrà che la cumpart dal traffic individual crescha cuntinuadamain, ha il traffic public anc adina ina muntada extraordinaria. Quel sa splega surtut sur ina spessa rait da bus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viafier">Viafier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Modifitgar secziun: Viafier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=40" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Viafier"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sper la rait da bus gioga er la viafier vinavant ina rolla centrala entaifer l’infrastructura da traffic da la Pologna. Cun 23 430 km trategna la societad naziunala PKP PLK ina da las pli grondas raits da viafier en tut l’Europa. Al cunfin da l’ost frunta la viafier a binari normal sin il sistem russ ch’è pli lad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aviatica">Aviatica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Modifitgar secziun: Aviatica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=41" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Aviatica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Pologna dispona da 14 plazzas aviaticas (t.a. Varsovia, Cracovia, Katowice, Gdańsk, Wrocław). Ultra da quai datti 123 plazzas aviaticas naziunalas e trais basas da helicopters. Dapi che la Pologna ha avert il traffic en l’aria per societads aviaticas a pretsch bass, crescha il dumber da passagiers a moda rasanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Navigaziun">Navigaziun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Modifitgar secziun: Navigaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=42" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Navigaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Pologna dispona da 3182 kilometers flums e chanals navigabels. La flotta commerziala d’ultramar sa cumpona da bundant 100 bastiments. Ils pli impurtants ports da la Pologna èn Gdańsk, la gruppa da ports Szczecin-Świnoujście e Gdynia. A l’intern dal pajais èn surtut ils ports da Varsovia, Gliwice e Wrocław d’impurtanza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furmaziun">Furmaziun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Modifitgar secziun: Furmaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=43" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Furmaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sistem_da_scola">Sistem da scola</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Modifitgar secziun: Sistem da scola" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=44" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sistem da scola"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il sistem da furmaziun da la Pologna sa cumpona da las scolinas, scolas elementaras, scolas medias, scolas cuntinuantas e scolas autas. Da las scolas cuntinuantas fan part ils gimnasis da furmaziun generala, ils gimnasis professiunals, las scolas professiunalas superiuras e la scolaziun professiunala da basa. </p><p>En Pologna frequentan quasi dus milliuns students scolas autas. L’onn 2008 devi en l’entir pajais 130 scolas autas statalas e 315 scolas autas betg statalas. Il studi a scolas autas statalas è da princip gratuit, sche quel ha lieu a temp cumplain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scienza">Scienza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Modifitgar secziun: Scienza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=45" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Scienza"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Marie_Curie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Marie_Curie.jpg/160px-Marie_Curie.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Marie_Curie.jpg/240px-Marie_Curie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Marie_Curie.jpg/320px-Marie_Curie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>Marie Skłodowska-Curie</figcaption></figure> <p>Gia a partir da la fundaziun dals uvestgieus enturn l’onn 1000 han ins installà successivamain en las sedias episcopalas novas scolas da baselgia. Cun l’urden dals cisterziens è er la scienza occidentala arrivada en la Pologna. L’onn 1364 ha Casimir il Grond fundà l’universitad da Cracovia, la segund veglia da l’entira Europa Centrala. Ella è stada l’emprima universitad che disponiva d’ina atgna professura per matematica ed astronomia. Il rectur da quella Paweł Włodkowic – in dals pli impurtants scienziads da dretg internaziunal da quel temp – ha formulà a chaschun dal Concil da Trient (1415) la tesa che era pievels pajauns hajan il dretg da disponer d’in agen stadi e che quels na dastgian betg vegnir cristianisads cun la spada. Ch’el n’ha betg stuì subir il medem destin sco ses collega da Prag <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Hus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Hus (n'exista betg)">Jan Hus</a> ha el gì d’engraziar als numerus chavaliers polonais ch’eran preschents al concil. </p><p>La scienza en Pologna ha cuntanschì sia culminaziun dal temp da l’umanissem. In dals students da Cracovia era <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Copernicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolaus Copernicus (n'exista betg)">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>; qua ha el tranter auter s’acquistà ils fundaments matematics ed astronomics ch’al duevan pussibilitar pli tard da sviluppar la concepziun dal mund heliocentrica. Suenter las guerras dal 17avel tschientaner n’ha la scienza però betg pli cuntanschì il nivel d’antruras. </p><p>A l’entschatta dal 19avel tschientaner han ins organisà da nov il sistem da furmaziun. Cun crear l’emprim ministeri da furmaziun dal mund ha la Pologna schizunt prestà lavur da pionier sin quest sectur. La fundaziun da novas instituziuns a Varsovia (academia da las scienzas ed universitad) ha mess ad ir in nov svilup sin il sectur da las scienzas e da la perscrutaziun. Vers il 1850 ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacy Łukasiewicz (n'exista betg)">Ignacy Łukasiewicz</a> scuvert ina metoda da destillar petroli. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_Cybulski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon Cybulski (n'exista betg)">Napoleon Cybulski</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Szymonowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Szymonowicz (n'exista betg)">Władysław Szymonowicz</a> han stgaffì l’endocrinologia (scienza da las glondas) moderna. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_Wr%C3%B3blewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygmunt Wróblewski (n'exista betg)">Zygmunt Wróblewski</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol_Olszewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karol Olszewski (n'exista betg)">Karol Olszewski</a> èsi reussì l’emprima giada da condensar oxigen e nitrogen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Banach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Banach (n'exista betg)">Stefan Banach</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Steinhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Steinhaus (n'exista betg)">Hugo Steinhaus</a> èn stads ils fundaturs da l’analisis funcziunala. Il medi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Funk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimir Funk (n'exista betg)">Casimir Funk</a> è stà in pionier sin il champ dals vitamins. