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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">伊斯兰百科全书</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。34种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دائرة المعارف الإسلامية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دائرة المعارف الإسلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_Ensiklopediyas%C4%B1" title="İslam Ensiklopediyası – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslam Ensiklopediyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D3%99)" title="Ислам энциклопедияһы (инглизсә) – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ислам энциклопедияһы (инглизсә)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедия на исляма – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедия на исляма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব ইসলাম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া অব ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia_de_l%27Islam" title="Enciclopèdia de l'Islam – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enciclopèdia de l'Islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedio_de_Islamo" title="Enciklopedio de Islamo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enciklopedio de Islamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دانشنامه اسلام – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_de_l%27Islam" title="Encyclopédie de l'Islam – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopédie de l'Islam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="האנציקלופדיה של האסלאם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האנציקלופדיה של האסלאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ऑफ इस्लाम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ऑफ इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="イスラーム百科事典 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラーム百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="이슬람 백과사전 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람 백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ഇസ്‌ലാമിക വിജ്ഞാനകോശം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്‌ലാമിക വിജ്ഞാനകോശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Энциклопедия ислама – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энциклопедия ислама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Encyclopaedia of Islam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija_islama" title="Enciklopedija islama – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Enciklopedija islama" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Енциклопедія ісламу – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енциклопедія ісламу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دائرۃ المعارف الاسلامیہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرۃ المعارف الاسلامیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islom_ensiklopediyasi" title="Islom ensiklopediyasi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islom ensiklopediyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Encyclopaedia Hồi giáo – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Encyclopaedia Hồi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1145236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&oldid=82193860" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&id=82193860&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BC%258A%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%2585%25B0%25E7%2599%25BE%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25B9%25A6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BC%258A%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%2585%25B0%25E7%2599%25BE%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25B9%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1145236" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG/220px-EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG/330px-EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG/440px-EncyclopediaIslam1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>伊斯兰百科全书第二版</figcaption></figure> <p><b>伊斯兰百科全书</b>是一本與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="伊斯蘭教研究">伊斯蘭教研究</a>有關的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="工具书">工具书</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="博睿学术出版社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brill Publishers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%9D%BF%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="博睿學術出版社">博睿学术出版社</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" class="extiw" title="en:Brill Publishers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brill Publishers</span></a></span>）</span></span>出版。讀者可以在伊斯兰百科全书中找到各種有關<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="穆斯林世界">穆斯林世界</a>的信息。 <sup id="cite_ref-Greskowiak_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greskowiak-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brill-description_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-description-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>伊斯兰百科全书第一版于1913年至1938年間出版，第二版于 1954 年至2005年間出版，第三版于2007年开始出版。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eaton, Richard Maxwell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiasislamictra0000unse/page/11/mode/1up">Introduction</a>. Eaton, Richard Maxwell (编). India's Islamic Traditions, 711-1750. Themes in Indian History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2003: 11. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-565974-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-565974-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-565974-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.btitle=India%27s+Islamic+Traditions%2C+711-1750&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565974-0&rft.pages=11&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.series=Themes+in+Indian+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiasislamictra0000unse%2Fpage%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Humphreys, R. Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamichistoryfr0000hump_k0r0">Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1991: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamichistoryfr0000hump_k0r0/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-00856-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-00856-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-691-00856-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.btitle=Islamic+History%3A+A+Framework+for+Inquiry&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-00856-6&rft.pages=4&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamichistoryfr0000hump_k0r0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greskowiak-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greskowiak_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111023510/http://www.brill.com/publications/encyclopaedia-islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Brill Publishers" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brill Publishers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Publishers（页面不存在）">Brill Publishers</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" class="extiw" title="en:Brill Publishers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brill Publishers</span></a></span>）</span></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-01-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/publications/encyclopaedia-islam">原始内容</a>存档于2016-01-11）. <q>It is the standard international reference for all fields of 'Islam' (Es ist das internationale Standardwerk für alle Bereiche 'des Islams'. Martin Greskowiak, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 1990).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Brill+Publishers%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Brill+Publishers%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EBrill+Publishers%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EBrill+Publishers%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.com%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopaedia-islam&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-description-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-description_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111023510/http://www.brill.com/publications/encyclopaedia-islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Brill Publishers" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brill Publishers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Publishers（页面不存在）">Brill Publishers</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" class="extiw" title="en:Brill Publishers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brill Publishers</span></a></span>）</span></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-01-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/publications/encyclopaedia-islam">原始内容</a>存档于2016-01-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Brill+Publishers%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Brill+Publishers%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EBrill+Publishers%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EBrill+Publishers%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.com%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopaedia-islam&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img 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