CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lake Pontchartrain - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ab418a3c-c5aa-4d19-8922-e31f85268ecb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lake_Pontchartrain","wgTitle":"Lake Pontchartrain","wgCurRevisionId":1252838573,"wgRevisionId":1252838573,"wgArticleId":192309,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from December 2017","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2023","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2023", "All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles using infobox body of water without alt","Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019","Articles containing undetermined-language text","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from December 2017","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Lake Pontchartrain","Estuaries of Louisiana","Bodies of water of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana","Bodies of water of Orleans Parish, Louisiana","Bodies of water of St. Charles Parish, Louisiana","Bodies of water of St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana" ,"Bodies of water of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana","Bodies of water of Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana","Lagoons of Louisiana","Tourist attractions in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana","Tourist attractions in New Orleans","Tourist attractions in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana","Tourist attractions in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana","Tourist attractions in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana","Tourist attractions in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana","Oil fields of the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lake_Pontchartrain","wgRelevantArticleId":192309,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":30.18888888888889,"lon":-90.10138888888888},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1331750","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.8"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/1200px-Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="918"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/800px-Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="612"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/640px-Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="489"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lake Pontchartrain - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lake_Pontchartrain rootpage-Lake_Pontchartrain skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lake+Pontchartrain" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lake+Pontchartrain" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lake+Pontchartrain" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lake+Pontchartrain" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Toponymy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northshore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northshore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Northshore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northshore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Orleans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Orleans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>New Orleans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Orleans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hurricanes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hurricanes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hurricanes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hurricanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Katrina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hurricane Katrina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Pontchartrain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Пончартрейн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пончартрейн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llac_Pontchartrain" title="Llac Pontchartrain – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llac Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D3%B3%D0%BB%C4%95)" title="Пончартрейн (кӳлĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пончартрейн (кӳлĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontchartrain" title="Pontchartrain – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lake Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lake Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontchartraini_j%C3%A4rv" title="Pontchartraini järv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pontchartraini järv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Λίμνη Πονσαρτραίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίμνη Πονσαρτραίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Pontchartrain" title="Lago Pontchartrain – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lago Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontchartrain" title="Pontchartrain – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Pontchartrain" title="Lac Pontchartrain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lac Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Pontchartrain" title="Lago Pontchartrain – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lago Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Pontchartrain" title="Danau Pontchartrain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Danau Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Pontchartrain" title="Lago Pontchartrain – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lago Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אגם פונטצ'רטריין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגם פונטצ'רטריין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon%C4%8Dartreinas" title="Pončartreinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pončartreinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontchartrainmeer" title="Pontchartrainmeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pontchartrainmeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E6%B9%96" title="ポンチャートレイン湖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポンチャートレイン湖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lake Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Pontchartrain" title="Lac Pontchartrain – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lac Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontchartrain_(jezioro)" title="Pontchartrain (jezioro) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pontchartrain (jezioro)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Pontchartrain" title="Lago Pontchartrain – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lago Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Понтчартрейн (озеро) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Понтчартрейн (озеро)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lake Pontchartrain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BD_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Пончартрејн (језеро) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пончартрејн (језеро)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontchartrain_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC" title="Pontchartrain Gölü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pontchartrain Gölü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9E%E6%81%B0%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%B9%96" title="庞恰特雷恩湖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="庞恰特雷恩湖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9E%E6%81%B0%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%B9%96" title="庞恰特雷恩湖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庞恰特雷恩湖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1331750#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lake_Pontchartrain" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lake_Pontchartrain" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&oldid=1252838573" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lake_Pontchartrain&id=1252838573&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLake_Pontchartrain"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLake_Pontchartrain"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lake_Pontchartrain" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1331750" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Pontchartrain&params=30_11_20_N_90_06_05_W_type:waterbody_region:US_scale:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°11′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°06′05″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.18889°N 90.10139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.18889; -90.10139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Estuary located in southeastern Louisiana, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Lake Pontchartrain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/264px-Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/396px-Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/528px-Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9916" data-file-height="7582" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> image</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana, USA."