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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_development_of_modern_Catalanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The development of modern Catalanism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_development_of_modern_Catalanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The development of modern Catalanism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_development_of_modern_Catalanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrialization_and_Catalanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization_and_Catalanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Industrialization and Catalanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization_and_Catalanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalanism_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalanism_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Catalanism in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalanism_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referendum_and_political_developments_since_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendum_and_political_developments_since_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Referendum and political developments since 2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referendum_and_political_developments_since_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_referendum,_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_referendum,_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2017 referendum, Declaration of Independence and new regional elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_referendum,_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_contemporary_Catalan_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_contemporary_Catalan_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Forms of contemporary Catalan nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_contemporary_Catalan_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قومية قطلونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قومية قطلونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_catal%C3%A1n" title="Nacionalismo catalán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nacionalismo catalán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismu_catal%C3%A1n" title="Nacionalismu catalán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nacionalismu catalán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalanisme" title="Catalanisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catalanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_nacionalismus" title="Katalánský nacionalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katalánský nacionalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenedlaetholdeb_Catalanaidd" title="Cenedlaetholdeb Catalanaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenedlaetholdeb Catalanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalanisme" title="Catalanisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Catalanisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanismus" title="Katalanismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katalanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalaani_rahvuslus" title="Katalaani rahvuslus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katalaani rahvuslus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Καταλανικός εθνικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταλανικός εθνικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_catal%C3%A1n" title="Nacionalismo catalán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nacionalismo catalán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataluna_naciismo" title="Kataluna naciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kataluna naciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismu_catal%C3%A1n" title="Nacionalismu catalán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nacionalismu catalán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataluniar_nazionalismo" title="Kataluniar nazionalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kataluniar nazionalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ملی‌گرایی کاتالان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملی‌گرایی کاتالان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalanisme" title="Catalanisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catalanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_catal%C3%A1n" title="Nacionalismo catalán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacionalismo catalán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A3%A8%EB%83%90_%EB%82%B4%EC%85%94%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="카탈루냐 내셔널리즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카탈루냐 내셔널리즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Կատալոնիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատալոնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataluniana_nacionalismo" title="Kataluniana nacionalismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kataluniana nacionalismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Katalan" title="Nasionalisme Katalan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasionalisme Katalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalismo_catalano" title="Nazionalismo catalano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazionalismo catalano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_catalan" title="Nasionalisme catalan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nasionalisme catalan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalanisme" title="Catalanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catalanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="カタルーニャ・ナショナリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタルーニャ・ナショナリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalansk_nasjonalisme" title="Katalansk nasjonalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katalansk nasjonalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalanisme" title="Catalanisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catalanisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_catal%C3%A3o" title="Nacionalismo catalão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nacionalismo catalão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C8%9Bionalismul_catalan" title="Naționalismul catalan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Naționalismul catalan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Каталонизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каталонизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalanismu" title="Catalanismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Catalanismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizmi_katalan" title="Nacionalizmi katalan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nacionalizmi katalan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ناسیۆنالیزمی کەتەلۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناسیۆنالیزمی کەتەلۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanism" title="Katalanism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katalanism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalan_milliyet%C3%A7ili%C4%9Fi" title="Katalan milliyetçiliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katalan milliyetçiliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Каталонський націоналізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каталонський націоналізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Dialects and varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a></small> (<small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></small>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></i> (AVL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a></i> (IEC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a></i> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Geo-political divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">El Carxe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">L'Alguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a> <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Government and politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of Andorra">General Council of Andorra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">Courts of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Aragon">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Government of the Balearic Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Balearic Islands">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat of Catalonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Catalonia" title="Politics of Catalonia">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_of_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Orientales">General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Pyrénées-Orientales">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Generalitat of Valencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Valencian Community">Politics</a>) <br /> <i>See <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanophobia">Catalanophobia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Catalonia" title="Traditions of Catalonia">Traditions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castells</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">Correfoc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonfires_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires of Saint John">Fogueres de Sant Joan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantes_y_cabezudos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes y cabezudos">Gegants i capgrossos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_y_cristianos" title="Moros y cristianos">Moros i cristians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muixeranga" title="Muixeranga">Muixeranga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day#Spain" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana">Sardana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan cuisine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coca_(pastry)" title="Coca (pastry)">Coca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensa%C3%AFmada" title="Ensaïmada">Ensaïmada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pa_amb_tom%C3%A0quet" title="Pa amb tomàquet">Pa amb tomàquet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_art" title="Catalan art">Catalan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquim Sorolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Valencia">Segle d'or</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Decad%C3%A8ncia" title="La Decadència">Decadència</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Music and performing arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan music">Music</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_can%C3%A7%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova cançó">Nova cançó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_catal%C3%A0" title="Rock català">Rock català</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Rumba catalana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sport</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Catalonia" title="Sport in Catalonia">Sport in Catalonia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Catalonia" title="National symbols of Catalonia">National symbols of Catalonia</a></li> <li>Flags <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="Flag of the Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community" title="Flag of the Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coats of Arms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra" title="Coat of arms of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Balearic_Islands" title="Coat of arms of Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anthems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Gran_Carlemany" class="mw-redirect" title="El Gran Carlemany">El Gran Carlemany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_Segadors" title="Els Segadors">Els Segadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Balanguera" title="La Balanguera">La Balanguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himne_de_l%27Exposici%C3%B3" title="Himne de l'Exposició">Himne de l'Exposició</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template talk:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Catalan nationalism</b> promotes the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalan people</a> form a distinct <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>. A related term is <b>Catalanism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">catalanisme</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">catalanismo</i>), which is more related to <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a> and tends to have a wider meaning, most people who define themselves as <i>Catalanist</i> do not necessarily identify as <i>Catalan nationalists</i>. </p><p>Intellectually, modern Catalan nationalism can be said to have commenced as a political philosophy in the unsuccessful attempts to establish a federal state in Spain in the context of the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic (1873-1874)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%AD_Almirall_i_Llozer" title="Valentí Almirall i Llozer">Valentí Almirall i Llozer</a> and other intellectuals that participated in this process set up a new political ideology in the 19th century, to restore self-government, as well as to obtain recognition for the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>. These demands were summarized in the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Bases_de_Manresa" title="Bases de Manresa">Bases de Manresa</a></i> in 1892. </p><p>The movement had little support at first.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, in which Spain lost the last of their colonies in the Pacific and the Caribbean, these early stages of Catalanism grew in support, mostly because of the weakened Spanish international position after the war and the loss of the two main destinations for Catalan exports (<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_origins_of_Catalan_national_identity">The origins of Catalan national identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The origins of Catalan national identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Diachronic map of the realms of the Crown of Aragon, including the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a> in light green</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domini_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_catal%C3%A0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Domini_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_catal%C3%A0.png/250px-Domini_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_catal%C3%A0.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Domini_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_catal%C3%A0.png/375px-Domini_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_catal%C3%A0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Domini_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_catal%C3%A0.png/500px-Domini_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_catal%C3%A0.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Areas of <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortes_Catalanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cortes_Catalanas.jpg/250px-Cortes_Catalanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Cortes_Catalanas.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Miniature (15th century) of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Courts" title="Catalan Courts">Catalan Courts</a>, presided over by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Els_segadors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Els_segadors.jpg/250px-Els_segadors.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Els_segadors.jpg/375px-Els_segadors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Els_segadors.jpg/500px-Els_segadors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Reapers' War</a> "Corpus of Blood" by H.Miralles (1910).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalonia2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Catalonia2.png/250px-Catalonia2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Catalonia2.png/375px-Catalonia2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Catalonia2.png/500px-Catalonia2.