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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outside of German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_of_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk" title="Volk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Volk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7_(%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="פולק (גרמנית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולק (גרמנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk" title="Volk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Volk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk" title="Volk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Volk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk" title="Volk – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Volk" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91_(%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD)" title="人民 (德语) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人民 (德语)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about English-language usage of a German word. For people with the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Volk_(surname)" title="Volk (surname)">Volk (surname)</a>. For English word for populace, see <a href="/wiki/Folk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Folk (disambiguation)">Folk</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Volk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Volk (disambiguation)">Volk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Volk" title="Special:EditPage/Volk">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Volk%22">"Volk"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Volk%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Volk%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Volk%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Volk%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Volk%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstag_Giebel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Reichstag_Giebel2.jpg/220px-Reichstag_Giebel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Reichstag_Giebel2.jpg/330px-Reichstag_Giebel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Reichstag_Giebel2.jpg/440px-Reichstag_Giebel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><i>Dem Deutschen Volke</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">To the German People</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), the dedication on the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The German noun <i><b>Volk</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[fɔlk]</a></span>) translates to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/people" class="extiw" title="wikt:people">people</a>, both uncountable in the sense of <i>people</i> as in a <a href="/wiki/Crowd" title="Crowd">crowd</a>, and countable (plural <i>Völker</i>) in the sense of <i><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">a people</a></i> as in an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> (compare the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/folk#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:folk">folk</a></i>). </p><p>Within an English-language context, the German word is of interest primarily for its use in <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a>, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Volksseele" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksseele">Volksseele</a></i> ("national soul"), and in <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a> – notably the derived adjective <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">völkisch</a></i> ("national, ethnic"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Volk" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Volk">Volk</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/folk" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:folk">folk</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>The term <i>Volk</i> in the medieval period (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <i>volc</i>) had the primary meaning of "large crowd, army", while the more general sense of "population" or "people" was expressed by <i>diet</i> (adjective <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsch_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsch (word)">dietsch, deutsch</a></i> "popular, of the people"). It was only in the early modern period that <i>deutsch</i> acquired the meaning of an ethnic self-designation. Beginning in 1512, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was named <i>Imperium Romanum Sacrum Nationis Germanicæ</i>, rendered in German as <i>Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation</i>, suggesting that Latin <i>germanicus</i> "German, Germanic" was now expressed by the adjective <i>deutsch</i>. </p><p><i>Volk</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of English <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/folk" class="extiw" title="wikt:folk">folk</a></i> and also overlaps in the usage of the latter as in <i>Volksmusik</i> "<a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>", <i>Volksglaube</i> "<a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">folk belief</a>" etc. In the 18th century, German <i>Volk</i> was mostly reserved for "crowd" or "mass of the population", while the concept of "a people" or "a nation" was now expressed by the Latinism <i>Nation</i>. Use of <i>Nation</i> in this sense was replaced by <i>Volk</i> after 1800, explicitly in the context of emergent <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a>. </p><p>Compounds in which <i>Volk-</i> translates to "populace" or "nation" include <i>Volksentscheid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a>, literally "decision of/by the people") <i>Völkerbund</i> (<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>). The somewhat obsolete meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">common people</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hoi_polloi" title="Hoi polloi">hoi polloi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> is visible in the brand name <i><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a></i> "people's car", historically a name chosen by the <a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">German Labour Front</a> in 1937 for a car designed to be affordable to the "common man". </p><p>In contrast to German <i>Volk</i> being elevated to the sense of "nation" in the early 19th century, English <i>folk</i> came to be seen as inelegant at around the same time, being mostly replaced by the latinate <i>people</i>. It re-entered formal or academic English only through the invention of the word <i>folklore</i>, coined in 1846 by <a href="/wiki/William_Thoms" title="William Thoms">William J. Thoms</a> as an Anglo-Saxonism. This word revived folk in a modern sense of "of the common people, whose culture is handed down orally", and opened up a flood of compound formations, e.g. <i>folk art</i> (1921), <i>folk-hero</i> (1899), <i>folk-medicine</i> (1898), <i>folk-tale</i> (1891), <i>folk-song</i> (1847), <i>folk-music</i> (1889), <i>folk-dance</i> (1912). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_national_identity">German national identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: German national identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="German tribes">German tribes</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German question</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German unification">German unification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_map_(1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ethnic_map_%281914%29.jpg/220px-Ethnic_map_%281914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ethnic_map_%281914%29.jpg/330px-Ethnic_map_%281914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ethnic_map_%281914%29.jpg/440px-Ethnic_map_%281914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>1914 ethnic map, after a German nation state had been established without the ethnic German areas of Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a> of the late 18th and 19th centuries, <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i> is used in the sense of "national spirit", not necessarily in reference to the German nation, but still strongly correlated with the development of a German national identity in the wake of the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">völkisch movement</a> originates in this time, proposing the formation of a German <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> as a solution to the "<a href="/wiki/German_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="German Question">German Question</a>". <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i>, published still during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> from 1808 onwards, asked, in the eighth address, "What is a <i>Volk,</i> in the higher sense of the term, and what is love of the fatherland?," He answered that it could only be that "particular spiritual nature of the human environment out of which he himself, with all of his thought and action... has arisen, namely the people from which he is descended and among which he has been formed and grown into that which he is".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement combined sentimental patriotic interest in <a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">local history</a> and a "back-to-the-land" anti-urban populism with many parallels with expressions of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> in other parts of Europe, such as the writings of <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>. "In part this ideology was a revolt against modernity," Nicholls remarked.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout much of the 19th century, it was not universally agreed that there was such a thing as a single "German nation" (<i>Volk</i>). The "Germans" (<i>die Deutschen</i>) were rather seen as the equivalent of what would now be called the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, i.e. a large ethno-linguistic <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> comprising a number of peoples (such as the German <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">"stems" or tribes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Franconians" class="mw-redirect" title="Franconians">Franconians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringians" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringians">Thuringians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, etc.; also included into the term were the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Scandinavians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, e.g. the Brothers' Grimm <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Sagen" title="Deutsche Sagen">Deutsche Sagen</a></i> of 1816–1818 which includes legends of Germanic antiquity as well as of German, Austrian and Swiss folklore. </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> attempted to create a national constitution for all German states but rivalry between Prussian and Austrian interests resulted in proponents of the parliament advocating a "Lesser German" solution (a monarchical German nation-state without Austria). The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a>, refused the offer and efforts to create a liberal German nation-state faltered and collapsed. A division developed among German