><img alt="Location of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana, USA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg/256px-USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg/384px-USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg/512px-USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.914%;left:73.189%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lake Pontchartrain"><img alt="Location of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana, USA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Lake Pontchartrain</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Louisiana</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana, USA."><img alt="Location of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana, USA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/256px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/384px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/512px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.504%;left:61.064%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lake Pontchartrain"><img alt="Location of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana, USA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Lake Pontchartrain</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pontchartrain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lake_Pontchartrain.png/256px-Lake_Pontchartrain.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lake_Pontchartrain.png/384px-Lake_Pontchartrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lake_Pontchartrain.png/512px-Lake_Pontchartrain.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="549" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Pontchartrain&params=30_11_20_N_90_06_05_W_type:waterbody_region:US_scale:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°11′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°06′05″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.18889°N 90.10139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.18889; -90.10139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes" title="Lake">Lake type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saline</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">40 mi (64 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">24 mi (39 km)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_area" title="List of lakes by area">Surface area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">630 sq mi (1630 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">12–14 ft (3.7–4.3 m)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">65 ft (20 m)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1 ft (0.30 m)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pontchatrain_From_Southbound_Causeway_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lake_Pontchatrain_From_Southbound_Causeway_Entrance.jpg/220px-Lake_Pontchatrain_From_Southbound_Causeway_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lake_Pontchatrain_From_Southbound_Causeway_Entrance.jpg/330px-Lake_Pontchatrain_From_Southbound_Causeway_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lake_Pontchatrain_From_Southbound_Causeway_Entrance.jpg/440px-Lake_Pontchatrain_From_Southbound_Causeway_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Lake Pontchartrain from southbound <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway" title="Lake Pontchartrain Causeway">causeway</a> entrance</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pontchartrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lake_Pontchartrain.jpg/225px-Lake_Pontchartrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lake_Pontchartrain.jpg/338px-Lake_Pontchartrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Lake_Pontchartrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Lake Pontchartrain's north shore at <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_State_Park" title="Fontainebleau State Park">Fontainebleau State Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mandeville,_Louisiana" title="Mandeville, Louisiana">Mandeville, Louisiana</a>, in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lake Pontchartrain</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PON</span>-chə-trayn</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Lac Pontchartrain</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> located in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> in the United States. It covers an area of 630 square miles (1,600 km<sup>2</sup>) with an average depth of 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 m). Some <a href="/wiki/Shipping_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping channel">shipping channels</a> are kept deeper through <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>. It is roughly oval in shape, about 40 miles (64 km) from west to east and 24 miles (39 km) from south to north. </p><p>In descending order of area, the lake is located in parts of six Louisiana <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">parishes</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">St. Tammany</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana">St. John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">St. Charles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tangipahoa_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana">Tangipahoa</a>. The water boundaries were defined in 1979 (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">list of parishes in Louisiana</a>). </p><p>The lake is crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway" title="Lake Pontchartrain Causeway">Lake Pontchartrain Causeway</a>, the longest continuous bridge over water in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-guinness-continuous_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guinness-continuous-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A power line also crosses the lake. Its towers stand on caissons in Lake Pontchartrain, and its length can be used to visually demonstrate the <a href="/wiki/Curvature_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Curvature of the Earth">curvature of the Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lake Pontchartrain was named for <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Marquis_of_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux" title="Louis Phélypeaux, Marquis of Phélypeaux">Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain</a>. He was the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_Navy" title="History of the French Navy">Minister of the Marine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chancellor_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Chancellor of France">Chancellor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a> during the reign of France's "Sun King", <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, for whom the colony of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">La Louisiane</a> was named.