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href="#Rhode_Island_Colony_period:_1636–1776"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rhode Island Colony period: 1636–1776</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rhode_Island_Colony_period:_1636–1776-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rhode Island Colony period: 1636–1776 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rhode_Island_Colony_period:_1636–1776-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_relations_with_Natives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_relations_with_Natives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Colonial relations with Natives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_relations_with_Natives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_era,_1775–1790" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_White_Horse_Tavern_Newport_Rhode_Island_est._1673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_White_Horse_Tavern_Newport_Rhode_Island_est._1673.jpg/220px-The_White_Horse_Tavern_Newport_Rhode_Island_est._1673.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_White_Horse_Tavern_Newport_Rhode_Island_est._1673.jpg/330px-The_White_Horse_Tavern_Newport_Rhode_Island_est._1673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_White_Horse_Tavern_Newport_Rhode_Island_est._1673.jpg/440px-The_White_Horse_Tavern_Newport_Rhode_Island_est._1673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Tavern_(Newport,_Rhode_Island)" title="White Horse Tavern (Newport, Rhode Island)">The White Horse Tavern</a> (circa 1673) in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> is one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of the oldest buildings in Rhode Island">the oldest extant buildings in Rhode Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of Rhode Island</b> is an overview of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a> and the state of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> from pre-colonial times to the present. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-colonization">Pre-colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png/220px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png/330px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png/440px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Tribal territories of the indigenous peoples of what is now southeastern New England</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> occupied most of the area comprising Rhode Island, including the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag (tribe)">Wampanoag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niantic_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niantic (tribe)">Niantic</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were killed by diseases, possibly contracted through contact with European explorers, and through warfare with other tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett language</a> eventually died out, although it was partially preserved in Roger Williams's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_into_the_Languages_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="A Key into the Languages of America">A Key into the Languages of America</a></i> (1643).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhode_Island_Colony_period:_1636–1776"><span id="Rhode_Island_Colony_period:_1636.E2.80.931776"></span>Rhode Island Colony period: 1636–1776</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rhode Island Colony period: 1636–1776"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Providence,_Rhode_Island,_Original_Deed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg/220px-Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg/330px-Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg/440px-Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>The original 1636 deed to Providence, signed by Chief <a href="/wiki/Canonicus" title="Canonicus">Canonicus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1636, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> settled on land granted to him by the Narragansett tribe at the tip of <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a> after being banished from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> for his religious views. He called the site "<a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a>" and declared it a place of religious freedom. </p><p>In 1638, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">William Coddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_(1609-1676)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clarke (1609-1676)">John Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherman_(settler)" title="Philip Sherman (settler)">Philip Sherman</a>, and other religious dissidents settled on <a href="/wiki/Aquidneck_Island" title="Aquidneck Island">Rhode Island</a> after conferring with Williams,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth</a> which was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Compact" title="Portsmouth Compact">Portsmouth Compact</a>. The southern part of the island became the separate settlement of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> after disagreements among the founders. </p><p>Dissident <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gorton" title="Samuel Gorton">Samuel Gorton</a> purchased Indian lands at Shawomet in 1642, precipitating a dispute with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1644, Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport united for their common independence as the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>, governed by an elected council and president. The King of England granted Gorton a separate charter for his settlement in 1648, and Gorton named the settlement <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="Warwick, Rhode Island">Warwick</a> in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Warwick" title="Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a> who had helped him obtain it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four settlements were finally united into one colony by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter_of_1663" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter of 1663">Royal Charter of 1663</a>. Critics at the time sometimes referred to it as "Rogue's Island",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> called it "the sewer of New England" because of the Colony's willingness to accept people who had been banished from Massachusetts Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhode_Island_statehood_Tercentenary,_3c,_1936_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rhode_Island_statehood_Tercentenary%2C_3c%2C_1936_issue.jpg/180px-Rhode_Island_statehood_Tercentenary%2C_3c%2C_1936_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rhode_Island_statehood_Tercentenary%2C_3c%2C_1936_issue.jpg/270px-Rhode_Island_statehood_Tercentenary%2C_3c%2C_1936_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rhode_Island_statehood_Tercentenary%2C_3c%2C_1936_issue.jpg/360px-Rhode_Island_statehood_Tercentenary%2C_3c%2C_1936_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>In 1936, on the 300th anniversary of the settlement of Rhode Island in 1636, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp, depicting Roger Williams</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1686, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James II</a> ordered Rhode Island to submit to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> and its appointed governor <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Edmund Andros</a>. This suspended the Colony's charter, but Rhode Island managed to retain possession of it throughout the brief duration of the Dominion—until Andros was deposed and the Dominion was dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> became King after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, and Rhode Island's independent government resumed under the 1663 charter—and that charter was used as the state constitution until 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1693, William III and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> issued a patent extending Rhode Island's territory to three miles "east and northeast" of Narragansett Bay, conflicting with the claims of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-where_2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where_2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in several later transfers of territory between Rhode Island and Massachusetts. </p><p>Richard Ward was made a freeman of Newport in 1710, then entered public service as Attorney General, later became Deputy and Clerk of the Assembly, and then served as the General Recorder for the colony from 1714 to 1730.