nationalists, with one group led by the Prussians that supported a "<a href="/wiki/Lesser_Germany" title="Lesser Germany">Lesser Germany</a>" that excluded Austria and another group that supported a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Germany">Greater Germany</a>" that included Austria. Prussia achieved hegemony over Germany in the "wars of unification": the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a> (1864), the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> (1866), which effectively established the separation of Austria from Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870/1, after which the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> was finally achieved, by the fusion of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (dominated by <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>) and the South or Central German states of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_era">Nazi era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nazi era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> denounced usage of the word <i>völkisch</i> as he considered it too vague as to carry any recognizable meaning due to former over-use,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although he used it often, especially in connection with ethnic Germans or <i><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> era, the term <i>Volk</i> became heavily used in nationalistic political slogans,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> particularly in slogans such as <i><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i> –  "(a) people or race without space" or <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i> ("popular or racial observer"), an NSDAP party newspaper. Also the <a href="/wiki/Political_slogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political slogan">political slogan</a> <i>Ein Volk, ein <a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a>, ein <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i> ("One nation, one empire, one leader"); the compound word <i>Herrenvolk</i>, translated as "<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>"; the "<a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_162" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 162">Volksjäger</a>" jet fighter, translated as "people's <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a>"; and the term <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i>, translated as "people's community". </p><p>The term Volk, in the vision of Nazis,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (March 2018)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had a broad set of meanings, and referred sometimes to the entirety of German nation and other times to the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the writings of leading Nazi thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans Günther</a> several <i>Völker</i> or "peoples" made up a <i>Rasse</i> or "race", so these two terms did not always denote the same concept. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_1945">After 1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the adjective <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">völkisch</a></i>, which became associated with German nationalism,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the German noun <i>Volk</i> remains the unmarked term for "a people" or "nation" (while its older meanings of "a crowd of people" or "commoners" are less current). The <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a> retains its dedication, inscribed in 1916, reading <i>dem deutschen Volke</i> ("to the German people"). </p><p>While <i>Volk</i> suggests an ethnic group or nation, the term <i>Bevölkerung</i> is used in the sense of "populace, resident population". The term <i><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i> for "ethnic Germans" retains some usage but is increasingly replaced by <i>Deutschstämmige</i> ("[people] of German descent"). </p><p>In composition, <i>Volks-</i> retains the meaning "of/for the common people", after the pattern of <i><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a></i>, sometimes used humorously in advertising (as in <i>Volks-Zahnbürste</i> "people's toothbrush"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>"Wir sind das Volk!" ("We are the people!") was a chant used by the <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday demonstrators</a> during the peaceful demonstrations of 1989/1990 to end the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a> and bring down the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. The slogan meant that the "simple people" would no longer endure the dictatorship, and wanted to reform the political system of the GDR. It did not necessarily express support for the idea of a reunification. However, the slogan was also altered to "Wir sind ein Volk!" ("We are one people") during the course of the protests, indicating the ethnic meaning of <i>Volk</i>, where the division of Germany was regarded as unjust because of the common ethnic identity of all Germans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139879.jpg/250px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139879.jpg/330px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139879.jpg/500px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>First Pegida protest in daytime, January 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2015 the slogan "Wir sind das Volk" became popular again among members of <a href="/wiki/PEGIDA" class="mw-redirect" title="PEGIDA">PEGIDA</a> (a nationalist movement), and various groups that claimed to stand in the tradition of Monday Demonstrations. Here, however, the ethnic connotation of "Volk" quickly became obvious. While the slogan "Wir