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <a href="/wiki/Jouars-Pontchartrain" title="Jouars-Pontchartrain">Pontchartrain</a> itself comes from the place in France where Phélypeaux's château was situated. It is thought that this name originates from it being where a bridge (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">pont</i>) crossed the river <a href="/wiki/Mauldre" title="Mauldre">Mauldre</a> on the ancient route from Lutèce to <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chartrain</i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maurepas" title="Lake Maurepas">Lake Maurepas</a>, directly west of Lake Pontchartrain, was named for Phélypeaux's son, the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas">Comte de Maurepas</a>, who was also a French statesman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lake Pontchartrain is an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> connected to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Rigolets" title="Rigolets">Rigolets</a> <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a> (known locally as "the Rigolets") and <a href="/wiki/Chef_Menteur_Pass" title="Chef Menteur Pass">Chef Menteur Pass</a> into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Borgne" title="Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a>, another large lagoon, and therefore experiences small <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> changes. It receives fresh water from the <a href="/wiki/Tangipahoa_River" title="Tangipahoa River">Tangipahoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_River" title="Tchefuncte River">Tchefuncte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tickfaw_River" title="Tickfaw River">Tickfaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amite_River" title="Amite River">Amite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bogue_Falaya" title="Bogue Falaya">Bogue Falaya</a> rivers, and from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayou_Lacombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayou Lacombe (page does not exist)">Bayou Lacombe</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayou_Chinchuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayou Chinchuba (page does not exist)">Bayou Chinchuba</a>. It is one of the largest wetlands along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprises more than 125,000 acres of wetland, including bottomland hardwoods and cypress swamps (although these have been severely degraded by past logging), along with a complex mixture of herbaceous wetlands including fresh, intermediate, and <a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">brackish marsh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lake Pontchartrain itself is part of the larger Pontchartrain Basin, a 10,000 square mile watershed that includes 16 Louisiana parishes and 4 Mississippi counties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Basin is one of the largest estuarine systems of the Gulf of Mexico. The Pontchartrain Basin includes Lake Pontchartrain and the drainage area of its tributary streams, Lake Maurepas and the drainage area of its tributaries, The Rigolets, Lake Borgne, the Biloxi Marsh and Chandeleur Sound. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a> in Lake Pontchartrain varies from negligible at the northern cusp west of Mandeville up to nearly half the salinity of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> at its eastern bulge near <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Louisiana" title="Interstate 10 in Louisiana">Interstate 10</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maurepas" title="Lake Maurepas">Lake Maurepas</a>, a true freshwater lake, connects with Lake Pontchartrain on the west via <a href="/wiki/Pass_Manchac_Light" title="Pass Manchac Light">Pass Manchac</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Canal" title="Industrial Canal">Industrial Canal</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> with the lake at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_Carr%C3%A9_Spillway" title="Bonnet Carré Spillway">Bonnet Carré Spillway</a> diverts water from the Mississippi into the lake during times of river <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lake was formed 2,600 to 4,000 years ago as the evolving <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a> formed its southern and eastern shorelines with <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial deposit">alluvial deposits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human habitation of the region began at least 3,500 years ago. One recorded <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> name for the lake is <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">Okwata</i></span> ('wide water').<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habitation increased rapidly with the arrival of Europeans; in 1699, French explorer <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a></span></span> renamed the Lake <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pontchartrain</i></span> after <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain">Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain</a></span></span>. </p><p>In 1777, the great American naturalist, <a href="/wiki/William_Bartram" title="William Bartram">William Bartram</a>, explored the north shore during a trip west.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A._2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A._2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852, a railroad was constructed to link New Orleans to the north. Engines turned at Pass Manchac. However, the pilings were burned to the water line in the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 20th century, the great cypress swamps of the area were heavily logged and many have not regrown.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After over 30 years of oil drilling had yielded just 12 million barrels of oil and condensate and 119 billion cubic feet of natural gas, and caused major pollution of the lake, the State Mineral Board enacted a moratorium on oil drilling. As of 2009, there were 4 active wells continuing prior leases, and 25 derelict wells.<sup id="cite_ref-LC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Environmental_Quality" title="Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality">Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality</a> (LDEQ) they and the US Coast Guard see at least one <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a> per day in Louisiana's wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-LC_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Estuarine wetlands are among the highest on the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sensitivity" title="Environmental sensitivity">Environmental sensitivity</a> Index (ESI).<sup id="cite_ref-LC_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_and_restoration">Conservation and restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conservation and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing to past exploitation,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the ecosystems of the lake have been placed under stress. Marshes, for example, are turning to open water, and cypress swamps are being killed by saltwater intrusion. However, brown pelicans and bald eagles, once scarce, were a common sight along the shores as of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A team of experts assembled by <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> assessed the situation in 2004 and identified seven target habitat types in particular need of conservation management: <a href="/wiki/Bottomland_hardwood_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottomland hardwood forest">bottomland hardwood forest</a>, cypress swamp, relict ridge woodland, fresh/intermediate marsh, brackish/salt marsh, lake open water, and <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> submersed aquatic vegetation. The bottomland hardwood forest and cypress swamp are suffering from a lack of freshwater input and sediment deposition owing to the levees upstream from the lake. In addition, bottomland hardwoods are being invaded by exotic species such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese tallow">Chinese tallow</a>, while freshwater marshes are being invaded by exotic species such as <a href="/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colocasia esculenta">elephant's-ear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team identified four key animal species which could indicate the degree to which the system declines or improves. These were the <a href="/wiki/Rangia_cuneata" title="Rangia cuneata">rangia clam</a> (representing lake bottom habitat), <a href="/wiki/Gulf_sturgeon" title="Gulf sturgeon">gulf sturgeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">paddlefish</a> (representing fish communities), and the <a href="/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" title="Alligator snapping turtle">alligator snapping turtle</a> (one of the largest freshwater turtles in the world, but in decline owing to over-harvesting).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The future of the lake depends, in part, on restoring annual spring floods to the wetlands of the lake basin and controlling <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> on the north shore. Selected species, like the paddlefish and alligator snapping turtle, would benefit from reduced harvesting. The lake could change considerably without such conservation planning. As of 2007, a few examples of future change included more cypress swamps converting to anthropogenic marsh or open water, Chinese tallow displacing native forests, and, with a warming climate, mangrove trees replacing brackish marsh.