[1]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Is this actually ref1? (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1723, he was paid six pounds for attending the trial of a group of pirates who were taken prisoner by Captain Solgar, commander of the British ship Greyhound. Of the 36 pirates taken into captivity, 26 were sentenced to hang, and the execution took place at Newport on July 19, 1723, at a place called Gravelly Point.[1]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Is this actually ref1? (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1726, Ward was one of the four Rhode Island commissioners appointed to meet a group of Connecticut commissioners to settle the boundary line between the two colonies.[1]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Is this actually ref1? (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ward was the Secretary of State from 1730 to 1733, and in 1740 became the Deputy Governor of the colony. In this capacity he and Samuel Perry were appointed trustees to the Indian sachem Ninigret. In 1741 he was selected as Governor for a single term.[1]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Is this actually ref1? (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_relations_with_Natives">Colonial relations with Natives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial relations with Natives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Williams_and_Narragansetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Roger_Williams_and_Narragansetts.jpg/220px-Roger_Williams_and_Narragansetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Roger_Williams_and_Narragansetts.jpg/330px-Roger_Williams_and_Narragansetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Roger_Williams_and_Narragansetts.jpg/440px-Roger_Williams_and_Narragansetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Roger Williams meeting with the Narragansetts</figcaption></figure> <p>Early relations were mostly peaceful between New Englanders and the Indian tribes. The largest tribes that lived near Rhode Island were the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansetts</a>, and Nipmucks. <a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Squanto</a> was a member of the Wampanoag tribe who stayed with the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a> in Plymouth Colony and taught them many valuable skills needed to survive in the area. </p><p>Roger Williams won the respect of his Colonial neighbors for his skill in keeping the powerful Narragansetts on friendly terms with the Colonists. In 1637, the Narragansetts formed an alliance with Rhode Island during the <a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a>. However, this peace did not last long, as the most traumatic event in 17th century Rhode Island was <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–76). <a href="/wiki/Metacomet" title="Metacomet">Metacomet</a> became the chief of the Wampanoags; he was known as King Philip by the settlers of Portsmouth who had purchased their land from his father <a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a>. He led attacks around Narragansett Bay, despite Rhode Island's continued neutrality, and later these spread throughout New England. A force of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Plymouth militia under General <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Winslow" title="Josiah Winslow">Josiah Winslow</a> invaded and destroyed the fortified Narragansett Indian village in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Swamp_Fight" title="Great Swamp Fight">Great Swamp</a> in southern Rhode Island on December 19, 1675.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Narragansetts also invaded and burned down several of the Rhode Island settlements, including Providence, although they allowed the population to leave first. In one of the final actions of the war, troops from Connecticut led by Captain <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(ranger)" title="Benjamin Church (ranger)">Benjamin Church</a> hunted down and killed King Philip at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_(Rhode_Island)" title="Mount Hope (Rhode Island)">Mount Hope (Rhode Island)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_era,_1775–1790"><span id="Revolutionary_era.2C_1775.E2.80.931790"></span>Revolutionary era, 1775–1790</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revolutionary era, 1775–1790"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4554" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wanton" title="Joseph Wanton">Joseph Wanton</a> (being doused with punch and vomit) and other prominent Rhode Islanders in John Greenwood's painting <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam" title="Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam">Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam</a></i> (1755)</figcaption></figure> <p>Rhode Island was the first colony in America to declare independence on May 4, 1776, a full two months before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhode Islanders had attacked the British warship HMS <i><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspee Affair">Gaspee</a></i> in 1772 as one of the first acts of war leading to the American Revolution. British naval forces under Captain James Wallace controlled Narragansett Bay for much of the Revolutionary War, periodically raiding the islands and the mainland. The British raided <a href="/wiki/Prudence_Island" title="Prudence Island">Prudence Island</a> for livestock and engaged in a skirmish with American forces, losing approximately a dozen soldiers. Newport remained a hotbed for Loyalist sympathizers who assisted the British forces, so the state appointed General <a href="/wiki/William_West_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="William West (Rhode Island politician)">William West</a> of Scituate to root them out in the winter of 1775–76. British forces occupied Newport from 1777 to 1778, pushing the Colonial forces to Bristol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Rhode_Island">Battle of Rhode Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Rhode Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vernon_House_plaque,_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vernon_House_plaque%2C_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg/150px-Vernon_House_plaque%2C_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vernon_House_plaque%2C_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg/225px-Vernon_House_plaque%2C_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vernon_House_plaque%2C_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg/300px-Vernon_House_plaque%2C_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vernon_House" title="Vernon House">Vernon House</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau's</a> headquarters in Newport</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a></div> <p>The Battle of Rhode Island was fought during the summer of 1778 and was an unsuccessful attempt to expel the British from Narragansett Bay, although few Colonial casualties occurred. The Marquis de Lafayette called the action the "best fought" of the war. The British were forced to concentrate their forces in New York and consequently left Newport. The