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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southern_Australia&params=31_24_23.43_S_142_23_37.73_E_region:AU_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°24′23.43″S</span> <span class="longitude">142°23′37.73″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.4065083°S 142.3938139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-31.4065083; 142.3938139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style 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For the Australian state, see <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Southern_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Southern Australia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Southern+Australia%22">"Southern Australia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Southern+Australia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Southern+Australia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Southern+Australia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Southern+Australia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Southern+Australia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Southern Australia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_2759b_Australia_(Southern_Portion)_Compiled_from_the_latest_information_in_the_Hydrographic_Office,_Published_1885,_Corrections_to_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern Australia, generally defined as latitude 26 degrees and below"><img alt="Southern Australia, generally defined as latitude 26 degrees and below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Admiralty_Chart_No_2759b_Australia_%28Southern_Portion%29_Compiled_from_the_latest_information_in_the_Hydrographic_Office%2C_Published_1885%2C_Corrections_to_1896.jpg/250px-Admiralty_Chart_No_2759b_Australia_%28Southern_Portion%29_Compiled_from_the_latest_information_in_the_Hydrographic_Office%2C_Published_1885%2C_Corrections_to_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Admiralty_Chart_No_2759b_Australia_%28Southern_Portion%29_Compiled_from_the_latest_information_in_the_Hydrographic_Office%2C_Published_1885%2C_Corrections_to_1896.jpg/375px-Admiralty_Chart_No_2759b_Australia_%28Southern_Portion%29_Compiled_from_the_latest_information_in_the_Hydrographic_Office%2C_Published_1885%2C_Corrections_to_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Admiralty_Chart_No_2759b_Australia_%28Southern_Portion%29_Compiled_from_the_latest_information_in_the_Hydrographic_Office%2C_Published_1885%2C_Corrections_to_1896.jpg/500px-Admiralty_Chart_No_2759b_Australia_%28Southern_Portion%29_Compiled_from_the_latest_information_in_the_Hydrographic_Office%2C_Published_1885%2C_Corrections_to_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7964" data-file-height="5278" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Southern Australia, generally defined as latitude 26 degrees and below</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NSW" class="mw-redirect" title="NSW">NSW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>,</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <b>Southern Australia</b> is generally considered to refer to the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states and territories of Australia</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. The part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> <a href="/wiki/26th_parallel_south" title="26th parallel south">26° south</a> — a definition widely used in <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">law</a> and state government policy — is also usually included. </p><p>Although it comprises about half of the total area of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Southern Australia includes about three-quarters of the Australian population, the main <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> areas and the main industrial centres. The area is also notable for its primarily <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic</a> conditions which contrasts to the mainly <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</a>. </p><p>Southern Australia has long suffered <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events due to the arid landscape, however in recent times these conditions have been exacerbated due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bnhc_Home_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnhc_Home-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region has several key industries which contribute to the high gross product and large value of exports. Southern Western Australia largely focuses on <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> as a key export, whilst the states of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> focus on traditional sectors such as <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">finance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> are regional economies, primarily concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">Eastern states of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Australia is the richest part of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, home to a <a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">diversified economy</a> with an expansive variety of <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> including <a href="/wiki/Mineral#Rocks,_ores,_and_gems" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, education, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the region, there is sustainable employment, with all state's unemployment rates being below 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economists have suggested that <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> moves at two different speeds, with some states focusing on traditional sectors such as <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing#:~:text=Manufacturing_is_the_production_of,the_essence_of_secondary_industry." title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, and others emphasising <a href="/wiki/Mining#:~:text=Mining_is_the_extraction_of,economic_interest_to_the_miner." title="Mining">mining</a> industries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> are seen as traditional economies, primarily focusing on said "traditional" industries, whilst South Western Australia emphasises <a href="/wiki/Mining#:~:text=Mining_is_the_extraction_of,economic_interest_to_the_miner." title="Mining">mining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional economies such as <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> prioritise <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, closing them off to advancing in faster growing industries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attributable to the region's rich mineral soils, states such as Southern Western Australia and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> emphasise exports such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> and other minerals. Such <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> account for 36% of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>'s gross state product, employing approximately 124,000 people state-wide.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> is also home to rich agricultural soil creating a booming trade of fresh <a href="/wiki/Produce" title="Produce">produce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>'s wine industry accounts for 17.2% of overseas exports, also stimulating fortuitous flow on tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile soils</a> transpire across the region, whereby <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> exports 80% of Australia's produced <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state encompasses just 3% of Australian land yet produces 22% of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSW_Key_Export_Markets.