sind ein Volk" was no longer in use since the reunification, the slogan "Wir sind das Volk" was given a new meaning. Now the word "Wir" was used by right wing protesters to refer to themselves, in order to distinguish from migrants and so-called "<a href="/wiki/Gutmensch" title="Gutmensch">Gutmenschen</a>", Germans that supported refugees. After Chancellor Angela Merkel decided to give shelter to a growing number of refugees, especially from Syria, in 2015, right wing groups as well as more modest movements, that were referred to by the media as "the concerned citizens", started to use the slogan. They wanted to indicate that, according to their beliefs, the <i>Volk</i> (meaning only ethnic <i>Germans</i>) should have more rights<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided. (December 2018)">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> than immigrants and especially refugees. The similarity to the National Socialist <i>Volk</i> conception was pointed out by various media.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protesters also made references to the protests against the dictatorship of the GDR, since they regarded it as their right to decide whether the state should give shelter to refugees or not. This, however, is a constitutional right in Germany for "[p]ersons persecuted on political grounds" that can not be changed unless the constitution is changed with a two-thirds majority in both houses of the parliament; however, asylum seekers who enter "from a member state of the European Communities" already have no constitutional right to asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_of_German">Outside of German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outside of German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Dream,_South_Lake_Park,_Panzhou,_Guizhou,_China,_1_November_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chinese_Dream%2C_South_Lake_Park%2C_Panzhou%2C_Guizhou%2C_China%2C_1_November_2019.jpg/250px-Chinese_Dream%2C_South_Lake_Park%2C_Panzhou%2C_Guizhou%2C_China%2C_1_November_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chinese_Dream%2C_South_Lake_Park%2C_Panzhou%2C_Guizhou%2C_China%2C_1_November_2019.jpg/330px-Chinese_Dream%2C_South_Lake_Park%2C_Panzhou%2C_Guizhou%2C_China%2C_1_November_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chinese_Dream%2C_South_Lake_Park%2C_Panzhou%2C_Guizhou%2C_China%2C_1_November_2019.jpg/500px-Chinese_Dream%2C_South_Lake_Park%2C_Panzhou%2C_Guizhou%2C_China%2C_1_November_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a>" slogan reading "Prosperous of state, rejuvenation of <i>Volk</i>, and happiness of the people" (国家富强; 民族振兴; 人民幸福) in the South Lake Park, Panzhou, Guizhou, China, November 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Volk</i> was translated into <i>kokumin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a>: 国民, lit: nation; people)<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Griffin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Griffin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qing_Cao_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qing_Cao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">minzoku</a></i> (Kanji: 民族, lit: people; ethnic group) by <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Era">Meiji Era</a>. (<i>Kokumin</i> is used in a non-racial context, unlike <i>minzoku</i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Griffin_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Griffin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qing_Cao_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qing_Cao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the period of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, these two words were used frequently, especially <i>minzoku</i> to indicate the superiority of the "<a href="/wiki/Yamato_people#History_of_usage" title="Yamato people">Yamato race</a>". During the <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa "statist" period</a>, the Japanese who opposed the war were called "anti-<i>kokumin</i>" (非国民; <i>hikokumin</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words are not often used in Japan today, but they are used by some right-wing <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese nationalist">Japanese nationalist</a> politicians. <a href="/wiki/Taro_Aso" class="mw-redirect" title="Taro Aso">Taro Aso</a> has called Japan a "one race" or "one <i>minzoku</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>国民 and 民族 greatly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>) of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-sent_Racical_Thinking_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sent_Racical_Thinking-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Asia's "Nationalist Party" often describe it as 国民党 or 國民黨. (Republic of China's <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> is a representative example.) The word 民族 is often used by nationalists in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">zhonghua minzu</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">minjok</a>"), and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">dân tộc</a>"). </p><p>The <i>Volk</i>-based nationalism is deeply related to the <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-buildings</a> in modern Chinese, Japanese and <a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sent_Racical_Thinking_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sent_Racical_Thinking-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "zhonghua minzu" ("中华民族") is a very important concept in explaining mainland <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Zhonghua minzu" is also appears in <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a>, the official <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of China. The term "minjok" ("民族") was reflected in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(South_Korea)" title="Pledge of Allegiance (South Korea)">Pledge of Allegiance</a> before 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/volk" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:volk">volk</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcae#Name" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Populus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eeod" class="mw-redirect" title="Þeod">Þeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkshalle" title="Volkshalle">Volkshalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksmusik" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksmusik">Volksmusik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkshochschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkshochschule">Volkshochschule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language#Etymology_of_the_word_.22Dutch.22" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">民族 (Korean: 민족, Vietnamese: dân tộc) is sometimes translated as "race" (German: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Volk" class="extiw" title="wikt:Volk"><i>Volk</i></a>) depending on the context, but is distinct from 人種 (Korean: 인종) or 種族 (Vietnamese: chủng tộc) which purely means "race" (German: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rasse" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rasse"><i>Rasse</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trans-int.blogspot.com/2005/04/ummah-and-das-volk-on-islamist-and.html">Transatlantic Intelligencer: "The Ummah and das Volk: On the Islamist and "Völkisch" Ideologies "</a>: accessed 7 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Nicholls, reviewing George L. Mosse, <i>The Crisis in German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i> <b>82</b> No. 325 (October 1967), p 860. Mosse was characterised as "the foremost historian of <i>völkisch</i> ideology" by Petteri Pietikäinen 2000:524 note 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literature and Film in the Third Reich - Page 351 Karl-Heinz Schoeps - 2004 In essence, Volk referred in that period to "the entirety of the German nation as a political, racial, cultural, and fated 'community by blood.'"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The proposal by right-wing politician <a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Frauke Petry</a> to normalize use of <i>völkisch</i> for "popular" or "of the people" was sufficient to make headlines, and for her to be accused of harbouring "fascist" tendencies in the left-wing press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBiermann2016" class="citation news cs1">Biermann, Kai (11 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/kultur/2016-09/frauke-petry-afd-voelkisch-volk-begriff-geschichte/komplettansicht?print">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Völkisch" ist nicht irgendein Adjektiv"</a>. <i>Die Zeit</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=%22V%C3%B6lkisch%22+ist+nicht+irgendein+Adjektiv&rft.date=2016-09-11&rft.aulast=Biermann&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fkultur%2F2016-09%2Ffrauke-petry-afd-voelkisch-volk-begriff-geschichte%2Fkomplettansicht%3Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article158049092/Petry-will-den-Begriff-voelkisch-positiv-besetzen.html">"Frauke Petry Pleads to Use "Völkisch" in a Positive Way Again"</a>. <i>Welt</i>. 11 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welt&rft.atitle=Frauke+Petry+Pleads+to+Use+%22V%C3%B6lkisch%22+in+a+Positive+Way+Again&rft.date=2016-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Farticle158049092%2FPetry-will-den-Begriff-voelkisch-positiv-besetzen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/medien/bild-zeitung-von-bibeln-bis-dessous-1.990292-2">"Bild-Zeitung – From Volks-Bibles to Volks-Toothbrushes"</a>. <i>Süddeutsche Zeitung</i>. 19 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Bild-Zeitung+%E2%80%93+From+Volks-Bibles+to+Volks-Toothbrushes&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmedien%2Fbild-zeitung-von-bibeln-bis-dessous-1.990292-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/wir-sind-das-volk-vom-ruf-nach-freiheit-zur-hassparole.1005.de.html?dram:article_id=311714">"Wir sind das Volk – The Call for Freedom Becomes a Slogan of Hate (German)"</a>. <i>Deutschland Funk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschland+Funk&rft.atitle=Wir+sind+das+Volk+%E2%80%93+The+Call+for+Freedom+Becomes+a+Slogan+of+Hate+%28German%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunkkultur.de%2Fwir-sind-das-volk-vom-ruf-nach-freiheit-zur-hassparole.1005.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D311714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0099">Art. 16a</a> <i>Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</i> (in English)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roger_Griffin-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Griffin_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Griffin_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Griffin2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQFUAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22kokumin%22+%22Volk%22&pg=PA153"><i>The Nature of Fascism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-14588-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-14588-9"><bdi>978-1-136-14588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Fascism&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-14588-9&rft.au=Roger+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQFUAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522kokumin%2522%2B%2522Volk%2522%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qing_Cao-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qing_Cao_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qing_Cao_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQing_Cao2023" class="citation