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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jemdet Nasr and its environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jemdet_Nasr_and_its_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occupation history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Material culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-cuneiform_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-cuneiform_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Proto-cuneiform texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-cuneiform_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="جمدة نصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمدة نصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr" title="Jemdet Nasr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschemdet_Nasr" title="Dschemdet Nasr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamdat_Na%C5%9Fr" title="Jamdat Naşr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jamdat Naşr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Jemdet_Nasr" title="Tell Jemdet Nasr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tell Jemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="تل جمده نصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تل جمده نصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemdet_Nasr" title="Gemdet Nasr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8" title="ג'מדת נצר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'מדת נצר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr" title="Jemdet Nasr – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr" title="Jemdet Nasr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCamdat_Nasr" title="Dżamdat Nasr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżamdat Nasr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80" title="Джемдет-Наср – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джемдет-Наср" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEemdet_Nasr" title="Džemdet Nasr – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr" title="Jemdet Nasr – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr" title="Jemdet Nasr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jemdet Nasr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="செம்தேத் நசிர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செம்தேத் நசிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80" title="Джемдет-Наср – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джемдет-Наср" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%A7%86%E8%BF%AD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%82%A3%E8%89%B2" title="捷姆迭特·那色 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="捷姆迭特·那色" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%A7%86%E8%BF%AD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%82%A3%E8%89%B2" title="捷姆迭特·那色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="捷姆迭特·那色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q342799#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jemdet_Nasr&params=32_43_4.01_N_44_46_45.98_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°43′4.01″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°46′45.98″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.7177806°N 44.7794389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.7177806; 44.7794389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Iraq</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Jemdet Nasr</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="display-none" style="display:none;">{{{1}}}</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jemdet Nasr is located in Iraq"><img alt="Jemdet Nasr is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.572%;left:60.757%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jemdet Nasr"><img alt="Jemdet Nasr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Iraq</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraq</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_East_non_political.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jemdet Nasr is located in Near East"><img alt="Jemdet Nasr is located in Near East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/250px-Near_East_non_political.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/375px-Near_East_non_political.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/500px-Near_East_non_political.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="842" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.267%;left:53.456%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jemdet Nasr"><img alt="Jemdet Nasr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Jemdet Nasr (Near East)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Near East</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Governorate" title="Babylon Governorate">Babylon Governorate</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jemdet_Nasr&params=32_43_4.01_N_44_46_45.98_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°43′4.01″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°46′45.98″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.7177806°N 44.7794389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.7177806; 44.7794389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><span><span>1.5 hectare</span>, <span>7.5 hectare</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data"><span><span>2.9 metre</span>, <span>3.5 metre</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></span>, <span>Early Dynastic I</span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1926, 1928, 1988-1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><span><span><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Herbert_Langdon" title="Stephen Herbert Langdon">Stephen Herbert Langdon</a></span>, <span>Louis-Charles Watelin</span>, <span><a href="/wiki/Roger_Matthews_(archaeologist)" title="Roger Matthews (archaeologist)">Roger Matthews</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jemdet Nasr</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمدة نصر</span>) (also Jamdat Nasr and Jemdat Nasr) is a <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> or settlement mound in <a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babil Governorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) that is best known as the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BC), and was one of the oldest Sumerian cities. It is adjacent to the much larger site of Tell Barguthiat. The site was first excavated in 1926 by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Herbert_Langdon" title="Stephen Herbert Langdon">Stephen Langdon</a>, who found <a href="/wiki/Proto-Cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Cuneiform">Proto-Cuneiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> in a large <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> building thought to be the ancient administrative centre of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second season took place in 1928, but this season was very poorly recorded. Subsequent excavations in the 1980s under British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Matthews_(archaeologist)" title="Roger Matthews (archaeologist)">Roger Matthews</a> were, among other things, undertaken to relocate the building excavated by Langdon. These excavations have shown that the site was also occupied during the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic I</a> periods. Based on texts found there mentioning an <a href="/wiki/Ensi_(Sumerian)" title="Ensi (Sumerian)">ensi</a> of NI.RU that is thought to be its ancient name.