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, the ecosystems of the lake now, and in the future, depend very much upon some basic decisions about human activities in the vicinity of the lake, and, even more so, human activity upstream along the Mississippi River. </p><p>As of 2006, the population in the region was over 1.5 million. There have been many problems with the conservation management of forests and <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1995, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> was monitoring the environmental effects of shoreline <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, loss of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> from urban areas and agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a> from artificial waterways, <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>, basin subsidence and faulting, storms and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, and freshwater diversion from the Mississippi and other rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With proper management of this lake and its wetlands, there is great potential to enhance the productivity of wetlands, and to maintain biological diversity to support an ecotourism industry that will diversify the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2008_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northshore"><span class="anchor" id="North_Shore"></span><span class="anchor" id="Northlake"></span> Northshore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Northshore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madisonville_lighthouse_from_the_east_-_end_of_LA_1077.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Madisonville_lighthouse_from_the_east_-_end_of_LA_1077.JPG/190px-Madisonville_lighthouse_from_the_east_-_end_of_LA_1077.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Madisonville_lighthouse_from_the_east_-_end_of_LA_1077.JPG/285px-Madisonville_lighthouse_from_the_east_-_end_of_LA_1077.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Madisonville_lighthouse_from_the_east_-_end_of_LA_1077.JPG/380px-Madisonville_lighthouse_from_the_east_-_end_of_LA_1077.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>At the southern terminus of <a href="/wiki/LA_1077" class="mw-redirect" title="LA 1077">LA 1077</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madisonville,_Louisiana" title="Madisonville, Louisiana">Madisonville</a>, this lighthouse is on the west estuary of the <a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_River" title="Tchefuncte River">Tchefuncte River</a> at Lake Pontchartrain and was constructed in 1837.</figcaption></figure> <p>The area north of Lake Pontchartrain is known as the North Shore or the Northshore. It includes the cities of <a href="/wiki/Mandeville,_Louisiana" title="Mandeville, Louisiana">Mandeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covington,_Louisiana" title="Covington, Louisiana">Covington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abita_Springs,_Louisiana" title="Abita Springs, Louisiana">Abita Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madisonville,_Louisiana" title="Madisonville, Louisiana">Madisonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River,_Louisiana" title="Pearl River, Louisiana">Pearl River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacombe,_Louisiana" title="Lacombe, Louisiana">Lacombe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slidell,_Louisiana" title="Slidell, Louisiana">Slidell</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">St. Tammany Parish</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ponchatoula,_Louisiana" title="Ponchatoula, Louisiana">Ponchatoula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana" title="Hammond, Louisiana">Hammond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amite,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Amite, Louisiana">Amite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kentwood,_Louisiana" title="Kentwood, Louisiana">Kentwood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tangipahoa_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana">Tangipahoa Parish</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Bogalusa,_Louisiana" title="Bogalusa, Louisiana">Bogalusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklinton,_Louisiana" title="Franklinton, Louisiana">Franklinton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Washington Parish, Louisiana">Washington Parish</a>. </p><p>These three Northshore parishes are the eastern <a href="/wiki/Florida_Parishes" title="Florida Parishes">Florida Parishes</a>. The landscape here is mostly uplands that were once dominated by <a href="/wiki/Long_leaf_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Long leaf pine">long leaf pine</a> <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> and interrupted by occasional large <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>. The savannas were maintained by regular fires caused by lightning; they produced the distinctive fauna and flora of this region.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2008_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="South_Shore"></span><span class="anchor" id="Eastbank"></span><span class="anchor" id="Westbank"></span> Lake Pontchartrain's south shore areas (dominated by <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>), instead of being designated by that name, are more likely to be referred to as either "East bank" or "West bank," depending upon their position with respect to the general north–south course of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Lake Pontchartrain forms the northern boundary of the city of New Orleans, which is coterminous with <a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleans Parish">Orleans Parish</a>, and the northern boundary of its two largest suburbs, <a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana" title="Kenner, Louisiana">Kenner</a>; as well as forming the northern boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson Parish</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">Saint Charles Parish</a>, and much of the northern and eastern boundaries of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana">Saint John the Baptist Parish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Orleans">New Orleans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Orleans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Orleans was established at a Native American <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain. The lake provides numerous recreational activities for people in New Orleans and is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yacht_Club" title="Southern Yacht Club">Southern Yacht Club</a>. In the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Canal" title="Industrial Canal">Industrial Canal</a> in the eastern part of the city opened, providing a direct navigable water connection, with <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">locks</a>, between the Mississippi River and the lake. In the same decade, a project <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> new land from the lake shore behind a new concrete floodwall began; this would result in an expansion of the city into the former swamp between Metairie/Gentilly Ridges and the lakefront. The <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway" title="Lake Pontchartrain Causeway">Lake Pontchartrain Causeway</a> was constructed in the 1950s and 1960s, connecting New Orleans (by way of Metairie) with Mandeville, and bisecting the lake in a north-northeast line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hurricanes">Hurricanes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hurricanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pontchartrain_Georges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lake_Pontchartrain_Georges.jpg/280px-Lake_Pontchartrain_Georges.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lake_Pontchartrain_Georges.jpg/420px-Lake_Pontchartrain_Georges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lake_Pontchartrain_Georges.jpg/560px-Lake_Pontchartrain_Georges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Lake Pontchartrain at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Georges" title="Hurricane Georges">Hurricane Georges</a> in 1998; lakefront fishing camps outside of the protection <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levee</a> suffered severe damage.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> can build up in Lake Pontchartrain. Wind pushes water into the lake from the Gulf of Mexico as a hurricane approaches from the south, and from there it can spill into New Orleans. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Great_Fort_Lauderdale_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fort Lauderdale hurricane">hurricane in 1947</a> flooded much of <a href="/wiki/Metairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Metairie">Metairie</a>, much of which is slightly below sea level due to land subsidence after marshland was drained. After the storm, hurricane-protection <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> were built along Lake Pontchartrain's south shore to protect New Orleans and nearby communities. A storm surge of 10 feet (3.0 m) from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Hurricane Betsy</a> overwhelmed some levees in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern New Orleans">eastern New Orleans</a> in 1965, while a storm surge funneled in by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River%E2%80%93Gulf_Outlet_Canal" title="Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal">Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal</a> and a levee failure flooded most of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_9th_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower 9th Ward">Lower 9th Ward</a>. After this the levees encircling the city and outlying <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">parishes</a> were raised to heights of 14 to 23 feet (4.3 to 7.0 m). Due to cost concerns, the levees were built to protect against only a <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_wind_scale#Categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir–Simpson wind scale">Category 3 hurricane</a>; however, some of the levees initially withstood the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone#Nomenclature_and_intensity_classifications" title="Tropical cyclone">Category 5 storm surge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> (August 2005), which only slowed to Category 3 winds within hours of landfall (due to a last-minute <a href="/wiki/Eyewall_replacement_cycle" title="Eyewall replacement cycle">eyewall replacement cycle</a>). </p><p>Experts using computer modeling at <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a> after Hurricane Katrina have concluded that the levees were never topped but rather faulty design, inadequate construction, or some combination of the two were responsible for the flooding of most of New Orleans. Some canal walls leaked underneath because the wall foundations were not deep enough in peat-subsoil to withstand the pressure of higher water.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress</a> failed to fully fund an upgrade requested during the 1990s by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>, and funding was cut in 2003–04 despite a 2001 study by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> warning that a hurricane in New Orleans was one of the country's three most likely disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raising and reinforcing the levees to resist a <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_wind_scale#Categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir–Simpson wind scale">Category 5 hurricane</a> might take 25 years to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates place the cost at $25 billion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricane_Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hurricane Katrina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1200utc29Aug05_landfall_LA_1hr.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1200utc29Aug05_landfall_LA_1hr.gif/290px-Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1200utc29Aug05_landfall_LA_1hr.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1200utc29Aug05_landfall_LA_1hr.gif/435px-Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1200utc29Aug05_landfall_LA_1hr.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1200utc29Aug05_landfall_LA_1hr.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Windspeed of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> 7 a.m., showing hurricane-force winds (yellow/brown/red: 75-92 mph) hitting the northeast–south shores of Lake Pontchartrain (1 hour after landfall) on August 29, 2005.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1500utc29Aug05_landfall_MS.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1500utc29Aug05_landfall_MS.gif/290px-Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1500utc29Aug05_landfall_MS.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1500utc29Aug05_landfall_MS.gif/435px-Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1500utc29Aug05_landfall_MS.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Hurricane_Katrina_winds_1500utc29Aug05_landfall_MS.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Windspeed of Hurricane Katrina 10 a.m., showing hurricane-force winds (yellow/brown) still hitting the north–southeast shores of Lake Pontchartrain (4 hours after landfall)</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> reached Category 5 in 2005, some experts predicted that the levee system might fail completely if the storm passed close to the city. Although Katrina weakened to a Category 3 before making landfall on August 29 (with only Category 1-2 strength winds in New Orleans on the weaker side of the eye of the hurricane), the outlying <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_East" title="New Orleans East">New Orleans East</a> area along south Lake Pontchartrain was in the eyewall with winds, preceding the eye, nearly as strong as those experienced in <a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis,_Mississippi" title="Bay St. Louis, Mississippi">Bay St. Louis, Mississippi</a>. Canals near <a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette</a> began leaking at 8 am,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and some levees/canals, designed to withstand Category 3 storms, suffered multiple breaks the following day (see <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans</a>), flooding 80% of the city. </p><p>The walls of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Canal" title="Industrial Canal">Industrial Canal</a> were breached by storm surge via the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Gulf_Outlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River Gulf Outlet">Mississippi River Gulf Outlet</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/17th_Street_Canal" title="17th Street Canal">17th Street Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Avenue_Canal" title="London Avenue Canal">London Avenue Canal</a> experienced catastrophic breaches, even though water levels never topped their flood walls. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a> experts presented evidence that some of these structures might have had design flaws or faulty construction.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are indications that the soft earth and <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> underlying canal walls may have given way. In the weeks before Katrina, tests of <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seepage" class="mw-redirect" title="Seepage">seepage</a> pools near canals showed them to be lake water, not <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> from broken mains. The 5.5-mile-long (8.9 km) <a href="/wiki/I-10_Twin_Span_Bridge" title="I-10 Twin Span Bridge">I-10 Twin Span Bridge</a> heading northeast between New Orleans and Slidell was destroyed. The shorter <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pike" title="Fort Pike">Fort Pike</a> Bridge crossing the outlet to Lake Borgne remained intact. </p><p>Much of the northern sector of the suburban areas of Metairie and Kenner was flooded with up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 m) of water. In this area, flooding was not the result of levee overtopping but was due to a decision by the governmental administration of Jefferson Parish to abandon the levee-aligned drainage pumping stations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the reverse flow of lake water through the pumping stations into drainage canals which subsequently overflowed, causing extensive flooding of the area between I-10 and the lakefront. When the pump operators were returned to their stations, water was drained out of Metairie and Kenner in less than a day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On September 5, 2005, the Army Corps of Engineers started to fix levee breaches by dropping huge sandbags from <a href="/wiki/Chinook_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook helicopter">Chinook helicopters</a>. The London Avenue Canal and Industrial Canal were blocked at the lake as permanent repairs started. On September 6, the Corps began pumping flood water back into the lake after seven days in the streets of New Orleans. Because it was fouled with dead animals, sewage, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a>, and other dangerous substances, the Army Corps worked with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> and Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) to avoid major contamination and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerial photography suggests that 25 billion US gallons (95,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of water covered New Orleans as of September 2, which equals about 2% of Lake Pontchartrain's volume.