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NSW_Key_Export_Markets.png/220px-NSW_Key_Export_Markets.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NSW_Key_Export_Markets.png/330px-NSW_Key_Export_Markets.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NSW_Key_Export_Markets.png/440px-NSW_Key_Export_Markets.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>NSW Key Export Markets- adapted from DPI NSW 2019 data.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> have experienced high growth due to the mining resource boom, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> has recorded dwindling economic growth, measuring lower Gross State Product (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">GSP</a>) than national GDP since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, NSW's main economic activities include the exporting of minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper#Chemical" title="Copper">copper</a> and concentrates, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cropping_system" title="Cropping system">cropping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture#:~:text=Horticulture_(Hortus-_garden,_culture,for_personal_or_social_needs." title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NSW's number one export market is <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> grossing $3,068m annually, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrastingly, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> has experienced major growth of approximately 13% over the past 3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is namely due to the prominent <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> sector and subsequent increase in popularity among students.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Home to outstanding beauty, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>'s strongest industry is unsurprisingly <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. Isolated from mainland Australia, the government invests in numerous <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> projects to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>'s economy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_geography">Climate and geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate and geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparative to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</a>'s typical <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate#:~:text=Tropical_climates_are_characterized_by,round_and_feature_hot_temperatures.&text=There_are_normally_only_two,Sunlight_is_intense." title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> climate, Southern Australia is home to a variety of <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a> including <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate#:~:text=Alpine_climate_is_the_typical,mountain_climate_or_highland_climate." title="Alpine climate">alpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">arid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, southern Australia experiences hot, dry summers followed by wet winters. Due to the arid nature of the land and intense heat, the region is prone to <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">regular bushfires</a> throughout the summer months.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, these fires have been exacerbated by the south-eastern <a href="/wiki/2000s_Australian_drought" title="2000s Australian drought">13-year drought from 1997 to 2009</a>. However, these natural occurrences have been greatly aggravated due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern coastline is subject to dramatic temperature changes over the summer months where temperatures regularly reach 45°C. Contrastingly, moving inland, the land converts to <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> landscapes interrupted by fertile soils, home to renowned wine regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley" title="Barossa Valley">Barossa Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_River,_Western_Australia" title="Margaret River, Western Australia">Margaret River</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a> runs north to south along Australia's east coast bringing the high elevations of it cold weather, whilst the easterly side receives the most rain and the west plains suffer the heat. Despite the overarching hot environment of southern Australia, regions of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> experience winter snowfall, creating several ski resorts. </p><p>Majority of southern Australia is uninhabited due to its arid nature, with populations concentrating in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>. Of Australia's 9 main cities in Australia, southern Australia is home to 7 of them, making the region the most populated area of Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia</a></div><p> Southern Australia is experiencing rapid population growth and density, and when paired with increasing weather extremes presents a consequential concern for life and property.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising temperatures have led to an increased risk of health issues such as heart-related mortality, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a>, and pollen allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Rainfall_Deciles_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Australian_Rainfall_Deciles_2019.png/220px-Australian_Rainfall_Deciles_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Australian_Rainfall_Deciles_2019.png/330px-Australian_Rainfall_Deciles_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Australian_Rainfall_Deciles_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Australian Rainfall Deciles. (2019). Bureau of Meteorology.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>The effect of large-scale extreme events such as prolonged heat waves not only impacts human activities but <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rates</a>; this presenting critical reasons to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">address climate change</a>. </p><p>Whilst Australian rainfall has always been variable and influenced by weather patterns such as <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a#:~:text=La_Niña_(/lɑːˈ,Niño_meaning_"the_boy"." class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Ninã</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>, there are underlying trends that implicate global warming as the cause of drier winter seasons across south-eastern and south-western Australia. Since 1970, the region has experienced 20% less rainfall than in the period of 1900–1969, and now since 1999 that has increased to 26% less rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although southern Australia has experienced declining rainfall in the colder months of April to October, the northern counterpart has seen increasing rainfall since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flooding</a> is set to continue to intensify, brought by a 7% increase in short-duration extreme rainfall events.