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Skłodowska-Curie (n'exista betg)">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> ha perscrutà la radioactivitad ed ha scuvert il polonium ed il radium. Ella è stada l’emprima dunna ch’è vegnida onurada cun in Premi Nobel ed ultra da quai l’emprim uman insumma ch’ha retschet dus Premis Nobels (fisica e chemia). </p><p>Durant la Segunda Republica han ins puspè introducì la lingua polonaisa a las universitads dal pajais e tant l’instrucziun sco er la perscrutaziun han enconuschì in temp da fluriziun. Il giurist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Longchamps_de_B%C3%A9rier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Longchamps de Bérier (n'exista betg)">Roman Longchamps de Bérier</a> ha unifitgà il dretg civil dal pajais e creà in urden da dretg exemplaric. </p><p>La Segunda Guerra mundiala è stà in temp desastrus per la scienza polonaisa, damai ch’ils naziunalsocialists han empruvà d’assassinar sistematicamain las elitas polonaisas. Gia durant las emprimas emnas da guerra èn tschients professurs polonais vegnids assassinads u deportads en champs da concentraziun (p.ex. en rom da l’‹acziun speziala› da Cracovia u da la mazzacra dals professurs da Lwiw). Er l’Uniun sovietica ha manà tras talas acziuns; tranter las unfrendas da la Mazzacra da Katyn sa chattavan 21 docents d’universitads, plirs tschients magisters, radund 300 medis sco er auters academichers. Durant la guerra èn er las bibliotecas universitaras da la Pologna vegnidas sblundregiadas ed ils effectivs destruids a moda sistematica, uschia ch’ins ha stuì cumenzar il 1945 quasi da nulla. Ultra da quai èn blers dals scienziads ch’han survivì la guerra fugids dals communists en l’exteriur occidental ed ils gidieus ch’han survivì èn emigrads en l’Israel. Da tut quai è la scienza e furmaziun en Pologna be sa revegnida plaunsieu. Entant ch’ils restauraturs dal pajais han bainprest puspè cuntanschì renum mundial, mancava a las ulteriuras scienzas il stgomi internaziunal. Quai è pir sa midà suenter il 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Modifitgar secziun: Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=46" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Cultura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La cultura da la Pologna è fitg multifara, quai che resulta da l’istorgia variada dal pajais. En il temp medieval e temp modern tempriv ha la republica aristocratica multiculturala furmà in punct da cruschada da las differentas culturas e religiuns ch’han tuttas gì – ed han anc adina – lur influenza sin la ierta culturala dal pajais. Suenter las spartiziuns da la Pologna han artists polonais adina puspè empruvà da sustegnair il cumbat d’independenza sut il motto ‹Per elevar ils cors›. Sco exempels pon valair las poesias ed ils epos dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Mickiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Mickiewicz (n'exista betg)">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, la prosa dal titular dal Premi Nobel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Sienkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz (n'exista betg)">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, la pictura istorica da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Matejko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Matejko (n'exista betg)">Jan Matejko</a> u ils mazurkas, polcas, krakowiaks e polonaisas da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Chopin (n'exista betg)">Frédéric Chopin</a>. </p><p>Oz è la cultura multifara da la Pologna – sco en tut ils stadis occidentals – segnada da tendenzas da globalisaziun. Da l’autra vart la reusseschi tuttavia, surtut en la scena culturala da las grondas citads u sin la champagna, da mantegnair si’atgna identitad. Menziun speziala meritan il simbolissem polonais e la pictura da placats. Placats d’artists polonais cun lur caracteristicas distinctivas èn enconuschents en tut il mund. Er il film polonais chatta renconuschientscha mundiala, quai cun reschissurs sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Pola%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Polański (n'exista betg)">Roman Polański</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Wajda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Wajda (n'exista betg)">Andrzej Wajda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski (n'exista betg)">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_Zanussi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krzysztof Zanussi (n'exista betg)">Krzysztof Zanussi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnieszka_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnieszka Holland (n'exista betg)">Agnieszka Holland</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Hoffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Hoffman (n'exista betg)">Jerzy Hoffman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litteratura_polonaisa">Litteratura polonaisa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura polonaisa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=47" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura polonaisa"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Warsaw_-_Adam_Mickiewicz_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Warsaw_-_Adam_Mickiewicz_monument.jpg/160px-Warsaw_-_Adam_Mickiewicz_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Warsaw_-_Adam_Mickiewicz_monument.jpg/240px-Warsaw_-_Adam_Mickiewicz_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Warsaw_-_Adam_Mickiewicz_monument.jpg/320px-Warsaw_-_Adam_Mickiewicz_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3045" data-file-height="4061" /></a><figcaption>Monument per Adam Mickiewicz a Varsovia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temp_medieval">Temp medieval</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=48" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp medieval" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=48" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp medieval"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il pli vegl manuscrit en lingua polonaisa è il regest ‹Dagome Iudex› da l’onn 991. Sco praticamain tut las ovras polonaisas dal temp medieval è el scrit en latin. A quellas appartegnan surtut las cronicas da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallus_Anonymus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallus Anonymus (n'exista betg)">Gallus Anonymus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wincenty_Kad%C5%82ubek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wincenty Kadłubek (n'exista betg)">Wincenty Kadłubek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janko_z_Czarnkowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janko z Czarnkowa (n'exista betg)">Janko z Czarnkowa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_D%C5%82ugosz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Długosz (n'exista betg)">Jan Długosz</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_%C5%81aski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Łaski (n'exista betg)">Jan Łaski</a> sco er las annalas da Świętokrzyskie ed ils privilegis da l’aristocrazia ch’èn vegnids fixads en furma scritta; ultra da quai ils predis da la Sontga Crusch (ils pli vegls documents scrits cumplettamain en polonais), la Bibla da la regina Zofia (l’emprima translaziun da la Bibla en polonais), il psalteris da Puławy e da David, l’emprim imni naziunal polonais Bogurodzica sco er diversas uraziuns e legendas da sontgs. L’onn 1488 è sa constituida a l’universitad da Cracovia l’emprima uniun da scripturs insumma (tranter il Tudestg Conrad Celtis ed il Talian Kallimachus); al medem lieu sa chattava gia l’emprima stamparia polonaisa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaschientscha">Renaschientscha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=49" title="Modifitgar