French under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a> landed in Newport in 1780, and it became the base of the French forces in the United States for the remainder of the war. The French soldiers behaved themselves so well that, in gratitude, the Rhode Island General Assembly repealed an old law banning Catholics from living in Rhode Island. The first Catholic mass in Rhode Island was said in Newport during this time. </p><p>Rural resistance to the Constitution was strong in Rhode Island, and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-federalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-federalist">anti-federalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_Party_(Rhode_Island)" title="Country Party (Rhode Island)">Country Party</a> controlled the General Assembly from 1786 to 1790. In 1788, anti-federalist politician and Revolutionary War General <a href="/wiki/William_West_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="William West (Rhode Island politician)">William West</a> led an armed force of 1,000 troops to Providence to oppose a July 4 celebration of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Ratification_of_the_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">nine states having ratified the Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil war was narrowly averted by a compromise limiting the Fourth of July celebration. The State of Rhode Island was the last of the 13 states to ratify the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> (May 29, 1790), only doing so after being threatened with having its exports taxed as a foreign nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_in_Rhode_Island">Slavery in Rhode Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Slavery in Rhode Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Smithfield.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/North_Smithfield.JPG/220px-North_Smithfield.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/North_Smithfield.JPG/330px-North_Smithfield.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/North_Smithfield.JPG/440px-North_Smithfield.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A typical 19th-century Rhode Island farm in North Smithfield</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1652, the first statute in the Thirteen Colonies banning slavery was passed,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the law was not enforced by the end of the 17th century. In 1703, a law passed by the Rhode Island General Assembly effectively overturned this municipal statute.<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 1680 Colonial census, there were 175 enslaved people in Rhode Island, including both native and Black persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeck_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1774, the slave population of Rhode Island was 6.3 percent, nearly twice as high as any other New England colony. In the late 18th century, several Rhode Island merchant families began actively engaging in the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle trade">triangle trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_DeWolf" title="James DeWolf">James</a> and John <a href="/wiki/DeWolf_family" title="DeWolf family">DeWolf</a> of Bristol were the largest slave traders in Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years after the Revolution, Rhode Island merchants controlled between 60 and 90 percent of the American trade of enslaved African people.<sup id="cite_ref-slavenorth.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slavenorth.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, Rhode Island's economy depended largely upon the triangle trade; Rhode Islanders distilled rum from molasses, sent the rum to Africa to trade for slaves, and then traded the slaves in the West Indies for more molasses. </p><p>At its peak, Rhode Island had the highest percentage of enslaved people in New England, due to the many farms in <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Washington County, Rhode Island">Washington County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeck_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somewhere between 15% and 25% of the population of Washington County was enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeck_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SISRI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SISRI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Hopkins_(NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a>, a signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> and slave owner, introduced a bill while serving in the Rhode Island Assembly in 1774 that prohibited the importation of slaves into the colony, and this became one of the first anti-slavery laws in the United States. In February 1784, the Rhode Island Legislature passed a compromise measure for <a href="/wiki/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)" title="Gradual emancipation (United States)">gradual emancipation</a> of slaves within the state. All children of slaves born after March 1 were to become apprentices, the girls to become free at 18, the boys at 21. By 1840, the census reported only five former Africans enslaved in Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-slavenorth.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slavenorth.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the international slave trade continued despite the antislavery laws of 1774, 1784, and 1787. In 1789, an Abolition Society was organized to secure enforcement of existing laws against the trade. Leading merchants continued to engage in the trade even after it became illegal, especially <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="John Brown (Rhode Island politician)">John Brown</a>, for whose family <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> is named, and George DeWolf, but slaving was no more than a minor aspect of Rhode Island's overall maritime trade after 1770.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th century, many Rhode Islanders were active in the abolitionist movement, particularly Quakers in Newport and Providence such as <a href="/wiki/Moses_Brown" title="Moses Brown">Moses Brown</a> (brother of John).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slave_trade_in_Newport">Slave trade in Newport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Slave trade in Newport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God%27s_Little_Acre,_the_colonial_African_burial_ground_in_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/God%27s_Little_Acre%2C_the_colonial_African_burial_ground_in_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg/220px-God%27s_Little_Acre%2C_the_colonial_African_burial_ground_in_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/God%27s_Little_Acre%2C_the_colonial_African_burial_ground_in_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg/330px-God%27s_Little_Acre%2C_the_colonial_African_burial_ground_in_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/God%27s_Little_Acre%2C_the_colonial_African_burial_ground_in_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg/440px-God%27s_Little_Acre%2C_the_colonial_African_burial_ground_in_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>God's Little Acre, the colonial African burial ground in Newport</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded slave ship, the "Sea Flower," arrived in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> in 1696 carrying 47 captives; 14 of them were sold at Newport.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeck_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1700s, Newport was a central player in the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular slave trade</a>, responsible for about half of slave ship voyages in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeck_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newport grew both large free black population and a large enslaved population. Free and enslaved Blacks were involved in industries from sail making to rope making and chocolate grinding.