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>After the 1659 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a> the Roussillon (in ocher) became part of the Kingdom of France. The Principality of Catalonia south to the Pyrenees remained in the Spanish Crown</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConstitucionsCatalanesVolumIr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ConstitucionsCatalanesVolumIr.jpg/250px-ConstitucionsCatalanesVolumIr.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ConstitucionsCatalanesVolumIr.jpg/375px-ConstitucionsCatalanesVolumIr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ConstitucionsCatalanesVolumIr.jpg/500px-ConstitucionsCatalanesVolumIr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Constitutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Constitutions">Catalan Constitutions</a> (1702).</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> drove the Muslims south of the Pyrenees. To prevent future incursions, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> created in 790 CE a series of Frankish counties through the conquered territory (which was occasionally called "<a href="/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a>"), serving as <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer states</a> between the Frankish kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. </p><p>Between 878 and 988 CE, the area became a hotbed of Frankish-Muslim conflict. However, as the Frankish monarchy and the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a> both weakened during the 11th century, the resulting impasse allowed for a process of consolidation throughout the region's many <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earldoms</a>, resulting in their combination into the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>, which became the embryo of today's Catalonia. By 1070, <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Berenguer I">Ramon Berenguer I</a>, Count of Barcelona, had subordinated other Catalan counts and intransigent <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a>. His action brought peace to a turbulent feudal system and sowed the seeds of Catalan <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">identity</a>. Ramon Berenguer approved a series of pacts, called the <i>Usatges</i>, which <i>"explicitly acknowledged legal equality between burghers … and nobility"</i> (Woolard 17). </p><p>According to several scholars, the term "Catalan" and "Catalonia" emerged near the end of the 11th century and appeared in the compiled <i><a href="/wiki/Usatges" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatges">Usatges</a></i> of 1173. Two factors fostered this identity: stable institutions and cultural prosperity. While the temporary lack of foreign invasions contributed to Catalonia's stability, it was not a major cause. Rather, it provided a zone for sociopolitical development. For example, after the County of Barcelona signed an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> in 1137 to create a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a> of both entities later known as <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, the system was designed to mutually check both the king's and the nobility's powers, while the small but growing numbers of free citizens and bourgeoisie would tactically take sides with the king in order to diminish typically feudal institutions. In 1173, Catalonia was legally delimited for the first time, while, apart from the compilation of the Usages, between 1170 and 1195 the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_feudorum_maior" title="Liber feudorum maior">Liber feudorum maior</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Comitum_Barchinonensium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesta Comitum Barchinonensium">Gesta Comitum Barchinonensium</a></i> were compiled and written, being considered together as the three milestones of Catalan political identity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the estates of the realm established the <i><a href="/wiki/Corts_Catalanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Corts Catalanes">Corts Catalanes</a></i> (Catalan Courts), a representative body of nobles, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a> and the bourgeoisie that counterbalanced the King's authority. By the end of the 13th century, "the monarch needed the consent of the Corts to approve laws or collect revenue" (McRoberts 10). Soon after, the Catalan Courts elected a standing body called the <i>Diputació del General</i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Generalitat" title="Generalitat">Generalitat</a></i>, which included the rising upper bourgeoisie. The first <a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Catalan constitutions</a> were promulgated by the Catalan Courts held in Barcelona<i> in 1283, following the Roman tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codex</a>.</i> </p><p>In the 13th century, King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I of Aragon</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. Subsequent conquests expanded into the Mediterranean, reaching <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Greece</a>, so by 1350 the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <i>"presided over one of the most extensive and powerful mercantile empires of the Mediterranean during this period"</i> (Woolard 16). Catalonia's economic success formed a powerful <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> class, which wielded the Corts as its political weapon. It also produced a smaller middle class, or <i>menestralia</i>, that was "composed of artisans, shopkeepers and workshop owners" (McRoberts 11). </p><p>Over the 13th and 14th centuries, these merchants accrued so much wealth and political sway that they were able to place a significant check on the power of the Aragonese crown. By the 15th century the Aragonese monarch <i>"was not considered legitimate until he had sworn to respect the basic law of the land in the presence of the </i>Corts<i>"</i> (Balcells 9). This balance of power is a classic example of <i>pactisme</i>, or contractualism, which seems to be a defining feature of the Catalan <a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">political culture</a>. </p><p>Along with political and economic success, Catalan culture flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> vernacular gradually replaced Latin as the language of culture and government. Scholars rewrote everything from ancient <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> law to religious sermons in Catalan (Woolard 14). Wealthy citizens bolstered Catalan's literary appeal through poetry contests and history pageants dubbed the <i><a href="/wiki/Jocs_Florals" class="mw-redirect" title="Jocs Florals">Jocs Florals</a></i>, or "Floral Games." As the kingdom expanded southeast into Valencia and the Mediterranean, the Catalan language followed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> heyday of Catalan culture would not last, however. After a bout of famine and <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a> hit Catalonia in the mid-14th century, the population dropped from 500,000 to 200,000 (McRoberts 13). This exacerbated feudal tensions, sparking <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serf</a> revolts in rural areas and political impasses in Barcelona. Financial issues and the burden of multiple dependencies abroad further strained the region. </p><p>In 1410, the king died without leaving an heir to the throne. Finding no legitimate alternative, representatives of the three Iberian realms composing the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>) agreed by means of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Caspe" title="Compromise of Caspe">Compromise of Caspe</a> that the vacant throne should go to the Castilian <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a>, as he was among the nearest relatives of the recently extinguished <a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a> through a maternal line. The new dynasty began to assert the authority of the Crown, leading to a perception among the nobility that their traditional privileges associated with their position in society were at risk. From 1458 to 1479, civil wars between King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a> and Catalan institutions engulfed Catalonia. </p><p>During the conflict, John II, in the face of French aggression in the Pyrenees<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "had his heir Ferdinand married to <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, the heiress to the Castilian throne, in a bid to find outside allies" (Balcells 11). Their dynastic union, which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, marked the <i>de facto</i> unification of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy of Spain</a>. At that point, however, <i>de jure</i> both the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and the states of the Crown of Aragon remained distinct entities, each keeping its own separate jurisdictions, institutions, parliaments and legislation. This was a common practice at this time in Western Europe as the concept of sovereignty lay with the monarch. </p><p>With the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, led by the Portuguese, the importance of the Aragonese possessions in the Mediterranean became drastically reduced and, alongside the rise of <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> predating commerce in the Mediterranean, the theatre of European power shifted from the Mediterranean basin to the Atlantic Ocean. These political and economic restrictions impacted all segments of society. Also, because of locally bred social conflicts, Catalonia squandered in one century most of what it had gained in political rights between 1070 and 1410. </p><p>Nevertheless, early political, economic and cultural advances gave Catalonia <i>"a mode of organization and an awareness of its own identity which might in some ways be described as national, though the idea of popular or national sovereignty did not yet exist"</i> (Balcells 9). Other scholars like Kenneth McRoberts and Katheryn Woolard hold similar views. Both support <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vilar" title="Pierre Vilar">Pierre Vilar</a>, who contends that in 13th and 14th centuries "the Catalan principality was perhaps the European country to which it would be the least inexact or risky to use such seemingly anachronistic terms as political and economic <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> or '<a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>'" (McRoberts 13). In other words, an array of political and cultural forces laid the foundations of Catalan "national" identity. </p><p>Llobera agrees with this opinion, saying, "By the mid-thirteenth century, the first solid manifestations of national consciousness can be observed." Indeed, 13th- and 14th-century Catalonia did exhibit features of a nation-state. The role of Catalan Counts, the <i>Corts</i>, Mediterranean rule and economic prosperity support this thesis. But as Vilar points out, these analogies are only true if we acknowledge that a 14th-century nation-state is anachronistic. In other words, those living in Catalonia before latter day nationalism possessed a collective identity on which this was to be based, but this does not automatically equate to the modern concept of nation, neither in Catalonia nor elsewhere in similar circumstances during the Middle Ages. </p><p>The Catalan Courts and the rest of the autochthonous legal and political organization of the Principality of Catalonia were finally terminated in 1716, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. The Catalan institutions and most of local population took sides and provided troops and resources for <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Charles</a>, the pretender, who was arguably expected to maintain and modernize the legal <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>. His utter defeat meant the legal and political termination of the autonomous parliaments in the Crown of Aragon, as the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a> were passed and King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> sealed the transformation of Spain from a <i>de facto</i> unified realm into a <i>de jure</i> centralized state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_development_of_modern_Catalanism">The development of modern Catalanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The development of modern Catalanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almirall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Almirall.jpg/220px-Almirall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Almirall.jpg/330px-Almirall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Almirall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%AD_Almirall" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentí Almirall">Valentí Almirall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PratRiba-4716.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PratRiba-4716.jpg/220px-PratRiba-4716.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PratRiba-4716.jpg/330px-PratRiba-4716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PratRiba-4716.jpg/440px-PratRiba-4716.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Enric Prat de la Riba</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a> ("rebirth" or "renaissance") was a cultural, historical and literary movement that pursued, in the wake of European <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, the recovery of the Catalans' own language and literature after a century of repression and radical political and economical changes. As time went by, and particularly immediately after the fiasco of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Revolution of 1868</a> (led by the Catalan general <a href="/wiki/Juan_Prim" title="Juan Prim">Joan Prim</a>) and the subsequent fail of the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> (1873–1874), which many Catalans expected an instauration of a federal republic, the movement acquired a clear political character, directed to the attainment of self-government for Catalonia within the framework of the Spanish liberal state. </p><p>Like most <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> currents, the Renaixença gave historical analysis a central role. History, in fact, was an integral part of Catalonia's "rebirth." Texts on Catalonia's history — inspired by the Romantic philosophy of history — laid the foundations of a Catalanist movement. Works like <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%AD_Almirall_i_Llozer" title="Valentí Almirall i Llozer">Valentí Almirall i Llozer</a>'s <i>Lo Catalanisme</i>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Balaguer" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Balaguer">Victor Balaguer</a>'s <i>Historia de Cataluña y de la Corona de Aragón</i> and <a href="/wiki/Prat_de_la_Riba" class="mw-redirect" title="Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a>'s <i>La nacionalitat catalana</i> used history as evidence for Catalonia's nationhood. According to <a href="/wiki/Elie_Kedourie" title="Elie Kedourie">Elie Kedourie</a>, such claims were common in 19th century nationalist discourse because "the 'past' is used to explain the 'present,' to give it meaning and legitimacy. The 'past' reveals one's identity, and history determines one's role in the drama of human development and progress" (36). Publications of histories thus "explained" why the Catalans constituted a nation instead of a Spanish region or coastal province. </p><p>At the heart of many of the works of the Renaixença lay a powerful idea: the <a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a>. Indeed, the concept of Volk (pl. Völker) played a vital role in mainstream Catalan Romantic nationalism. It has its origins in the writings of German Romantics like <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Friedrich Carl von Savigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> and, most notably, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>. </p><p>The concept of Volk entered Catalan intellectual circles in the 1830s, stemming from the emphasis on the region's medieval history and philology. It first appeared in the writings of Juan Cortada (1805–1868), Marti d'Eixalà (1807–1857) and his discipline, Francesco Javier Llorens y Barba, intellectuals who reinvigorated the literature on the Catalan national character. Inspired by the ideas of Herder, Savigny and the entire <a href="/wiki/Scottish_School_of_Common_Sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish School of Common Sense">Scottish School of Common Sense</a>, they asked why the Catalans were different from other Spaniards — especially the Castilians (Conversi 1997: 