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to a lack of electric power, the city was unable to treat the water before pumping it into the lake. It is unclear how long the <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> will persist and what its environmental damage to the lake will be, or what the long-term health effects will be in the city from <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a> and other contamination. </p><p>On September 24, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Hurricane Rita</a> did not breach the temporary repairs in the main part of the city, but the repair on the Industrial Canal wall in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_9th_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower 9th Ward">Lower 9th Ward</a> was breached, allowing about 2 feet (0.6 m) of water back into that neighborhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_deaths">Notable deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Flight_304" title="Eastern Air Lines Flight 304">Eastern Air Lines Flight 304</a> crashed into the lake on February 25, 1964, resulting in the deaths of 51 passengers and 7 crew.</li> <li>On June 16, 1964, a Trailways bus plunged off the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway into Lake Pontchartrain, killing 6.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>On December 31, 1967, a chartered plane crashed into Lake Pontchartrain, killing 5 servicemen and the pilot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>On September 15, 1978, six-year-old Benjamin Daly, along with the pilot, died when a private plane his parents had chartered crashed into the lake. His parents survived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>On February 23, 1980, a twin-engine plane crashed into Lake Pontchartrain, killing 7.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>On January 15, 1981, a <a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-23" title="Piper PA-23">Piper PA-23</a> flying in heavy fog crashed into Lake Pontchartrain while on final approach to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> <a href="/wiki/Lakefront_Airport" title="Lakefront Airport">Lakefront Airport</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing the plane's owner and pilot Joyce W. Hornady, the 73-year-old CEO of <a href="/wiki/Hornady_Manufacturing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornady Manufacturing Company">Hornady Manufacturing Company</a>, and two other company employees Edward A. Heers, a 34-year-old engineer, and James W. Garber, a 29-year-old customer service manager.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three men were due to attend and represent their company in the 1981 <a href="/wiki/SHOT_Show" title="SHOT Show">SHOT Show</a> in New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1986, a decomposing woman's body was found by two fishermen. The cause of death was homicide by <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a>. She was not identified and no leads were ever identified in the case.<sup id="cite_ref-CRM_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRM-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> defensive end, New Orleans native, and former LSU star <a href="/wiki/Marquise_Hill" title="Marquise Hill">Marquise Hill</a> was found dead in Lake Pontchartrain on May 28, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-bst_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bst-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/T-34_Mentor" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34 Mentor">T-34 training plane</a> crashed into the lake on January 23, 2010, after a routine training mission. The instructor, LT Clinton Wermers, was found dead at 0100 on January 27, 2010. The student pilot was rescued about two hours after the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsau_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsau-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway" title="Lake Pontchartrain Causeway">Lake Pontchartrain Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_Carr%C3%A9_Spillway" title="Bonnet Carré Spillway">Bonnet Carré Spillway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Trace" title="Tammany Trace">Tammany Trace</a> Rail Trail</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 1st congressional district">Louisiana's 1st congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_United_States#Louisiana" title="List of lakes of the United States">List of lakes of the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lakes_of_Pontchartrain" title="The Lakes of Pontchartrain">The Lakes of Pontchartrain</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Plantation" title="Lombard Plantation">Lombard Plantation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2010/07/oil_from_gulf_spill_seeps_into.html">"Oil from Gulf spill seeps into New Orleans' Lake Pontchartrain"</a>. The Associated Press. July 6, 2010. <q>Pontchartrain (pronounced PAHN-chuh-trayn)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oil+from+Gulf+spill+seeps+into+New+Orleans%27+Lake+Pontchartrain&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syracuse.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F07%2Foil_from_gulf_spill_seeps_into.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span> [Respelled "ponch-a-train" in other sources]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guinness-continuous-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guinness-continuous_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/97851-longest-bridge-over-water-continuous">"Longest bridge over water (continuous)"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Longest+bridge+over+water+%28continuous%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F97851-longest-bridge-over-water-continuous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/power-lines-curvature-earth-04233/">"Power lines over Lake Pontchartrain elegantly demonstrate the curvature of Earth"</a>. <i>ZME Science</i>. 2017-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZME+Science&rft.atitle=Power+lines+over+Lake+Pontchartrain+elegantly+demonstrate+the+curvature+of+Earth&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zmescience.com%2Fscience%2Fnews-science%2Fpower-lines-curvature-earth-04233%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoppingpoints.com/louisiana/Orleans/Lake+Pontchartrain.html">"Lake Pontchartrain Historical Marker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Department_of_Culture,_Recreation_%26_Tourism" title="Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism">Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+Pontchartrain+Historical+Marker&rft.pub=Louisiana+Department+of+Culture%2C+Recreation+%26+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoppingpoints.com%2Flouisiana%2FOrleans%2FLake%2BPontchartrain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak. 2007. The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present, and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1- 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak. 2007. The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present, and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1- 35. Table 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceforourcoast.org/about-us/our-basin/basin-history/">"Basin History"</a>. <i>Pontchartrain Conservancy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pontchartrain+Conservancy&rft.atitle=Basin+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceforourcoast.org%2Fabout-us%2Four-basin%2Fbasin-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-206/env-overview/geologic-history.html">"Environmental Atlas of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin"</a>. USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program. May 14, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Atlas+of+the+Lake+Pontchartrain+Basin&rft.pub=USGS+Coastal+and+Marine+Geology+Program&rft.date=2002-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F2002%2Fof02-206%2Fenv-overview%2Fgeologic-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceforourcoast.org/about-us/our-basin/basin-history/">"HISTORY OF THE PONTCHARTRAIN BASIN"</a>. <i>scienceforourcoast.