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effect_of_2000_to_2019_climate_conditions_on_average_farm_business_profit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Effect_of_2000_to_2019_climate_conditions_on_average_farm_business_profit.png/220px-Effect_of_2000_to_2019_climate_conditions_on_average_farm_business_profit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Effect_of_2000_to_2019_climate_conditions_on_average_farm_business_profit.png/330px-Effect_of_2000_to_2019_climate_conditions_on_average_farm_business_profit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Effect_of_2000_to_2019_climate_conditions_on_average_farm_business_profit.png/440px-Effect_of_2000_to_2019_climate_conditions_on_average_farm_business_profit.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Effect of 2000 to 2019 climate conditions on average farm business profit. ABARES farmpredict 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>An increase in the simultaneous occurrence of two or more extreme events, known as compound extreme events, has largely impacted Southern Australia's <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> industry. In each year of dry conditions and synchronous heatwaves, a typical cropping farm will experience a substantial loss of approximately $125,000 whilst in a regular year profit exceeds $230,000.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, drought years lead to reduction of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> herd sizes as we see lower birth rates alongside discretionary forfeiture of dairy cows to the <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> trade.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_and_bushfires">Climate change and bushfires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate change and bushfires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past decade, southern Australia has experienced a surge in sweltering <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summers</a>, coupled with low rainfall leading to a longer and more devastating <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfire</a> season.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists have stated that the increased regularity and intensity of these conditions is a direct cause of <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a>, including increasing temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is experiencing an increase in yearly fire days, decreased annual rainfall, increases in mean sea level pressure, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019-2020_summer_bushfires">2019-2020 summer bushfires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2019-2020 summer bushfires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–20 Australian bushfire season</a></div> <p>Whilst <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> is not the sole contributor to Australia's devastating fire experience, since the 1950s, it has caused an increase in their occurrence and intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such effects have been seen in the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019-2020 bushfires</a> which ravished mainly <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> but additionally <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. 2019 was the driest and hottest year on record, with the annual average temperature increase measuring at 1.52°C.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-130_Air_Tanker_Wreckage_Remains_(2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/C-130_Air_Tanker_Wreckage_Remains_%282020%29.png/220px-C-130_Air_Tanker_Wreckage_Remains_%282020%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/C-130_Air_Tanker_Wreckage_Remains_%282020%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>C-130 Air Tanker Wreckage Remains. 2020 NSW- Australian Bushfires. SBS News.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> covers 134 million hectares and as at February 18 2020, more than 19 million hectares of land was burned.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 33 people died, including the death of 3 US firefighters whose Air Tanker crashed whilst battling a bushfire in NSW.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 48% of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Island" title="Kangaroo Island">Kangaroo Island</a> land was burned.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> commissioned scientists estimate that nearly three billion animals were killed or displaced by the 2019-2020 fires, not including <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a>, up to 81% of Koala land was burned, and a parliamentary inquiry found that without urgent government intervention and protection, the koala will become extinct in NSW by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yengo_National_Park-_2019-2020_bushfires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Yengo_National_Park-_2019-2020_bushfires.jpg/220px-Yengo_National_Park-_2019-2020_bushfires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Yengo_National_Park-_2019-2020_bushfires.jpg/330px-Yengo_National_Park-_2019-2020_bushfires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Yengo_National_Park-_2019-2020_bushfires.jpg/440px-Yengo_National_Park-_2019-2020_bushfires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Yengo National Park, NSW- 2019-2020 summer bushfires</figcaption></figure><p> Not only do bushfires destroy Australian <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> independent commission into the 2019-2020 "<a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">black summer</a>" bushfires found that over 400 Australians died prematurely as a result of smoke inhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence has shown that sustained poor air quality increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory illnesses</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> are more susceptible to the health detriments of bushfire smoke due to the demographic prevalence of chronic health conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report implicated the role of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and outlined the imperative necessity to address climate change as the proponent for increased bushfire risk.</p><blockquote><p>"<i>Countries that clearly have so much to lose from <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfires</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> damage and so much to gain from a more rapid transition to a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> economy – must do more. Countries like <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and within them leading states like <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a></i>" – Gwen and David Jagger.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Temporary bushfire relief is expected over the 2020-2021 summer season as the region enters into a <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Ninã</a> climate pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_major_bushfires">Other major bushfires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other major bushfires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other major bushfires within the southern region include 2009’s Victorian <a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_bushfires" title="Black Saturday bushfires">Black Saturday</a> where over 2,000 homes were destroyed, and 173 people died.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 2003’s Victorian and Canberran Alpine bushfires claimed the lives of 10,000 livestock animals and 1.2 million hectares of land.