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During ancient times the city was on a canal linking it to other major Sumerian centers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitting_bull_Louvre_AO7021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sitting_bull_Louvre_AO7021.jpg/220px-Sitting_bull_Louvre_AO7021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sitting_bull_Louvre_AO7021.jpg/330px-Sitting_bull_Louvre_AO7021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sitting_bull_Louvre_AO7021.jpg/440px-Sitting_bull_Louvre_AO7021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Sitting bull Louvre AO7021</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1925, the team that was excavating at <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> received reports that <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> and painted <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> had been found by locals at a site called Jemdet Nasr, some 26 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Kish. The site was subsequently visited on January 6 1926 by Langdon and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Field_(anthropologist)" title="Henry Field (anthropologist)">Henry Field</a> and it was decided that an excavation was necessary after several pictographic tablets were found. Some burnt grain were recovered and later determined to be cone wheat (Triticum turgidum) the earliest exemplar of that in the region. The first season at Jemdet Nasr took place in 1926, directed by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Herbert_Langdon" title="Stephen Herbert Langdon">Stephen Langdon</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> and director of the excavations at Kish.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavation lasted over a month and employed between 12 and 60 workmen.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews199213_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews199213-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langdon was not an archaeologist, and even by the standards of his time, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a>'s work at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, his record-keeping was very poor. He contracted a fever at Jemdet Nasr from which he never fully recovered, which ended the excavation season.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, much information on the exact find spots of artefacts, including the tablets, was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large, 4500 square meter (92 meters by 48 meters), <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> building was excavated in which a large collection of <a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">proto-cuneiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> was found. The bricks used were of the Riemchen (20 X 8 5 x 8 cm) and Flachziegel (23 x 9 x 6 5 cm) types, with some of the former baked and all of the latter. All baked bricks were pierced with three one centimeter holes before baking.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-matthews199213_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews199213-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finds from this season were divided between the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> in Baghdad, the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> in Oxford and the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Museum">Field Museum</a> in Chicago; the latter two co-sponsors of the excavations in Kish and Jemdet Nasr.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20024_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second season was organized in 1928, lasting between 13 and 22 March and directed by L.Ch. Watelin, the then-field director at Kish, accompanied by Henry Field. This time, some 120 workmen were employed. Excavation ended after 11 days (of the 20 planned) due to a plague of locusts.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews199213_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews199213-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watelin kept almost no records of his excavations at the site but from the few notes that survive he seems to have been digging in the same area as Langdon.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20026_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20026-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988 and 1989, two further excavation seasons were carried out under the direction of British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Matthews_(archaeologist)" title="Roger Matthews (archaeologist)">Roger Matthews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aims of the 1988 season were to conduct an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_field_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological field survey">archaeological survey</a> of the site, to revisit the large building on Mound B that had been excavated by Langdon but very poorly published, and to explore a Neo-Babylonian or later baked brick building that was visible on the surface of Mound A.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews1989_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews1989-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1989 season, again directed by Matthews, a dig-house was constructed on the site. Research focused on Mound B with the aim to further explore the ancient occupation in that area. No work was carried out on Mound A.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews199025_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews199025-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further excavation seasons, although planned, were prevented by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1990 and no fieldwork has been carried out at the site since then.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews2002ix_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews2002ix-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavation archives for this dig are still in Baghdad but field photographs have now been digitized.