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scienceforourcoast.org&rft.atitle=HISTORY+OF+THE+PONTCHARTRAIN+BASIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceforourcoast.org%2Fabout-us%2Four-basin%2Fbasin-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keddy,_P.A._2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A._2007_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak. 2007. The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrin, J.M. 2000. Home Town Ponchatoula. A Community History of Ponchatoula, Louisiana. Self-published. Ponchatoula, Louisiana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norgress, R. E. (1947). The history of the cypress lumber industry in Louisiana. Louisiana Historical Quarterly 30: 979–1059.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2008_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2008_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2008_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. 2008. Water, Earth, Fire: Louisiana's Natural Heritage. Xlibris, Philadelphia. 229 p.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LC_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LC_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LC_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceforourcoast.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Documents/our-coast/LPBF-Oil-Gas-Jan-2010.pdf">"Moratorium on Oil and Gas Leasing In Lake Pontchartrain: An Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation</i>. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lake+Pontchartrain+Basin+Foundation&rft.atitle=Moratorium+on+Oil+and+Gas+Leasing+In+Lake+Pontchartrain%3A+An+Analysis&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceforourcoast.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPDF-Documents%2Four-coast%2FLPBF-Oil-Gas-Jan-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maygarden, D., and others. 2004. Conservation Area Plan for the Lake Pontchartrain Estuary. The Nature Conservancy, LA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak. 2007. The Wetlands of Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present, and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1- 35. Fig. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houck, O. 2006. Can we save New Orleans? Tulane Environmental Law Journal 19: 1–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603045134/http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/Pontchartrain/">"The Lake Pontchartrain Basin: Louisiana's Troubled Urban Estuary"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. November 3, 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/Pontchartrain/">the original</a> on June 3, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lake+Pontchartrain+Basin%3A+Louisiana%27s+Troubled+Urban+Estuary&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1995-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarine.usgs.gov%2Ffact-sheets%2FPontchartrain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunwallGlasser,_Susan_B.2005" class="citation news cs1">Grunwall, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Glasser" title="Susan Glasser">Glasser, Susan B.</a> (September 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/20/AR2005092001894_pf.html">"Experts Say Faulty Levees Caused Much of Flooding"</a>. <i>washingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Experts+Say+Faulty+Levees+Caused+Much+of+Flooding&rft.date=2005-09-21&rft.aulast=Grunwall&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Glasser%2C+Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F09%2F20%2FAR2005092001894_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2005" class="citation web cs1">Blumenthal, Sidney (August 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2005/08/31/disaster_preparation/">"No one can say they didn't see it coming"</a>. <i>Salon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=No+one+can+say+they+didn%27t+see+it+coming&rft.date=2005-08-31&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2005%2F08%2F31%2Fdisaster_preparation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandwerk2005" class="citation web cs1">Handwerk, Brian (September 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010231/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0902_050902_katrina_levees.html">"New Orleans Levees Not Built for Worst Case Events"</a>. National Geographic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0902_050902_katrina_levees.html">the original</a> on September 5, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Orleans+Levees+Not+Built+for+Worst+Case+Events&rft.pub=National+Geographic+News&rft.date=2005-09-02&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F09%2F0902_050902_katrina_levees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunwaldGlasser,_Susan_B.2005" class="citation news cs1">Grunwald, Michael; Glasser, Susan B. (September 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/20/AR2005092001894_pf.html">"Experts Say Faulty Levees Caused Much of Flooding"</a>. <i>washingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Experts+Say+Faulty+Levees+Caused+Much+of+Flooding&rft.date=2005-09-21&rft.aulast=Grunwald&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Glasser%2C+Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F09%2F20%2FAR2005092001894_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nola.com/kenner/2008/01/broussard_says_he_didnt_send_p.html">Broussard says he didn't send pump operators away - Kenner Bulletin - NOLA.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429192004/http://blog.nola.com/kenner/2008/01/broussard_says_he_didnt_send_p.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSACE2005" class="citation web cs1">USACE (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513100958/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/katrina/environment.html">"Quick, coordinated efforts reduce environmental impact on Lake Pontchartrain"</a>. usace.army.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/katrina/environment.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quick%2C+coordinated+efforts+reduce+environmental+impact+on+Lake+Pontchartrain&rft.pub=usace.army.mil&rft.date=2005-09&rft.au=USACE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.usace.army.mil%2Fcepa%2Fkatrina%2Fenvironment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/01/15/A-twin-engine-plane-carrying-three-people-on-a-flight/4434348382800/">"A twin-engine plane carrying three people on a flight from Nebraska crashed into Lake Pontchartrain in heavy fog Thursday while on approach to New Orleans Lakefront Airport"</a>. <i>www.upi.com/archives</i>. January 15, 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.upi.com%2Farchives&rft.atitle=A+twin-engine+plane+carrying+three+people+on+a+flight+from+Nebraska+crashed+into+Lake+Pontchartrain+in+heavy+fog+Thursday+while+on+approach+to+New+Orleans+Lakefront+Airport&rft.date=1981-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1981%2F01%2F15%2FA-twin-engine-plane-carrying-three-people-on-a-flight%2F4434348382800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/01/16/Plane-crashes-into-lake-in-heavy-fog/7770348469200/">"Plane crashes into lake in heavy fog"</a>. <i>www.upi.com/archives</i>. 1981-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.upi.com%2Farchives&rft.atitle=Plane+crashes+into+lake+in+heavy+fog&rft.date=1981-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1981%2F01%2F16%2FPlane-crashes-into-lake-in-heavy-fog%2F7770348469200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/17/us/three-killed-in-crash-of-a-plane-in-lake-near-new-orleans-field.html">"Three Killed in Crash of a Plane In Lake Near New Orleans Field"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 1981-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Three+Killed+in+Crash+of+a+Plane+In+Lake+Near+New+Orleans+Field&rft.date=1981-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F17%2Fus%2Fthree-killed-in-crash-of-a-plane-in-lake-near-new-orleans-field.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hornady.com/corporate/company-history/">"The Hornady Heritage and Vision"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hornady+Heritage+and+Vision&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hornady.com%2Fcorporate%2Fcompany-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRM-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRM_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sex-offenders.info/detail.php?id=30158">"Body Discovered--Two Decade Mystery Begins"</a>. Sex-offenders.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Body+Discovered--Two+Decade+Mystery+Begins&rft.pub=Sex-offenders.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sex-offenders.info%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D30158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bst-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bst_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonLevenson2007" class="citation news cs1">Simpson, April; Levenson, Michael (May 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2007/05/29/patriot_hill_is_found_dead/">"Patriot Hill is found dead"</a>. boston.