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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 July </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 October </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 November </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births_and_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births_and_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Births and deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births_and_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nobel Prizes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1991</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 204 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-204" aria-hidden="true" > 204 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1991 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1991 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1991 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1991 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۹۹۱ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۹۹۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7" title="১৯৯১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯৯১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_n%C3%AE" title="1991 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1991 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1991 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1991 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%A1%E0%BC%A9%E0%BC%A9%E0%BC%A1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="༡༩༩༡ལོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༡༩༩༡ལོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991." title="1991. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1991." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1991 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1991 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B1" title="۱۹۹۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۹۹۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D1%88%D1%83" title="1991 шу – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1991 шу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E5%B9%B4" title="1991年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1991年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991-ngi%C3%A8n" title="1991-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1991-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%EB%85%84" title="1991년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1991년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१९९१ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९९१" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991." title="1991. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1991." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7" title="মারি ১৯৯১ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৯৯১" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1991-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1991-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AF%E0%B3%AF%E0%B3%A7" title="೧೯೯೧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೯೯೧" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1991 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1991 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1991 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1991 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1991-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1991-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1991 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1991 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B8" title="1991 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1991 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991._gads" title="1991. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1991. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1991 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1991 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_m." title="1991 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1991 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991moi" title="1991moi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="1991moi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१९९१ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१९९१" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="इ.स. १९९१ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १९९१" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B1" title="۱۹۹۱ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۹۹۱" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1991 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1991 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1991 он – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1991 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%89%E1%81%81" title="၁၉၉၁ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉၉၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="ई सं १९९१ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ई सं १९९१" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E5%B9%B4" title="1991年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1991年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1991 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1991 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%A7" title="୧୯୯୧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୯୯୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7" title="१९९१ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१९९१" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1991" title="Joohr 1991 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1991" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1991 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1991 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%D8%B9" title="1991ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1991ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A9%D9%A1" title="١٩٩١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٩٩١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991." title="1991. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1991." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1991 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1991 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2534" title="พ.ศ. 2534 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2534" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1991" title="Соли 1991 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1991" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1991 ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1991 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%D8%A1" title="1991ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1991ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_-_%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="1991 - يىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="1991 - يىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_nienz" title="1991 nienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1991 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4" title="一九九一年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一九九一年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E5%B9%B4" title="1991年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1991年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E5%B9%B4" title="1991年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1991年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E5%B9%B4" title="1991年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1991年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1991" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2062#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="events-by-month" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="1991-label"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1991</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/January_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1991">January</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/February_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1991">February</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/March_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1991">March</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/April_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1991">April</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1991">May</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/June_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1991">June</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/July_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1991">July</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/August_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="August 1991">August</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/September_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1991">September</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/October_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1991">October</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/November_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1991">November</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/December_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1991">December</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_Events_Collage_3.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1991_Events_Collage_3.0.jpg/300px-1991_Events_Collage_3.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1991_Events_Collage_3.0.jpg/450px-1991_Events_Collage_3.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1991_Events_Collage_3.0.jpg/600px-1991_Events_Collage_3.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise, from top left: A destroyed Serbian T-55 tank during the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a>, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>; the <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the second-most powerful eruption of the 20th century; <a href="/wiki/Lauda_Air_Flight_004" title="Lauda Air Flight 004">Lauda Air Flight 004</a> crashes, killing all 223 on board; <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> waves the new <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russian flag</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27etat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'etat attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'etat attempt</a>; the United States and soon-to-be <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> sign the <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">START I</a> treaty; a flooded village in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> after a <a href="/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_cyclone" title="1991 Bangladesh cyclone">cyclone killed 138,866 people</a>; the MV Moby Prince, which <a href="/wiki/Moby_Prince_disaster" title="Moby Prince disaster">collides with an oil tanker</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, causing a disastrous fire and 140 deaths; <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> aircraft fly over burned-out <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fields</a> towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the year 1991. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/1991_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="1991 (disambiguation)">1991 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a>: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s" title="2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s" title="2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1991">1991</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1994">1994</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1991" title="Category:1991">1991 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Subject</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_animation" title="1991 in animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_archaeology" title="1991 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_architecture" title="1991 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_art" title="1991 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_aviation" title="1991 in aviation">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_awards" title="Category:1991 awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_comics" title="1991 in comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_film" title="1991 in film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_literature" title="1991 in literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_poetry" title="1991 in poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_meteorology" title="Category:1991 meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_music" title="1991 in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_country_music" title="1991 in country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_heavy_metal_music" title="1991 in heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 in hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_jazz" title="1991 in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Latin_music" title="1991 in Latin music">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_rail_transport" title="1991 in rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_radio" title="1991 in radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_science" title="1991 in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight" title="1991 in spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_sports" title="1991 in sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_association_football" title="1991 in association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_television" title="1991 in television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_American_television" title="1991 in American television">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Australian_television" title="1991 in Australian television">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Belgian_television" title="1991 in Belgian television">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Brazilian_television" title="1991 in Brazilian television">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_British_television" title="1991 in British television">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Scottish_television" title="1991 in Scottish television">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Canadian_television" title="1991 in Canadian television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Danish_television" title="1991 in Danish television">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Irish_television" title="1991 in Irish television">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Italian_television" title="1991 in Italian television">Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_video_games" title="1991 in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Afghanistan" title="1991 in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Argentina" title="1991 in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Australia" title="1991 in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Bangladesh" title="1991 in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Belgium" title="1991 in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Brazil" title="1991 in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Canada" title="1991 in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_China" title="1991 in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Colombia" title="1991 in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Denmark" title="1991 in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Finland" title="1991 in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_France" title="1991 in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Germany" title="1991 in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_India" title="1991 in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Ireland" title="1991 in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Iran" title="1991 in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Israel" title="1991 in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Japan" title="1991 in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Kuwait" title="1991 in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Luxembourg" title="1991 in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Malaysia" title="1991 in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Mexico" title="1991 in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_the_Netherlands" title="1991 in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_New_Zealand" title="1991 in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Norway" title="1991 in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Pakistan" title="1991 in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_the_Philippines" title="1991 in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Portugal" title="1991 in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Singapore" title="1991 in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_South_Africa" title="1991 in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_South_Korea" title="1991 in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Spain" title="1991 in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Sweden" title="1991 in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Switzerland" title="1991 in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Thailand" title="1991 in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Turkey" title="1991 in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Ukraine" title="1991 in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1991 in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_the_United_States" title="1991 in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Lists of leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in 1991">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1991">Sovereign state leaders</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_20th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 20th century">Territorial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_20th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 20th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_in_law" title="Category:1991 in law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_births" title="Category:1991 births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_deaths" title="Category:1991 deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_establishments" title="Category:1991 establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_disestablishments" title="Category:1991 