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of the findings at Jemdet Nasr were immediately recognized after the 1920s excavations. During a large conference in Baghdad in 1930, the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> was inserted into the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian chronology</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a>, with Jemdet Nasr being the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a>. Since then, the assemblage characteristic for the Jemdet Nasr period has been attested at other sites in south–central Iraq, including <a href="/wiki/Abu_Salabikh" title="Abu Salabikh">Abu Salabikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Fara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, Ur and <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pollock199058_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollock199058-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period is now generally dated to 3100–2900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-pollock19992_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollock19992-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jemdet_Nasr_and_its_environment">Jemdet Nasr and its environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jemdet Nasr and its environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Jemdet Nasr translates as "Small mound of Nasr", named after a prominent <i><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a></i> in the early twentieth century. Jemdet Nasr is located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babil Governorate</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, or ancient southern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Before the implementation of the Musaiyib irrigation project in the 1950s, the site lay in a semi-desert area. Today, the site is located in an area that is heavily irrigated for agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> consists of three mounds, A, B, and C, that are located adjacent to each other. Mound A is 160 by 140 metres (520 by 460 ft), 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in) high and has a total area of 1.5 hectares (3.7 acres). Mound B, located immediately to the northeast of A, measures 350 by 300 metres (1,150 by 980 ft) for a total area of 7.5 hectares (19 acres), reaching up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) above the modern level of the plain.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews1989225228_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews1989225228-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupation_history">Occupation history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occupation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occupation is thought to have started at least in the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> and occupied until the Early Dynastic I period. The Ubaid occupation of the site has not been explored through excavation but is inferred from pottery dating to that period, and clay sickles and a fragment of a clay cone, that were found on the surface of Mound A.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews1989247_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews1989247-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the 1920s as well as the 1980s excavations have resulted in considerable quantities of Middle Uruk period (mid-4th millennium BC) pottery. It seems that during this period, both Mounds A and B were occupied. During the Late Uruk period (late 4th millennium BC), an extensive settlement must have existed at Mound B, but its nature is again hard to ascertain due to a lack of well-excavated archaeological contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews200233_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews200233-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jemdet Nasr period settlement (3100–2900 BC) extended over an area of 4–6 hectares (9.9–14.8 acres) of Mound B. Some 0.4 hectares (0.99 acres) was occupied by the single, large mudbrick building that was excavated by Langdon, and where the clay tablets were found. In and around this building, kilns for firing pottery and baking bread were found, and other crafts like <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>. Many of these crafts, and also agricultural production, feature prominently in the proto-cuneiform tablets – indicating that much of the economy was centrally controlled and administered. In the texts from Jemdet Nasr, the term "SANGA AB" appears, which may denote a high official. The building was probably destroyed by fire. There is no evidence for far-reaching trade-contacts; no precious stones or other exotic materials were found. However, the homogeneity of the pottery that is typical for the Jemdet Nasr period suggests that there must have been intensive regional contacts. This idea is strengthened by the finding of sealings on the tablets of Jemdet Nasr that list a number of cities in southern Mesopotamia, including <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, Nippur, Ur, Uruk and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Uqair" title="Tell Uqair">Tell Uqair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20023337_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20023337-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the destruction of the Jemdet Nasr building, occupation of the site seems to have continued uninterrupted, as pottery forms show a gradual transition from Jemdet Nasr forms into the Early Dynastic I repertoire. At least one building of this period has been excavated at Mound B. Based on the distribution of Early Dynastic pottery on the surface, the settlement seems to have been smaller than during the Jemdet Nasr period.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20023334_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20023334-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single Early Dynastic I grave was found on Mound A, but no further evidence for occupation during this period. The building that was visible on the surface of the mound was probably a <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> fortress, but due to a lack of well-dated pottery from this area this dating could not be ascertained.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews1989246_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews1989246-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from the proto-cuneiform tablets, Jemdet Nasr gained fame for its painted polychrome and monochrome pottery. Painted pots display both geometric motifs and depictions of animals, including birds, fish, goats, scorpions, snakes and trees. However, the majority of the pottery was undecorated, and the fact that most painted pottery seems to have come from the large central building suggests that it had a special function. Pottery forms included large jars, bowls, spouted vessels and cups.