cs2">Qing Cao (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gumEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22volk%22+%22kokumin%22&pg=PT53"><i>The Language of Nation-State Building in Late Qing China: A Case Study of the Xinmin Congbao and the Minbao, 1902-1910</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, p. 351, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83271-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83271-6"><bdi>978-1-000-83271-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Nation-State+Building+in+Late+Qing+China%3A+A+Case+Study+of+the+Xinmin+Congbao+and+the+Minbao%2C+1902-1910&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-83271-6&rft.au=Qing+Cao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gumEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522volk%2522%2B%2522kokumin%2522%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>South Asia Bulletin: Volume 26, Issue 3</i>. University of California, Los Angeles. 2006. p. 351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+Bulletin%3A+Volume+26%2C+Issue+3&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGayle2003" class="citation book cs1">Gayle, Curtis Anderson (2003-08-29). <i>Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism</i>. 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Japan Library. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Pseudo-democracy&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Japan+Library&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft.aulast=Ian+Reader&rft.aufirst=Curtis+Anderson&rft.au=Esben+Andreasen&rft.au=Finn+Stef%C3%A1nsson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/10/18/national/aso-says-japan-is-nation-of-one-race/">"Aso says Japan is nation of 'one race'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 18 October 2005 – via Japan Times Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aso+says+Japan+is+nation+of+%27one+race%27&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2005%2F10%2F18%2Fnational%2Faso-says-japan-is-nation-of-one-race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASN1F67HDN1FTIPE00X.html">"麻生太郎氏「日本は2千年、一つの民族」政府方針と矛盾"</a>. 13 January 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%BA%BB%E7%94%9F%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E%E6%B0%8F%E3%80%8C%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AF2%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%81%E4%B8%80%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E3%80%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E3%81%A8%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASN1F67HDN1FTIPE00X.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Weiner2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Weiner (2009). <i>Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity</i>. Routledge. p. 2. <q>... jinshu (race) and minzoku (ethnicity; people; nation), Kada consistently reaffirms the biological basis of minzoku.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Minorities%3A+The+Illusion+of+Homogeneity&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Michael+Weiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark_W._SorensenDonald_Baker2013" class="citation book cs1">Clark W. Sorensen; Donald Baker (2013). <i>The Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 18, Number 1 (Spring 2013)</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 47. <q>... injong (race) or minjok (ethnos) in the historical context.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Korean+Studies%2C+Volume+18%2C+Number+1+%28Spring+2013%29&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Clark+W.+Sorensen&rft.au=Donald+Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoshikazu_ShiobaraKohei_KawabataJoel_Matthews2019" class="citation book cs1">Yoshikazu Shiobara; Kohei Kawabata; Joel Matthews (2019). <i>Cultural and Social Division in Contemporary Japan: Rethinking Discourses of Inclusion and Exclusion</i>. Taylor & Francis. <q>... jinshu (race)" were generally differentiated from "minzoku (ethnic group, national minority of an ethnic nation)," and thus, racism (jinshu shugi) and nationalism (minzoku shugi or kokumin shugi) have tended to be read as different ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+and+Social+Division+in+Contemporary+Japan%3A+Rethinking+Discourses+of+Inclusion+and+Exclusion&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Yoshikazu+Shiobara&rft.au=Kohei+Kawabata&rft.au=Joel+Matthews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sent_Racical_Thinking-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sent_Racical_Thinking_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sent_Racical_Thinking_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlsson2018" class="citation web cs1">Olsson, Jojje (10 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sentinel.tw/racial-thinking-modern-china/">"Racial Thinking in Modern China: A Bridge to Ethnonationalism?"</a>. Taiwan Sentinel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racial+Thinking+in+Modern+China%3A+A+Bridge+to+Ethnonationalism%3F&rft.pub=Taiwan+Sentinel&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.aulast=Olsson&rft.aufirst=Jojje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsentinel.tw%2Fracial-thinking-modern-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Rudolph2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michael Rudolph (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UHs9u6UyLsC&dq=%22minzu%22+%22Volk%22&pg=PA207"><i>Taiwans multi-ethnische Gesellschaft und die Bewegung der Ureinwohner: Assimilation oder kulturelle Revitalisierung?