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_works" title="Category:1991 works">Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_introductions" title="Category:1991 introductions">Introductions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C20_year_in_topic" title="Template:C20 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C20_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C20 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C20_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C20 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%">1991 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1991 MCMXCI</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2744</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1440 ԹՎ ՌՆԽ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6741</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a></td><td>147–148</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1912–1913</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1397–1398</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2941</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>39 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Eliz. 2</a> – 40 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Eliz. 2</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2535</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1353</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7499–7500</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">庚午</a>年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a>) 4688 or 4481     — to — 辛未年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Goat_(zodiac)" title="Goat (zodiac)">Goat</a>) 4689 or 4482</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1707–1708</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>3157</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1983–1984</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5751–5752</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></td><td>2047–2048</td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></td><td>1912–1913</td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></td><td>5091–5092</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11991</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>991–992</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1369–1370</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1411–1412</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Heisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei">Heisei</a> 3 (平成３年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1923–1924</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche calendar</a></td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 13 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4324</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">ROC</a> 80 民國80年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>523</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2534</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳金马年 (male Iron-<a href="/wiki/Horse_(zodiac)" title="Horse (zodiac)">Horse</a>) 2117 or 1736 or 964     — to — 阴金羊年 (female Iron-<a href="/wiki/Goat_(zodiac)" title="Goat (zodiac)">Goat</a>) 2118 or 1737 or 965</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></td><td>662688000 – 694223999</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1991" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1991">1991</a>.</div></div> </div> 1991 (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCMXCI</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Tuesday" title="Common year starting on Tuesday">common year starting on Tuesday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, the 1991st year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (AD) designations, the 991st year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 91st year of the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, and the 2nd year of the <a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a> decade. <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> It was the final year of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, which had begun in <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>. During the year, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapsed</a>, leaving <a href="/wiki/Post-soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-soviet states">fifteen sovereign republics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> in its place. In July 1991, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> abandoned its policies of <a href="/wiki/Dirigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigism">dirigism</a>, <a href="/wiki/License_raj" class="mw-redirect" title="License raj">license raj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> and began extensive <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">liberalisation</a> to its economy. This increased <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">GDP</a> but also increased <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_India" title="Income inequality in India">income inequality</a> over the next two decades.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>-authorized <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">coalition force</a> from 34 nations fought against <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>, which had <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">annexed</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in the previous year, <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>. The conflict would be called the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1990%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)">Serbia</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> republics would lead into the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, which ran through the rest of the decade. In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, the year after the liberation of political prisoner <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, the Parliament of South Africa <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act_Repeal_Act,_1991" title="Population Registration Act Repeal Act, 1991">repeals the Population Registration Act, 1950</a>, overturning the racial classification of the population, a key component of apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-2">[2]</a> The year 1991 saw the rise of a ten-year-long <a href="/wiki/1990s_United_States_boom" title="1990s United States boom">boost of the US domestic economy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> remarkably closing in April at above 3,000 for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> This situation would only be cut short by the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> of 2000–2002. In August, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, originally conceived during the previous year, was released outside <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and publicly announced in August, also establishing the first website ever, "info.cern.ch". This step was a key factor that led to the mid-1990s public breakthrough of the internet, which would eventually accelerate the already ongoing <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> around the globe. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, during this year <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> saw a new height of popularity when some of the earliest music exponents of the virtually unknown <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> sound were released, including the influential <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a> album by Seattle-based band <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> in September 1991.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It was also in 1991 that <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop music">hip-hop music</a> reached an unprecedented mainstream level of success.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music derivative forms</a> were also starting to gain momentum and would define, along with the previous scenes, the sound for most of the decade. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January">January</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> becomes the second <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> country to abandon its <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> troops attack <a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–92 South Ossetia War">1991–92 South Ossetia War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 Haitian coup d'état</a>: An attempted coup by the <a href="/wiki/Tonton_Macoute" title="Tonton Macoute">Tonton Macoute</a>, a paramilitary force under former dictator <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a>, is thwarted in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> On July 30, he is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haiti" title="Government of Haiti">democratically elected government</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> meets with <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Foreign Minister">Iraqi Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a> but fails to produce a plan for the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi troops from Kuwait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sebokeng" title="Sebokeng">Sebokeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, gunmen open fire on mourners attending the funeral of an <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> leader, killing 45 people.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> – Gulf War: The <a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> passes a <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_1991" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991">resolution</a> authorizing the use of <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign" title="Liberation of Kuwait campaign">military force</a> to expel <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi forces">Iraqi forces</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a>: <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> forces storm <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> to stop <a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">Lithuanian independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">killing 14 civilians</a> and injuring 702 more. In <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">series of confrontations</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian government">Latvian government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet government</a> take place in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-onthisday-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Lithuania formally declares independence on February 16, and voters in <a href="/wiki/1991_Estonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Estonian independence referendum">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/1991_Latvian_independence_and_democracy_referendum" title="1991 Latvian independence and democracy referendum">Latvia</a> vote for independence on March 3.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> <ul><li>Gulf War: The <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> deadline for the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi forces">Iraqi forces</a> from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Kuwait">occupied Kuwait</a> expires, preparing the way for the start of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Cape Verde">Prime Minister of Cape Verde</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pires" title="Pedro Pires">Pedro Pires</a> resigns following <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde">his party</a>'s loss in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Cape Verdean parliamentary election">Cape Verdean parliamentary election</a>, the first ever <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multiparty election</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African nation</a>. Later on February 17, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mascarenhas_Monteiro" title="António Mascarenhas Monteiro">António Mascarenhas Monteiro</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/1991_Cape_Verdean_presidential_election" title="1991 Cape Verdean presidential election">country's first multiparty presidential election</a> since 1975.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – Gulf War: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> begins with air strikes against <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> <ul><li>Gulf War: Iraq fires eight <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> missiles into Israel. <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iraq–Israel relations">Iraqi attacks</a> continue with 15 people injured in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> on January 19 and 96 people injured in <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a> on January 22.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V of Norway</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">king of Norway</a> after the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Olav_V" title="Olav V">Olav V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines" title="Eastern Air Lines">Eastern Air Lines</a> shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4, <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan American World Airways</a> ceases its operations.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – Gulf War: The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a> patrol, <a href="/wiki/Bravo_Two_Zero" title="Bravo Two Zero">Bravo Two Zero</a>, is deployed in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Papua New Guinea">government of Papua New Guinea</a> signs a peace agreement with <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Revolutionary_Army" title="Bougainville Revolutionary Army">separatist leaders</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a>, ending <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Civil War">fighting</a> that had gone on since <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> is overthrown, and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> enters a <a href="/wiki/Somali_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali civil war">civil war</a>. Three days later, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahdi_Muhammad" title="Ali Mahdi Muhammad">Ali Mahdi Muhammad</a> is inaugurated as the next president.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> agree to end violence between the two organizations.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Gulf War: The first major ground engagement of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji" title="Battle of Khafji">Battle of Khafji</a>, begins. The battle lasts until February 1.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February">February</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: February">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USAir_Flight_1493" class="mw-redirect" title="USAir Flight 1493">USAir Flight 1493</a> collides with a <a href="/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines" title="SkyWest Airlines">SkyWest Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner" title="Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner">Fairchild Metroliner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a>, killing 34 people.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>A 6.4 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#mb" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>mb</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_Hindu_Kush_earthquake" title="1991 Hindu Kush earthquake">Hindu Kush earthquake</a> causes severe damage in <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">northeast Afghanistan</a>, leaving 848 dead and 200 injured.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-NGDC_EQ_list-38">[38]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> <ul><li>1991 Haitian coup d'état: <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>'s first democratically elected president, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>, is sworn in.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> He is <a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">ousted on September 30</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">reinstated in 1994</a>. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">restore democracy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a> expands <a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">trade sanctions on Haiti</a> to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> launches a <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">mortar attack on 10 Downing Street</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet meeting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Gulf War: Ground troops cross the <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Kuwaiti_neutral_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone">Saudi Arabian border</a> and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a> (UNPO) is formed in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" <a href="/wiki/Amiriyah_shelter_bombing" title="Amiriyah shelter bombing">destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad</a>, killing hundreds of Iraqis. <a href="/wiki/US_military_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="US military intelligence">US military intelligence</a> claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as a <a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">bomb shelter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>, establishing cooperation to move toward <a href="/wiki/Free_market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free market economy">free-market systems</a>, is established by the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> explodes <a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Paddington_and_Victoria_stations" title="Bombings of Paddington and Victoria stations">bombs in the early morning</a>, at both <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington station</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria station</a>, in London.