secziun: Renaschientscha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=49" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Renaschientscha"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En il decurs da la renaschientscha ha la lingua polonaisa pudì sa far valair definitivamain, e quai cumbain che blers auturs publitgavan er anc en latin u en omaduas linguas. L’emprim poet ch’ha scrit be en lingua polonaisa è stà <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Rej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikołaj Rej (n'exista betg)">Mikołaj Rej</a> che vala sco bab da la lingua polonaisa. Il pli impurtant scriptur polonais da la renaschientscha è stà <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Kochanowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Kochanowski (n'exista betg)">Jan Kochanowski</a>; cun l’emprim drama en lingua polonaisa e diversas poesias è el vegnì enconuschent lunsch sur la Pologna ora. A medem temp vala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klemens_Janicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klemens Janicki (n'exista betg)">Klemens Janicki</a> sco pli talentà poet da la renaschientscha che scriveva en lingua latina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baroc">Baroc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=50" title="Modifitgar secziun: Baroc" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=50" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Baroc"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il baroc polonais è segnà – betg il davos pervi da las bleras guerras desastrusas – dal motto ‹memento mori›; cuntrari a la tschertga d’armonia da la renaschientscha polonaisa exprima el il malruaus da ses temp. Menziun speziala meritan las brevs d’amur dal prinzi-poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Sobieski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Sobieski (n'exista betg)">Jan Sobieski</a> sco er las memorias da guerra da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Chryzostom_Pasek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Chryzostom Pasek (n'exista betg)">Jan Chryzostom Pasek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illuminissem">Illuminissem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=51" title="Modifitgar secziun: Illuminissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=51" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Illuminissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’illuminissem è surtut segnà dals litterats politics ch’eran colliads cun las refurmas dal retg Poniatowski. Blers dad els èn s’engaschads per la constituziun dals 3 da matg 1791. Da menziunar èn tranter auter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacy_Krasicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacy Krasicki (n'exista betg)">Ignacy Krasicki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Naruszewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Naruszewicz (n'exista betg)">Adam Naruszewicz</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wojciech Bogusławski (n'exista betg)">Wojciech Bogusławski</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romantica">Romantica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=52" title="Modifitgar secziun: Romantica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=52" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Romantica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suenter l’ultima spartiziun da la Pologna èn sa furmadas duas direcziuns poeticas concurrentas, la classica e la romantica. L’onn 1822, cur che <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Mickiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Mickiewicz (n'exista betg)">Adam Mickiewicz</a> ha edì ses emprim tom da poesias, vala sco victoria definitiva da la romantica. Uschia è la romantica sa sviluppada en la Pologna in quart tschientaner pli tard ch’èn l’ulteriura Europa; persuenter è quella stada fitg intensiva ed ha furmà il fundament da la lirica polonaisa ch’è spezialmain impurtanta. La romantica polonaisa ha enconuschì ses zenit tranter la sullevaziun da november dal 1830 e la sullevaziun da schaner dal 1863. Sper Mickiewicz èn surtut da menziunar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliusz Słowacki (n'exista betg)">Juliusz Słowacki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygmunt Krasiński (n'exista betg)">Zygmunt Krasiński</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyprian_Kamil_Norwid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyprian Kamil Norwid (n'exista betg)">Cyprian Kamil Norwid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positivissem">Positivissem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=53" title="Modifitgar secziun: Positivissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=53" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Positivissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A la dischillusiun da la sconfitta dal 1864 è suandà il temp dal positivissem; la litteratura è s’orientada pli ferm a la prosa, surtut al roman realistic. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Sienkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz (n'exista betg)">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, in dals pli impurtants represchentants da quest’epoca, è vegnì onurà sco emprim Polonais cun il Premi Nobel da litteratura. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giuvna_Pologna">Giuvna Pologna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=54" title="Modifitgar secziun: Giuvna Pologna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=54" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Giuvna Pologna"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sco reacziun neoromantica è sa sviluppada a partir dal 1890 la Giuvna Pologna. Quest moviment è segnà d’ina mistificaziun da la realitad che s’orientescha al simbolissem. Il pli impurtant scriptur da quest temp è stà <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Wyspiański (n'exista betg)">Stanisław Wyspiański</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tranterguerras">Tranterguerras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=55" title="Modifitgar secziun: Tranterguerras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=55" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Tranterguerras"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En il tranterguerras ha la Pologna enconuschì ina retscha da fitg impurtants litterats ch’han experimentà en diversas direcziuns e furmà diversas uniuns da scripturs. A questa generaziun han appartegnì <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Jasie%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Jasieński (n'exista betg)">Bruno Jasieński</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaros%C5%82aw_Iwaszkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz (n'exista betg)">Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Kuncewiczowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Kuncewiczowa (n'exista betg)">Maria Kuncewiczowa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Le%C5%9Bmian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław Leśmian (n'exista betg)">Bolesław Leśmian</a> ed auters. Durant la Segunda Guerra mundiala èn stads activs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_Kamil_Baczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński (n'exista betg)">Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Borowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Borowski (n'exista betg)">Tadeusz Borowski</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Gajcy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Gajcy (n'exista betg)">Tadeusz Gajcy</a>, tut auturs ch’èn morts fitg giuvens e ch’han tematisà quest presentiment en lur poesias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suenterguerra">Suenterguerra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=56" title="Modifitgar secziun: Suenterguerra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=56" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Suenterguerra"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La litteratura polonaisa dal suenterguerra ha fitg bleras fassettas. Ella tanscha dal realissem socialistic dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Andrzejewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Andrzejewski (n'exista betg)">Jerzy Andrzejewski</a> fin al science fiction da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Lem (n'exista betg)">Stanisław Lem</a>. A l’entschatta ha l’elavuraziun da la Segunda Guerra mundiala furmà il tema central; pli tard èn il litterats s’orientads a la nova realitad. I pudevan er vegnir publitgadas ovras ch’eran criticas envers il sistem.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impurtant(a)s auturas ed auturs èn tranter auter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witold_Gombrowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witold Gombrowicz (n'exista betg)">Witold Gombrowicz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82awomir_Mro%C5%BCek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sławomir Mrożek (n'exista betg)">Sławomir Mrożek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miron_Bia%C5%82oszewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miron Białoszewski (n'exista betg)">Miron Białoszewski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Brandys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz Brandys (n'exista betg)">Kazimierz Brandys</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Bryll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Bryll (n'exista betg)">Ernest Bryll</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Herbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zbigniew Herbert (n'exista betg)">Zbigniew Herbert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leszek Kołakowski (n'exista betg)">Leszek Kołakowski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Stasiuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Stasiuk (n'exista betg)">Andrzej Stasiuk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Tokarczuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Tokarczuk (n'exista betg)">Olga Tokarczuk</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorota_Mas%C5%82owska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorota Masłowska (n'exista betg)">Dorota Masłowska</a>. </p><p>Fin uss han quatter scripturs polonais retschet il Premi Nobel da litteratura: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Sienkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz (n'exista betg)">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> (1905), <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Reymont (n'exista betg)">Władysław Reymont</a> (1924), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czesław Miłosz (n'exista betg)">Czesław Miłosz</a> (1980) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisława Szymborska (n'exista betg)">Wisława Szymborska</a> (1996). Oriund da la Pologna è er l’American <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Bashevis_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer (n'exista betg)">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a> ch’è vegnì onurà cun il Premi Nobel l’onn 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musica">Musica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=57" title="Modifitgar secziun: Musica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=57" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Musica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Koncert_pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2014_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Koncert_pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2014_01.JPG/220px-Koncert_pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2014_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Koncert_pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2014_01.JPG/330px-Koncert_pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2014_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Koncert_pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2014_01.JPG/440px-Koncert_pomnik_Fryderyka_Chopina_w_Warszawie_2014_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4874" data-file-height="3141" /></a><figcaption>Concert al liber sper il monument da Chopin a Varsovia</figcaption></figure> <p>L’emprim musicist da la Pologna ch’è enconuschent cun num è stà il dominican <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wincenty_z_Kielczy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wincenty z Kielczy (n'exista betg)">Wincenty z Kielczy</a>. El ha scrit en l’emprima mesadad dal 13avel tschientaner l’imni ‹Gaude mater Polonia›. L’autur da la pli veglia chanzun polonaisa ch’è sa mantegnida, ‹Bogurodzica›, n’è percunter betg enconuschent. Sper imnis è la musica polonaisa medievala segnada da sauts. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Radomski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikołaj Radomski (n'exista betg)">Mikołaj Radomski</a> ha nudà quels a l’entschatta dal 15avel tschientaner. Dal temp da la renaschientscha èn blers musicists talians vegnids a la curt polonaisa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Gom%C3%B3%C5%82ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikołaj Gomółka (n'exista betg)">Mikołaj Gomółka</a> è stà il pli enconuschent cumponist polonais dal 16avel tschientaner. </p><p>L’onn 1628 è vegnida represchentada a Varsovia l’emprima opera ordaifer l’Italia: ‹Galatea›. Dal temp dal baroc èn ils cumponists d’operas talians <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Marenzio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Marenzio (n'exista betg)">Luca Marenzio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Francesco_Anerio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Francesco Anerio (n'exista betg)">Giovanni Francesco Anerio</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Scacchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Scacchi (n'exista betg)">Marco Scacchi</a> stads activs a Varsovia. Durant il temp da regenza da <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Wasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław IV Wasa (n'exista betg)">Władysław IV Wasa</a> (1634–1648) èn suandadas a Varsovia dapli che diesch represchentaziuns d’operas, uschia che la citad è avanzada al pli impurtant center dad operas ordaifer l’Italia. Ils cumponists polonais dal temp dal baroc han surtut scrit musica sacrala; lur represchentant il pli enconuschent è <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Jarz%C4%99bski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Jarzębski (n'exista betg)">Adam Jarzębski</a>. </p><p>En il temp dal baroc è er sa sviluppada la polonaise sco saut a las curts polonaisas, entant che la societad purila ha sviluppà sauts regiunals (mazurkas, krakowiaks e chodzony) sco er las polcas ch’eran medemamain enconuschentas en Tschechia. Il punct culminant en il svilup da cumposiziuns per sautar polonaises dueva però furmar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Chopin (n'exista betg)">Frédéric Chopin</a> a l’entschatta dal 19avel tschientaner. El vegn considerà sco in dals pli gronds cumponists polonais insumma. </p><p>En il decurs dal 19avel tschientaner ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Moniuszko (n'exista betg)">Stanisław Moniuszko</a> sviluppà l’opera polonaisa moderna. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kolberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Kolberg (n'exista betg)">Oskar Kolberg</a> ha cumenzà da quel temp a rimnar ed edir la musical populara polonaisa. Impurtants cumponists dal tranterguerras èn p.ex. stads <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Rubinstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Rubinstein (n'exista betg)">Arthur Rubinstein</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski (n'exista betg)">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gra%C5%BCyna_Bacewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grażyna Bacewicz (n'exista betg)">Grażyna Bacewicz</a>. E la musica contemporana vegn represchentada da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Skrowaczewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Skrowaczewski (n'exista betg)">Stanisław Skrowaczewski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Palester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Palester (n'exista betg)">Roman Palester</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Panufnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Panufnik (n'exista betg)">Andrzej Panufnik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Baird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Baird (n'exista betg)">Tadeusz Baird</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Kulenty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanna Kulenty (n'exista betg)">Hanna Kulenty</a> e.a. </p><p>Ils musicists da jazz da la Pologna tutgan tar ils megliers en l’Europa. Gia ils onns 1950 è il jazz sa sviluppà ad in’impurtanta direcziun musicala en il pajais. Il Jazz Jamboree ha lieu dapi il 1958 e gia dal temp da la Republica populara da la Pologna èn sa preschentads en Pologna musicists americans sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miles_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miles Davis (n'exista betg)">Miles Davis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_figurativ">Art figurativ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=58" title="Modifitgar secziun: Art figurativ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=58" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Art figurativ"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dal temp pajaun han artists dals Slavs dal vest stgaffì las figuras da crap da Światowit ed autras divinitads. Er dal temp da la cristianisaziun ha l’art mantegnì l’emprim ses caracter ritual. Impurtantas ovras temprivas da l’art sacral cristian furman las portas da bronz da las catedralas da Gniezno e Płock en il stil da la romantica. Dal temp da la gotica ha tranter auter l’entagl en lain cuntanschì sia fluriziun. L’altar grond da Cracovia da Veit Stoss, oriund dal territori tudestg, furma il pli grond entagl da la gotica insumma. Sper ulteriurs artists tudestgs ch’èn stads activs en tut il pajais è sa sviluppada a Cracovia sez in’atgna scola d’entagl en lain. </p><p>Durant la renaschientscha èn stads activs en la Pologna blers artists talians da Firenza, Padua e Milaun. Menziun speziala merita la Chapella da Sigismund sper la Catedrala da Wawel; quella furma l’exempel il pli genuin da la renaschientscha taliana ordaifer l’Italia. La predominanza taliana en Pologna è er sa mantegnida dal temp dal manierissem e dal baroc. Sper accents d’artists indigens èn alura er sa fatgas valair pli ferm influenzas saxonas ed ucranaisas. Il pli impurtant represchentant dal classicissem en Pologna è stà il danais <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertel_Thorvaldsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen (n'exista betg)">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>, dal qual derivan blers monuments a Varsovia e Cracovia. </p><p>La pictura romantica è sa sviluppada en la Pologna suenter las spartiziuns; ella tracta temas politics ubain mistics. Dal temp dal positivissem dominava la pictura istorica cun ils represchentants <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliusz_Kossak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliusz Kossak (n'exista betg)">Juliusz Kossak</a>, ils frars <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maksymilian_ed_Aleksander_Gierymski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maksymilian ed Aleksander Gierymski (n'exista betg)">Maksymilian ed Aleksander Gierymski</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Matejko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Matejko (n'exista betg)">Jan Matejko</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Mehoffer (n'exista betg)">Józef Mehoffer</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Wyspiański (n'exista betg)">Stanisław Wyspiański</a> han sviluppà la direcziun da la Giuvna Pologna entaifer l’art figurativ. Dals artists dal tranterguerras èn da numnar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Schulz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Schulz (n'exista betg)">Bruno Schulz</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wojciech_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wojciech Weiss (n'exista betg)">Wojciech Weiss</a>. Durant la Segunda Guerra mundiala han ils naziunalsocialists e soviets engulà blers stgazis d’art or dals museums polonais. In grond dumber da questas ovras, sco per exempel il ‹Purtret d’in giuven› da Raffael, èn restadas sparidas fin oz. Dal temp da la Republica populara ha dominà il realissem socialistic. Tuttina han artists sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Kantor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Kantor (n'exista betg)">Tadeusz Kantor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Potworowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Potworowski (n'exista betg)">Piotr Potworowski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Hasior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Hasior (n'exista betg)">Władysław Hasior</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikifor_Krynicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikifor Krynicki (n'exista betg)">Nikifor Krynicki</a> pudì dar agens accents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectura">Architectura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=59" title="Modifitgar secziun: Architectura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=59" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Architectura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Wawel_Krakow_June_2006-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wawel_Krakow_June_2006-2.jpg/220px-Wawel_Krakow_June_2006-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wawel_Krakow_June_2006-2.jpg/330px-Wawel_Krakow_June_2006-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wawel_Krakow_June_2006-2.jpg/440px-Wawel_Krakow_June_2006-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3429" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Curt d’arcadas da la renaschientscha (Wawel, Cracovia)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_(152991773).