15) For example, Cortada wanted to determine why, despite its poor natural environment, Catalonia was so much more successful economically than other parts of Spain. In a series of generalizations, he concluded that the "Catalans have succeeded in developing a strong sense of resolution and constancy over the centuries. Another feature of their character was the fact that they were hardworking people" (Llobera 1983: 342). D'Eixalà and Llorens held a similar understanding of the Catalan national character. They held that two characteristics particular to Catalans were common sense (<a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">seny</a>) and industriousness. To them, "the traditional Catalan seny was a manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a>", one which made Catalans essentially different from Castilians (Llobera 2004: 75). </p><p>The early works on the Catalan <i>Volk</i> would remain on paper long before they entered politics. This is because the Catalan <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> had not yet abandoned the hope of spearheading the Spanish state (Conversi 1997: 14). Indeed, in the 1830s, the Renaixença was still embryonic and the industrial class still thought that it could at least control the Spanish economy. Notions of Catalonia's uniqueness mattered little to a group that believed it could integrate and lead the entire country. But this all changed around 1880. After decades of discrimination from Spanish elites, Catalan industrialists buried their dream of leading Spain. As Vilar observes: "It is only because, in its acquisition of the Spanish market, the Catalan industrial bourgeoisie did not succeed either in securing the state apparatus or identifying its interests with those of the whole of Spain, in influential opinion, that Catalonia, this little "fatherland", finally became the 'national' focal point", (1980: 551) </p><p>This switch of allegiance was particularly easy because the idea of a Catalan nation had already matured into a corpus of texts about the region's "uniqueness" and <i>Volksgeist</i>. Inspired by these works of Romantic nationalism, the Catalan economic elite became conscious of "the growing dissimilitude between the Catalonia's social structure and that of the rest of the nation" (Vilar 1963: 101). Consequently, Romantic nationalism expanded beyond its philosophical bounds into the political arena. </p><p>Nonetheless, this idea lost its importance, and even were abandoned by many sectors (specially from the left-wing Catalanism) during the last years of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century, thanks to the contact with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> and its civic and republican concept of nation. <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Rovira_i_Virgili" title="Antoni Rovira i Virgili">Antoni Rovira i Virgili</a> (1882–1949), Catalan nationalist and republican historian and politician, gave support to these ideas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the last third of the 19th century, Catalanism was formulating its own doctrinal foundations, not only among the progressive ranks but also amongst the conservatives. At the same time it started to establish its first political programmes (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Memorial_of_Wrongs" title="Memorial of Wrongs">Memorial of Wrongs</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Bases_de_Manresa" title="Bases de Manresa">Bases de Manresa</a></i>, 1892), and to generate a wide cultural and association movement of a clearly nationalistic character. </p><p>In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spain lost</a> its last colonial possessions in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, a fact that not only created an important crisis of national confidence, but also gave an impulse to political Catalanism. The first modern political party in Catalonia was the <a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Regionalist League">Lliga Regionalista</a>. Founded in 1901, it formed a coalition in 1907 with other Catalanist forces (from <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> to Federalists), grouped in the so-called <i>Solidaritat Catalana</i>, and won the elections with the regionalist programme that <a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Enric Prat de la Riba</a> had formulated in his manifesto <i>La nacionalitat catalana</i> (1906). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialization_and_Catalanism">Industrialization and Catalanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrialization and Catalanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalonia_nation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catalonia_nation.JPG/220px-Catalonia_nation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catalonia_nation.JPG/330px-Catalonia_nation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catalonia_nation.JPG/440px-Catalonia_nation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Nationalist graffiti in Catalonia</figcaption></figure> <p>The 18th-century Spanish economy depended mostly on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. The social structure stayed hierarchical, if not <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> wrestled for internal supremacy. Into the 19th century, the Napoleonic invasion devastated the country and its early attempts in industrialization and led to chronic political instability, with Spain remaining politically and culturally isolated from the rest of Europe. </p><p>Unlike in the rest of Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> made some progress in Catalonia, whose pro-industry <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> strove to mechanize everything, from <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> and crafts to <a href="/wiki/Wineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Wineries">wineries</a>. Industrialization and trade went hand in hand with the proto-nationalist <i><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></i> cultural movement, which, annoyed with the shortcomings of the Royal court in Madrid, began to fashion an alternative, and that was Catalan identity. </p><p>To finance their cultural project, a locally bred proto-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> sought patronage and protection from Barcelona's industrial barons. This relationship played a decisive role in the development of Catalanism. On the one hand, intellectuals sought to renew Catalan identity as a response to Spain's overall backwardness. They wanted to distance themselves from the Spanish problems by creating a new <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> rooted in Catalan <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, language and <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a>. On the other hand, those same intellectuals avoided demands for separation. They knew that their patrons would want Catalan nationalism to include Spain for two reasons: </p> <ul><li>Any secession from Spain would devastate industrial markets and impoverish the region.</li> <li>The Catalan <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial class</a> was "unconditionally pro-Spanish at heart" (Conversi 1997: 18).</li></ul> <p>As Woolard notes, the economic interests in Madrid and the budding Catalan industrialists converged during the 18th century, resulting in cooperation. For the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">literati</a>, this meant that Catalanism could promote a national identity, but it had to function within Spain. </p><p>Furthermore, Barcelona's industrial <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> wanted Catalonia to stay part of Spain since Catalonia's industrial markets relied on consumption from other Spanish regions which, little by little, started to join some sort of development. In fact, part of the industrialists' desire to remain part of Spain was their desire for <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, hegemony in domestic markets and the push to "influence Madrid's political choices by intervening in central Spanish affairs" (Conversi 1997: 18–20), thus, it made no economic sense to promote any secession from Spain. On the contrary, Catalonia's prominent industrialists acted as the Spanish leading economic heads. As <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Payne">Stanley Payne</a> observes: "The modern Catalan élite had played a major role in what there was of economic industrialization in the nineteenth century, and had tended to view Catalonia not as the antagonist but to some degree the leader of a freer, more prosperous Spain" (482). Barcelona's <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> industrialists even claimed that protectionism and leadership served the interests of the "'national market' or of 'developing the national economy' (national meaning Spanish here)" (Balcells 19). The inclusion of Spain was instrumental to Catalonia's success, meaning that industrialists would not tolerate any secessionist movement. Claiming that independence would have assured nothing but weak markets, an internal enemy and strengthened <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> movements. And hence, though manufacturers funded the <i>Renaixença</i>—and Catalan nationalism—they demanded that Catalonia stayed part of Spain to ensure economic stability. </p><p>This federalist-like lobbying had not worked at first, nor did it succeed until the late 1880s. Finally, in 1889, the pro-industrialist <a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Regionalist League"><i>Lliga Regionalista</i></a> managed to save the particular <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Catalonia" title="Civil Code of Catalonia">Catalan Civil Code</a>, after a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberal</a> attempt to homogenize the Spanish legal structures (Conversi 1997: 20). Two years later, they coaxed Madrid into passing protectionist measures, which reinvigorated pro-Spanish attitudes among manufacturers. Then, they also took great profits from Spain's <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> in World War I, which allowed them to export to both sides, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Protectorate of Morocco">Spanish expansion in Morocco</a>, which Catalan industrialists encouraged, since it was to become a fast growing market for them. Also, by the early 20th century, Catalan businessmen had managed to gain control of the most profitable commerce between Spain and its American colonies and ex-colonies, namely Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. </p><p>This nationalist-industrialist accord is a classic example of inclusionary Catalanism. Nationalists might have hoped for an independent Catalonia but their patrons needed access to markets and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>. As a result, nationalists could propagate the Catalan identity provided that it coincided with the industrialists' pro-Spanish stance. Because the <i>Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya</i> endorsed this compromise, it dominated Catalan politics after the start of the 20th century. Payne notes: "The main Catalanist party, the bourgeois Lliga, never sought separatism but rather a more discrete and distinctive place for a self-governing Catalonia within a more reformist and progressive Spain. The <i>Lliga'</i>s leaders ran their 1916 electoral campaign under the slogan <b>Per l'Espanya Gran</b> (For the Great Spain)" (482). The <i>Lliga</i> had tempered the nationalist position to one of inclusionary nationalism. It allowed Catalanism to flourish, but demanded that it promote <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> within Spain, and not separation from it. Any deviation from this delicate balance would have enraged those pro-Catalan and Spanish-identifying industrialists. Ultimately, this prevented any moves towards separation while strengthening Catalonia's "federal" rights after the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Catalonia" title="Commonwealth of Catalonia">Commonwealth of Catalonia</a> took power in 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalanism_in_the_20th_century">Catalanism in the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Catalanism in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesc_Macia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Francesc_Macia.JPG/170px-Francesc_Macia.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Francesc_Macia.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Francesc Macià, republican and left-wing independentist leader, first president of the Generalitat of Catalonia (1931–1933)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Companys,_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona,_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg/170px-Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg/255px-Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg/340px-Luis_Companys%2C_gobernador_civil_de_Barcelona%2C_en_Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico_1931-04-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a>, left-wing Catalan nationalist leader and second president of Catalonia (1933-1940), executed by Franco's Dictatorship in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first part of the 20th century, the main nationalist party was the conservative <a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Regionalist League"><i>Lliga Regionalista</i></a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Camb%C3%B3" title="Francesc Cambó">Francesc Cambó</a>. For the nationalists, the main achievement in this period was the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Catalonia" title="Commonwealth of Catalonia">Commonwealth of Catalonia</a>, a grouping of the four Catalan provinces with limited administrative power. The Commonwealth developed an important infrastructure (like roads and phones) and promoted the culture (professional education, libraries, regulation of Catalan language, study of sciences) in order to modernize Catalonia. The failure in being granted an Estatute of autonomy in 1919 within the Restoration regime, led to radicalisation of the moderate nationalist parties in Catalonia, leading in turn to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Acció Catalana">Acció Catalana</a> (<i>Catalan Action</i>) and also <a href="/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0" title="Estat Català">Estat Català</a> (<i>Catalan State</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranja_Sainz2000154_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranja_Sainz2000154-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drifting apart from the Lliga. Among the leaders of Acció Catalana founded in 1922 and chiefly supportive of liberal-democratic catalanism and a <i>catalanisation</i> process were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaume_Bofill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaume Bofill (page does not exist)">Jaume Bofill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Rovira_i_Virgili" title="Antoni Rovira i Virgili">Antoni Rovira i Virgili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Nicolau_d%27Olwer" title="Lluís Nicolau d'Olwer">Lluís Nicolau d'Olwer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabriel200086_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel200086-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also featured an internal <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitist</a> faction, moved by the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Action française">Action française</a> of which <a href="/wiki/Josep_Vicen%C3%A7_Foix" title="Josep Vicenç Foix">Josep Vicenç Foix</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josep_Carbonell_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josep Carbonell (politician) (page does not exist)">Josep Carbonell</a> were representatives,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199921_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199921-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Jaume Bofill was ambivalent to the extreme right French thinker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Cuevas2009213–214_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Cuevas2009213–214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estat Català, somewhat more attached to the idea of downright independence, was founded right after the creation of Acció Catalana by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0" title="Francesc Macià">Francesc Macià</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabriel200086_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel200086-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mancomunitat