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President of Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> dismisses the government of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a> and appoints <a href="/wiki/Fatos_Nano" title="Fatos Nano">Fatos Nano</a> as the next prime minister in an effort to stem <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">pro-democracy protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – Gulf War: <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iraq–Russia relations">Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed</a> cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, instead saying that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Kongsompong" title="Sunthorn Kongsompong">Sunthorn Kongsompong</a> deposes Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a> in a <a href="/wiki/National_Peace_Keeping_Council" title="National Peace Keeping Council">bloodless coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Scud_missile" title="Scud missile">Scud missile</a> hits an American military barracks in <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a>, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war.<a href="#cite_note-iraqwatch.org-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – Gulf War: On <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Baghdad radio</a>, Iraqi leader <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">fire to Kuwaiti oil fields</a> as they retreat; the fire lasts until November 7.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> <ul><li>Gulf War: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a> declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops <a href="/wiki/Operation_Phase_Echo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phase Echo">begin to leave</a> the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> on March 10.<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="1991 Bangladeshi general election">Bangladeshi general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a> wins 139 of 300 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatiyo Sangshad">Jatiyo Sangshad</a>, leading BNP leader <a href="/wiki/Khaleda_Zia" title="Khaleda Zia">Khaleda Zia</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">president</a> on March 19.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March">March</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/1991_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_presidential_election" title="1991 São Toméan presidential election">first presidential election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of São Tomé and Príncipe">history of São Tomé and Príncipe</a> is won by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Trovoada" title="Miguel Trovoada">Miguel Trovoada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>A video captures the beating of motorist <a href="/wiki/Rodney_King" title="Rodney King">Rodney King</a> by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> police officers. Four <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles police">Los Angeles police</a> officers are indicted on March 15 for the beating.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_19920306-61">[61]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a> resigns following a dispute with former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, whose support had kept him in power.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">Massive demonstrations</a> are held against <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>; two people are killed, and <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> are deployed in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – Salvadoran Civil War: In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Salvadoran_legislative_election" title="1991 Salvadoran legislative election">Salvadoran legislative election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Republican_Alliance" title="Nationalist Republican Alliance">Nationalist Republican Alliance</a> wins 39 of the 48 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">legislative assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> announces that <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Air_Quality_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Quality Agreement">Acid Rain Treaty of 1991</a> is signed between the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian government">Canadian governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> <ul><li>Gulf War: <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Emir of Kuwait</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah</a> returns to <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> after seven months of exile in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a>: After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public house</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> attack, the "<a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Six" title="Birmingham Six">Birmingham Six</a>" are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> formally regains complete independence after the four <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II">post-World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Germany">occupying powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.K." class="mw-redirect" title="U.K.">U.K.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S.S.R." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.S.R.">U.S.S.R.</a>) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">U.S. and Albania</a> resume diplomatic relations for the first time <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">since 1939</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> <ul><li>Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">a national referendum</a>, 77% of voters in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> vote in favor of keeping the 15 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republics">Soviet republics</a> together; six Union Republics effectively boycott the referendum.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Finnish_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Finnish parliamentary election">Finnish parliamentary election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party</a> wins 55 of 200 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">parliament</a>, ending 25 years of dominance by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democratic Party of Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> begins when the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front</a> attempts a coup against the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Politics of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1991_Beninese_presidential_election" title="1991 Beninese presidential election">Beninese presidential election</a>, Benin's first presidential election <a href="/wiki/1970_Dahomeyan_presidential_election" title="1970 Dahomeyan presidential election">since 1970</a>, is won by <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Soglo" title="Nicéphore Soglo">Nicéphore Soglo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, military officers led by <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a> arrest <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Mali">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Moussa Traoré</a> and suspend the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Mali">constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Asunción">Treaty of Asunción</a>, establishing <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> holds its <a href="/wiki/1991_Albanian_Constitutional_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Albanian Constitutional Assembly election">first multi-party elections</a> since <a href="/wiki/1923_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="1923 Albanian parliamentary election">1923</a>. The socialist ruling <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a> won a landslide victory with 169 of the 250 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia votes for independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> while on April 9, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Council of Georgia">Supreme Council</a> declares the independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Georgia">Republic of Georgia</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April">April</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: April">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Government-imposed prices</a> increase double or triple the cost of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">consumer goods in the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">Iraq disarmament crisis</a>: The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> passes <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_687" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 687">Resolution 687</a>, which calls for the destruction or removal of all of <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq's chemical and biological weapons</a> and a complete ban of <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> with a range greater than 150 km. It also calls for an end to Iraq's <a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">support for international terrorism</a>; it is accepted by Iraq three days later.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">John Heinz</a> and six other people are killed when a <a href="/wiki/Merion_air_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merion air disaster">helicopter collides with their plane</a> over <a href="/wiki/Merion_Station,_Pennsylvania" title="Merion Station, Pennsylvania">Merion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>Forty people <a href="/wiki/1991_Sacramento_hostage_crisis" title="1991 Sacramento hostage crisis">are taken hostage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>, California; six gunmen and hostages are killed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> <ul><li>Former <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a> and 22 others are killed in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Southeast_Airlines_Flight_2311" title="Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311">an airplane crash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Georgia" title="Brunswick, Georgia">Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Space Shuttle Atlantis</a> leaves an observatory in Earth's orbit to study <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> before returning <a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">on April 11</a>. It is followed by <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle Discovery</a>, which studies instruments related to the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> from <a href="/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">April 29 to May 6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle Columbia</a> carries the <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> into orbit <a href="/wiki/STS-400" title="STS-400">on June 5</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet troops</a> leave <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone" title="South Atlantic tropical cyclone">South Atlantic tropical cyclone</a> develops in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, the first of its kind to be documented by <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather satellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>The Italian ferry <a href="/wiki/Moby_Prince_disaster" title="Moby Prince disaster">Moby Prince</a> collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, resulting in 140 deaths with one survivor.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Warsaw Stock Exchange</a> opens in <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (EBRD) is inaugurated.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>End of Apartheid: The <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> lifts <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">economic sanctions</a> on <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">18</a> – <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> begins the first ever visit of a <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Japan–Soviet Union relations">Soviet leader to Japan</a>, but fails to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">two countries' dispute</a> over ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> closes above 3,000 for the first time in history, at 3,004.46.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a> and materials to the UN, as required by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_687" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 687">Resolution 687</a>, and claims that it does not have a <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a> program.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a> is enthroned as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, the spiritual leader of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> <ul><li>A 7.7 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">Mw</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_Limon_earthquake" title="1991 Limon earthquake">Limon earthquake</a> strikes <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> with a maximum Mercalli intensity, causing between 47 and 87 deaths and up to 759 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion" title="Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion">Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion</a> are abolished, having been in effect for 43 years.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman-109">[109]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister of Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Steingr%C3%ADmur_Hermannsson" title="Steingrímur Hermannsson">Steingrímur Hermannsson</a> resigns following <a href="/wiki/1991_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Icelandic parliamentary election">an inconclusive parliamentary election</a>; he is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Oddsson" title="Davíð Oddsson">Davíð Oddsson</a> on April 30.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> <ul><li>A series of <a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_26,_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornado outbreak of April 26, 1991">55 tornadoes</a> break out in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">central U.S.</a>, killing 21. The most notable tornado strikes <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Kansas" title="Andover, Kansas">Andover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esko_Aho" title="Esko Aho">Esko Aho</a> at the age of 36 becomes the youngest-ever <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_cyclone" title="1991 Bangladesh cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> hits <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, killing an estimated 138,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>A 7.0 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">Mw</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_Racha_earthquake" title="1991 Racha earthquake">earthquake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Racha" title="Racha">Racha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, kills 270 people and leaves 100,000 others homeless.<a href="#cite_note-Nikoleishvili-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arafiev-117">[117]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">30</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler <a href="/wiki/Justin_Lekhanya" title="Justin Lekhanya">Justin Lekhanya</a>, with Chairman of the Military Council <a href="/wiki/Elias_Phisoana_Ramaema" title="Elias Phisoana Ramaema">Elias Phisoana Ramaema</a> replacing him two days later.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May">May</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: May">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – Angolan Civil War: The <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> agree to the <a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Bicesse Accords</a>, which are formally signed on May 31 in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-terms-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine publishes "<a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power</a>," an article highly critical of the <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> holds its first multiparty <a href="/wiki/1991_Nepalese_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Nepalese legislative election">legislative election</a> since <a href="/wiki/1959_Nepalese_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1959 Nepalese legislative election">1959</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a> becomes France's first female <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> becomes the first <a href="/wiki/British_Monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British Monarch">British monarch</a> to address the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> during a 13-day royal visit in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> secedes from <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>; its independence is <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">not recognised</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatian independence referendum</a>, voters in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a> vote to leave <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> <ul><li>At <a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur" title="Sriperumbudur">Sriperumbudur</a>, India, a suicide bomber from <a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a> attacks a political meeting, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">killing former Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> and at least 14 others.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>Ethiopian Civil War: <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a>, flees <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, effectively bringing the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a> to an end.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – Acting <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister of South Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/Ro_Jai-bong" title="Ro Jai-bong">Ro Jai-bong</a> resigns in the wake of rioting following the beating to death of a student by police on April 26. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Chung_Won-shik" title="Chung Won-shik">Chung Won-shik</a> two days later.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – Following authorisation by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israeli Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a> commences to airlift most of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> community from <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1991_Surinamese_general_election" title="1991 Surinamese general election">Surinamese general election</a> is won by the military-backed <a href="/wiki/New_Front_for_Democracy_and_Development" title="New Front for Democracy and Development">New Front for Democracy and Development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlen2005614–615-134">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lauda_Air_Flight_004" title="Lauda Air Flight 004">Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, killing all 223 people on board.