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg/220px-Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg/330px-Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg/440px-Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wrocław (n'exista betg)">Wrocław</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tar ils pli vegls monuments architectonics ch’èn sa mantegnids en la Pologna sa tracti da crests-fossa e da circuls da crappa cun funcziun cultica. L’architectura cristiana è arrivada en il pajais en il decurs dal 9avel tschientaner en furma da la preromanica. En quest stil han ins erigì ils chastels e las baselgias dals Polans. Dal temp da la romanica èn suandadas las emprimas catedralas (a Gniezno, Cracovia, Wrocław, Kołobrzeg e Poznań) e claustras (p.ex. a Tyniec). </p><p>Dal temp da la gotica ha dominà en il nord la gotica da quadrels ed en il sid ina cumbinaziun da quadrels e crap da chaltschina. Il pli grond edifizi da quadrels da la gotica insumma furma il chastè da Malbork; la pli gronda baselgia da quadrels dal mund è la baselgia da Nossadunna a Gdańsk. </p><p>Il temp dad aur da l’architectura polonaisa ha cumenzà cun la gotica antica e tanscha sur la renaschientscha ed il manierissem fin en il baroc tempriv. Da quest temp (1350–1650) derivan ils pli impurtants edifizis da la Pologna, e sco culminaziun insumma il chastè roial Wawel a Cracovia. Quel è vegnì reproducì da l’aristocrazia en tut il pajais. Il center da la renaschientscha ha furmà la Pologna dal Sid, surtut las regiuns enturn la Pitschna Pologna e Lwiw. A medem temp è sa sviluppada en il temp da transiziun da la gotica tardiva a la renaschientscha l’architectura burgaisa citadina ch’ha manà, sper bleras baselgias, a chasas-cumin represchentativas e blers auters edifizis publics. Da quel temp èn blers architects talians vegnids en Pologna, adattond surtut il stil da Firenza a las relaziuns climaticas da l’Europa Centrala. Bleras da questas ovras èn però vegnidas disfatgas dal temp da las guerras svedaisas en il 17avel tschientaner. </p><p>Dal temp dal baroc è alura la nova chapitala Varsovia sa sviluppada ad in nov center architectonic. Il pli impurtant architect da quel temp è stà <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tylman_van_Gameren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tylman van Gameren (n'exista betg)">Tylman van Gameren</a>, oriund dals Pajais Bass, ch’ha projectà tschients chastels en tut il pajais. Gronds palazs en il stil da Versailles han ins erigì a Varsovia, en la Masovia ed en la Pologna da l’Ost. </p><p>Il baroc tardiv ed il rococo èn segnads dal temp dals retgs saxons e da l’ultim retg polonais <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Poniatowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Poniatowski (n'exista betg)">Stanisław Poniatowski</a>. Gia durant ils ultims onns da regenza da Poniatowski ha cumenzà l’epoca dal classicissem. En quest stil ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Carozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Carozzi (n'exista betg)">Antonio Carozzi</a> erigì il teater a Varsovia ch’era da quel temp il pli grond en tut il mund. Vitiers èn vegnids ils edifizis da la bursa da Varsovia e da la banca da la Pologna. </p><p>Ils centers da l’architectura polonaisa dal 19avel tschientaner èn stads las citads da Varsovia e Łódź, nua ch’èn vegnids erigids blers chastels en il stil da l’istorissem e pli tard da la secessiun. Er en la Pologna dal Sid han ins construì blers edifizis en quest stil; l’Emprima Guerra mundiala ha però manà qua a vastas destrucziuns. Blers edifizis èn vegnids reconstruids en il stil da l’Art déco (p.ex. l’edifizi dal Sejm u ils museums naziunals a Varsovia e Cracovia). </p><p>A la pli gronda destrucziun da substanza architectonica insumma ha però manà la Segunda Guerra mundiala. La citad da Varsovia han ins destruì sistematicamain, ils edifizis en la Pologna da l’Ost èn vegnids sut domini sovietic e tut las grondas citads da la Pologna cun excepziun da Cracovia han subì donns considerabels tras acziuns da guerra. Ils projects da reconstrucziun dal suenterguerra han ins mess ad ir a moda exemplarica – ils restauraturs polonais giaudan renum mundial – ma n’èn anc ditg betg terminads. La citad veglia e nova da Varsovia sco er il quartier da la Wisła Mariensztat èn vegnids refatgs en ils onns 1970; il chastè roial è suandà en ils onns 1980. Intgins ulteriurs palazs han ins reconstruì a partir dals onns 1990 u sa chattan anc en reconstrucziun. La substanza architectonica dal 19avel tschientaner en il center da Varsovia para però dad esser persa per adina. A ses lieu han ins erigì edifizis monumentals en il stil dal realissem socialistic (il Palaz da cultura, la Plazza da la constituziun ed il quartier MDM). En ils onns 1990 ha inizià in boom da construir sgrattatschiels, ils quals han concepì architects da renum sco Norman Foster u Daniel Libeskind. Quels sa gruppeschan surtut enturn l’Alea da Gion Paul II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medias">Medias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=60" title="Modifitgar secziun: Medias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=60" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Medias"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Televisiun_e_radio">Televisiun e radio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=61" title="Modifitgar secziun: Televisiun e radio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=61" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Televisiun e radio"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sper ils chanals da televisiun da dretg public (Telewizja Polska, TVP) datti dus ulteriurs emetturs privats: TVN e Polsat. Analog al svilup en auters pajais èn las purschidas vegnidas cumplettadas ils ultims onns cun chanals da novitads, da cultura, da documentaziun, da sport e da films. </p><p>Polskie Radio emetta trais programs da dretg public naziunals e maina ina spessa rait da 17 emetturs statals regiunals. A partir dals onns 1990 èn vegnids vitiers ils emetturs privats Radio Zet e RMF FM. Ina spezialitad dal mund da las medias en Pologna furma la ferma preschientscha d’emetturs d’orientaziun religiusa (TV Trwam, Radio Maryja) ch’èn derasads en circuls catolic-conservativs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Print_ed_internet">Print ed internet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=62" title="Modifitgar secziun: Print ed internet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=62" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Print ed internet"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las gasettas dal di cun il pli grond dumber da l’ediziun èn las gasettas da boulevard ‹Fakt› e ‹Super Express› sco er ‹Gazeta Wyborcza› e ‹Rzeczpospolita›. Impurtants magazins emnils èn ‹Gość Niedzielny›, ‹Polityka›, ‹Newsweek Polska› e ‹Sieci›. </p><p>Ils pli enconuschents portals online en Onet.pl, Wirtualna Polska ed Interia.pl. Il 2016 faschevan ca. 28 milliuns Polonais diever da l’internet (72,4 % da la populaziun). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usits">Usits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=63" title="Modifitgar secziun: Usits" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=63" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Usits"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Icon_03030_Svt._Nikolaj_s_zhitiem._Konec_XV_-_nachalo_XVI_v._Polsha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Icon_03030_Svt._Nikolaj_s_zhitiem._Konec_XV_-_nachalo_XVI_v._Polsha.jpg/160px-Icon_03030_Svt._Nikolaj_s_zhitiem._Konec_XV_-_nachalo_XVI_v._Polsha.