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeck_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free_African_Union_Society" title="Free African Union Society">Free African Union Society</a> was America's first African benevolent society, founded in Newport in 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-ProJo20171219_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProJo20171219-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"God's Little Acre", an African American burial ground in Newport, contains headstones going back to the 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeck_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhode Island's Constitution finally emancipated all slaves in 1843 in Section 4, "Slavery shall not be permitted in this state."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Slater_industrialist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Samuel_Slater_industrialist.jpg/180px-Samuel_Slater_industrialist.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Samuel_Slater_industrialist.jpg/270px-Samuel_Slater_industrialist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Samuel_Slater_industrialist.jpg/360px-Samuel_Slater_industrialist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2906" data-file-height="3297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Slater" title="Samuel Slater">Samuel Slater</a> (1768–1835), popularly called "The Father of the American Industrial Revolution"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1790, English immigrant <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Slater" title="Samuel Slater">Samuel Slater</a> founded the first textile mill in the United States in <a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket, Rhode Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slater_Mill" title="Slater Mill">Slater Mill</a>) and became known as the father of the American Industrial Revolution. During the 19th century, Rhode Island became one of the most industrialized states in America with large numbers of textile factories. The state also had significant machine tool, silverware, and <a href="/wiki/Costume_jewelry" title="Costume jewelry">costume jewelry</a> industries.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's first railroad, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Providence_Railroad" title="Boston and Providence Railroad">Boston and Providence Railroad</a>, opened in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Industrial Revolution moved large numbers of workers into cities and attracted large numbers of immigrants from Ireland, and a landless class developed which was ineligible to vote by Rhode Island law. By 1829, 60-percent of the state's men were ineligible to vote. All efforts at reform failed in the face of rural control of the political system. In 1842, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dorr">Thomas Dorr</a> drafted a liberal constitution which he tried to ratify by popular referendum. However, conservative Governor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_King" title="Samuel Ward King">Samuel Ward King</a> opposed the constitution, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a>. The rebellion gained little support and failed, and Dorr went to prison. The conservative elements relented, however, and allowed most American-born men to vote, but the conservative rural towns remained in control of the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rhode_Island" title="Constitution of Rhode Island">Constitution of Rhode Island</a> took effect in May 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Rhode Island furnished 25,236 soldiers to the Union armies, of which 1,685 died. These comprised 12 infantry regiments, three cavalry regiments, and an assortment of artillery and miscellaneous outfits. Rhode Island used its industrial capacity to supply the Union Army with the materials needed to win the war, along with the other northern states. Rhode Island's continued growth and modernization led to the creation of an urban mass transit system and improved health and sanitation programs. In 1866, Rhode Island abolished racial segregation throughout the state.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_IV" title="William Sprague IV">William Sprague IV</a> fought at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> while a sitting governor, and Rhode Island general <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> emerged as one of the major heroes of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Gilded_Age">The Gilded Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Gilded Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg/180px-Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg/270px-Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg/360px-Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Former Rhode Island senator <a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Nelson W. Aldrich</a> pushed for protectionist tariffs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fifty or so years following the Civil War were a time of prosperity and affluence that author <a href="/wiki/William_G._McLoughlin" title="William G. McLoughlin">William G. McLoughlin</a> called "Rhode Island's halcyon era".<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhode Island was a center of the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> and provided a home (or summer home) to many of the country's most prominent <a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber barons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a time of incredible growth in textile mills and manufacturing, and saw a huge influx of immigrants to fill those jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state saw increased population growth and urbanization, even as the state denied the growing urban masses access to political power.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In politics, the state was dominated by Republicans allied with their mouthpiece newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Providence_Journal" title="The Providence Journal">The Providence Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Journal's</i> editor <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Henry B. Anthony</a> and his later protege <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Aldrich">Nelson Aldrich</a>, along with war hero <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>, all Republicans, dominated politics during this time. Aldrich, as US Senator, became known as the "General Manager of the United States", for his ability to set high tariffs to protect Rhode Island and American goods from foreign competition.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a>, New York's wealthiest industrialists created a summer haven to socialize and build ostentatious <a href="/wiki/Preservation_Society_of_Newport_County" title="Preservation Society of Newport County">grand mansions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Providence, Pawtucket, Central Falls, and Woonsocket, thousands of <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French-Canadian</a>, Italian, Irish, and Portuguese immigrants arrived to fill jobs in the textile and manufacturing mills.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> party, allied with the Republicans and the <i>Providence Journal</i>, sought to exclude these newcomers from the political process.