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – Ethiopian Civil War: The forces of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> seize the capital <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June">June</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: June">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg/170px-Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg/255px-Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg/340px-Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Mount Unzen</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Japan" title="List of volcanoes in Japan">Japan</a> erupts, killing 46 people as a result of <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatos_Nano" title="Fatos Nano">Fatos Nano</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister of Albania</a> following a nationwide strike. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President of Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a> appoints <a href="/wiki/Ylli_Bufi" title="Ylli Bufi">Ylli Bufi</a> as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>A large <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flare</a> triggers an unusually large <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a> as far south as <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President of Algeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a> declares a state of emergency as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mouloud_Hamrouche" title="Mouloud Hamrouche">Mouloud Hamrouche</a> resigns after 11 days of protests against the government; Hamrouche is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sid_Ahmed_Ghozali" title="Sid Ahmed Ghozali">Sid Ahmed Ghozali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li>End of Apartheid: The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Parliament">South African Parliament</a> votes to repeal laws banning Black ownership of land.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – Approximately <a href="/wiki/National_Victory_Celebration" title="National Victory Celebration">200,000 people attend a parade</a> of 8,800 returning Persian Gulf War troops in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – A major collapse at the <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Eswatini" title="Mining industry of Eswatini">Emaswati Colliery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> traps 26 miners 65 meters below the surface; they are rescued 30 hours later.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> is elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>; he officially begins his term on July 10.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Army">Sri Lankan Army</a> soldiers <a href="/wiki/1991_Kokkadichcholai_massacre" title="1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre">kill 152 civilians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kokkadichcholai" title="Kokkadichcholai">Kokkadichcholai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a> is dissolved and succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party of Albania</a>, marking the end of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Albania">communist rule in Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> <ul><li>In the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> erupts in the <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century</a>; the final death toll exceeds 800. The eruption causes a global cooling of around 0.4 °C.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election" title="1991 Indian general election">Indian general elections</a> end; the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_Bank_Massacre" title="Father's Day Bank Massacre">Father's Day Bank Massacre</a>: Four <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guards</a> are shot to death during a <a href="/wiki/Bank_robbery" title="Bank robbery">bank robbery</a> at the United Bank Tower in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States. The person subsequently charged with the crime was acquitted, and the case remains unsolved.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> <ul><li>End of Apartheid: The <a href="/wiki/South_African_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="South African parliament">South African parliament</a> repeals the <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Population Registration Act">Population Registration Act</a>, which has required <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">racial classification</a> of all South Africans at birth.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a> <a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> appoints <a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister</a> following <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a>'s resignation. Yılmaz forms a new government on June 23, which lasts until November when it is replaced by the government of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75.Yıl-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> <a href="/wiki/Decision_on_the_Capital_of_Germany" title="Decision on the Capital of Germany">votes to move</a> the capital from <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Collinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Collinson">Harry Collinson</a>, the planning officer for <a href="/wiki/Derwentside" title="Derwentside">Derwentside</a> District Council, is shot dead at <a href="/wiki/Butsfield" title="Butsfield">Butsfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>, England, and the incident is caught on camera by a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> regional news crew.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">28</a> – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> declare their independence from <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> is dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July">July</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: July">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a>, telephone services go down in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly 12 million customers.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> is officially dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li>The world's first <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> telephone call is made in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Colombia" title="Constituent Assembly of Colombia">Constituent Assembly of Colombia</a> proclaims a new constitution,<a href="#cite_note-:1-172">[172]</a> allowing the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gaviria" title="César Gaviria">César Gaviria</a> to lift the country's seven-year-long <a href="/wiki/State_of_siege" class="mw-redirect" title="State of siege">state of siege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> ends the <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> <ul><li>End of Apartheid: The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> <a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">readmits South Africa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics">Olympics</a>. The following day, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">U.S. President Bush</a> terminates <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>-enacted <a href="/wiki/U.S._sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. sanctions">U.S. sanctions</a> on <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>Iran–Contra affair: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Fiers" title="Alan Fiers">Alan Fiers</a> agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>. Later on September 16, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">D.C. Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Gesell" title="Gerhard Gesell">Gerhard Gesell</a> issues a ruling clearing <a href="/wiki/Col." class="mw-redirect" title="Col.">Col.</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North</a> of all charges.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_July_11,_1991" title="Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991">solar eclipse of record totality</a> occurs in the Northern hemisphere and is witnessed by hundreds of millions of people in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Airways_Flight_2120" title="Nigeria Airways Flight 2120">Nigeria Airways Flight 2120</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a> operated by Canadian airline <a href="/wiki/Nolisair" title="Nolisair">Nolisair</a>, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, killing all 261 people on board.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Bank" title="Chemical Bank">Chemical Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_Hanover_Corporation" title="Manufacturers Hanover Corporation">Manufacturers Hanover Corporation</a> amalgamate, becoming the <a href="/wiki/List_of_bank_mergers_in_the_United_States" title="List of bank mergers in the United States">largest bank merger</a> in history.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Soviet_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet President">Soviet President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to ask for aid from the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – The governments of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> sign a treaty ending the <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_Border_War" title="Mauritania–Senegal Border War">Mauritania–Senegal Border War</a>, which has been fought since <a href="/wiki/1989#April" title="1989">April 1989</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/US_Boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="US Boxing">U.S. boxer</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a> is arrested and charged with the rape, three days earlier, of <a href="/wiki/Miss_Black_America" title="Miss Black America">Miss Black America</a> contestant <a href="/wiki/Desiree_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiree Washington">Desiree Washington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of India">Finance Minister of India</a> <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">economic liberalisation in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – British astronomers announce their discovery of what appears to be an <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, a grand jury indicts <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a> of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">U.S. President Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Soviet President Gorbachev</a> sign <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">START I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>Singing Revolution: Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit forces (<a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a>) kill seven <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> customs officials in <a href="/wiki/Medininkai" title="Medininkai">Medininkai</a>, the deadliest of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August">August</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: August">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"August 1991" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/August_1991_(film)" title="August 1991 (film)">August 1991 (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/170px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/255px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/340px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_radio_mast" title="Warsaw radio mast">Warsaw radio mast</a> after its collapse on <a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_coup_attempt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1991_coup_attempt1.jpg/170px-1991_coup_attempt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1991_coup_attempt1.jpg/255px-1991_coup_attempt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1991_coup_attempt1.jpg/340px-1991_coup_attempt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a>: The coup attempt in Moscow</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> agrees to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference of 1991</a>, which opens on October 30.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – The cruise liner <a href="/wiki/MTS_Oceanos" title="MTS Oceanos">MTS Oceanos</a> sinks off the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">coast of South Africa</a>, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">SAAF</a> helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> announces the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – Former Iranian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a> is assassinated in the Parisian suburb of <a href="/wiki/Suresnes" title="Suresnes">Suresnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-f2410-201">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_radio_mast" title="Warsaw radio mast">Warsaw radio mast</a>, the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian King">Prussian King</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> are re-interred in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Bob" title="Hurricane Bob">Hurricane Bob</a> hits <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet President">Soviet President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> is put under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> while vacationing in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> during <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">an attempted coup</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Yanayev" title="Gennady Yanayev">Gennady Yanayev</a> and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">parliament building</a>. Gorbachev returns to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> three days later and arrests the coup leaders.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – Singing Revolution: <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> the next day.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/170px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/255px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/340px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Restored flag of Russia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – Singing Revolution: <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> becomes the first nation to recognize the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. It is followed by the U.S. on September 2 and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on September 6.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russia restores the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">white-blue-red tricolour</a> as its <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> declares independence, followed by <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> the next day, from the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> <ul><li>Dissolution of Yugoslavia: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Serbian forces begin an attack</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> posts messages to the <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> newsgroup comp.os.minix, regarding the new operating system kernel he has developed, called <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schumacher" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a>, regarded as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/History_of_Formula_One" title="History of Formula One">Formula One drivers in history</a>, makes his <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> debut at the <a href="/wiki/1991_Belgian_Grand_Prix" title="1991 Belgian Grand Prix">Belgian Grand Prix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> general <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> leaves <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> on a French warship into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> declare their independence; <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> follows suit on <a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September">September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: September">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_states_flag_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/160px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/240px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/320px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2391" /></a><figcaption>Map of the three Baltic states, in their flag colours.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Hamlet,_North_Carolina" title="Hamlet, North Carolina">Hamlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_chicken_processing_plant_fire" title="Hamlet chicken processing plant fire">a grease fire breaks out</a> at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sverdlovsk, Russia">Sverdlovsk</a>'s name is restored to its <a href="/wiki/De-Communisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Communisation">pre-communist–era name</a> <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>. Two days later, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> is renamed <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union</a> self-dissolves, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">State Council of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> becomes independent, beginning a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">name dispute</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Greece–North Macedonia relations">Greece</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> <ul><li>Lebanon Hostage Crisis: <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> releases <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_prisoners_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian prisoners of Israel">51 Arab prisoners</a> and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_hostage_crisis" title="Lebanon hostage crisis">western hostages in Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> announces plans to withdraw <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Cuba–Soviet Union relations">military and economic aid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Swedish_general_election" title="1991 Swedish general election">Swedish general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Social Democrats</a> suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Carlsson" title="Ingvar Carlsson">Ingvar Carlsson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a> join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi the Iceman</a> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> declares its independence. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> follows suit on <a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">30</a> – Iraq disarmament crisis: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a> inspectors discover files on <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program</a>. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the <a href="/wiki/U.N._Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.N. Security Council">UN Security Council</a> threatens enforcement actions on Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a> makes the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> available to the public for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mann" title="Jackie Mann">Jackie Mann</a> after more than two years of captivity.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front">Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front</a> reach an agreement with <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President of El Salvador</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Cristiani" title="Alfredo Cristiani">Alfredo Cristiani</a>, setting the stage for the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1catl_Battalion" title="Atlácatl Battalion">Atlácatl Battalion</a> is found guilty of the <a href="/wiki/1989_murders_of_Jesuits_in_El_Salvador" title="1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador">1989 murders of six Jesuits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October">October</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: October">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">surround Dubrovnik</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a>, which lasts until May 31, 1992.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Tom Foley</a> announces the <a href="/wiki/House_banking_scandal" title="House banking scandal">closure of the House Bank</a> by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bildt" title="Carl Bildt">Carl Bildt</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Carlsson" title="Ingvar Carlsson">Ingvar Carlsson</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister of Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_Gorbachev" class="mw-redirect" title="President Gorbachev">President Gorbachev</a> condemns <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a> in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Babi Yar massacres">Babi Yar massacres</a>, which saw the death of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">35,000 Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> during <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">WWII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a> bombs the office of <a href="/wiki/Croatian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian President">Croatian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the following day.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">October 11</a> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> is replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a>, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li>Iraq disarmament crisis: The <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> passes <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_715" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 715">Resolution 715</a>, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">Special Commission</a>."<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful".</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Askar_Akayev" title="Askar Akayev">Askar Akayev</a> is confirmed as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="President of Kyrgyzstan">president of Kyrgyzstan</a> in an uncontested poll.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Bulgarian parliamentary election">Bulgarian parliamentary election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">Bulgarian Socialist Party</a>, leaving no remaining <a href="/wiki/Communist_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist governments">Communist governments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenStöver2010369,_382-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> is confirmed as the new <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court Justice">U.S. Supreme Court Justice</a> following <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>'s retirement.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>—<a href="/wiki/Arnold_R%C3%BC%C3%BCtel" title="Arnold Rüütel">Arnold Rüütel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolijs_Gorbunovs" title="Anatolijs Gorbunovs">Anatolijs Gorbunovs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>—sign the <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> Final Act in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle" title="Oh-My-God particle">Oh-My-God particle</a>, the highest energy cosmic ray ever recorded, is detected. <a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> restores its <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">diplomatic relations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which have been suspended since the <a href="/wiki/1967_Six-Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a> is signed in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, laying down the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations_membership_criteria" title="Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria">Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harare_Declaration_text-270">[270]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Oakland_firestorm_of_1991" title="Oakland firestorm of 1991">large suburban firestorm</a> centered in <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland Hills">Oakland Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, kills 25 people and injures 150 others.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li>A 6.8 <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">Mw</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_Uttarkashi_earthquake" title="1991 Uttarkashi earthquake">earthquake strikes</a> <a href="/wiki/Uttarkashi_district" title="Uttarkashi district">Uttarkashi</a>, India, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes.<a href="#cite_note-Jain-272">[272]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>-backed government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">state of Cambodia</a> signs an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> to end <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">the civil war</a> and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a>. The deal ends the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a> and results in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Polish parliamentary election">free parliamentary elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> since <a href="/wiki/1928_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Polish legislative election">1928</a> are held.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1991_Perfect_Storm" title="1991 Perfect Storm">1991 Perfect Storm</a> strikes the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern U.S.">northeastern U.S.</a> coast and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Galileo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo spacecraft">Galileo spacecraft</a> makes its closest approach to <a href="/wiki/951_Gaspra" title="951 Gaspra">951 Gaspra</a>, becoming the first probe to visit an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1991_Halloween_blizzard" title="1991 Halloween blizzard">Halloween blizzard</a> hits the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a>, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November">November</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: November">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A severely damaged brick and concrete tower, pierced with numerous shell holes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg/164px-Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg/246px-Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg/328px-Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Symbol of <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">5</a> – End of Apartheid: The <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> leads a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>, demanding representation in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">the government</a> and an end to the <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Thelma" title="Tropical Storm Thelma">Tropical Storm Thelma</a> causes flash floods in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ormoc" title="Ormoc">Ormoc</a>, killing more than 4,900 people.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> restore <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">diplomatic relations</a> after a 13-year rift which followed the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">1979 Sino-Vietnamese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> and its republic-level division, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Communist Party of the Russian SFSR</a>, are banned in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">presidential decree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – The first report on <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> is published by <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – The British <a href="/wiki/Joint_European_Torus" title="Joint European Torus">JET</a> fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_government" class="mw-redirect" title="American government">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British authorities</a> announce indictments against two <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Intelligence Service">Libyan intelligence officials</a> in connection with the downing of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Norodom" title="House of Norodom">Cambodian Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> returns to <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> after 13 years of exile.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></li> <li>Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Kidnappers in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> set <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a> envoys <a href="/wiki/Terry_Waite" title="Terry Waite">Terry Waite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sutherland_(academic)" title="Thomas Sutherland (academic)">Thomas Sutherland</a> free.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA) and <a href="/wiki/Serb_paramilitaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb paramilitaries">Serb paramilitaries</a> take the <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a> after the 87-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a>. They <a href="/wiki/Vukovar_massacre" title="Vukovar massacre">kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – An <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a> <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8</a> helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is <a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">shot down</a> by <a href="/wiki/Armenian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian military">Armenian military forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khojavend_District" title="Khojavend District">Khojavend District</a>, Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-Kommersant-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Az-300">[300]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1991_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection">UN Security Council recommends</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Egypt's deputy prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> to be the next <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the UN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – Members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Left (UK)">Democratic Left</a> in its place.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> lead singer <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Freddie Mercury">dies</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> from <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/Eric_Carr" title="Eric Carr">Eric Carr</a> dies from <a href="/wiki/Heart_cancer" title="Heart cancer">heart cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly of Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_on_Abolishment_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">abolishes</a> the autonomous status of the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a> and renames several cities to their <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a> names.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">peacekeeping operations</a> in Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December">December</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: December">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/164px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/246px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/328px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a>: The signing of the agreement effectively ending the Soviet regime's existence and the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainians</a> vote overwhelmingly for <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Independence Day">independence from the Soviet Union</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> <ul><li>Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Journalist <a href="/wiki/Terry_A._Anderson" title="Terry A. Anderson">Terry A. Anderson</a> is released after seven years of captivity as a hostage in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> – the last and longest-held American hostage in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leonard_Orr" title="John Leonard Orr">John Leonard Orr</a>, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> sign <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">an agreement</a> officially ending the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) in its place.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Paulin_Dvor_massacre" title="Paulin Dvor massacre">kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Paulin_Dvor" title="Paulin Dvor">Paulin Dvor</a>, Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> <ul><li>The government of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> moves the capital from <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> becomes the first <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet republic</a> to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">decriminalize homosexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ILGA_2008-316">[316]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> ferry <a href="/wiki/MV_Salem_Express" title="MV Salem Express">Salem Express</a> sinks in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, killing more than 450 people.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> adopts <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a>, repealing a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">previous resolution</a> adopted in 1975 which had ruled that <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a> <a href="/wiki/December_1991_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">leadership ballot</a> and consequently becomes the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a>; he is sworn in the following day.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarnsund_Bridge" title="Skarnsund Bridge">Skarnsund Bridge</a> opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> for two years with a span of 530 metres (1,739 ft).<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Cooperation Council">North Atlantic Cooperation Council</a> (NAC-C) meets for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – Armed opposition groups launch a <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–92 Georgian coup d'état">military coup</a> against <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> sends a letter to <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary-General">UN Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a>, declaring that <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> will be the succeeding country to the collapsing Soviet Union in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> <ul><li>Dissolution of the Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">president of the Soviet Union</a>, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolving of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">69-year-old state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> officially renames itself the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> meets for the last time, formally dissolves the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and adjourns <a href="/wiki/Adjournment_sine_die" title="Adjournment sine die">sine die</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. All remaining Soviet institutions eventually cease operation on <a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births_and_deaths">Births and deaths</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Births and deaths">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Category:1991_births" title="Category:1991 births">Category:1991 births</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaths in 1991">Deaths in 1991</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prizes">Nobel Prizes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nobel Prizes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/120px-Nobel_medal.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/180px-Nobel_medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/240px-Nobel_medal.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18988536">"India's economy: One more push"</a>. The Economist. July 21, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111625/http://www.economist.com/node/18988536">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=India%27s+economy%3A+One+more+push&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F18988536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-2"><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft1991" class="citation news cs1">Kraft, Scott (June 18, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-18-mn-929-story.html">"S. Africa Repeals Apartheid Basis"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105063345/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/01/world/czechs-begin-shift-to-a-free-market.