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Patriot+Hill+is+found+dead&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=April&rft.au=Levenson%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fpatriots%2Farticles%2F2007%2F05%2F29%2Fpatriot_hill_is_found_dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsau-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newsau_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/01/25/louisiana.pilot.search/index.html?hpt=T2">"Navy pilot presumed dead after crash in Lake Pontchartrain"</a>. cnn.com. January 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Navy+pilot+presumed+dead+after+crash+in+Lake+Pontchartrain&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FUS%2F01%2F25%2Flouisiana.pilot.search%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3DT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Pontchartrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/military/index.ssf/2010/01/navy_pilots_body_found_in_lake.html"><i>Navy pilot's body found in Lake Pontchartrain</i>, The Times-Picayune, January 27, 2010</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Lake Pontchartrain</i>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4392-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4392-5">978-0-7385-4392-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lake_Pontchartrain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakepontchartrain.net">Lake Pontchartrain Visitors Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saveourlake.org">Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603045134/http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/Pontchartrain/">United States Geological Survey Lake Pontchartrain Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv/?site_no=073802331">Real-time water data for Lake Pontchartrain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818054853/http://pontchartrain.net/">New Orleans history of the lake</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpbmaritimemuseum.org">Lake Pontchartrain Basin Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-206">USGS Environmental Atlas of Lake Pontchartrain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050907145351/http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/eng/edhd/wcontrol/lpont.htm">New Orleans District Water Management</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/20/AR2005092001894_pf.html">Washington Post article alleging levee faults, 21 September 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010231/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0902_050902_katrina_levees.html">National Geographic article about the levees, 2 September 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/opinion/blumenthal/2005/08/31/disaster_preparation/">Salon article about disaster predictions, 31 August 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603045134/http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/Pontchartrain/">U.S. Geological Survey article about the Lake Pontchartrain Basin, 3 November 1995</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4223426.stm">BBC article about environmental effects on the lake after the flooding of New Orleans, 8 September 2005</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331750#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331750#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331750#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315530265">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104805">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563249105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038120">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&oldid=1252838573">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&oldid=1252838573</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Category:Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estuaries_of_Louisiana" title="Category:Estuaries of Louisiana">Estuaries of Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Bodies of water of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Bodies of water of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Orleans_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Bodies of water of Orleans Parish, Louisiana">Bodies of water of Orleans Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Bodies of water of St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">Bodies of water of St. Charles Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_St._John_the_Baptist_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Bodies of water of St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana">Bodies of water of St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Bodies of water of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">Bodies of water of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Tangipahoa_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Bodies of water of Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana">Bodies of water of Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lagoons_of_Louisiana" title="Category:Lagoons of Louisiana">Lagoons of Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Tourist attractions in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_New_Orleans" title="Category:Tourist attractions in New Orleans">Tourist attractions in New Orleans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">Tourist attractions in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_St._John_the_Baptist_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana">Tourist attractions in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">Tourist attractions in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Tangipahoa_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana">Tourist attractions in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Oil fields of the United States">Oil fields of the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_December_2017" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from December 2017">Accuracy disputes from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_March_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2023">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2023">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_alt" title="Category:Articles using infobox body of water without alt">Articles using infobox body of water without alt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_alt_bathymetry" title="Category:Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry">Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_undetermined-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing undetermined-language text">Articles containing undetermined-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from December 2017">Articles with self-published sources from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2023">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 04:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Pontchartrain&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5d587cdb6c-7g98n","wgBackendResponseTime":132,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.771","walltime":"1.015","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5662,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":107198,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13566,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":95990,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 916.144 1 -total"," 24.55% 224.953 1 Template:Infobox_body_of_water"," 22.91% 209.866 1 Template:Infobox"," 19.78% 181.180 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.14% 83.762 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.66% 79.374 12 Template:Fix"," 8.24% 75.529 5 Template:Cite_news"," 8.04% 73.646 1 Template:ISBN"," 7.93% 72.670 1 Template:Native_name_checker"," 7.42% 67.991 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.491","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19822821,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59ccf9db48-c5rmj","timestamp":"20250106004929","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lake Pontchartrain","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Pontchartrain","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1331750","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1331750","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-06T00:17:43Z","dateModified":"2024-10-23T04:33:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c5\/Lake_Pontchartrain_by_Sentinel-2.jpg","headline":"estuary located in southeastern Louisiana, United States"}</script> </body> </html>