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20022021_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20022021-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1.jpg/220px-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1.jpg/330px-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1.jpg/440px-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>A Pottery jar from Jemdet Nasr period (3100-2900)B.C <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Civilization_Museum" title="Erbil Civilization Museum">Erbil Civilization Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal" title="Stamp seal">stamp seals</a> and cylinder seal impressions on the clay tablets have been found at Jemdet Nasr.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stylistically, these seals are a continuation of the preceding Uruk period. The cylinder seals display humans as well as animals in a very crude style. Over 80 of the clay tablets bore a sealing, showing humans, animals, buildings, containers and more abstract designs. None of the sealings on the tablets was made by the seals that were found at the site, indicating that sealing either occurred outside Jemdet Nasr or that seals could also be made of perishable materials. One sealing, found on thirteen tablets, lists the names of a number of cities surrounding Jemdet Nasr, including Larsa, Nippur, Ur and Uruk.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20021719_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20021719-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact findspots of many objects retrieved during the 1920s excavations could no longer be reconstructed due to the poor publication standards, so that many can only be dated by comparing them with what has been found at other sites that do have a good <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratification (archaeology)">stratigraphy</a> and chronological control. Many of the objects found during the 1920s could be dated from the Uruk period to the Early Dynastic I period. Very few <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> objects were found in Jemdet Nasr. These included an adze, a fish-hook and a small pendant in the shape of a goose. A particular type of stone vessel with ledge handles and a rim decorated by incised rectangles has so far not been found at any other site. The function of a number of flat polished stones incised with lines forming a cross is uncertain, but it has been suggested that they were used as <a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a>. They are common in Uruk period sites. Because <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> as a raw material is widely available around Jemdet Nasr, clay objects are very common. Clay objects included baked clay bricks, clay sickles, fragments of drain pipes, spatulas, <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)" title="Spindle (textiles)">spindle whorls</a> and miniature wagon wheels. Beads, small pendants and figurines were made of bone, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">shell</a>, stone, clay and <a href="/wiki/Frit" title="Frit">frit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20023032_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20023032-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-cuneiform_texts">Proto-cuneiform texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proto-cuneiform texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clay tablets that were reported to the excavators of Kish in 1925 may not have been the first to come from Jemdet Nasr. Already before 1915, a French antiquities dealer had bought tablets that reportedly came from the site through <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a>. He sold them in lots to the French dealer Dumani Frères, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, while those resold to Dumani Frères were subsequently purchased by <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Breasted</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute</a> in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-englundgregoire7816_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englundgregoire7816-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group of tablets was purchased in Kish in the 1930s and of these it was asserted that they came from Jemdet Nasr, although this is unlikely due to stylistic differences between these tablets and those excavated at Jemdet Nasr in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20023_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20023-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first regular excavation season in 1926, between 150 and 180 tablets were found in Mound B; the error margin resulting from gaps in the administration kept by the excavators. Some of these tablets may actually have come from the 1928 excavations under Watelin. The tablets from the regular excavations are stored in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad. Two Uruk V period (c. 3500-3350 BC) clay tablets, called "numerical tablets" or "impressed tablets", were found at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-englundgregoire7816_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englundgregoire7816-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jemdet Nasr tablets are written in proto-cuneiform script. <a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">Proto-cuneiform</a> is thought to have arisen in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. While at first it was characterized by a small set of symbols that were predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictographs</a>, by the time of the Jemdet Nasr period, there was already a trend toward more abstract and simpler designs. It is also during this period that the script acquired its iconic wedge-shaped appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-woods3637_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods3637-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the language in which these tablets were written cannot be identified with certainty, it is thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-woods4445_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods4445-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary archives have been found at Uruk, Tell Uqair and <a href="/wiki/Khafajah" title="Khafajah">Khafajah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-woods35_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods35-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tablets from Jemdet Nasr are primarily administrative accounts; long lists of various objects, foodstuffs and animals that were probably distributed among the population from a centralized authority.