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2020. 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Retrieved September 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+This+Day+13+January%2C+1991%3A+Bloodshed+at+Lithuanian+TV+station&rft.date=1991-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjanuary%2F13%2Fnewsid_4059000%2F4059959.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.gov.lv/en/about-us/history/adoption-declaration-independence-barricades-1990-1991">"Adoption of the Declaration of Independence, the Barricades (1990–1991) | Aizsardzības ministrija"</a>. mod.gov.lv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727192552/https://www.mod.gov.lv/en/about-us/history/adoption-declaration-independence-barricades-1990-1991">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mod.gov.lv&rft.atitle=Adoption+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence%2C+the+Barricades+%281990%E2%80%931991%29+%7C+Aizsardz%C4%ABbas+ministrija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.gov.lv%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2Fadoption-declaration-independence-barricades-1990-1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieven1994" class="citation book cs1">Lieven, Anatol (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&pg=PA410">The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence</a>. Yale University Press. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06078-2"><bdi>978-0-300-06078-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101429/https://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&pg=PA410#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Revolution%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania+and+the+Path+to+Independence&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06078-2&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diz3NACNOpCAC%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1991" class="citation web cs1">Parks, Michael (March 4, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-04-mn-92-story.html">"Estonia, Latvia Vote Overwhelmingly for Independence : Baltics: Secession from the Soviet Union passes by wide margins in both republics. The next test is a countrywide referendum on Gorbachev's plan"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804170803/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-04-mn-92-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Estonia%2C+Latvia+Vote+Overwhelmingly+for+Independence+%3A+Baltics%3A+Secession+from+the+Soviet+Union+passes+by+wide+margins+in+both+republics.+The+next+test+is+a+countrywide+referendum+on+Gorbachev%27s+plan.&rft.date=1991-03-04&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-03-04-mn-92-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClines1991" class="citation news cs1">Clines, Francis X. (March 4, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/04/world/latvia-and-estonia-vote-for-sovereignty.html">"Latvia and Estonia Vote for Sovereignty"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303074429/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/04/world/latvia-and-estonia-vote-for-sovereignty.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Latvia+and+Estonia+Vote+for+Sovereignty&rft.date=1991-03-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Clines&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F03%2F04%2Fworld%2Flatvia-and-estonia-vote-for-sovereignty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanKempster1990" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, John J.; Kempster, Norman (November 30, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-30-mn-5769-story.html">"U.N. Gives Iraq Until Jan. 15 to Leave Kuwait or Face War : Gulf crisis: Historic measure passes 12 to 2, with China abstaining. It is only the second time the Security Council has voted to use military force"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201154339/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-30-mn-5769-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2021. 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The Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X06002060">10.1017/S0022278X06002060</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144361839">144361839</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402202637/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/div-classtitlecape-verde-the-most-democratic-nation-in-africadiv/0CB09558A9EAFBE92F718ADF6BE9D0C2">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Cape+Verde%3A+The+Most+Democratic+Nation+in+Africa%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=495&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144361839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X06002060&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-modern-african-studies%2Farticle%2Fdiv-classtitlecape-verde-the-most-democratic-nation-in-africadiv%2F0CB09558A9EAFBE92F718ADF6BE9D0C2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoïse" class="citation web cs1">Moïse, Edwin E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150806173418/http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/limit1.html">"Limited War : The Stereotypes"</a>. Clemson University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/limit1.html">the original</a> on August 6, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limited+War+%3A+The+Stereotypes&rft.pub=Clemson+University&rft.aulast=Mo%C3%AFse&rft.aufirst=Edwin+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clemson.edu%2Fcaah%2Fhistory%2FFacultyPages%2FEdMoise%2Flimit1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2016" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Janet G. (May 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ03DAAAQBAJ">American Military History: A Survey From Colonial Times to the Present</a>. Routledge. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51100-9"><bdi>978-1-315-51100-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160246/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ03DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2023. 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London: 293–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F361293a0">10.1038/361293a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1903%2F4282">1903/4282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4343235">4343235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817070947/https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4738f048-bb00-4f30-8097-2ff88be6a792/content">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Why+were+Casualties+so+low%3F&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=6410&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=1993-01-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1903%2F4282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4343235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F361293a0&rft.aulast=Fetter&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Lewis%2C+George+N.&rft.au=Gronlund%2C+Lisbeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.drum.lib.umd.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F4738f048-bb00-4f30-8097-2ff88be6a792%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKifner1991" class="citation news cs1">Kifner, John (January 23, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/23/world/war-in-the-gulf-tel-aviv-3-die-96-are-hurt-in-israeli-suburb.html">"War in the Gulf: Tel Aviv; 3 Die, 96 are Hurt in Israeli Suburb"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630062830/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/23/world/war-in-the-gulf-tel-aviv-3-die-96-are-hurt-in-israeli-suburb.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=War+in+the+Gulf%3A+Tel+Aviv%3B+3+Die%2C+96+are+Hurt+in+Israeli+Suburb&rft.date=1991-01-23&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F01%2F23%2Fworld%2Fwar-in-the-gulf-tel-aviv-3-die-96-are-hurt-in-israeli-suburb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonBalz1991" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, Rick; Balz, Dan (January 23, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/fogofwar/archive/post012291.htm">"Scud Hits Tel Aviv, Leaving 3 Dead, 96 Hurt"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006145653/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/fogofwar/archive/post012291.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Scud+Hits+Tel+Aviv%2C+Leaving+3+Dead%2C+96+Hurt&rft.date=1991-01-23&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.au=Balz%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Ffogofwar%2Farchive%2Fpost012291.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harald-V">"Harald V | Biography & Facts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910205016/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harald-V">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Harald+V+%7C+Biography+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHarald-V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearak1991" class="citation web cs1">Bearak, Barry (January 20, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-20-mn-895-story.html">"The Day After Eastern Folds: Many Passengers Are Left Up in the Air : Travel: Some connect with other carriers, several are left on standby status. The 62-year-old airline finally succumbed to a number of infirmities"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830184945/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-20-mn-895-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Day+After+Eastern+Folds%3A+Many+Passengers+Are+Left+Up+in+the+Air+%3A+Travel%3A+Some+connect+with+other+carriers%2C+several+are+left+on+standby+status.+The+62-year-old+airline+finally+succumbed+to+a+number+of+infirmities.&rft.date=1991-01-20&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-01-20-mn-895-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAirways2016" class="citation web cs1">Airways (December 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830192338/https://airwaysmag.com/airchive/the-last-clipper-flight/">"December 4, 1991: The Last "Clipper" Flight"</a>. Airways Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airwaysmag.com/airchive/the-last-clipper-flight/">the original</a> on August 30, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airways+Magazine&rft.atitle=December+4%2C+1991%3A+The+Last+%22Clipper%22+Flight&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft.au=Airways&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairwaysmag.com%2Fairchive%2Fthe-last-clipper-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/gulf-war/page.php?art_url=gulf-sas">"The SAS Operations | Gulf-war | Britain's Small Wars"</a>. britains-smallwars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141527/https://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/gulf-war/page.php?art_url=gulf-sas">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britains-smallwars.com&rft.atitle=The+SAS+Operations+%7C+Gulf-war+%7C+Britain%27s+Small+Wars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritains-smallwars.com%2Fcampaigns%2Fgulf-war%2Fpage.php%3Fart_url%3Dgulf-sas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodbury2015" class="citation book cs1">Woodbury, Jo (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Woodbury%20paper%20(IPSD%20version).pdf">The Bougainville Independence Referendum: Assessing the Risks and Challenges Before, During and After the Referendum</a> (PDF). Indo-Pacific Strategy Papers. Canberra: Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS), Australian Defence College. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029183001/http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Woodbury%20paper%20%28IPSD%20version%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bougainville+Independence+Referendum%3A+Assessing+the+Risks+and+Challenges+Before%2C+During+and+After+the+Referendum&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Indo-Pacific+Strategy+Papers&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Centre+for+Defence+and+Strategic+Studies+%28CDSS%29%2C+Australian+Defence+College&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=Woodbury&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence.gov.au%2FADC%2FPublications%2FIndoPac%2FWoodbury%2520paper%2520%28IPSD%2520version%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohamed-Siad-Barre">"Mohamed Siad Barre | president of Somalia"</a>. 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January 29, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002027/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-29-mn-417-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. 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Retrieved February 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omalley.nelsonmandela.org&rft.atitle=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomalley.nelsonmandela.org%2Fomalley%2Fcis%2Fomalley%2FOMalleyWeb%2F03lv02039%2F04lv02040%2F05lv02042.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble1991" class="citation news cs1">Noble, Kenneth B. (September 15, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/world/two-black-groups-and-pretoria-sign-peace-agreement.html">"Two Black Groups and Pretoria Sign Peace Agreement"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206223956/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/world/two-black-groups-and-pretoria-sign-peace-agreement.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2021. 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NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K">10.7289/V5TD9V7K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=66+Significant+Earthquakes+where+Country+%3D+AFGHANISTAN&rft.pub=NOAA+National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K&rft.au=National+Geophysical+Data+Center+%2F+World+Data+Service+%28NGDC%2FWDS%29%3A+NCEI%2FWDS+Global+Significant+Earthquake+Database.+NOAA+National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazel%2Fview%2Fhazards%2Fearthquake%2Fevent-data%3Fcountry%3DAFGHANISTAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1994" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Joseph (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ8wAAAAMAAJ">An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ...</a> J. 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Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I.R.A.+Attacks+10+Downing+Street+With+Mortar+Fire+as+Cabinet+Meets&rft.date=1991-02-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F02%2F08%2Fworld%2Fira-attacks-10-downing-street-with-mortar-fire-as-cabinet-meets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-07-mn-1272-story.html">"Terror at 10 Downing St. : Prime Minister, War Cabinet Unhurt in IRA Mortar Attack"</a>. Los Angeles Times. February 7, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015202231/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-07-mn-1272-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2021. 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The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606114115/https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2016/01/operation-desert-storm-25-years-since-the-first-gulf-war/424191/">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2021. 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Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-0439-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-0439-9"><bdi>90-411-0439-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101359/https://books.google.com/books?id=7GhbDxIUkIIC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. 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Cambridge University Press. p. XXVI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521463041" title="Special:BookSources/9780521463041"><bdi>9780521463041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101319/https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. 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June 29, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517052306/http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/march-referendum/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft.atitle=March+Referendum&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1991-2%2Fmarch-referendum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/20/world/finnish-parliament-average-age-under-40.html">"Finnish Parliament: Average Age Under 40"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. March 20, 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029101127/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/20/world/finnish-parliament-average-age-under-40.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Finnish+Parliament%3A+Average+Age+Under+40&rft.date=1991-03-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F03%2F20%2Fworld%2Ffinnish-parliament-average-age-under-40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarisco2017" class="citation book cs1">Varisco, Andrea Edoardo (July 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4otDwAAQBAJ">Research in Security Sector Reform Policy: The Case of Sierra Leone</a>. Springer. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58675-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58675-9"><bdi>978-1-137-58675-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160247/https://books.google.com/books?id=h4otDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2023. 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March 26, 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223719/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/26/world/official-result-in-benin-vote-shows-big-loss-for-kerekou.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Official+Result+in+Benin+Vote+Shows+Big+Loss+for+Kerekou+%28Published+1991%29&rft.date=1991-03-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F03%2F26%2Fworld%2Fofficial-result-in-benin-vote-shows-big-loss-for-kerekou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/03/27/military-leader-of-mali-overthrown-arrested/4e046a11-622d-4149-8c81-3314a67d32e2/">"Military Leader of Mali Overthrown, Arrested"</a>. The Washington Post. Associated Press. 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Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation. 13 (2): 121–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intaccaudtax.2004.09.003">10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2004.09.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1061-9518">1061-9518</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015230026/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1061951804000175">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2021. 