</i></a> (in German). Lit. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6828-4"><bdi>978-3-8258-6828-4</bdi></a>. <q>Zwar hatte man sich bei der Referenz auf das 'Chinesische Volk' (zhonghua minzu) sowie auf ' ethnische Chinesen ' ( hanren minzu ) durchaus schon lange des japanisch / chinesischen Begriffs ' minzoku ' bzw. ' minzu ' ( = Volk , Nation , Volk ) bedient , allein hatte man es vermieden ... zwischen 'Volk (minzu) und 'Ethnie' (zuqun) im chinesischen Kontext darin bestehe, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwans+multi-ethnische+Gesellschaft+und+die+Bewegung+der+Ureinwohner%3A+Assimilation+oder+kulturelle+Revitalisierung%3F&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-6828-4&rft.au=Michael+Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UHs9u6UyLsC%26dq%3D%2522minzu%2522%2B%2522Volk%2522%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_K._Armstrong2013" class="citation book cs1">Charles K. Armstrong (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23PRnGPxSd0C&dq=%22minjok%22+%22Volk%22&pg=PT467"><i>Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6893-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-6893-3</bdi></a>. <q>... (minjok, similar to the German Volk) ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyranny+of+the+Weak%3A+North+Korea+and+the+World%2C+1950%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6893-3&rft.au=Charles+K.+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23PRnGPxSd0C%26dq%3D%2522minjok%2522%2B%2522Volk%2522%26pg%3DPT467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEm2013" class="citation book cs1">Em, Henry H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxAd2Aw_jP0C&pg=PA77"><i>The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea, Part 2</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822353720" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822353720"><bdi>978-0822353720</bdi></a>. <q>As noted earlier, the word <i>minjok</i> (read as <i>minzoku</i> in Japanese) was a neologism created in Meiji Japan. When Korean (and Chinese and Japanese) nationalists wrote in English in the first half of the twentieth century, the English word they generally utilized for minjok was 'race.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+Sovereignty+and+Historiography+in+Modern+Korea%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0822353720&rft.aulast=Em&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxAd2Aw_jP0C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly2010" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Robert E. (24 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://robertedwinkelly.com/2010/05/24/more-on-asian-multiculturalism-5-masters-theses-to-be-written/">"More on Asian Multiculturalism: 5 Masters Theses to be Written"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Northeast Asians (NEA – Chinese, Koreans, Japanese) strike me as quite nationalistic, and nationalism up here is still tied up in right-Hegelian, 19th century notions of blood and soil. In China, the Han race is the focus of the government's newfound, post-communist nationalism. In Korea, it is only the racial unity of minjeok that has helped keep Korea independent all these centuries. In Japan, the Yamato race is so important that even ethnic Koreans living there for generations can't get citizenship and there's no immigration despite a contracting population. MC in NEA faces huge political opposition that the already existing multiculturalism of South and Southeast Asia (SEA) don't face.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+on+Asian+Multiculturalism%3A+5+Masters+Theses+to+be+Written&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frobertedwinkelly.com%2F2010%2F05%2F24%2Fmore-on-asian-multiculturalism-5-masters-theses-to-be-written%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXie2014" class="citation web cs1">Xie, Tao (14 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2014/03/14/world/asia/chinese-dream-anniversary-xi-jinping-president">"Opinion: Is President Xi Jinping's Chinese dream fantasy or reality? – CNN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opinion%3A+Is+President+Xi+Jinping%27s+Chinese+dream+fantasy+or+reality%3F+%E2%80%93+CNN&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=Tao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F03%2F14%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchinese-dream-anniversary-xi-jinping-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllison2017" class="citation web cs1">Allison, Graham (31 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/05/what-china-wants/528561/">"What Xi Jinping Wants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Xi+Jinping+Wants&rft.pub=The+Atlantic&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F05%2Fwhat-china-wants%2F528561%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li>Henning Eichberg (2004), <i>The People of Democracy. Understanding Self-Determination on the Basis of Body and Movement</i>. (= Movement Studies. 5) Århus: Klim (Theory of folk, people, and civil society with Scandinavian background)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerich_K._Francis" title="Emerich K. Francis">Emerich K. Francis</a> (1965) <i>Ethnos und Demos. Soziologische Beiträge zur Volkstheorie</i>. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot (classical German-American sociology of folk, ethnos and demos)</li> <li>Emerich K. Francis (1976) <i>Interethnic Relations. An Essay in Sociological Theory</i>. New York u.a.: Elsevier.</li> <li>Raphael Samuel (1981) (ed.), <i>People's History and Socialist Theory</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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