of Catalonia was dissolved during the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a> in 1925. The anti-Catalan measures taken by dictator Primo de Rivera led to further disappointment among Catalan conservatives, who initially trusted in him because of an earlier support of regionalism prior to his <i>pronunciamiento</i> in September 1923, and also further exacerbation of insurrectionary nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESueiro_Seoane1992385_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESueiro_Seoane1992385-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1926 Macià helmed an attempt of military invasion of Catalonia from France which would purposely lead to a civil uprising and the proclamation of the Catalan Republic; he was not able even to get past through the border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESueiro_Seoane1992385-386_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESueiro_Seoane1992385-386-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, the left-wing Catalan nationalist <i><a href="/wiki/Esquerra_Republicana_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a></i> (Republican Left of Catalonia, ERC) party, born as a result of the fusion of Catalan Republican Party and Estat Català, won the elections in Catalonia, advocating a <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1931)" title="Catalan Republic (1931)">Catalan Republic</a> federated with Spain the same day of the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. Under pressure from the new Spanish government, the leader of ERC, <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0" title="Francesc Macià">Francesc Macià</a>, accepted an autonomous Catalan government instead, which recovered the historical name of <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat de Catalunya</a>. </p><p>The Catalan Government broke with the Republican legality in the <a href="/wiki/Events_of_October_the_6th" class="mw-redirect" title="Events of October the 6th">events of October 1934</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a>, under the influence of the JEREC, rebelled against the Spanish government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzàlez_i_Vilalta201149,_61_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzàlez_i_Vilalta201149,_61-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dramatically short period of restoration of democratic and cultural normality was interrupted at its outset by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. The autonomous government, which was loyal to the Republic during the 1936–1939 war period, was abolished in 1939, after the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Francoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist">Francoist</a> troops. During the last stages of the war, when the Republican side was on the verge of defeat, Catalan president of the Generalitat, <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a>, rhetorically declared Catalan independence, even though it never materialized due to objections within Catalonia and, eventually, by the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. </p><p>Right after the war, Companys, along with thousands of Spanish Republicans, sought cover in France exiled but because of the, by that time, mutual sympathy between Franco's government and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, he was captured after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a> in 1940 and handed to Spanish authorities, who tortured him and which sentenced him to death for 'military rebellion'. He was executed at <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc" title="Montjuïc">Montjuïc</a> in Barcelona at 6.30 a.m. on October 15, 1940. Refusing to wear a blindfold, he was taken before a firing squad of Civil Guards and, as they fired, he cried 'Per Catalunya!'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several political or cultural Catalan movements operated underground during the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, which lasted until 1975. A president of the Catalan government was still designated, and operated symbolically in exile. </p><p>Companys's successor in exile, <a href="/wiki/Josep_Tarradellas" title="Josep Tarradellas">Josep Tarradellas</a>, kept away from Spain until Franco's death in 1975. When he came back in 1977, the government of Catalonia -the <i><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalitat of Catalonia">Generalitat</a></i>- was restored again. Following the approval of the Spanish constitution in 1978, a <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_1979" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979">Statute of Autonomy</a> was promulgated and approved in referendum. Catalonia was organized as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Community">Autonomous Community</a>, and in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Pujol" title="Jordi Pujol">Jordi Pujol</a>, from the conservative nationalist party <i><a href="/wiki/Converg%C3%A8ncia_Democr%C3%A0tica_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya">Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya</a></i>, was elected president and ruled the autonomous government for 23 consecutive years. </p><p>In contrast, there is no significant political autonomy, nor recognition of the language in the historical <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Catalan territories</a> belonging to France (<a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">French département</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referendum_and_political_developments_since_2006">Referendum and political developments since 2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Referendum and political developments since 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:060218_ManiSomunaNacio24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/060218_ManiSomunaNacio24.jpg/220px-060218_ManiSomunaNacio24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/060218_ManiSomunaNacio24.jpg/330px-060218_ManiSomunaNacio24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/060218_ManiSomunaNacio24.jpg/440px-060218_ManiSomunaNacio24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Catalan Nationalist demonstration celebrated in Barcelona on 18 February 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG/220px-Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG/330px-Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG/440px-Manifestaci%C3%B310J-293.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_autonomy_protest" title="2010 Catalan autonomy protest">demonstration on 10 July 2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>) to reject the ruling that the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a> had about <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia">Statute of Autonomy (2006)</a> and in favor of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">the right to decide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Currently, the main political parties which define themselves as being Catalan nationalists are <i><a href="/wiki/Converg%C3%A8ncia_Democr%C3%A0tica_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya">Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Democr%C3%A0tica_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Unió Democràtica de Catalunya">Unió Democràtica de Catalunya</a></i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Esquerra_Republicana_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a></i>, although deriving from nationalism, refuses the term "nationalism" and prefers to describe itself as <a href="/wiki/Catalan_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan separatism">pro-independence</a>; so does <i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Solidarity_for_Independence" title="Catalan Solidarity for Independence">Soldaritat Catalana</a></i>. These parties obtained 50.03% of the votes in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_regional_election" title="2010 Catalan regional election">2010 election</a>. Within these parties, there is much divergence of opinion. More radical elements are only content with the establishment of a separate Catalan state. In contrast, more moderate elements do not necessarily identify with the belief that protection of Catalan identity is incompatible within Spain. Others vote for these parties simply as a protest and do not necessarily identify with the overall party platform (for example, some people may vote for ERC because they are simply tired of CiU, even though they do not actually desire a leftist Catalan republic). The other way around also occurs: some voters may vote for non-nationalist parties (especially the <a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Catalonia_Greens" title="Initiative for Catalonia Greens">Initiative for Catalonia Greens</a>, ICV, and the <a href="/wiki/Socialists%27_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Socialists' Party of Catalonia">Socialists' Party of Catalonia</a>, PSC) for reasons of policy, ideology or personal preference, although they share a nationalist viewpoint regarding Catalonia's status within Spain. Some polls, conducted in 2010, show that more than a third of PSC and more than half of ICV voters support Catalonia's independence (in the latter case, the percentage is even higher than among <a href="/wiki/Convergence_and_Union" title="Convergence and Union">Convergence and Union</a> voters); according to these polls, even 15% of the pro-Spanish <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">Partido Popular</a> voters in Catalonia support the region's independence <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with scholars arguing that this resurgence of Catalan nationalism can be attributed to a confluence of factors, including widespread dissatisfaction with Spain's fiscal federal policies, apprehensions over the erosion of Catalan autonomy following constitutional reforms perceived as centralizing, and the exacerbation of regional grievances by the economic downturn precipitated by the 2008 financial crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estelada_blava.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of Catalan independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estelada_blava.svg/200px-Estelada_blava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estelada_blava.svg/300px-Estelada_blava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estelada_blava.svg/400px-Estelada_blava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"> </div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estelada_roja.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of Catalan independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/200px-Estelada_roja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/300px-Estelada_roja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/400px-Estelada_roja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Two commonly seen variants of the <i><a href="/wiki/Estelada" title="Estelada">Estelada</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independence">pro-independence</a> flag</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/2006_Catalan_Statute_of_Autonomy_referendum" title="2006 Catalan Statute of Autonomy referendum">referendum</a> was held on amending the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_1979" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979">Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979</a> to further expand the authority of the Catalan government. It was approved by 73.24% of the voters or 35.78% of the census, and became effective as of August 9, 2006. However, the turnout of 48.84% represented an unprecedented high <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstention</a> in Catalonia's democratic history. This has been cited both as a symptom of having large sectors in the average populace disengaged or at odds with the politics of identity in Catalonia,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, alternatively, as a symptom of fatigue among Catalan nationalists who would like to see bolder steps towards political autonomy or independence. In this regard, both <i><a href="/wiki/Esquerra_Republicana_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a></i> (Catalan pro-independence left wing) and <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">Partido Popular</a></i> (Spanish right wing) campaigned against having the 2006 Statute of Autonomy passed: the former considered it too little, the latter too much. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Catalonia" title="National Day of Catalonia">September 11, 2012</a> between 600,000 (according to Spanish <a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_(Spain)" title="Government Delegation (Spain)">Government Delegation</a> in Barcelona) and 2 million (according to the organisers) people <a href="/wiki/2012_Catalan_independence_demonstration" title="2012 Catalan independence demonstration">gathered in central Barcelona calling for independence from Spain</a>. In September and October, numerous Catalan municipalities declared themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Free_Catalan_Territory" title="Free Catalan Territory">Free Catalan Territory</a>. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Catalonia" title="National Day of Catalonia">September 11, 2013</a> the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Way" title="Catalan Way">Catalan Way</a> took place, consisting of a 480-kilometre (300 mi) human chain with 1.6 million people in support of Catalan independence. </p><p>Since the economic crisis of 2008, the government of Artur Mas has moved away from its former regionalist position and come to overtly support Catalan independence. The Catalan government held a <a href="/wiki/2014_Catalan_self-determination_referendum" title="2014 Catalan self-determination referendum">non-binding popular consultation</a> on the subject in 2014. Catalan nationalists polled well in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Catalan_regional_election" title="2015 Catalan regional election">2015 election to the Catalan parliament</a>, which Artur Mas declared to be a referendum-election. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_regional_election" title="2017 Catalan regional election">2017 Catalan regional election</a> the nationalist parties that support the creation of an independent state (<a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2017)" title="Together for Catalonia (2017)">JuntsxCat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia%E2%80%93Catalonia_Yes" title="Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes">ERC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidacy%E2%80%93Constituent_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Unity Candidacy–Constituent Call">CUP</a>) obtained a plurality of seats, but a minority of votes with less than 50%. The most voted party remained to be the non-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Citizens</a> (Cs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_referendum,_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections"><span id="2017_referendum.2C_Declaration_of_Independence_and_new_regional_elections"></span>2017 referendum, Declaration of Independence and new regional elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2017 referendum, Declaration of Independence and new regional elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_referendum,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independence referendum, 2017">Catalan independence referendum, 2017</a>; and <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis">2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg/220px-El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg/330px-El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg/440px-El_president_i_els_alcaldes_entrant_al_Palau_de_la_Generalitat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Catalan President <a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a> and more than 700 mayors from Catalonia met to show support for holding an <a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">independence referendum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In late September 2016, Puigdemont told the parliament that a <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">binding referendum on independence</a> would be held in the second half of September 2017, with or without the consent of the Spanish institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puigdemont announced in June 2017 that the referendum would take place on 1 October, and that the question would be, "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?" The Spanish government said in response, "that referendum will not take place because it is illegal."