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution of 1843 denied the vote to the landless poor, and ensured that urban centers were disproportionately underrepresented in the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the start of the 20th century, Rhode Island had a booming economy, which fed the demand for immigration. During World War I, Rhode Island furnished 28,817 troops, of whom 612 died. After the war, the state was hit hard by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Influenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Influenza">Spanish Influenza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_hostility">Racial hostility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Racial hostility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s and 30s, rural Rhode Island saw a surge in <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> membership, largely among the native-born white population, in reaction to the large waves of immigrants moving to the state. The Klan is believed to be responsible for burning the <a href="/wiki/Watchman_Industrial_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchman Industrial School">Watchman Industrial School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Rhode_Island" title="Scituate, Rhode Island">Scituate, Rhode Island</a>, which was a school for <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> children.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_1929">Since 1929</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Since 1929"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935, Governor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Francis_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Francis Green">Theodore Francis Green</a> and Democratic majorities in the state House and Senate replaced a Republican dominance that had existed since the middle of the 19th century in what is termed the "<a href="/wiki/Bloodless_Revolution_(Rhode_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodless Revolution (Rhode Island)">Bloodless Revolution</a>." The Rhode Island Democratic Party has dominated state politics ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-ripr_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ripr-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloodless_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloodless-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Speaker of the House has always been a Democrat and one of the most powerful figures in government. </p><p>The Democratic Party presents itself as a coalition of labor unions, working class immigrants, intellectuals, college students, and the rising ethnic middle class. The Republican Party has been dominant in rural and suburban parts of the state, and has nominated occasional reform candidates who criticize the state's high taxes and excesses of Democratic domination. <a href="/wiki/Cranston,_Rhode_Island" title="Cranston, Rhode Island">Cranston</a> Mayors <a href="/wiki/Edward_D._DiPrete" title="Edward D. DiPrete">Edward D. DiPrete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Laffey" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Laffey">Stephen Laffey</a>, Governor <a href="/wiki/Donald_Carcieri" title="Donald Carcieri">Donald Carcieri</a> of East Greenwich, and former Mayor <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cianci,_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Cianci, Jr">Vincent A. "Buddy" Cianci</a> of Providence ran as Republican reform candidates. </p><p>The state income tax was first enacted in 1971 as a temporary measure. Prior to 1971, there was no income tax in the state, but the temporary income tax soon became permanent. The tax burden in Rhode Island remains among the five highest in the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Cigarette taxes in the United States">cigarette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Corporate tax in the United States">corporate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rhode_Island" title="Constitution of Rhode Island">Constitution of Rhode Island</a> was ratified in 1986 and came into effect on 20 January 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhode Islanders have overwhelmingly supported and re-elected Democrats to positions of authority. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Rhode Island has heavily Democratic legislatures; both U.S. Senators and Congressmen, and all statewide offices are held by Democrats. The state has been carried by Democratic presidential candidates in every election since 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td>68,825</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>69,122</td><td></td><td>0.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>76,931</td><td></td><td>11.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>83,059</td><td></td><td>8.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>97,199</td><td></td><td>17.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>108,830</td><td></td><td>12.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>147,545</td><td></td><td>35.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>174,620</td><td></td><td>18.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>217,353</td><td></td><td>24.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>276,531</td><td></td><td>27.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>345,506</td><td></td><td>24.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>428,556</td><td></td><td>24.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>542,610</td><td></td><td>26.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>604,397</td><td></td><td>11.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>687,497</td><td></td><td>13.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>713,346</td><td></td><td>3.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>791,896</td><td></td><td>11.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>859,488</td><td></td><td>8.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>946,725</td><td></td><td>10.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>947,154</td><td></td><td>0.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>1,003,464</td><td></td><td>5.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>1,048,319</td><td></td><td>4.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>1,052,567</td><td></td><td>0.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>1,097,379</td><td></td><td>4.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">Source: 1910–2020<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/48px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/64px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/32px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/48px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/64px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhode_Island" title="Portal:Rhode Island">Rhode Island portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Rhode Island">Historical outline of Rhode Island</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">History of New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Rhode_Island" title="Women's suffrage in Rhode Island">Women's suffrage in Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Rhode_Island_in_the_18th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in Rhode Island in the 18th century">List of newspapers in Rhode Island in the 18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Timeline of Newport, Rhode Island">Timeline of Newport, Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island">Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Regarding border disputes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Washington County, Rhode Island">Washington County, Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol County, Rhode Island">Bristol County, Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">History of Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">History of Connecticut</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien, Francis J. (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~rigenweb/IndianBibliography1.html">Bibliography for Studies of American Indians in and Around Rhode Island, 16th – 21st Centuries</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/academics/courses/is182/s01/first2.html">berkeley.edu website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the largest island in Narragansett Bay, called Aquidneck Island today.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126053349/http://lonang.com/exlibris/organic/1663-cri.htm">"Charter of Rhode Island (1663)"</a>. 