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Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lost+and+Found%3A+Huge+van+Gogh+Theft+Fails&rft.date=1991-04-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F15%2Farts%2Flost-and-found-huge-van-gogh-theft-fails.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebrd.com/who-we-are/history-of-the-ebrd.html#:~:text=The%20year%20was%201991,%20the,business%20for%20the%20first%20time.">"The history of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)"</a>. ebrd.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830103554/https://www.ebrd.com/who-we-are/history-of-the-ebrd.html#:~:text=The%20year%20was%201991,%20the,business%20for%20the%20first%20time.">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebrd.com&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+European+Bank+for+Reconstruction+and+Development+%28EBRD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebrd.com%2Fwho-we-are%2Fhistory-of-the-ebrd.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520year%2520was%25201991%2C%2520the%2Cbusiness%2520for%2520the%2520first%2520time.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding1991" class="citation news cs1">Riding, Alan (April 16, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/world/european-nations-to-lift-sanctions-on-south-africa.html">"European nations to lift sanctions on South Africa"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029101424/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/world/european-nations-to-lift-sanctions-on-south-africa.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=European+nations+to+lift+sanctions+on+South+Africa&rft.date=1991-04-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F16%2Fworld%2Feuropean-nations-to-lift-sanctions-on-south-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman1991" class="citation news cs1">Weisman, Steven R. (April 16, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/world/gorbachev-on-peace-mission-to-japan.html">"Gorbachev on Peace Mission to Japan"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103029/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/world/gorbachev-on-peace-mission-to-japan.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+on+Peace+Mission+to+Japan&rft.date=1991-04-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F16%2Fworld%2Fgorbachev-on-peace-mission-to-japan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/50399f1ad8429b5259a2890d963a25fb">"A History of The Dow Jones Industrial Average"</a>. Associated Press News. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=A+History+of+The+Dow+Jones+Industrial+Average&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F50399f1ad8429b5259a2890d963a25fb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1991" class="citation news cs1">Norris, Floyd (April 18, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/18/business/market-place-at-last-dow-closes-above-3000.html">"Market Place; At Last, Dow Closes Above 3,000"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103054/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/18/business/market-place-at-last-dow-closes-above-3000.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Market+Place%3B+At+Last%2C+Dow+Closes+Above+3%2C000&rft.date=1991-04-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fmarket-place-at-last-dow-closes-above-3000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1997" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Edward (January 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ee0-EsYR9aEC&pg=PA2">Cantuar: The Archbishops in Their Office</a>. A&C Black. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-264-67449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-264-67449-0"><bdi>978-0-264-67449-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101433/https://books.google.com/books?id=ee0-EsYR9aEC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantuar%3A+The+Archbishops+in+Their+Office&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-264-67449-0&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dee0-EsYR9aEC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=4&day=22">"Today in Earthquake History"</a>. United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723195400/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=4&day=22">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+Earthquake+History&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Flearn%2Ftoday%2Findex.php%3Fmonth%3D4%26day%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-23-mn-689-story.html">"Quake Hits Costa Rica and Panama : Disaster: The 7.4 temblor kills at least 19. Damage is heavy in Caribbean coastal area"</a>. Los Angeles Times. April 23, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724185104/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-23-mn-689-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2021. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241125093132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/05/18/france-the-female-prime-minister/6124e5d4-3baa-4eb3-9067-aa7ba3cbc8c3/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=France+The+Female+Prime+Minister&rft.date=1991-05-18&rft.aulast=Drozdiak&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1991%2F05%2F18%2Ffrance-the-female-prime-minister%2F6124e5d4-3baa-4eb3-9067-aa7ba3cbc8c3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2013/2013-135-050/">"Address by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to a Joint Meeting of the United States Congress | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"</a>. history.house.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516161309/https://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2013/2013-135-050/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=Address+by+Her+Majesty+Queen+Elizabeth+II+to+a+Joint+Meeting+of+the+United+States+Congress+%7C+US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FCollection%2FListing%2F2013%2F2013-135-050%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1991" class="citation web cs1">Eaton, William J. (May 17, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-17-mn-1884-story.html">"Queen Addresses Joint Congress Session"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512215804/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-17-mn-1884-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Queen+Addresses+Joint+Congress+Session&rft.date=1991-05-17&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-05-17-mn-1884-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/20-years-after-secession-somaliland-still-seeks-recognition">"20 Years After Secession, Somaliland Still Seeks Recognition | Voice of America – English"</a>. 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Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Years+After+Secession%2C+Somaliland+Still+Seeks+Recognition+%7C+Voice+of+America+%E2%80%93+English&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fafrica%2F20-years-after-secession-somaliland-still-seeks-recognition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaubien2017" class="citation news cs1">Beaubien, Jason (May 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/30/530703639/somaliland-wants-to-make-one-thing-clear-it-is-not-somalia">"Somaliland Wants To Make One Thing Clear: It Is NOT Somalia"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415055609/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/30/530703639/somaliland-wants-to-make-one-thing-clear-it-is-not-somalia">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Somaliland+Wants+To+Make+One+Thing+Clear%3A+It+Is+NOT+Somalia&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.aulast=Beaubien&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fgoatsandsoda%2F2017%2F05%2F30%2F530703639%2Fsomaliland-wants-to-make-one-thing-clear-it-is-not-somalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudetic1991" class="citation news cs1">Sudetic, Chuck (May 20, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/20/world/croatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html">"Croatia Votes for Sovereignty and Confederation"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124201026/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/20/world/croatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croatia+Votes+for+Sovereignty+and+Confederation&rft.date=1991-05-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F05%2F20%2Fworld%2Fcroatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514210449/http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/may/21/a-look-back-at-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-rare-images-from-the-past-101515.html">"A look back at Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Rare images from the past"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/may/21/a-look-back-at-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-rare-images-from-the-past-101515.html">the original</a> on May 14, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=A+look+back+at+Rajiv+Gandhi+assassination%3A+Rare+images+from+the+past&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fgalleries%2Fnation%2F2018%2Fmay%2F21%2Fa-look-back-at-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-rare-images-from-the-past-101515.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkQfwA30aY4C&pg=PA107">The World Factbook</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 1992. p. 107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102945/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkQfwA30aY4C&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkQfwA30aY4C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Book,_IncWorld_Book_Encyclopedia1992" class="citation book cs1">World Book, Inc; World Book Encyclopedia (February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIovVAHq-CkC">The World Book Year Book, 1992</a>. World Book, Incorporated. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0492-1"><bdi>978-0-7166-0492-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101931/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIovVAHq-CkC">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Book+Year+Book%2C+1992&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=World+Book%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1992-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7166-0492-1&rft.au=World+Book%2C+Inc&rft.au=World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIovVAHq-CkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2005" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Stephen (March 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6JuMlIHH4C&pg=PA232">Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983910-0"><bdi>978-0-19-983910-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101919/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6JuMlIHH4C&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Solomon%3A+The+Daring+Rescue+of+the+Ethiopian+Jews&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983910-0&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_6JuMlIHH4C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlen2005614–615-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENohlen2005614–615_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNohlen2005">Nohlen 2005</a>, pp. 614–615. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_LevinsonHayim_Granot2002" class="citation book cs1">Jay Levinson; Hayim Granot (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQIn-0hAbMC&pg=PA57">Transportation Disaster Response Handbook</a>. Academic Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-445486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-445486-6"><bdi>978-0-12-445486-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101931/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQIn-0hAbMC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310123923/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/28/world/ethiopian-rebels-storm-the-capital-and-seize-control.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+rebels+storm+the+capital+and+seize+control&rft.date=1991-05-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F05%2F28%2Fworld%2Fethiopian-rebels-storm-the-capital-and-seize-control.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Unzen">"Mount Unzen | volcano, Japan"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730221820/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Unzen">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2021. 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United Press International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612002855/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/06/06/Hard-line-Communist-picked-as-Albanian-prime-minister/6582676180800/">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Hard-line+Communist+picked+as+Albanian+prime+minister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1991%2F06%2F06%2FHard-line-Communist-picked-as-Albanian-prime-minister%2F6582676180800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wald, Matthew (June 6, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/06/us/severe-sun-storm-threatens-utilities.html">"Severe Sun Storm Threatens Utilities"</a>. The New York Times: 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118091204/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/06/us/severe-sun-storm-threatens-utilities.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. 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Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sri+Lankans+Accuse+Army+of+Massacre&rft.date=1991-06-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F06%2F14%2Fworld%2Fsri-lankans-accuse-army-of-massacre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albanian-Socialist-Party">"Albanian Socialist Party | political party, Albania"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623221816/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albanian-Socialist-Party">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2021. 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Retrieved November 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Colombia%27s+Rewritten+Charter+Opens+Politics+to+New+Forces&rft.date=1991-07-05&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F07%2F05%2Fworld%2Fcolombia-s-rewritten-charter-opens-politics-to-new-forces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstván_GyarmatiTheodor_Winkler2002" class="citation book cs1">István Gyarmati; Theodor Winkler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G32Hf131kAcC&pg=PA112">Post-Cold War Defense Reform: Lessons Learned in Europe and the United States</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-577-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-577-4"><bdi>978-1-57488-577-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102445/https://books.google.com/books?id=G32Hf131kAcC&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Cold+War+Defense+Reform%3A+Lessons+Learned+in+Europe+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-577-4&rft.au=Istv%C3%A1n+Gyarmati&rft.au=Theodor+Winkler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG32Hf131kAcC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest1991" class="citation web cs1">Tempest, Rone (July 10, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-10-mn-1896-story.html">"South Africa Readmitted to Olympics Competition : Apartheid: Nation ends 21 years as a sports pariah because of racism. It is eligible for the 1992 Games"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-10-mn-1896-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Readmitted+to+Olympics+Competition+%3A+Apartheid%3A+Nation+ends+21+years+as+a+sports+pariah+because+of+racism.+It+is+eligible+for+the+1992+Games.&rft.date=1991-07-10&rft.aulast=Tempest&rft.aufirst=Rone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-07-10-mn-1896-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney1991" class="citation web cs1">Honey, Peter (July 11, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-07-11-1991192039-story.html">"Bush ends ban on trade with South Africa Executive order tied to "profound" moves on apartheid"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622051207/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-07-11-1991192039-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Bush+ends+ban+on+trade+with+South+Africa+Executive+order+tied+to+%22profound%22+moves+on+apartheid&rft.date=1991-07-11&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1991-07-11-1991192039-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWines1991" class="citation news cs1">Wines, Michael (July 30, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/washington-at-work-quintessential-spy-undone-by-his-own-loyalty.html">"Washington at Work; Quintessential Spy Undone by His Own Loyalty"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/washington-at-work-quintessential-spy-undone-by-his-own-loyalty.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Washington+at+Work%3B+Quintessential+Spy+Undone+by+His+Own+Loyalty&rft.date=1991-07-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fwashington-at-work-quintessential-spy-undone-by-his-own-loyalty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1991" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, David (September 17, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-09-17-1991260006-story.html">"All Iran-contra charges against North dropped Prosecutors cite taint of testimony given to Congress"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622052741/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-09-17-1991260006-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=All+Iran-contra+charges+against+North+dropped+Prosecutors+cite+taint+of+testimony+given+to+Congress&rft.date=1991-09-17&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1991-09-17-1991260006-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspenak1989" class="citation journal cs1">Espenak, Fred (June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1989JRASC..83..157E">"Predictions for the Total Solar Eclipse of 1991"</a>. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 83: 157–178. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JRASC..83..157E">1989JRASC..83..157E</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241125135126/https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1989JRASC..83..157E">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2024. Retrieved November 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Predictions+for+the+Total+Solar+Eclipse+of+1991&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1989-06&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989JRASC..83..157E&rft.aulast=Espenak&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1989JRASC..83..157E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mexiconewsdaily.com/culture/how-did-mexicans-experience-the-last-total-solar-eclipse-of-1991/">"How did Mexicans experience the last total solar eclipse of 1991?