<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Referendum_on_Self-determination_of_Catalonia" title="Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia">law creating an independent republic</a>—in the event that the referendum took place and there was a majority "yes" vote, without requiring a minimum turnout—was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Catalan parliament</a> in a session on 6 September 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-TheGuardian06092017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian06092017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition parties protested against the bill, calling it "a blow to democracy and a violation of the rights of the opposition", and staged a walkout before the vote was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 September, the Catalan parliament passed a "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_juridical_transition_and_foundation_of_the_Republic" title="Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic">transition law</a>", to provide a legal framework pending the adoption of a new constitution, after similar protests and another walkout by opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, 7 September, the Spanish Constitutional Court suspended the 6 September law while it considered an appeal from Mariano Rajoy, seeking a declaration that it was in breach of the Spanish constitution, meaning that the referendum could not legally go ahead on 1 October.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was finally declared void on 17 October<sup id="cite_ref-The_Independent_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also illegal according to the Catalan Statutes of Autonomy which require a two-thirds majority in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catalan_independence_referendum_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalan_independence_referendum-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national government seized ballot papers and cell phones, threatened to fine people who manned polling stations up to €300,000, shut down web sites, and demanded that Google remove a voting location finder from the Android app store.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police were sent from the rest of Spain to suppress the vote and close polling locations, but parents scheduled events at schools (where polling places are located) over the weekend and vowed to occupy them to keep them open during the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some election organizers were arrested, including Catalan cabinet officials, while demonstrations by local institutions and street protests grew larger.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The referendum took place on 1 October 2017, despite being suspended by the Constitutional Court, and despite the action of Spanish police to prevent voting in some centres. According to the Catalan authorities, 90% of voters supported independence, but turnout was only 43%, and there were reports of irregularities.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_10_Oct_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_10_Oct-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October 2017, in the aftermath of the referendum, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Generalitat of Catalonia">President of the Generalitat of Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a>, declared the independence of Catalonia but left it suspended. Puigdemont said during his appearance in the Catalan parliament that he assumes, in presenting the results of the referendum, "the people's mandate for Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic", but proposed that in the following weeks the parliament "suspends the effect of the declaration of independence to engage in a dialogue to reach an agreed solution" with the Spanish Government.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_10_Oct_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_10_Oct-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20Set_Barcelona_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/20Set_Barcelona_18.jpg/220px-20Set_Barcelona_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/20Set_Barcelona_18.jpg/330px-20Set_Barcelona_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/20Set_Barcelona_18.jpg/440px-20Set_Barcelona_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Protests in Barcelona after <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Spanish police</a> raided Catalan government buildings, 20 September 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament voted in a secret ballot to approve a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence of Catalonia">resolution declaring independence from Spain</a> by a vote of 70–10 in the absence of the constitutionalist deputies, who refused to participate in a vote considered illegal for violating the decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a>. As a result, article 155 of the Spanish constitution was triggered, the Catalan government was dismissed and direct rule was imposed from the central government in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-ElMundo27102017_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMundo27102017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20minutos27102017_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20minutos27102017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaVanguardia27102017_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaVanguardia27102017-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under direct rule from Spain, elections were held in Catalonia on 21 December 2017. The three pro-independence parties retained their control of parliament with a reduced majority of 70 seats and a combined 47.5% of valid votes cast. <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Arrimadas" title="Inés Arrimadas">Inés Arrimadas</a>' anti-independence Ciudadanos party was the most voted party with 25.4% of votes, the first time in Catalan history that a non-nationalist party won most votes and seats in an election. Parties which endorsed the suspension of autonomy by central government represented 43.5% of votes cast and parties which did not include independence in their electoral program amounted to 52.5% of the vote, notably Catcomu-Podem (7.5% of votes and 8 seats), which is opposed to independence but supports a legal referendum and denounced the suspension of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excellent performance of the centre-right parties on both sides of the independence debate, Ciudadanos and Juntxcat, and the underperformance of all other parties (notably, left wing parties and the Partido Popular) were the most significant factor in this election result. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">2017 Catalan independence referendum</a>, also known by the <a href="/wiki/Numeronym" title="Numeronym">numeronym</a> <b>1-O</b> (for "1 October") in Spanish media, was an <a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">independence referendum</a> held on 1 October 2017 in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Spanish autonomous community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Parliament of Catalonia</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Referendum_on_Self-determination_of_Catalonia" title="Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia">Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia</a> and called by the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat de Catalunya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was declared illegal<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a> after a request from the Spanish government, who declared it a breach of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews08092017_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews08092017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boe2162017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boe2162017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in early September the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_Catalonia" title="High Court of Justice of Catalonia">High Court of Justice of Catalonia</a> had issued orders to the police to try to prevent it, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process as well as to the use of force by the National Police and Civil Guard, international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections.<sup id="cite_ref-observadores_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observadores-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-regulations_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regulations-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mediaciones_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediaciones-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The referendum was approved by the Catalan parliament in a session on 6 September 2017 along with the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_juridical_transition_and_foundation_of_the_Republic" title="Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic">Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic of Catalonia</a> the following day 7 of September, which stated that independence would be binding with a simple majority, without requiring a minimum turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-TheGuardian06092017_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian06092017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being suspended, the law was finally declared void on 17 October,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Independent_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being also illegal according to the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia">Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia</a> which requires a two-thirds majority, 90 seats, in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catalan_independence_referendum_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalan_independence_referendum-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_(44160742095).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg/220px-Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg/330px-Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg/440px-Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Protest in Barcelona on 1 October 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>The referendum question, which voters answered with "Yes" or "No", was "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?". The "Yes" side won, with 2,044,038 (92.01%) voting for independence and 177,547 (7.99%) voting against, on a turnout of 43.03%. The Catalan government estimated that up to 770,000 votes were not cast due to polling stations being closed off during the police crackdown,<sup id="cite_ref-Results_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Results-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mundo-2Oct17_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mundo-2Oct17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Independent-2Oct17_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-2Oct17-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN-2Oct17_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2Oct17-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the "universal census" system introduced earlier in the day allowed electors to vote at any given polling station.<sup id="cite_ref-Universal_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universal-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElPais03112017_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElPais03112017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalan government officials have argued that the turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish and Catalan police suppression of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-TurullSays_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurullSays-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ara_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ara-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, many voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the constitutional political parties asked citizens not to participate in what they considered an illegal referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the day of the referendum, the inaction of part of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, the <a href="/wiki/Mossos_d%27Esquadra" title="Mossos d'Esquadra">Mossos d'Esquadra</a>, allowed many polling stations to open. The Spanish <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Corps">National Police Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Guardia Civil</a> intervened and raided several polling stations after they opened.<sup id="cite_ref-Eldiario01102017_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eldiario01102017-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElMundo02102017_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMundo02102017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 893 civilians and 111 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil were reported to have been injured.<sup id="cite_ref-Washingtonpost02102017_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washingtonpost02102017-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElMundo02102017_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMundo02102017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ara20180420_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ara20180420-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to various sources these previously reported figures may have been exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-ElMundo09102017_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMundo09102017-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the judge from Barcelona who is currently investigating the accusations of police violence, there were 218 persons injured on that day in the city of Barcelona alone, 20 of whom were agents.<sup id="cite_ref-LaVanguardia10102017_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaVanguardia10102017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElEspañol06102017_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElEspañol06102017-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the official final report by the Catalan Health Service (CatSalut) of the Generalitat 1066 civilians, 11 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil and 1 agent of the regional police, the <a href="/wiki/Mossos_d%27Esquadra" title="Mossos d'Esquadra">Mossos d'Esquadra</a>, were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Zeid_bin_Ra%27ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad">Zeid Ra'ad Al</a>, urged the Spanish government to prove all acts of violence that took place to prevent the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-UN02102017_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN02102017-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police action also got criticism from <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> which defined it as an "excessive and unnecessary use of force".<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty-international_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-international-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-human-rights-watch_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-rights-watch-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Spanish Supreme Court</a> judge Pablo Llarena stated Puigdemont ignored the repeated warnings he received about the escalation of violence if the referendum was held.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC30032018_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC30032018-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElMundo30032018_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMundo30032018-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mossos d'Esquadra are being investigated for disobedience, for allegedly not having complied with the orders of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_Catalonia" title="High Court of Justice of Catalonia">High Court of Justice of Catalonia</a> to prevent the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-ElPeriodico02102017_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElPeriodico02102017-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including <a href="/wiki/Josep_Llu%C3%ADs_Trapero_%C3%81lvarez" title="Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez">Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez</a>, the Mossos d'Esquadra <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Police">Major</a>, who is being investigated for <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Nacional (Spain)">Spanish National Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EFE04102017_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFE04102017-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mossos d'Esquadra, deny those accusations and allege they obeyed the orders but applying the principle of proportionality, which is required by Spanish law in all police. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_contemporary_Catalan_nationalism">Forms of contemporary Catalan nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forms of contemporary Catalan nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg/220px-Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg/330px-Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg/440px-Catalan_Nationalist_Symbols_on_display_in_Girona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Catalan nationalism on display in Girona</figcaption></figure> <p>Being a broad movement, Catalan nationalism can be found in several manifestations in the current political scene. Most of the main Catalan political parties— as of 2024, <a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)" title="Together for Catalonia (2020)">Together for Catalonia</a> (Junts), <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">Republican Left of Catalonia</a> (ERC), <a href="/wiki/Socialists%27_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Socialists' Party of Catalonia">Socialists' Party of Catalonia</a> (PSC),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catalunya_en_Com%C3%BA" title="Catalunya en Comú">Catalunya en Comú</a> (Comuns) and <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidature" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Unity Candidature">Popular Unity Candidature</a> (CUP)—adhere to Catalanism to varying degrees, though neither the PSC nor Comuns Sumar are usually regarded as Catalan nationalist. </p><p>The scope of their national objectives diverges. While some restrict them to Catalonia-proper alone, others seek the acknowledgment of the political personality of the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></i>, the Catalan-speaking territories as a whole. Such claims, which can be seen as a form of <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a>, can be read in official documents of CiU,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ERC<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidates" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Unity Candidates">Popular Unity Candidates</a> (CUP).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Catalonia, the main Catalan-speaking regions have their own nationalist parties and coalitions which support, to varying degrees, the demands for the building of a national identity for the Catalan Countries: <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Nationalist_Bloc" title="Valencian Nationalist Bloc">Valencian Nationalist Bloc</a> (BNV)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, Bloc Nacional i d'Esquerres,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PSM and <a href="/wiki/Majorcan_Union" title="Majorcan Union">Majorcan Union</a> (UM) in the Balearic Islands. Other nationalist parties have existed with additional affiliations such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=PSC_-_Reagrupament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSC - Reagrupament (page does not exist)">PSC - Reagrupament</a> whose leader <a href="/wiki/Josep_Pallach_i_Carol%C3%A0" title="Josep Pallach i Carolà">Josep Pallach i Carolà</a> died in 1977. </p><p>The two main Catalan nationalist parties (ERC and Junts) have shown their commitment to the idea of the Catalan Countries in different ways and with different intensities. For the former <a href="/wiki/CiU" class="mw-redirect" title="CiU">CiU</a> (from which Junts stems), this issue was not among the main items in their agenda. Nevertheless, CiU has enjoyed a long-term collaboration with the Valencian party BNV<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the Majorcan parties UM<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Majorca" title="Socialist Party of Majorca">Socialist Party of Majorca</a> (PSM).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">Republican Left of Catalonia</a> (ERC) has taken more substantial steps in that direction by expanding the party to <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and—as <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_the_Valencian_Country" title="Republican Left of the Valencian Country">Republican Left of the Valencian Country</a> (ERPV)—the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>. </p><p>Catalan nationalists see their movement as a wide one that brings together political parties and citizens from the left as well as from center and right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independence">Catalan independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catalanism">Anti-Catalanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan symbols">Catalan symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian nationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFernández2010" class="citation book cs1">Fernández, Jesús Laínz (20 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgGmyZcPSuQC&pg=PA537"><i>Adiós, España</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Catalonia+to+hold+independence+vote+despite+anger+in+Madrid&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fsep%2F06%2Fspanish-government-condemns-catalonia-over-independence-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/09/economist-explains-17">"Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 26 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+the+referendum+on+Catalan+independence+is+illegal&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2017%2F09%2Feconomist-explains-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-20/how-to-stage-an-illegal-referendum-on-independence-from-spain">"How to Stage an Illegal Referendum"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Stage+an+Illegal+Referendum&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-09-20%2Fhow-to-stage-an-illegal-referendum-on-independence-from-spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlandete2017" class="citation news cs1">Alandete, David (10 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/10/inenglish/1507636762_251450.html">"Independence in Catalonia – now what?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Independence+in+Catalonia+%E2%80%93+now+what%3F&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft.aulast=Alandete&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2017%2F10%2F10%2Finenglish%2F1507636762_251450.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNews08092017-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews08092017_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41196677">"Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Catalan+Separatists+Plot+Show+of+Force+in+Battle+With+Madrid&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.aulast=Duarte&rft.aufirst=Esteban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-09-10%2Fcatalan-separatists-plot-show-of-strength-in-battle-with-madrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrancoGarcía2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carranco, Rebeca; García, Jesús (21 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/09/20/catalunya/1505885372_273143.html">"La justicia desmonta la organización del referéndum ilegal de Cataluña"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+justicia+desmonta+la+organizaci%C3%B3n+del+refer%C3%A9ndum+ilegal+de+Catalu%C3%B1a&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.aulast=Carranco&rft.aufirst=Rebeca&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fccaa%2F2017%2F09%2F20%2Fcatalunya%2F1505885372_273143.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404163134/https://es.reuters.com/article/topNews/idESKCN1C42K5-OESTP">"Una juez ordena a Google eliminar la aplicación sobre el referéndum catalán"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Una+juez+ordena+a+Google+eliminar+la+aplicaci%C3%B3n+sobre+el+refer%C3%A9ndum+catal%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidESKCN1C42K5-OESTP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/catalan-court-mossos-close-polling-stations-referendum_195894_102.html">"Catalonia's Superior Court also orders Catalan Police to close off planned polling stations"</a>. <i>El Nacional</i>.</cite><span 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"estándares internacionales"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"La Misión debe concluir que el referéndum, tal y como se hizo, no puede cumplir con los estándares internacionales" <i>The Mission must conclude that the referendum, as it was done, can not meet international standards</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+misi%C3%B3n+de+observadores+concluye+que+el+refer%C3%A9ndum+no+cumple+los+%22est%C3%A1ndares+internacionales%22&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.aulast=Colom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jordi+P%C3%A9rez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolitica.elpais.com%2Fpolitica%2F2017%2F10%2F03%2Factualidad%2F1507046129_416345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regulations-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regulations_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/01/inenglish/1506858911_482600.html">"Did the referendum comply with basic voting regulations?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>. 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Did+the+referendum+comply+with+basic+voting+regulations%3F&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2017%2F10%2F01%2Finenglish%2F1506858911_482600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mediaciones-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Government of Catalonia. 2 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govern.cat/pres_gov/govern/ca/monografics/303541/govern-trasllada-resultats-definitius-referendum-l1-doctubre-parlament-catalunya.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalan+referendum+results&rft.pub=Government+of+Catalonia&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govern.cat%2Fpres_gov%2Fgovern%2Fca%2Fmonografics%2F303541%2Fgovern-trasllada-resultats-definitius-referendum-l1-doctubre-parlament-catalunya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mundo-2Oct17-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mundo-2Oct17_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2017/10/02/59d1725fca4741da328b458d.html">"El Govern anuncia un 90% de 'síes' entre las 2.262.424 papeletas contadas y asegura haber escrutado el 100,88% de votos"</a> (in Spanish). El Mundo. 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Govern+anuncia+un+90%25+de+%27s%C3%ADes%27+entre+las+2.262.424+papeletas+contadas+y+asegura+haber+escrutado+el+100%2C88%25+de+votos&rft.pub=El+Mundo&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcataluna%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2F59d1725fca4741da328b458d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-2Oct17-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent-2Oct17_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalan-independence-referendum-catalonia-vote-secession-spain-violence-police-a7977676.html">"Catalan independence referendum: Region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Spain"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Catalan+independence+referendum%3A+Region+votes+overwhelmingly+for+independence+from+Spain&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcatalan-independence-referendum-catalonia-vote-secession-spain-violence-police-a7977676.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-2Oct17-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN-2Oct17_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilary_ClarkeIsa_SoaresVasco_Cotovio2017" class="citation news cs1">Hilary Clarke; Isa Soares; Vasco Cotovio (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/01/europe/catalonia-spain-independence-referendum-result/index.html">"Catalonia referendum plunges Spain into political crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Catalonia+referendum+plunges+Spain+into+political+crisis&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.au=Hilary+Clarke&rft.au=Isa+Soares&rft.au=Vasco+Cotovio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F10%2F01%2Feurope%2Fcatalonia-spain-independence-referendum-result%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Universal-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Universal_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20171003/resultados-participacion-referendum-1o-6325986">"El independentismo, en númerus clausus"</a> (in Spanish). El Periódico de Catalunya. 3 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+independentismo%2C+en+n%C3%BAmerus+clausus&rft.pub=El+Peri%C3%B3dico+de+Catalunya&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elperiodico.com%2Fes%2Fpolitica%2F20171003%2Fresultados-participacion-referendum-1o-6325986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElPais03112017-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElPais03112017_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/03/catalunya/1507048467_326934.html">"El 'sí' obtuvo más votos que personas censadas en 71 municipios"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a>. 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+%27s%C3%AD%27+obtuvo+m%C3%A1s+votos+que+personas+censadas+en+71+municipios&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fccaa%2F2017%2F10%2F03%2Fcatalunya%2F1507048467_326934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TurullSays-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TurullSays_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilary_Clarke,_Isa_Soares_and_Vasco_Cotovio2017" class="citation news cs1">Hilary Clarke, Isa Soares and Vasco Cotovio (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/01/europe/catalonia-spain-independence-referendum-result/index.html">"Catalonia referendum plunges Spain into political crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>Turnout was about 42% of the 5.3 million eligible voters... Turull said more people would have voted had it not been for Spanish police suppression. Up to 770,000 votes were lost as a result of the crackdowns at police stations, the Catalan government estimated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Catalonia+referendum+plunges+Spain+into+political+crisis&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.au=Hilary+Clarke%2C+Isa+Soares+and+Vasco+Cotovio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F10%2F01%2Feurope%2Fcatalonia-spain-independence-referendum-result%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ara-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ara_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Pruina2017" class="citation news cs1">Gerard Pruina (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ara.cat/politica/independencai-simposa-vots_0_1879612291.html">"El 'sí' a la independència s'imposa amb 2.020.144 vots, el 90%"</a>. Ara.Cat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>Els encarregats de donar els resultats des del Centre Internacional de Premsa, el vicepresident, Oriol Junqueras; el conseller de la Presidència, Jordi Turull, i el conseller d'Exteriors, Raül Romeva, han remarcat contínuament que, tot i que els 2.248.000 vots no suposen 'per se' el 50% del cens, els càlculs dels experts apunten que sense pressió policial i tancament de col·legis s'hauria pogut arribar al 55% de participació.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+%27s%C3%AD%27+a+la+independ%C3%A8ncia+s%27imposa+amb+2.020.144+vots%2C+el+90%25&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.au=Gerard+Pruina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ara.cat%2Fpolitica%2Findependencai-simposa-vots_0_1879612291.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171006/431822521378/mossos-cerraron-colegios-1-o-policia-guardia-civil.html">"Los Mossos cerraron más colegios el 1-O"</a>. <i>La Vanguardia</i>. 