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Part II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/specials/kingphilip.htm">King Philip's War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026061648/http://www.historyplace.com/specials/kingphilip.htm">Archived</a> 2007-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com">historyplace.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYAFAAAAQAAJ"><i>The North American Review, Hunter's Oration</i></a>. 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Staples, <i>Annals of the Town of Providence from its First Settlement to the Organization of the City Government in June 1832</i> (Providence, 1843), p. 332 (Rhode Island Historical Society Collections, accessed on Google Book Search July 18, 2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html">John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waxman-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waxman_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman2017" class="citation web cs1">Waxman, Olivia B. (May 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4782885/rhode-island-antislavery/">"America's First Anti-Slavery Statute Was Passed in 1652. Here's Why It Was Ignored"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Anti-Slavery+Statute+Was+Passed+in+1652.+Here%27s+Why+It+Was+Ignored&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.aulast=Waxman&rft.aufirst=Olivia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4782885%2Frhode-island-antislavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeck-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landeck_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeck_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeck_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeck_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeck_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeck_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeck_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandeck2024" class="citation news cs1">Landeck, Katie (12 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219140608/https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/history/2024/02/12/how-did-black-people-immigrate-to-ri-and-why-did-they-move-to-pvd/72484285007/">"How did Black people immigrate to RI? And why did they settle mostly in Providence?"</a>. The Providence Journal. USA Today network. p. 15A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/history/2024/02/12/how-did-black-people-immigrate-to-ri-and-why-did-they-move-to-pvd/72484285007/">the original</a> on 19 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stanley Lemons, "Rhode Island and the Slave Trade," <i>Rhode Island History,</i> Nov 2002, Vol. 60 Issue 4, pp 94–104,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projo.com/cgi-bin/include.pl/seasonal/blackhistory/underground/rails.htm">Providence Journal | Rhode Island news, sports, weather & more – Providence Journal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProJo20171219-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProJo20171219_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2017" class="citation news cs1">Stokes, Keith (19 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.providencejournal.com/opinion/20171219/my-turn-keith-stokes-ris-former-slaves-achieved-great-things">"R.I.'s former slaves achieved great things"</a>. The Providence Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=R.I.%27s+former+slaves+achieved+great+things&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Fopinion%2F20171219%2Fmy-turn-keith-stokes-ris-former-slaves-achieved-great-things&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordservice.org/State%20Constitutions/usa1031.htm">"The Constitution of Rhode Island 1843"</a>. <i>Word Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pepperell, Massachusetts: Branch Line Press. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0942147124" title="Special:BookSources/978-0942147124"><bdi>978-0942147124</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038017689">1038017689</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024110057/https://www.worldcat.org/title/rail-lines-of-southern-new-england-a-handbook-of-railroad-history/oclc/1038017689?referer=br&ht=edition">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dennison, <i>The Dorr War: Republicanism on Trial, 1831–1861</i> (1976)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/charter/">Rhode Island 1663 charter</a> (accessed August 20, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203064148/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt5.html">"Rhode Island History: Chapter 5"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt5.html">the original</a> on 2006-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhode+Island+History%3A+Chapter+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rilin.state.ri.us%2Fstudteaguide%2FRhodeIslandHistory%2Fchapt5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 3/28/06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLoughlin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLoughlin1986" class="citation book cs1">McLoughlin, William G (1986). <i>Rhode Island: A History</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 148–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393302717" title="Special:BookSources/0393302717"><bdi>0393302717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhode+Island%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=148-168&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0393302717&rft.aulast=McLoughlin&rft.aufirst=William+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060302040555/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/rhodeislandhistory/chapt7.html">"Rhode Island History: Chapter 7"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt7.html">the original</a> on 2006-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhode+Island+History%3A+Chapter+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rilin.state.ri.us%2Fstudteaguide%2FRhodeIslandHistory%2Fchapt7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 3/28/06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projo.com/specials/century/month4/426nw1.htm">In The 1920s the Klan Ruled the Countryside</a>, The Rhode Island Century, <i>The Providence Journal</i>, 4/26/1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ripr-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ripr_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKay,_Scott2010" class="citation web cs1">MacKay, Scott (23 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ripr.org/post/fighting-bob-quinn-and-bloodless-revolution">"Fighting Bob Quinn and the Bloodless Revolution"</a>. <i>RIPR website</i>. Rhode Island Public Radio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIPR+website&rft.atitle=Fighting+Bob+Quinn+and+the+Bloodless+Revolution&rft.date=2010-05-23&rft.au=MacKay%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fripr.org%2Fpost%2Ffighting-bob-quinn-and-bloodless-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloodless-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloodless_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesi,_Ted2013" class="citation web cs1">Nesi, Ted (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.wpri.com/2013/01/01/new-years-day-marks-78-years-since-ri-bloodless-revolution/">"New Year's Day marks 78 years since RI 'Bloodless Revolution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>WPRI.com</i>. WPRI Eyewitness News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WPRI.com&rft.atitle=New+Year%27s+Day+marks+78+years+since+RI+%27Bloodless+Revolution%27&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.au=Nesi%2C+Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wpri.com%2F2013%2F01%2F01%2Fnew-years-day-marks-78-years-since-ri-bloodless-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902080009/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/rhodeislandhistory/chapt8.html">"CHAPTER VIII, The Era of Transition. 