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Icon_03030_Svt._Nikolaj_s_zhitiem._Konec_XV_-_nachalo_XVI_v._Polsha.jpg/240px-Icon_03030_Svt._Nikolaj_s_zhitiem._Konec_XV_-_nachalo_XVI_v._Polsha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Icon_03030_Svt._Nikolaj_s_zhitiem._Konec_XV_-_nachalo_XVI_v._Polsha.jpg/320px-Icon_03030_Svt._Nikolaj_s_zhitiem._Konec_XV_-_nachalo_XVI_v._Polsha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Icona da Son Niclà (15avel tschientaner)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ils usits naziunals e regiunals vegnan surtut tgirads en las regiuns ruralas. Blers dad els èn colliads cun la confessiun catolic-romana, ina part er cun la baselgia ortodoxa. Ulteriuras tradiziuns sa refereschan a las stagiuns. </p><p>Artisanadis ch’èn colliads cun usits u tradiziuns religiusas furman l’iconografia, l’entagl en lain e las retgamadas. Enconuschents èn er ils costums tradiziunals che vegnan tgirads vinavant. In tipic element architectonic che regorda a la tradiziun religiusa èn las bleras chapellas sper via, surtut en las Beskidas ed en la Masovia. </p><p>Medemamain part da l’ierta culturala fa la musica tradiziunala (klezmer gidieu, musica da chombra, mazurkas, polonaisas, krakowiaks e polcas), en pli il saut, il teater tradiziunal e la poesia dialectala dals Gorals, Caschubs e Silesians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mangiar_e_baiver">Mangiar e baiver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=64" title="Modifitgar secziun: Mangiar e baiver" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=64" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Mangiar e baiver"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La cuschina polonaisa è surtut colliada cun las cuschinas dals stadis vischins a l’ost da la Pologna; daspera datti er influenzas nà da l’ulteriura Europa Centrala e da la Scandinavia. </p><p>Tar las tratgas naziunalas tutgan pierogi, gołąbki, bigos e barszcz. Las bavrondas betg alcoholicas las pli derasadas èn té e café; tar las bavrondas alcoholicas èn quai vodka e biera. La producziun da vodka è cumprovada l’emprima giada l’onn 1405 a Sandomierz en il sidost dal pajais. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temp_liber,_turissem_e_sport"><span id="Temp_liber.2C_turissem_e_sport"></span>Temp liber, turissem e sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=65" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp liber, turissem e sport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=65" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp liber, turissem e sport"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pervi dals blers lais e la lunga riva da sablun a la Mar da l’Ost èn divers sports d’aua fitg populars en la Pologna (t.a. navigar a vela, surfar, sfunsar, cajac, nudar e pestgar). Dapi ch’ins ha revitalisà las vias fluvialas, è il far vacanzas sin bartgas-chasa sa sviluppà ad in factur economic. En la muntogna è derasà il viandar, il ski alpin e snowboard. Fitg popular è il sigl cun skis, en pli vegn pratitgà il passlung ed il sport cun schlitta da chauns. Abstrahà da questas atgnadads colliadas cun la topografia dal pajais èn ballape, ballarait, ballamaun e ballabasket ils sports ils pli derasads e populars. Il 2012 han la Pologna e l’Ucraina realisà communablamain il campiunadi europeic da ballape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dis_da_festa">Dis da festa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=66" title="Modifitgar secziun: Dis da festa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=66" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Dis da festa"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sper ils dis da festa dal chalender liturgic vegnan festivads il di da la constituziun dal 1891 (3 da matg) ed il di da l’independenza da la Pologna suenter l’Emprima Guerra mundiala (11 da november). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotaziuns">Annotaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=67" title="Modifitgar secziun: Annotaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=67" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Annotaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PL">Pologna</a> tar ethnologue.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies: <i>Europe: A History.</i> Pimlico 1997, p. 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedhelm Pelzer: <i>Polen: eine geographische Landeskunde.</i> Darmstadt 1991, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3534091604" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-534-09160-4</a>, p. 8s. Er las ulteriuras expectoraziuns areguard la geografia sa basan sin la medem’ovra.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Bringen, Krzysztof Ruchniewicz (ed.): <i>Länderbericht Polen.</i> Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783593389912" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-593-38991-2</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedhelm Pelzer: <i>Polen: eine geographische Landeskunde.</i> Darmstadt 1991, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3534091604" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-534-09160-4</a>, p. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818041414/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html"><i>The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency</i></a>, consultà ils 2 d’avust 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Bringen, Krzysztof Ruchniewicz (ed.): <i>Länderbericht Polen.</i> Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783593389912" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-593-38991-2</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Władysław Lubaś, Monika Molas, Imke Mendoza (transl.): <i>Polnisch.</i> En: <i>Wieser-Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens</i>, tom 10: <i>Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens</i>, p. 367–389 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320081939/http://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Polnisch.pdf">PDF</a>; 689 kB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Żurek, Markus Krszoska (transl.): <i>Karol Wojtyła.</i> En: Dieter Bringen, Krzysztof Ruchniewicz (ed.): <i>Länderbericht Polen.</i> Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783593389912" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-593-38991-2</a>, p. 400–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Wiktor Marzec: <i>Die Revolution 1905 bis 1907 im Königreich Polen – von der Arbeiterrevolte zur nationalen Reaktion.</i> En: <i>Arbeit – Bewegung – Geschichte</i>, carnet III/2016, p. 27–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa.</i> Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Bonn 1953, p. 78, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/regiony_polski_2009.pdf"><i>Regiony Polski – Regions of Poland.</i></a> (PDF; 2,5 MB) Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 2009, consultà ils 22 da zercladur 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indicaziuns davart l’economia tenor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818041414/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html"><i>CIA World Factbook.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brigitte Jäger-Dabek: <i>Polen – Eine Nachbarschaftskunde.</i> Bonn 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3893317473" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89331-747-3</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indicaziuns tenor Andrzej Chwalba: <i>Kurze Geschichte der Dritten Republik Polen 1989 bis 2005.</i> Wiesbaden 2010, p. 121.