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_nuclear_testing">British nuclear testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British nuclear testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s and 60s Britain deployed numerous <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_tests_in_Australia" title="Nuclear weapons tests in Australia">nuclear tests in Australia</a>, namely the South Australian <a href="/wiki/Maralinga" title="Maralinga">Maralinga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emu_Field,_South_Australia" title="Emu Field, South Australia">Emu Field</a> tests.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maralinga sites were chosen due to their "vast, empty useless spaces" despite the area being <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">Anangu Pitjantjatjara</a> land.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meagre Indigenous citizen rights, coupled with rampant <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> led to the Indigenous' prolonged emotional, physical, and mental suffering after having limited access to resources for over 30 years. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> delegated one single officer the task of covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometres, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Radiation_exposure" title="Radiation exposure">radiation exposure</a> to oblivious <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst inconclusive, approximately 30% of British and Australian servicemen who worked in the area have died of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_test_site_at_Maralinga_-_Workshops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Atomic_test_site_at_Maralinga_-_Workshops.jpg/220px-Atomic_test_site_at_Maralinga_-_Workshops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Atomic_test_site_at_Maralinga_-_Workshops.jpg/330px-Atomic_test_site_at_Maralinga_-_Workshops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Atomic_test_site_at_Maralinga_-_Workshops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Atomic Test Site in Maralinga, SA.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of Britain's filtering of information to the Australian government, complacent ignorance regarding the tests safety caused environmental and health problems for local <a href="/wiki/Emu_Field,_South_Australia" title="Emu Field, South Australia">Emu Field</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yankuntjatjarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankuntjatjarra">Yanykunytjatjara</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An incident known as "Black Mist" caused significant health problems and several deaths for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> locals.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was denied by the British for 29 years, and only following the Royal Commission, did they admit knowledge of the detriments it caused.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Maralinga" title="Maralinga">Maralinga</a> clean-up program, Operation Brumby, would relinquish any British responsibility once the area was deemed safe.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British reported the area safe, until 8 years later, the Liberal-National government questioned the report's authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's declaration that any radioactive contaminants were "irrecoverable" were found to be falsified and Britain were ordered to repatriate half a kilogram of remaining contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following these fabrications, the Australian government widely rejected Britain's reports, forming their own views and research, leading to a greater recognition of the damage to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> locals and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_forward">Moving forward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Moving forward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Following a <a href="/wiki/McClelland_Royal_Commission#:~:text=The_McClelland_Royal_Commission_or,soldiers_for_testing_nuclear_weapons." title="McClelland Royal Commission">1985 Royal Commission</a> into the events, numerous findings were outlined, implicating Britain as failing to provide sufficient recovery efforts alongside Australia's petty compliance. In December 1993, after multiple attempts by the Australian government to recover payment, Britain paid 20 million euros, despite the clean-up and compensation costing in excess of $110 million AUD.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maralinga" title="Maralinga">Maralinga</a> site was only returned to its <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional owners</a> in November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_L_Stanier_at_Maralinga_in_protective_clothing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_L_Stanier_at_Maralinga_in_protective_clothing.jpg/220px-John_L_Stanier_at_Maralinga_in_protective_clothing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_L_Stanier_at_Maralinga_in_protective_clothing.jpg/330px-John_L_Stanier_at_Maralinga_in_protective_clothing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_L_Stanier_at_Maralinga_in_protective_clothing.jpg/440px-John_L_Stanier_at_Maralinga_in_protective_clothing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Australian officer in protective clothing at Maralinga, SA.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst <a href="/wiki/Maralinga" title="Maralinga">Maralinga</a> is declared safe now, it takes to a ghost town, with only 4 people permanently living in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the radioactive contaminants, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">Plutonium-239</a> has a radioactive half-life of 24,000 years, meaning that whilst recovery efforts have proved effective, for a long time coming, the area will still suffer from stigma and caution surrounding the traces of material in soil.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However at <a href="/wiki/Emu_Field,_South_Australia" title="Emu Field, South Australia">Emu Field</a>, the test trials only contained materials with short half-lives, leaving the area unexposed to long-term contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-s-least-likely-tourist-spot-a-test-site-for-atom-bombs">https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-s-least-likely-tourist-spot-a-test-site-for-atom-bombs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Museum of Australia. (2020). 1956: First nuclear weapons test by British at Maralinga. <i>Defining Moments</i>. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/maralinga">https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/maralinga</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. <i>British nuclear weapons testing in Australia</i>. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/sources-radiation/more-radiation-sources/british-nuclear-weapons-testing">https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/sources-radiation/more-radiation-sources/british-nuclear-weapons-testing</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southern_Australia&params=31_24_23.43_S_142_23_37.73_E_region:AU_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°24′23.43″S</span> <span class="longitude">142°23′37.73″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.4065083°S 142.3938139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-31.4065083; 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