1946–1983"</a>. State of Rhode Island General Assembly. 2009-12-29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/rhodeislandhistory/chapt8.html">the original</a> on 2012-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHAPTER+VIII%2C+The+Era+of+Transition.+1946%E2%80%931983&rft.pub=State+of+Rhode+Island+General+Assembly&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rilin.state.ri.us%2Frhodeislandhistory%2Fchapt8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2007" class="citation book cs1">Brock, Fred (2007-12-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkJvS7juYXwC"><i>Retire on Less Than You Think: The New York Times Guide to Planning Your Financial Future</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-0019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-0019-5"><bdi>978-1-4299-0019-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retire+on+Less+Than+You+Think%3A+The+New+York+Times+Guide+to+Planning+Your+Financial+Future&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007-12-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-0019-5&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkJvS7juYXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1986 <i>Providence Journal-Bulletin Rhode Island Almanac</i>, pages 142–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1997 <i>Providence Journal-Bulletin Rhode Island Almanac</i>, page 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrebenarThomas2010" class="citation book cs1">Hrebenar, Ronald J.; Thomas, Clive S. (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CH5bjzuQ2eAC"><i>Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States</i></a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04397-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04397-5"><bdi>978-0-271-04397-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interest+Group+Politics+in+the+Northeastern+States&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04397-5&rft.aulast=Hrebenar&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Clive+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCH5bjzuQ2eAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">"Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Historical+Population+Change+Data+%281910%E2%80%932020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdec%2Fpopchange-data-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aubin, Albert K. <i>The French in Rhode Island</i> (Rhode Island Heritage Commission, 1988).</li> <li>Coleman, Peter J. <i>The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790–1860</i> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/10509439">online edition</a></li> <li>Conley, Patrick T. <i>The Irish in Rhode Island</i> (Rhode Island Heritage Commission, 1988).</li> <li>Coughtry, Jay A. <i>The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade, 1700–1807</i> (1981).</li> <li>Crane, Elaine Forman. <i>A Dependent People: Newport, Rhode Island in the Revolutionary Era</i> (Fordham University Press, (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/62241545">online edition</a></li> <li>Dennison, George M. <i>The Dorr War: Republicanism on Trial, 1831–1861</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/47259502">online edition</a></li> <li>Field, Edward. <i>State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</i> (3 vols. 1902).</li> <li>Hall, Donald, foreword, Feintuch, Burt and Watters, David H., editors, <i>Encyclopedia of New England</i> (2005), comprehensive coverage by scholars</li> <li>James, Sidney V. <i>Colonial Rhode Island: A History</i> (1975).</li> <li>Levine, Erwin L. <i>Theodore Francis Green, The Rhode Island Years</i> (Brown University Press, 1963)</li> <li>Lockard, Duane. <i>New England State Politics</i> (1959) pp 172–227; covers 1932–1958</li> <li>Lovejoy, David. <i>Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution, 1760–1776</i> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/7962106">online edition</a></li> <li>McLoughlin, William G. <i>Rhode Island: A History</i> (States and the Nation) (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Rhode-Island-History-States-Nation/dp/0393302717/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Mayer, Kurt B. <i>Economic Development and Population Growth in Rhode Island</i> (1953).</li> <li>Moakley, Maureen, and Elmer Cornwell. <i>Rhode Island Politics and Government</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/108109749">online edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse,_J.1797" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Morse, J.</a> (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n471/mode/2up">"Rhode Island"</a>. <i>The American Gazetteer</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23272543M">23272543M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhode+Island&rft.btitle=The+American+Gazetteer&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=At+the+presses+of+S.+Hall%2C+and+Thomas+%26+Andrews&rft.date=1797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23272543M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Morse%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericangazettee00mors%23page%2Fn471%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Rhode+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peirce, Neal R. <i>The New England States: People, Politics, and Power in the Six New England States</i> (1976) pp 141–81; updated in Neal R. Peirce and Jerry Hagstrom, <i>The Book of America: Inside the Fifty States Today</i> (1983) pp 187–92</li> <li>Polishook, Irwin. <i>Rhode Island and the Union</i> (1969).</li> <li>Preston, Howard W. <i>Rhode Island and the Sea</i> (1932).</li> <li>Santoro, Carmela E. <i>The Italians in Rhode Island: The Age of Exploration to the Present, 1524–1989</i> (Rhode Island Heritage Commission, 1990),</li> <li>Weeden, William B. <i>Early Rhode Island: A Social History of the People</i> (1910).</li> <li>Withey, Lynne E. <i>Urban Growth in Colonial Rhode Island: Newport and Providence in the Eighteenth Century</i> (1984).</li> <li>WPA (Works Progress Administration). <i>Rhode Island: A Guide to the Smallest State</i> (1937), famous guide to state & every town & city</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>O'Brien, Francis J. (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~rigenweb/IndianBibliography.html">Bibliography for Studies of American Indians in and Around Rhode Island, 16th – 21st Centuries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projo.com/"><i>The Providence Journal</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~rigenweb/history.html">Rhode Island History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630122402/http://www.nuwc.navy.mil/hq/history/0002.html">Rhode Island Naval History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyrhodeisl02petegoog/mode/2up"><i>History of Rhode Island</i></a> (1853; full text online)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVb3g3friZIC"><i>State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the end of the century</i></a> by Edward Field (ed.). History of the state, published in 1902. (Full text available online.