<sup id="cite_ref-matthews20023435_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews20023435-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, these texts document, among other things, the cultivation, processing and redistribution of grain, the counting of herds of cattle, the distribution of secondary products like beer, fish, fruit and textiles, as well as various objects of undefinable nature. Six tablets deal with the calculation of agricultural field areas from surface measurements, which is the earliest attested occurrence of such calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-englundgregoire89_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englundgregoire89-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_tablet._A_five-day_ration_list._Each_line_of_cunieform_text_mentions_rations_for_one_day._The_sign_for_%22day%22_and_the_numbers_1-5_are_easily_identifiable._Probably_from_Jemdet-Nasr,_Iraq._Circa_3000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A five-day ration list. Each line of proto-cuneiform text mentions rations for one day. The sign for "day" and the numbers 1-5 are easily identifiable. Probably from Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. Circa 3000 BCE. British Museum"><img alt="A five-day ration list. Each line of proto-cuneiform text mentions rations for one day. The sign for "day" and the numbers 1-5 are easily identifiable. Probably from Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. Circa 3000 BCE. British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Clay_tablet._A_five-day_ration_list._Each_line_of_cunieform_text_mentions_rations_for_one_day._The_sign_for_%22day%22_and_the_numbers_1-5_are_easily_identifiable._Probably_from_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._Circa_3000_BCE.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Clay_tablet._A_five-day_ration_list._Each_line_of_cunieform_text_mentions_rations_for_one_day._The_sign_for_%22day%22_and_the_numbers_1-5_are_easily_identifiable._Probably_from_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._Circa_3000_BCE.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Clay_tablet._A_five-day_ration_list._Each_line_of_cunieform_text_mentions_rations_for_one_day._The_sign_for_%22day%22_and_the_numbers_1-5_are_easily_identifiable._Probably_from_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._Circa_3000_BCE.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3589" data-file-height="3074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A five-day ration list. Each line of proto-cuneiform text mentions rations for one day. The sign for "day" and the numbers 1-5 are easily identifiable. Probably from Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. Circa 3000 BCE. British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apprentice_scribes_learned_the_writing_system_through_lists_of_related_signs,_like_this_one_dealing_with_place_names._From_Jemdet-Nasr,_Iraq._3000-2900_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apprentice scribes learned the writing system through lists of related signs, like this one dealing with place names. From Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. 3000-2900 BCE. British Museum"><img alt="Apprentice scribes learned the writing system through lists of related signs, like this one dealing with place names. From Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. 3000-2900 BCE. British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Apprentice_scribes_learned_the_writing_system_through_lists_of_related_signs%2C_like_this_one_dealing_with_place_names._From_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._3000-2900_BCE.jpg/200px-Apprentice_scribes_learned_the_writing_system_through_lists_of_related_signs%2C_like_this_one_dealing_with_place_names._From_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._3000-2900_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Apprentice_scribes_learned_the_writing_system_through_lists_of_related_signs%2C_like_this_one_dealing_with_place_names._From_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._3000-2900_BCE.jpg/300px-Apprentice_scribes_learned_the_writing_system_through_lists_of_related_signs%2C_like_this_one_dealing_with_place_names._From_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._3000-2900_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Apprentice_scribes_learned_the_writing_system_through_lists_of_related_signs%2C_like_this_one_dealing_with_place_names._From_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._3000-2900_BCE.jpg/400px-Apprentice_scribes_learned_the_writing_system_through_lists_of_related_signs%2C_like_this_one_dealing_with_place_names._From_Jemdet-Nasr%2C_Iraq._3000-2900_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apprentice scribes learned the writing system through lists of related signs, like this one dealing with place names. From Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. 3000-2900 BCE. British Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">Cities of the Ancient Near East</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Langdon, New Texts from Jemdet Nasr, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 837-844, 1931</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Englund, Robert K., "Proto-Cuneiform Texts from Diverse Collections", MSVO 4, Berlin:Gebr.MannVerlag, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11401/89091">[1]</a>McGuire Gibson, The city and area of Kish, Field Research Projects, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/reportonexcavati13mack/reportonexcavati13mack.pdf">[2]</a> Ernest Mackay, Report on the Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq, Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropology, Memoirs, vol. I, no. 3, Chicago, 1931</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews199213-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matthews199213_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthews199213_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matthews199213_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews1992">Matthews 1992</a>, pp. 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langdon, S., "Ausgrabungen in Babylonian seit 1918", Der Alte Orient 26, pp. 3–75, 1927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20022-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20022_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moorey, P. R. S., "The Late Prehistoric Administrative Building at Jamdat Nasr", Iraq, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 95–106, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20024-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20024_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Field, H., "The Track of Man", New York: Doubleday, 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20026-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20026_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthews, Roger J., "Jemdet Nasr: The Site and the Period", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 196–203, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews1989-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews1989_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews1989">Matthews 