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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_a_star_is_born-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_a_star_enters_old_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_a_star_enters_old_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>How a star enters old age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_a_star_enters_old_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_a_star_dies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_a_star_dies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>How a star dies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_a_star_dies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterevolusie" title="Sterevolusie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterevolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85" title="تطور النجوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطور النجوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_estelar" title="Evolución estelar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Evolución estelar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_estelar" title="Evolución estelar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Evolución estelar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="তারার বিবর্তন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তারার বিবর্তন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Эвалюцыя зорак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эвалюцыя зорак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Звездна еволюция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звездна еволюция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvjezdana_evolucija" title="Zvjezdana evolucija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zvjezdana evolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3_estel%C2%B7lar" title="Evolució estel·lar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Evolució estel·lar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Çăлтăр эволюцийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăлтăр эволюцийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDvoj_hv%C4%9Bzd" title="Vývoj hvězd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vývoj hvězd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerner_fra_f%C3%B8dsel_til_genf%C3%B8dsel" title="Stjerner fra fødsel til genfødsel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stjerner fra fødsel til genfødsel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4heareng" title="Täheareng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Täheareng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Αστρική εξέλιξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστρική εξέλιξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stellar evolution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_estelar" title="Evolución estelar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evolución estelar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela_evoluo" title="Stela evoluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stela evoluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izar_eboluzio" title="Izar eboluzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izar eboluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تکامل ستارگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکامل ستارگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89volution_stellaire" title="Évolution stellaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évolution stellaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89abhl%C3%B3id_r%C3%A9altach" title="Éabhlóid réaltach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éabhlóid réaltach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_estelar" title="Evolución estelar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Evolución estelar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="항성진화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항성진화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="तारों का विकास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारों का विकास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi_bintang" title="Evolusi bintang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Evolusi bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluzione_stellare" title="Evoluzione stellare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Evoluzione stellare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91" title="מחזור החיים של כוכב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחזור החיים של כוכב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვარსკვლავური ევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავური ევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaig%C5%BEd%C5%BEi%C5%B3_evoliucija" title="Žvaigždžių evoliucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvaigždžių evoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillagfejl%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Csillagfejlődés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagfejlődés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Ѕвезден развој – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѕвезден развој" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="तारकीय उत्क्रांती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तारकीय उत्क्रांती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi_najam" title="Evolusi najam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Evolusi najam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ကြယ်တို့၏ ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်တို့၏ ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterevolutie" title="Sterevolutie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterevolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" title="恒星進化論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="恒星進化論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerneutvikling" title="Stjerneutvikling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stjerneutvikling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ନକ୍ଷତ୍ରର ବିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନକ୍ଷତ୍ରର ବିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulduz_evolutsiyasi" title="Yulduz evolutsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yulduz evolutsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolucja_gwiazd" title="Ewolucja gwiazd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewolucja gwiazd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estelar" title="Evolução estelar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evolução estelar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bia_stelelor" title="Evoluția stelelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evoluția stelelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4" title="Эволюция звёзд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эволюция звёзд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluimi_i_Yjeve" title="Evoluimi i Yjeve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Evoluimi i Yjeve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDvoj_hviezdy" title="Vývoj hviezdy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vývoj hviezdy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdana_evolucija" title="Zvezdana evolucija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zvezdana evolucija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hden_kehitys" title="Tähden kehitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähden kehitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Stellar evolution</b> is the study of how a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> changes over time. Stars can change very much between when they are first created and when they run out of energy. Because stars can produce <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> for <a href="/wiki/Million" class="mw-redirect" title="Million">millions</a> or <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billions</a> of years, <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a> study stellar evolution by studying many different stars in different stages of their life. </p><p>The stages in a star's life are: <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence star">main-sequence star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_star" title="Compact star">compact star</a>: either <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">black dwarf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Life.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sun_Life.png/450px-Sun_Life.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sun_Life.png/675px-Sun_Life.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Sun_Life.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>'s lifecycle</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_a_star_is_born">How a star is born</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: How a star is born" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: How a star is born"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A star starts its life as a cloud of dust and gas called a <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a>. This is pulled together by gravity which causes it to heat up. It also starts to spin and to look like a ball. When it gets hot enough, it starts to release energy through <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>, changing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. This makes it shine very brightly and become what <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a> think of as a <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence star">main-sequence star</a>. It may stay a main-sequence star, looking about the same, for billions of years. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_types.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Star_types.svg/431px-Star_types.svg.png" decoding="async" width="431" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Star_types.svg/647px-Star_types.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Star_types.svg/862px-Star_types.