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lonang.com/exlibris/organic/1663-cri.htm">1663 charter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126053349/http://lonang.com/exlibris/organic/1663-cri.htm">Archived</a> 2010-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~rigenweb/IndianPlaceNames.html">Indian Place Names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.sos.ri.gov/repositories/2/digital_objects/15">African-American Collection from Rhode Island State Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114014844/http://www.projo.com/extra/2006/slavery/nav.htm">"The Unrightious Traffick: Rhode Island's Slave History"</a>, a seven-part 2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Providence_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Journal">Providence Journal</a></i> series</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Rhode_Island" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhode_Island" title="Template:Rhode Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhode_Island" title="Template talk:Rhode Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhode_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhode Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Rhode_Island" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFD700;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Rhode_Island%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Rhode Island–related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Rhode_Island" title="Outline of Rhode Island">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Rhode_Island" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Rhode Island">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">Colonial Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Rhode_Island" title="Category:Communications in Rhode Island">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Rhode_Island" title="United States congressional delegations from Rhode Island">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island#Geography_and_climate" title="Rhode Island">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Rhode_Island" title="Government of Rhode Island">Government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Rhode_Island" title="Category:Images of Rhode Island">Images</a></li> <li>Mass media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of newspapers in Rhode Island">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of radio stations in Rhode Island">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of television stations in Rhode Island">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of people from Rhode Island">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_clam" title="Hard clam">Quahog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rhode_Island_state_symbols" title="List of Rhode Island state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Rhode_Island" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Rhode Island">Visitor attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFD700;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Rhode_Island" title="Abortion in Rhode Island">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Rhode_Island" title="Climate change in Rhode Island">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Rhode_Island" title="Crime in Rhode Island">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Rhode Island">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island#Demographics" title="Rhode Island">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island#Economy" title="Rhode Island">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island#Education" title="Rhode Island">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Rhode_Island" title="Gun laws in Rhode Island">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Rhode Island">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhode_Island" title="Politics of Rhode Island">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Rhode_Island" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of counties in Rhode Island">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol County, Rhode Island">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Kent County, Rhode Island">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport County, Rhode Island">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence County, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Washington County, Rhode Island">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island#Geography_and_climate" title="Rhode Island">Geographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_Island" title="Block Island">Block Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquidneck_Island" title="Aquidneck Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of municipalities in Rhode Island">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Falls,_Rhode_Island" title="Central Falls, Rhode Island">Central Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranston,_Rhode_Island" title="Cranston, Rhode Island">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="East Providence, Rhode Island">East Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="Warwick, Rhode Island">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonsocket,_Rhode_Island" title="Woonsocket, Rhode Island">Woonsocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of municipalities in Rhode Island">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrington,_Rhode_Island" title="Barrington, Rhode Island">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol, Rhode Island">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrillville,_Rhode_Island" title="Burrillville, Rhode Island">Burrillville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Rhode_Island" title="Charlestown, Rhode Island">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry,_Rhode_Island" title="Coventry, Rhode Island">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Rhode_Island" title="Cumberland, Rhode Island">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenwich,_Rhode_Island" title="East Greenwich, Rhode Island">East Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_Rhode_Island" title="Exeter, Rhode Island">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster,_Rhode_Island" title="Foster, Rhode Island">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glocester,_Rhode_Island" title="Glocester, Rhode Island">Glocester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkinton,_Rhode_Island" title="Hopkinton, Rhode Island">Hopkinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Rhode_Island" title="Jamestown, Rhode Island">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston,_Rhode_Island" title="Johnston, Rhode Island">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Rhode_Island" title="Lincoln, Rhode Island">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Compton,_Rhode_Island" title="Little Compton, Rhode Island">Little Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Rhode_Island" title="Middletown, Rhode Island">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett,_Rhode_Island" title="Narragansett, Rhode Island">Narragansett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shoreham,_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="New Shoreham, Rhode Island">New Shoreham (Block Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island" title="North Kingstown, Rhode Island">North Kingstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="North Providence, Rhode Island">North Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Smithfield,_Rhode_Island" title="North Smithfield, Rhode Island">North Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Rhode_Island" title="Richmond, Rhode Island">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Rhode_Island" title="Scituate, Rhode Island">Scituate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Rhode_Island" title="Smithfield, Rhode Island">Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island" title="South Kingstown, Rhode Island">South Kingstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Rhode_Island" title="Tiverton, Rhode Island">Tiverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Greenwich,_Rhode_Island" title="West Greenwich, Rhode Island">West Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="West Warwick, Rhode Island">West Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerly,_Rhode_Island" title="Westerly, Rhode Island">Westerly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFD700;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/32px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/48px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/64px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhode_Island" title="Portal:Rhode Island">Rhode Island portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a 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Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" 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