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews199025-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews199025_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews1990">Matthews 1990</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews2002ix-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews2002ix_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/235050/1/235050.pdf">[3]</a> Mónica Palmero Fernández, "Using DSLR to 'Scan' Colour Slides: learning from the Digitising Jemdet Nasr 1988–1989 Project", Internet Archaeology, vol. 55, 2020 <a href="//doi.org/10.11141/ia.55.10" class="extiw" title="doi:10.11141/ia.55.10">doi:10.11141/ia.55.10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollock199058-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollock199058_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1990">Pollock 1990</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollock19992-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollock19992_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1999">Pollock 1999</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews1989225228-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews1989225228_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews1989">Matthews 1989</a>, pp. 225–228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews1989247-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews1989247_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews1989">Matthews 1989</a>, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews200233-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews200233_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20023337-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20023337_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, pp. 33–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20023334-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20023334_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, pp. 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews1989246-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews1989246_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews1989">Matthews 1989</a>, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20022021-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20022021_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger J. Matthews, Cities, Seals and Writing: Archaic Seal Impressions from Jemdet Nasr and Ur, Materialien zu den frühen Schriftzeugnissen des Vorderen Orients, vol. 2, Berlin: Gebr, Mann Verlag, 1993, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3786116868" title="Special:BookSources/978-3786116868">978-3786116868</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20021719-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20021719_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, pp. 17–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20023032-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20023032_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, pp. 30–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-englundgregoire7816-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-englundgregoire7816_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-englundgregoire7816_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnglundGrégoire1991">Englund & Grégoire 1991</a>, pp. 7–8, 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20023-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20023_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woods3637-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woods3637_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2010">Woods 2010</a>, pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woods4445-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woods4445_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2010">Woods 2010</a>, pp. 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woods35-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woods35_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2010">Woods 2010</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews20023435-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews20023435_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2002">Matthews 2002</a>, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-englundgregoire89-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-englundgregoire89_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnglundGrégoire1991">Englund & Grégoire 1991</a>, pp. 8–9</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglundGrégoire1991" class="citation cs2">Englund, Robert K.; Grégoire, Jean-Pierre (1991), <i>The Proto-Cuneiform Texts from Jemdet Nasr. I: Copies, Transliterations and Glossary</i>, Materialien zu den frühen Schriftzeugnissen des Vorderen Orients, vol. 1, Berlin: Gebr. Mann, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1646-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-1646-6"><bdi>3-7861-1646-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proto-Cuneiform+Texts+from+Jemdet+Nasr.+I%3A+Copies%2C+Transliterations+and+Glossary&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Materialien+zu+den+fr%C3%BChen+Schriftzeugnissen+des+Vorderen+Orients&rft.pub=Gebr.+Mann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3-7861-1646-6&rft.aulast=Englund&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft.au=Gr%C3%A9goire%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1989" class="citation cs2">Matthews, Roger (1989), "Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, 1988", <i>Iraq</i>, <b>51</b>: 225–248, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200306">10.2307/4200306</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200306">4200306</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249897812">249897812</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Jemdet+Nasr%2C+1988&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=225-248&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249897812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200306&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1990" class="citation cs2">Matthews, Roger (1990), "Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, 1989", <i>Iraq</i>, <b>52</b>: 25–39, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200315">10.2307/4200315</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200315">4200315</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134945808">134945808</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Jemdet+Nasr%2C+1989&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=25-39&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134945808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200315%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200315&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1992" class="citation