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratura">Litteratura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=68" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=68" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung BpB, Bonn: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011055647/http://www.bpb.de/system/files/pdf/10GHR0.pdf"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011055647/http://www.bpb.de/system/files/pdf/10GHR0.pdf">Polen. Informationen zur politischen Bildung<i></i></a><i> (PDF; 5,8 MB)</i>.</li> <li>Deutsches Polen-Institut, Darmstadt: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207125554/https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/category_369.ahtml">Jahrbuch Polen</a></i>.</li> <li>Manfred Alexander: <i>Kleine Geschichte Polens.</i> Reclam, Stuttgart 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783150170601" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-15-017060-1</a>.</li> <li>Dieter Bingen, Krzysztof Ruchniewicz (ed.): <i>Länderbericht Polen. Geschichte, Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Kultur.</i> Campus, Francfurt 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783593389912" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-593-38991-2</a> e BpB, Bonn 2009.</li> <li>Dieter Bingen e.a. (ed.): <i>Erwachsene Nachbarschaft. Die deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen 1991 bis 2011.</i> Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2011, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783447065115" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-447-06511-5</a>.</li> <li>Włodzimierz Borodziej: <i>Geschichte Polens im 20. Jahrhundert.</i> Beck, Minca 2010, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406606489" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-60648-9</a>.</li> <li>Andrzej Chwalba: <i>Kurze Geschichte der Dritten Republik Polen. 1989 bis 2005.</i> Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783447059251" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-447-05925-1</a>.</li> <li>Norman Davies: <i>Im Herzen Europas. Geschichte Polens.</i> 4. ed., Minca 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406467097" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-46709-7</a>.</li> <li>Jürgen Heyde: <i>Geschichte Polens.</i> 3. ed., Minca 2011, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406508851" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-50885-1</a>.</li> <li>Brigitte Jäger-Dabek: <i>Polen. Ein Länderporträt.</i> 3. ed., Berlin 2012, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783861537014" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-86153-701-4</a>.</li> <li>Matthias Kneip / Manfred Mack (ed.): <i>Polnische Gesellschaft.</i> Berlin 2012, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783060641130" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-06-064113-0</a>.</li> <li>Matthias Kneip et al.: <i>Polnische Geschichte und deutsch-polnische Beziehungen.</i> Berlin 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783060642151" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-06-064215-1</a>.</li> <li>Radek Knapp: <i>Gebrauchsanweisung für Polen.</i> Minca 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783492275361" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-492-27536-1</a>.</li> <li>Steffen Möller: <i>Viva Polonia. Als deutscher Gastarbeiter in Polen.</i> 4. ed., Francfurt 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783596180455" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-596-18045-5</a>.</li> <li>Stefan Muthesius: <i>Kunst in Polen – Polnische Kunst 966–1990. Eine Einführung.</i> Königstein im Taunus 1994, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3784576109" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7845-7610-9</a>.</li> <li>Jacek Raciborski / Jerzy J. Wiatr: <i>Demokratie in Polen. Elemente des politischen Systems</i>, Opladen 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/393809415X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-938094-15-X</a>.</li> <li>Klaus Ziemer: <i>Das politische System Polens. Eine Einführung.</i> Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2013, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783531940281" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-531-94028-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colliaziuns">Colliaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&veaction=edit&section=69" title="Modifitgar secziun: Colliaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pologna&action=edit&section=69" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Colliaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polska?uselang=rm">Commons: Pologna</a></span></b> – Collecziun da maletgs, videos e datotecas d'audio</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101033604/http://www.polen.gov.pl/">Pagina d’internet da la regenza polonaisa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.pl/">Uffizi da statistica da la Pologna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/themen/SKSN6I">Dossier tematic davart la Pologna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laender-analysen.de/polen/">Analisa da svilups actuals en Pologna (politica, economia, societad e cultura)</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Model:Navigaziun_Stadis_da_l%27Europa" title="Model:Navigaziun Stadis da l'Europa"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/20px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/30px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/40px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Stadis da l'<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><b>Stadis suverans:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia">Bielorussia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_ed_Erzegovina" title="Bosnia ed Erzegovina">Bosnia ed Erzegovina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cipra" title="Cipra">Cipra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Croazia" title="Croazia">Croazia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Danemarc" title="Danemarc">Danemarc</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda">Finlanda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a 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style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Pajais_Bass" title="Pajais Bass">Pajais Bass</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pologna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Reginavel_Un%C3%AC" title="Reginavel Unì">Reginavel Unì</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Rumenia" title="Rumenia">Rumenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Slovachia" title="Slovachia">Slovachia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia">Svezia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra">Svizra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tirchia" title="Tirchia">Tirchia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tschechia" title="Tschechia">Tschechia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ungaria" title="Ungaria">Ungaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Citad_dal_Vatican" title="Citad dal Vatican">Vatican</a><br /> </p> <b>Territoris contestads:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cosovo" title="Cosovo">Cosovo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transnistria (n'exista betg)">Transnistria</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pologna&oldid=166025">https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pologna&oldid=166025</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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