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=Los+Mossos+cerraron+m%C3%A1s+colegios+el+1-O&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fpolitica%2F20171006%2F431822521378%2Fmossos-cerraron-colegios-1-o-policia-guardia-civil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2017" class="citation news cs1">Erickson, Amanda (30 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/09/30/catalonia-independence-referendum-spain/">"Catalonia independence vote: What you need to know"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Catalonia+independence+vote%3A+What+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F30%2Fcatalonia-independence-referendum-spain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/espana/abci-iceta-pide-catalanes-no-acudan-votar-para-no-valor-referendum-201709301106_noticia.html">"Iceta pide a los catalanes que no acudan a votar para no "dar valor" al referéndum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></i> (in European Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Iceta+pide+a+los+catalanes+que+no+acudan+a+votar+para+no+%22dar+valor%22+al+refer%C3%A9ndum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fespana%2Fabci-iceta-pide-catalanes-no-acudan-votar-para-no-valor-referendum-201709301106_noticia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolpeceres" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Molpeceres, Diego. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vozpopuli.com/politica/referendum-cataluna-independencia-1-O-PSC-PP-Ciudadanos_0_1063394527.html">"Referéndum en Cataluña - Un referéndum sin campaña por el 'no' a la independencia"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vozp%C3%B3puli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vozpópuli (page does not exist)">Vozpópuli</a></i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vozp%C3%B3puli&rft.atitle=Refer%C3%A9ndum+en+Catalu%C3%B1a+-+Un+refer%C3%A9ndum+sin+campa%C3%B1a+por+el+%27no%27+a+la+independencia&rft.aulast=Molpeceres&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vozpopuli.com%2Fpolitica%2Freferendum-cataluna-independencia-1-O-PSC-PP-Ciudadanos_0_1063394527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eldiario01102017-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eldiario01102017_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldiario.es/politica/pasividad-Mossos-posteriores-policiales-votaciones_0_692581270.html">"1-O.La pasividad de los Mossos y las posteriores cargas policiales marcan un día de tensión con votaciones sin garantías"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Eldiario.es" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldiario.es">Eldiario.es</a>. 1 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1-O.La+pasividad+de+los+Mossos+y+las+posteriores+cargas+policiales+marcan+un+d%C3%ADa+de+tensi%C3%B3n+con+votaciones+sin+garant%C3%ADas&rft.pub=Eldiario.es&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.es%2Fpolitica%2Fpasividad-Mossos-posteriores-policiales-votaciones_0_692581270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElMundo02102017-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ElMundo02102017_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElMundo02102017_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2017/10/01/59d09dc1e2704eaa7d8b45ae.html">"Policías y guardias realizan cargas ante la pasividad de los Mossos y dejan más de 893 heridos el 1-O"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a>. 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polic%C3%ADas+y+guardias+realizan+cargas+ante+la+pasividad+de+los+Mossos+y+dejan+m%C3%A1s+de+893+heridos+el+1-O&rft.pub=El+Mundo&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcataluna%2F2017%2F10%2F01%2F59d09dc1e2704eaa7d8b45ae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washingtonpost02102017-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washingtonpost02102017_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2017" class="citation news cs1">Giles, Aritz Parra and Ciaran (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002145035/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/catalan-government-to-meet-to-plan-independence-declaration/2017/10/02/72d4ab7a-a748-11e7-9a98-07140d2eed02_story.html">"Catalonia urges mediation with Spain in secession dispute"</a>. AP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/catalan-government-to-meet-to-plan-independence-declaration/2017/10/02/72d4ab7a-a748-11e7-9a98-07140d2eed02_story.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2017 – via www.washingtonpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Catalonia+urges+mediation+with+Spain+in+secession+dispute&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Aritz+Parra+and+Ciaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcatalan-government-to-meet-to-plan-independence-declaration%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2F72d4ab7a-a748-11e7-9a98-07140d2eed02_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ara20180420-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ara20180420_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerra2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Serra, Ot (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ara.cat/politica/govern-espanyol-quadruplicar-dagents-ferits_0_2000200024.html">"El govern espanyol va quadruplicar la xifra d'agents ferits l'1-O"</a>. <i>Ara</i> (in Catalan)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ara&rft.atitle=El+govern+espanyol+va+quadruplicar+la+xifra+d%27agents+ferits+l%271-O&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Serra&rft.aufirst=Ot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ara.cat%2Fpolitica%2Fgovern-espanyol-quadruplicar-dagents-ferits_0_2000200024.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senado.es/web/expedientdocblobservlet?legis=12&id=103301">RESPUESTA D EL GOBIERNO 684/37958</a> (Report) (in Spanish). Senado. 22 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>En relación con la pregunta de referencia, se informa que 111 miembros de las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado fueron contusionados</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=RESPUESTA+D+EL+GOBIERNO+684%2F37958&rft.pub=Senado&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senado.es%2Fweb%2Fexpedientdocblobservlet%3Flegis%3D12%26id%3D103301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElMundo09102017-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElMundo09102017_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIglesias2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iglesias, Leyre (9 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2017/10/08/59d9237646163f58078b45c2.html">"Contamos como agresiones hasta las ansiedades por ver las cargas por televisión"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Contamos+como+agresiones+hasta+las+ansiedades+por+ver+las+cargas+por+televisi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft.aulast=Iglesias&rft.aufirst=Leyre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcronica%2F2017%2F10%2F08%2F59d9237646163f58078b45c2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaVanguardia10102017-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaVanguardia10102017_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20171010/431965197269/juez-contabiliza-218-heridos-en-las-cargas-policiales-en-barcelona-el-1-o.html">"Juez contabiliza 218 heridos en las cargas policiales en Barcelona el 1-O"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">EFE</a>. 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=El+juez+que+investiga+las+cargas+policiales%3A+%22No+era+ilegal%22+votar+el+1-O&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.aulast=Requeijo&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Fespana%2Fpolitica%2F20171006%2F252225202_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govern.cat/govern/docs/2018/09/26/11/38/9c8d962d-9425-41f3-954f-794f0dad658c.pdf">"Report on the incidents that took place from the 1st to the 4th of October 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=The+Latest%3A+UN+chief+hopes+sides+will+solve+Catalan+crisis&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2Fthe-associated-press-the-latest-un-chief-hopes-sides-will-solve-catalan-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnesty-international-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amnesty-international_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/10/spain-excessive-use-of-force-by-national-police-and-civil-guard-in-catalonia/">"Spain: Excessive use of force by National Police and Civil Guard in Catalonia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaraci%C3%B3+ideol%C3%B2gica+d%27ERC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquerra.cat%2Fdocuments%2Farxiu%2Fdeclaracio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216043859/http://nacional.cup.cat/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=44">"Serveis :: Avellana Digital ::"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nacional.cup.cat/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=44">the original</a> on 16 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psm-entesa.org/historia2.php">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PSM-Entesa+Electronic+Cigarettes+%E2%80%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psm-entesa.org%2Fhistoria2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alland, Alexander. Catalunya, One Nation, Two States: An Ethnographic Study of Nonviolent Resistance to Assimilation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.</li> <li>Balcells, Albert. Catalan Nationalism: Past and Present. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1996.</li> <li>Conversi, Daniele. <i>The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation</i>. London: Hurst & Company, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-268-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-268-6">1-85065-268-6</a>.</li> <li>Conversi, Daniele. "Language or race?: the choice of core values in the development of Catalan and Basque nationalisms." Ethnic and Racial Studies 13 (1990): 50–70.</li> <li>Elliot, J.H. The Revolt of the Catalans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963.</li> <li>Figueres, Josep M. Valentí Almirall, Forjador del Catalanisme Polític. Barcelona: Generalitat: Entitat Autònoma del Diari Official i de Publicacions, 1990.</li> <li>Fradera, Josep M. Cultura Nacional en una Societat Dividida. Barcelona: Curial, 1992.</li> <li>---. "Rural Traditionalism and Conservative Nationalism in Catalonia 1865–1900." Critique of Anthropology X (1990): 51–72.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gabriel, Pere (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFV/article/view/3030/2890">"Las bases políticas e ideológicas del catalanismo de izquierdas del siglo XX"</a>. <i>Espacio, tiempo y forma. Serie V, Historia contemporánea</i>. <b>13</b>. Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_a_Distancia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia</a>: 73–104. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1130-0124">1130-0124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espacio%2C+tiempo+y+forma.+Serie+V%2C+Historia+contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=Las+bases+pol%C3%ADticas+e+ideol%C3%B3gicas+del+catalanismo+de+izquierdas+del+siglo+XX&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=73-104&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=1130-0124&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Pere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uned.es%2Findex.php%2FETFV%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3030%2F2890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Cuevas2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Cuevas, Pedro Carlos (2009). 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Bern: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. pp. 193–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0039-1"><bdi>978-3-0343-0039-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1421-2854">1421-2854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+Maurras+et+l%27Espagne&rft.btitle=Charles+Maurras+et+l%27%C3%A9tranger%2C+l%27%C3%A9tranger+et+Charles+Maurras%3A+l%27Action+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=193-264&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1421-2854&rft.isbn=978-3-0343-0039-1&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Cuevas&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzàlez_i_Vilalta2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzàlez i Vilalta, Arnau (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135928/http://digitalcommons.asphs.net/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=bsphs">"The Catalan Nationalist Option: Italian Fascist Intrigues in Barcelona (1931-1943)"</a>. <i>Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (1). Berkeley: Association for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies: 45–69. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-182X">0739-182X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.asphs.net/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=bsphs">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Spanish+and+Portuguese+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Catalan+Nationalist+Option%3A+Italian+Fascist+Intrigues+in+Barcelona+%281931-1943%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-69&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0739-182X&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A0lez+i+Vilalta&rft.aufirst=Arnau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.asphs.net%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1040%26context%3Dbsphs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranja_Sainz2000" class="citation journal cs1">Granja Sainz, José Luis de la (2000). "Las alianzas políticas entre los nacionalismos periféricos en la España del siglo XX". <i>Studia historica. Historia contemporánea</i>. <b>18</b>. Salamanca: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>: 149–175. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-2087">0213-2087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+historica.+Historia+contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=Las+alianzas+pol%C3%ADticas+entre+los+nacionalismos+perif%C3%A9ricos+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+del+siglo+XX&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=149-175&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0213-2087&rft.aulast=Granja+Sainz&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis+de+la&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Guibernau, Monserrat. Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, transition and democracy. Routledge: New York, 2004.</li> <li>Hargreaves, John. Freedom for Catalonia? Catalan Nationalism, Spanish Identity and the Barcelona Olympic Games. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Herder, Johann Gottfried von. Introduction. Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind. By Manuel. Ed. Frank E. Manuel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.</li> <li>Hooper, John. The Spaniards: a Portrait of the New Spain. Suffolk: Penguin Books, 1986.</li> <li>"Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló." Enciclopèdia Catalana. 2006. S.A. 12 Oct 2006 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.grec.net/cgibin/hecangcl.pgm?&USUARI=&SESSIO=&NDCHEC=0070084&PGMORI=E">http://www.grec.net/cgibin/hecangcl.pgm?&USUARI=&SESSIO=&NDCHEC=0070084&PGMORI=E</a>>.</li> <li>Keating, Michael. Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.</li> <li>Kedourie, Elie. Nationalism in Asia and Africa. London: Frank Cass, 1970.</li> <li>Linz, Juan. "Early State-Building and Late Peripheral Nationalisms Against the State: the Case of Spain." Building States and Nations: Analyses by Region. Eds. S.N. Eisenstadt, and <a href="/wiki/Stein_Rokkan" title="Stein Rokkan">Stein Rokkan</a>. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973. 32–116.</li> <li>Llobera, Josep R. Foundations of National Identity: from Catalonia to Europe. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004.</li> <li>---. "The idea of Volksgeist in the formation of Catalan nationalist ideology" Ethnic and Racial Studies 6 (1983): 332–350.</li> <li>McRoberts, Kenneth. Catalonia: Nation Building Without a State. New York: Oxford, 2001.</li> <li>Payne, Stanley G. "Nationalism, Regionalism and Micronationalism in Spain." Journal of Contemporary History 26.3/4 (1991): 479–491.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. 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Madison: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Wisconsin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Wisconsin Press">The University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-16560-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-16560-4"><bdi>0-299-16560-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Spain%2C+1923%E2%80%931977&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-299-16560-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffascisminspain1900payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Penrose, Jan, and Joe May. "Herder's Concept of the Nation and Its Relevance to Contemporary Ethnic Nationalism." 