cs2">Matthews, Roger (1992), "Defining the Style of the Period: Jemdet Nasr 1926-28", <i>Iraq</i>, <b>54</b>: 1–34, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200350">10.2307/4200350</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200350">4200350</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Defining+the+Style+of+the+Period%3A+Jemdet+Nasr+1926-28&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200350&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2002" class="citation cs2">Matthews, Roger (2002), <i>Secrets of the Dark Mound: Jemdet Nasr 1926-1928</i>, Iraq Archaeological Reports, vol. 6, Warminster: BSAI, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85668-735-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85668-735-9"><bdi>0-85668-735-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+Dark+Mound%3A+Jemdet+Nasr+1926-1928&rft.place=Warminster&rft.series=Iraq+Archaeological+Reports&rft.pub=BSAI&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85668-735-9&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1990" class="citation cs2">Pollock, Susan (1990), "Political Economy as Viewed from the Garbage Dump: Jemdet Nasr Occupation at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh", <i>Paléorient</i>, <b>16</b> (1): 57–75, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fpaleo.1990.4519">10.3406/paleo.1990.4519</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.atitle=Political+Economy+as+Viewed+from+the+Garbage+Dump%3A+Jemdet+Nasr+Occupation+at+the+Uruk+Mound%2C+Abu+Salabikh&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-75&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fpaleo.1990.4519&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1999" class="citation cs2">Pollock, Susan (1999), <i>Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that never was</i>, Case Studies in Early Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57568-3"><bdi>978-0-521-57568-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamia.+The+Eden+that+never+was&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Case+Studies+in+Early+Societies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57568-3&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2010" class="citation cs2">Woods, Christopher (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826005847/https://oi.uchicago.edu//sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oimp32.pdf">"The Earliest Mesopotamian Writing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Woods, Christopher (ed.), <i>Visible Language. Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond</i>, Oriental Institute Museum Publications, vol. 32, Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 33–50, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-76-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-76-9"><bdi>978-1-885923-76-9</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oimp32.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Mesopotamian+Writing&rft.btitle=Visible+Language.+Inventions+of+Writing+in+the+Ancient+Middle+East+and+Beyond&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Oriental+Institute+Museum+Publications&rft.pages=33-50&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-885923-76-9&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fpdf%2Foimp32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1932" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Field_(anthropologist)" title="Henry Field (anthropologist)">Field, Henry</a> (1932), "Human Remains from Jemdet Nasr, Mesopotamia", <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>, <b>64</b> (4): 967–970, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00153766">10.1017/s0035869x00153766</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25194618">25194618</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162544460">162544460</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Human+Remains+from+Jemdet+Nasr%2C+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=967-970&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162544460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25194618%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00153766&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldMartin1935" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Field_(anthropologist)" title="Henry Field (anthropologist)">Field, Henry</a>; Martin, Richard A. (1935), "Painted Pottery from Jemdet Nasr, Iraq", <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>, <b>39</b> (3): 310–320, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F498618">10.2307/498618</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/498618">498618</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192958282">192958282</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Painted+Pottery+from+Jemdet+Nasr%2C+Iraq&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310-320&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192958282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F498618%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F498618&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Martin%2C+Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harden, D. B., "A Typological Examination of Sumerian Pottery from Jamdat Nasr and Kish", Iraq, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 30–44, 1934</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangdon1928" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Herbert_Langdon" title="Stephen Herbert Langdon">Langdon, Stephen Herbert</a> (1928), <i>The Herbert Weld Collection in the Ashmolean Museum: Pictographic Inscriptions from Jemdet Nasr Excavated by the Oxford and Field Museum Expedition</i>, Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Inscriptions, vol. 7, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251013706">251013706</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Herbert+Weld+Collection+in+the+Ashmolean+Museum%3A+Pictographic+Inscriptions+from+Jemdet+Nasr+Excavated+by+the+Oxford+and+Field+Museum+Expedition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Editions+of+Cuneiform+Inscriptions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F251013706&rft.aulast=Langdon&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJemdet+Nasr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Matthews, Roger, and Monica Palmero Fernandez, "Jemdet Nasr field diapositives, 1988-1989", 2021</li> <li>Matthews, R., "After the archive: Early Dynastic I occupation at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq", Al-Rāfidān 18, pp. 109–17, 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/search?provenience=Jemdet+Nasr&limit=1000">Jemdet Nasr tablets at CDLI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.reading.ac.uk/jemdet-nasr/the-site/">Jemdat Nasr page at University of Reading</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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