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Red dwarf stars change very slowly because hydrogen gas is constantly going to core. This is because their hydrogen gas is always rising and falling. Yellow dwarfs like our Sun have a rising and falling outer layer and a radiating inner layer, while blue stars have the other way around. Because no hydrogen from a blue star's outer layer can reach its core due to its radiating outer layer, they use up all their hydrogen very quickly.</figcaption></figure> <p>The details of a main-sequence star are based on its <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>. The mass is often measured in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">Sun's mass</a>, or a solar mass, equal to 1.99 x 10<sup>30</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a>. </p> <ul><li>If a star is less than 0.65 solar masses, it is a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>. Red dwarfs change very slowly that none of them have entered "old age". They are still very young and will only change after a time much longer than the age of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If a star is between 0.65 and 1.4 solar masses, it is a yellow dwarf like our <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> or the two large <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a> stars.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tend to have "live" between 1 and 50 billion years.</li> <li>If a star is over 1.4 solar masses, it is a white or blue main sequence star (sometimes called a blue dwarf). These change even more slowly than smaller stars but are very large and bright.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolutionary_track_1m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Evolutionary_track_1m.svg/296px-Evolutionary_track_1m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="296" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Evolutionary_track_1m.svg/444px-Evolutionary_track_1m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Evolutionary_track_1m.svg/592px-Evolutionary_track_1m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Changes in brightness and temperature as a star like our Sun ages</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_a_star_enters_old_age">How a star enters old age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: How a star enters old age" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: How a star enters old age"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sooner or later, almost all of the hydrogen at the center has changed to helium. This causes the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reaction</a> in the middle of the star to stop and the center will start to get smaller due to the star's <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. The layer of the star just outside the center will begin to change hydrogen to helium, releasing energy. </p><p>A star between 0.25 and 8 solar masses will get much, much bigger. The star will make much more light, sometimes as much as ten thousand times as much as it did at first. Since the surface of the star will get bigger, this energy will be spread out over a much larger area. Because of this, the temperature of the surface will go down and the color will change to red or orange. It will become a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>. It can swallow up any <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> that <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around it. </p><p>A star between 8 and 40 solar masses (typically a massive blue main-sequence star) does not become a mere red giant. It expands even larger to become a <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiant</a>. Sometimes the outer layer temperature does not go down. If the temperature goes down, we have a <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiant</a>. If the temperature does not go down we have a blue supergiant. Red supergiants are larger, cooler, and not as bright as blue supergiants, but supergiants can often change between blue and red. As they change they often go through an unstable yellow phase, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid variables</a> (yellow supergiants). </p><p>Stars above 40 solar masses do not cool down and become red supergiants. They stay as blue supergiants before "dying" in a few million years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_a_star_dies">How a star dies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: How a star dies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: How a star dies"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later, the red giant that was left over from a star between 0.65 and 8 solar masses, like our Sun, stops burning. A cloud of gas is given off and a <a href="/wiki/Compact_star" title="Compact star">smaller star</a> called a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> is left behind. White dwarfs are the size of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. After a really long time, the white dwarf cools down into a <a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">black dwarf</a>. </p><p>But, when a bigger red or blue supergiant (between 8 and 20 solar masses) explodes, the explosion is a lot larger and is called a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>. Instead of a white dwarf, it leaves behind a much smaller, much denser ball called a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>. A neutron star is created because the force of gravity is so strong that the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> left behind would not have any <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus (physics)">nucleus</a> of the atoms. A teaspoon of that <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> might weigh as much as the entire Earth. </p><p>A much bigger supergiant (called a <a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">hypergiant</a> and more than 20 solar masses) explodes in a <a href="/wiki/Hypernova" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernova">hypernova</a>. This leaves behind a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>. A black hole is created because gravity is so strong that even the <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> collapse in on themselves. Even light can no longer escape a black hole. Since there is nothing we know of stronger than the force that holds atomic nuclei (the plural of 'nucleus') together, some <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a> think that a black hole collapses all the way down to a mathematical point called a <a href="/wiki/Singularity" class="mw-redirect" title="Singularity">singularity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBodenheimerLaughlin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, F. C.; Bodenheimer, P.; Laughlin, G. (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asna.200510440">"M dwarfs: planet formation and long term evolution"</a>. <i>Astronomische Nachrichten</i>. <b>326</b> (10): 913–919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.200510440">10.1002/asna.200510440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6337">0004-6337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=M+dwarfs%3A+planet+formation+and+long+term+evolution&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=913-919&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.200510440&rft.issn=0004-6337&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=F.+C.&rft.au=Bodenheimer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laughlin%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.200510440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AStellar+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHabetsHeintze1981" class="citation journal cs1">Habets, G. M. H. J.; Heintze, J. R. W. (1981-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981A&AS...46..193H">"Empirical bolometric corrections for the main-sequence"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series</i>. <b>46</b>: 193–237. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981A&AS...46..193H">1981A&AS...46..193H</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0365-0138">0365-0138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Empirical+bolometric+corrections+for+the+main-sequence.&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=193-237&rft.date=1981-11-01&rft.issn=0365-0138&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981A%26AS...46..193H&rft.aulast=Habets&rft.aufirst=G.+M.+H.+J.&rft.au=Heintze%2C+J.+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1981A%26AS...46..193H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AStellar+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVanbeverenDe_LooreVan_Rensbergen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Vanbeveren, D.; De Loore, C.; Van Rensbergen, W. (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&ARv...9...63V">"Massive stars"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics Review</i>. <b>9</b> (1–2): 63–152. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&ARv...9...63V">1998A&ARv...9...63V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001590050015">10.1007/s001590050015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0935-4956">0935-4956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189933559">189933559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Review&rft.atitle=Massive+stars&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=63-152&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001590050015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189933559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0935-4956&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998A%26ARv...9...63V&rft.aulast=Vanbeveren&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=De+Loore%2C+C.&rft.au=Van+Rensbergen%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1998A%26ARv...9...63V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AStellar+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&oldid=9320342">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stellar_evolution&oldid=9320342</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrophysics" title="Category:Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Stars</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 24 January 2024, at 02:21.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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