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Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_a_Distancia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia</a>: 385–396. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1130-0124">1130-0124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espacio%2C+tiempo+y+forma.+Serie+V%2C+Historia+contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=El+complot+catalanista+de+Prats+de+Moll%C3%B3%3A+una+intriga+internacional+oculta+tras+un+suceso+interno&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=385-396&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=1130-0124&rft.aulast=Sueiro+Seoane&rft.aufirst=Susana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uned.es%2Findex.php%2FETFV%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F2749%2F2609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalan+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vicens Vives, Jaime. Approaches to the History of Spain. 2nd. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.</li> <li>Vilar, Pierre. La Catalogne dans L'Espagne moderne. Paris: Flammation, 1977 (Spanish Translation: 'Cataluña en la España moderna'. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica Grijalbo, 1978)</li> <li>---. Historia de España. Paris: Librairie Espagnole, 1963.</li> <li>---. "Spain and Catalonia." Review III (1980): 527–577.</li> <li>Woolard, Kathryn A. Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601004631/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0611FD385B0C718CDDA80994DE404482">Party Urging More Autonomy From Spain Seems to Win in Catalonia</a> Article on New York Times, November 2, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601005518/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D10FD34550C718EDDAF0894DE404482">Courage in Catalonia</a> Article on New York Times, June 22, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601001715/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D11FF35550C7A8DDDAF0894DE404482">Voters in Catalonia Approve A Plan for Greater Autonomy</a> Article on New York Times, June 19, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531235208/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C13FF39540C728FDDAA0894DE404482">Spain Moves On Law to Give Broad Powers To Catalonia</a> Article on New York Times, March 31, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220061755/http://www.grec.net/cgibin/hecangcl.pgm?&USUARI=&SESSIO=&NDCHEC=0224838&PGMORI=E">Catalanism</a> <i>in Catalan Encyclopaedia</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220183514/http://10anys.vilaweb.com/trueta/index.html">The Spirit of Catalonia</a>. 1946 book by Oxford Professor Dr. <a href="/wiki/Josep_Trueta" title="Josep Trueta">Josep Trueta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/24052492">Spain's secret conflict (Documentary)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">independence movement</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/23px-Estelada_roja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/35px-Estelada_roja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Estelada_roja.svg/45px-Estelada_roja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Cu-Cut!_incident" title="¡Cu-Cut! incident">¡Cu-Cut! incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_autonomist_campaign_of_1918-1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919">1918-1919 autonomy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_of_Prats_de_Moll%C3%B3" title="Plot of Prats de Molló">Plot of Prats de Molló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1931)" title="Catalan Republic (1931)">Catalan Republic (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_6_October" title="Events of 6 October">Events of 6 October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Garz%C3%B3n" title="Operation Garzón">Operation Garzón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_Case" title="Fresno Case">Fresno Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_Catalan_independence_referendums" title="2009–2011 Catalan independence referendums">2009–2011 independence referendums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_support_for_the_queries_on_the_independence_of_Catalonia" title="Institutional support for the queries on the independence of Catalonia">support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Catalan_autonomy_protest" title="2010 Catalan autonomy protest">2010 autonomy protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Catalan_independence_demonstration" title="2012 Catalan independence demonstration">2012 independence demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Way" title="Catalan Way">2013 Catalan Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Way_2014" title="Catalan Way 2014">2014 Catalan Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Catalan_self-determination_referendum" title="2014 Catalan self-determination referendum">2014 self-determination referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Way_to_the_Catalan_Republic" title="Free Way to the Catalan Republic">2015 Free Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_ahead,_Catalan_Republic" title="Go ahead, Catalan Republic">2016 We are ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" title="2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis">2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_for_Yes" title="National Day for Yes">2017 National Day for Yes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_Campaign" title="Yes Campaign">2017 Yes Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anubis" title="Operation Anubis">2017 Operation Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">2017 independence referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="Reactions to the 2017 Catalan independence referendum">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_general_strike" title="2017 Catalan general strike">2017 Catalan general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Up_Europe!" title="Wake Up Europe!">2017 Wake Up Europe!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_regional_election" title="2017 Catalan regional election">2017 Catalan regional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Catalonia_independence_leaders" title="Trial of Catalonia independence leaders">2019 trial of independence leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Catalan_protests" title="2019–2020 Catalan protests">2019–2020 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Catalan_general_strike" title="2019 Catalan general strike">2019 Catalan general strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Generalitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Generalitat">Republican Generalitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Anti-Catalan sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Spain" title="Federalism in Spain">Federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_de_Manresa" title="Bases de Manresa">Bases de Manresa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Constitution_of_the_Catalan_Republic_of_1928" title="Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic of 1928">Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Declaration_of_Sovereignty" title="Catalan Declaration of Sovereignty">Declaration of Sovereignty</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jan 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paper_on_the_National_Transition_of_Catalonia" title="White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia">White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Initiation_of_the_Process_of_Independence_of_Catalonia" title="Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia">Initiation of the Process of Independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Catalans_Vote" title="Let Catalans Vote">Let Catalans Vote</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Referendum_on_Self-determination_of_Catalonia" title="Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia">Law on the Referendum on Self-determination</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Sep 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_juridical_transition_and_foundation_of_the_Republic" title="Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic">Law of juridical transition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10/27 Oct 2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%AD_Almirall_i_Llozer" title="Valentí Almirall i Llozer">Valentí Almirall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Enric Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Puig_i_Cadafalch" title="Josep Puig i Cadafalch">Josep Puig i Cadafalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Maci%C3%A0" title="Francesc Macià">Francesc Macià</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Comorera" title="Joan Comorera">Joan Comorera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Irla" title="Josep Irla">Josep Irla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Tarradellas" title="Josep Tarradellas">Josep Tarradellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Pujol" title="Jordi Pujol">Jordi Pujol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillem_Agull%C3%B3_i_Salvador" title="Guillem Agulló i Salvador">Guillem Agulló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep-Llu%C3%ADs_Carod-Rovira" title="Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira">Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Mas" title="Artur Mas">Artur Mas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriol_Junqueras" title="Oriol Junqueras">Oriol Junqueras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Casals_i_Couturier" title="Muriel Casals i Couturier">Muriel Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_Forcadell" title="Carme Forcadell">Carme Forcadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_S%C3%A0nchez_i_Picanyol" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol">Jordi Sànchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Cuixart" title="Jordi Cuixart">Jordi Cuixart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Torrent" title="Roger Torrent">Roger Torrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Gabriel_i_Sabat%C3%A9" title="Anna Gabriel i Sabaté">Anna Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quim_Torra" title="Quim Torra">Quim Torra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisenda_Paluzie" title="Elisenda Paluzie">Elisenda Paluzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Aragon%C3%A8s" title="Pere Aragonès">Pere Aragonès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Llach" title="Lluís Llach">Lluís Llach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Municipalities_for_Independence" title="Association of Municipalities for Independence">Association of Municipalities for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblea_Nacional_Catalana" title="Assemblea Nacional Catalana">Assemblea Nacional Catalana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%92mnium_Cultural" title="Òmnium Cultural">Òmnium Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Republic" title="Committees for the Defense of the Republic">Committees for the Defense of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estat_Catal%C3%A0" title="Estat Català">Estat Català</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_National_Liberation" title="Socialist Party of National Liberation">Socialist Party of National Liberation</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_European_Democratic_Party" title="Catalan European Democratic Party">Catalan European Democratic Party</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">Republican Left of Catalonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sobiranistes" title="Sobiranistes">Sobiranistes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)" title="Together for Catalonia (2020)">Junts per Catalunya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_Catalonia" title="Democrats of Catalonia">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Movement" title="Left Movement">MES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Candidacy" title="Popular Unity Candidacy">Popular Unity Candidacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endavant" title="Endavant">Endavant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poble_Lliure" title="Poble Lliure">Poble Lliure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9s_per_Mallorca" title="Més per Mallorca">Més per Mallorca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of Mallorca">PSM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9s_per_Menorca" title="Més per Menorca">Més per Menorca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Menorca" title="Socialist Party of Menorca">PSMe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Solidarity_for_Independence" title="Catalan Solidarity for Independence">Catalan Solidarity for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagrupament" title="Reagrupament">Reagrupament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_the_Valencian_Country" title="Republican Left of the Valencian Country">Republican Left of the Valencian Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Tsunami" title="Democratic Tsunami">Democratic Tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Alliance" title="Catalan Alliance">Catalan Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomist and federalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Catalonia" title="Assembly of Catalonia">Assembly of Catalonia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">Democratic Convergence of Catalonia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_en_Com%C3%BA" title="Catalunya en Comú">Catalonia in Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposta_per_les_Illes" title="Proposta per les Illes">Proposta per les Illes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Republican Left of Catalonia">Young Republican Left of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Youth_of_Catalonia" title="Nationalist Youth of Catalonia">Nationalist Youth of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(organization)" title="Arran (organization)">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Forja" title="La Forja">La Forja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulets_(politics)" title="Maulets (politics)">Maulets</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Sign</i> † <i>marks defunct organisations</i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">Movements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh-Mughan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic">Talysh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_secession_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Proposed secession of Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_identity" title="Istrian identity">Istrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Greek Cypriot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Ålandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Catalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaria">Adjarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Javakhk_Democratic_Alliance" title="United Javakhk Democratic Alliance">Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_independence_movement" title="South Tyrolean independence movement">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh%E2%80%93Russian_ethnic_conflicts" title="Kazakh–Russian ethnic conflicts">North Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Macedonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moldova</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B4_Jednota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaszëbskô Jednota">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile" title="Free City of Danzig Government in Exile">Free City of Danzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania%E2%80%93Banat_League" title="Transylvania–Banat League">Transylvania–Banat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese nationalism">Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_nationalism" title="Murcian nationalism">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Party" title="Scania Party">Scania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Eastern Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">First-level NUTS of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1735599#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 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