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mexico_News_Daily" title="Mexico News Daily">Mexico News Daily</a>. April 8, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425031338/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/culture/how-did-mexicans-experience-the-last-total-solar-eclipse-of-1991/">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2024. Retrieved November 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mexico+News+Daily&rft.atitle=How+did+Mexicans+experience+the+last+total+solar+eclipse+of+1991%3F&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmexiconewsdaily.com%2Fculture%2Fhow-did-mexicans-experience-the-last-total-solar-eclipse-of-1991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/12/world/261-die-as-a-flight-for-muslim-pilgrims-crashes-near-jidda.html">"261 Die as a Flight for Muslim Pilgrims Crashes Near Jidda"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. July 12, 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160902/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/12/world/261-die-as-a-flight-for-muslim-pilgrims-crashes-near-jidda.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=261+Die+as+a+Flight+for+Muslim+Pilgrims+Crashes+Near+Jidda&rft.date=1991-07-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F07%2F12%2Fworld%2F261-die-as-a-flight-for-muslim-pilgrims-crashes-near-jidda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeckelman1991" class="citation web cs1">Deckelman, Paul (December 31, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/31/Chemical-Bank-Manufacturers-Hanover-officially-merge/3446694155600/">"Chemical Bank, Manufacturers Hanover officially merge"</a>. United Press International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611235804/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/31/Chemical-Bank-Manufacturers-Hanover-officially-merge/3446694155600/">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Chemical+Bank%2C+Manufacturers+Hanover+officially+merge&rft.date=1991-12-31&rft.aulast=Deckelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1991%2F12%2F31%2FChemical-Bank-Manufacturers-Hanover-officially-merge%2F3446694155600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chemical-Banking-Corporation">"Chemical Banking Corporation | American bank holding company"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511011124/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chemical-Banking-Corporation">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Chemical+Banking+Corporation+%7C+American+bank+holding+company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChemical-Banking-Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClines1991" class="citation news cs1">Clines, Francis X. (May 23, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/gorbachev-pleads-for-100-billion-in-aid-from-west.html">"Gorbachev pleads for $100 billion in aid from West"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630145459/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/gorbachev-pleads-for-100-billion-in-aid-from-west.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+pleads+for+%24100+billion+in+aid+from+West&rft.date=1991-05-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Clines&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F05%2F23%2Fworld%2Fgorbachev-pleads-for-100-billion-in-aid-from-west.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1991" class="citation news cs1">Whitney, Craig R. (September 2, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/02/world/gorbachev-asks-british-leader-for-economic-aid.html">"Gorbachev Asks British Leader for Economic Aid"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029105714/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/02/world/gorbachev-asks-british-leader-for-economic-aid.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+Asks+British+Leader+for+Economic+Aid&rft.date=1991-09-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F02%2Fworld%2Fgorbachev-asks-british-leader-for-economic-aid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/communal-violence-mauritania-and-senegal-1989-1992">"Communal Violence in Mauritania and Senegal 1989–1992"</a>. climate-diplomacy.org. January 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516234603/https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/communal-violence-mauritania-and-senegal-1989-1992">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climate-diplomacy.org&rft.atitle=Communal+Violence+in+Mauritania+and+Senegal+1989%E2%80%931992&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate-diplomacy.org%2Fcase-studies%2Fcommunal-violence-mauritania-and-senegal-1989-1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1991" class="citation web cs1">Hudson, Maryann (September 10, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-10-mn-2440-story.html">"Tyson Indicted; Allegedly Raped Beauty Hopeful"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002022/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-10-mn-2440-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Tyson+Indicted%3B+Allegedly+Raped+Beauty+Hopeful&rft.date=1991-09-10&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Maryann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-09-10-mn-2440-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker1991" class="citation news cs1">Brubaker, Bill (September 10, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/10/tyson-indicted-on-rape-3-other-counts-in-indiana/51808ac3-5e35-451e-b452-e878368f7a66/">"Tyson Indicted on Rape, 3 Other Counts in Indiana"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/10/tyson-indicted-on-rape-3-other-counts-in-indiana/51808ac3-5e35-451e-b452-e878368f7a66/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tyson+Indicted+on+Rape%2C+3+Other+Counts+in+Indiana&rft.date=1991-09-10&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1991%2F09%2F10%2Ftyson-indicted-on-rape-3-other-counts-in-indiana%2F51808ac3-5e35-451e-b452-e878368f7a66%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazarika1991" class="citation news cs1">Hazarika, Sanjoy (July 25, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/business/india-retreats-from-socialist-past.html">"India Retreats From Socialist Past"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029104315/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/business/india-retreats-from-socialist-past.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021. 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Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-25-mn-175-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707012400/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/12/business/world-class-fraud-bcci-pulled-it-off-special-report-end-twisted-trail-piggy-bank.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2021. 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Some Third World central banks could collapse"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723170410/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-11-mn-2869-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2021. 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National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113645/https://www.nps.gov/articles/start-treaty-1991.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2021. 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Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102432/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/31/bush-and-gorbachev-sign-nuclear-arms-pact-july-31-1991-743837">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Bush+and+Gorbachev+sign+nuclear+arms+pact%2C+July+31%2C+1991&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.au=Andrew+Glass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F07%2F31%2Fbush-and-gorbachev-sign-nuclear-arms-pact-july-31-1991-743837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller1991" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Bill (August 1, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/01/world/gunmen-kill-6-lithuania-border-guards.html">"Gunmen Kill 6 Lithuania Border Guards"</a>. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241125093149/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/08/17/frederick-the-grave/20b2dfdd-69fa-487d-a568-77ffa8cda4df/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Frederick+The+Grave&rft.date=1991-08-16&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1991%2F08%2F17%2Ffrederick-the-grave%2F20b2dfdd-69fa-487d-a568-77ffa8cda4df%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1991" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Tamara (August 13, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-13-wr-1088-story.html">"Postscript : Coming Home to Rest After 205 Years, 6 Stops : Frederick the Great wanted to be buried in the garden of his summer palace. Now, he's about to get his wish"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-13-wr-1088-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. 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Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weather.gov&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Bob%2C+August+18%E2%80%9319%2C+1991&rft.aulast=US+Department+of+Commerce&rft.aufirst=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmhx%2FHurricaneBob1991EventReview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/19/us/hurricane-hits-north-carolina-and-moves-north.html">"Hurricane Hits North Carolina and Moves North"</a>. The New York Times. August 19, 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002023/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/19/us/hurricane-hits-north-carolina-and-moves-north.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Hits+North+Carolina+and+Moves+North&rft.date=1991-08-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F19%2Fus%2Fhurricane-hits-north-carolina-and-moves-north.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616042824/https://apnews.com/article/8aa2b54331db039d8a6c4b963870da71">"Hurricane Bob Howls into New England After Lashing Long Island, East Coast"</a>. Associated Press News. August 19, 1991. 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Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501093549/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soviet-Coup-of-1991">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Soviet+Coup+of+1991+%7C+Soviet+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSoviet-Coup-of-1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14579945">"Moscow 1991: A coup that seemed doomed from the start"</a>. BBC News. August 18, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14579945">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Moscow+1991%3A+A+coup+that+seemed+doomed+from+the+start&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-14579945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/08/22/25_years_ago_today_iceland_recognises_estonia_and_l/">"25 years ago today: Iceland recognises Estonia and Latvia"</a>. Iceland Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002022/https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/08/22/25_years_ago_today_iceland_recognises_estonia_and_l/">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iceland+Monitor&rft.atitle=25+years+ago+today%3A+Iceland+recognises+Estonia+and+Latvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficelandmonitor.mbl.is%2Fnews%2Fpolitics_and_society%2F2016%2F08%2F22%2F25_years_ago_today_iceland_recognises_estonia_and_l%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlburgMarshall1991" class="citation web cs1">Dahlburg, John-Thor; Marshall, Tyler (September 7, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-07-mn-1530-story.html">"Independence for Baltic States : Freedom: Moscow formally recognizes Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, ending half a century of control. Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603043522/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-07-mn-1530-story.html?_amp=true">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Independence+for+Baltic+States+%3A+Freedom%3A+Moscow+formally+recognizes+Lithuania%2C+Latvia+and+Estonia%2C+ending+half+a+century+of+control.+Soviets+to+begin+talks+soon+on+new+relationships+with+the+three+nations.&rft.date=1991-09-07&rft.aulast=Dahlburg&rft.aufirst=John-Thor&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-09-07-mn-1530-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Russia">"Flag of Russia"</a>. 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Psychology Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5155-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5155-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-5155-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102350/https://books.google.com/books?id=sKYMwihCa8QC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. 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Retrieved July 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+greatest+ever%3F&rft.date=2003-10-12&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Fmotorsport%2Fformula_one%2F3168114.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-31-mn-1251-story.html">"Lebanon's Aoun in Exile at French Villa : Mideast: Mutinous general is spirited out of Beirut under an amnesty for war crimes"</a>. Los Angeles Times. August 31, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-31-mn-1251-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+Aoun+in+Exile+at+French+Villa+%3A+Mideast%3A+Mutinous+general+is+spirited+out+of+Beirut+under+an+amnesty+for+war+crimes.&rft.date=1991-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-08-31-mn-1251-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoustany1991" class="citation news cs1">Boustany, Nora (August 30, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/30/aoun-leaves-lebanon-to-live-in-exile/fc2c3697-3b42-4af1-8574-296e26bb7b15/">"Aoun Leaves Lebanon To Live in Exile"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224143945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/30/aoun-leaves-lebanon-to-live-in-exile/fc2c3697-3b42-4af1-8574-296e26bb7b15/">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021. 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Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reverting+to+Original+Name%2C+Sverdlovsk+Is+Yekaterinburg&rft.date=1991-09-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F24%2Fworld%2Freverting-to-original-name-sverdlovsk-is-yekaterinburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-45411151">"Leningrad changes its name back to St Petersburg"</a>. BBC News. September 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115117/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-45411151">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623001222/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/06/world/soviet-turmoil-soviet-congress-yields-rule-republics-avoid-political-economic.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soviet+turmoil%3B+Soviet+congress+yields+rule+to+Republics+to+avoid+political+and+economic+collapse&rft.date=1991-09-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schmemann&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F06%2Fworld%2Fsoviet-turmoil-soviet-congress-yields-rule-republics-avoid-political-economic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1991" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Robin (September 12, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-mn-2961-story.html">"Israel Frees 51 Arab Prisoners : Mideast: Officials act after receiving proof that a soldier captured in Lebanon is dead. The U.N. mediation success raises U.S. hopes for release of Western hostages"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015190311/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-mn-2961-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2021. 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July 18, 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrln.52.10.629">10.5860/crln.52.10.629</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726022100/https://crln.acrl.org/index.php/crlnews/article/view/19723">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+%26+Research+Libraries+News&rft.atitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+are+opened+to+the+public+%7C+Library+Association&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5860%2Fcrln.52.10.629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrln.acrl.org%2Findex.php%2Fcrlnews%2Farticle%2Fview%2F19723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford1991" class="citation news cs1">Wilford, John Noble (September 22, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/22/us/monopoly-over-dead-sea-scrolls-is-ended.html">"Monopoly Over Dead Sea Scrolls Is Ended"</a>. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140931/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/yugoslav-forces-attack-dubrovnik-resort/a2294eab-0269-4953-884c-4eaf1fe17f12/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2024. 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Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+rues+Jewish+exodus&rft.date=1991-10-07&rft.aulast=Schodolski&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1991-10-07-9103310768-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarden1991" class="citation news cs1">Harden, Blaine (October 7, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/08/yugoslav-jets-attack-palace-in-zagreb/798a3dd4-738d-4495-b129-2c5de20e615e/">"Yugoslav Jets Attack Palace in Zagreb"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/08/yugoslav-jets-attack-palace-in-zagreb/798a3dd4-738d-4495-b129-2c5de20e615e/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2024. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403204819/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/05/world/strike-by-blacks-paralyzes-south-africa.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2023. 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Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015202014/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-06-mn-954-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=China+and+Vietnam+Normalize+Relations&rft.date=1991-11-06&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-11-06-mn-954-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/the-august-coup/the-august-coup-texts/communist-party-banned/">"Communist Party Banned"</a>. 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Nature. 354 (6348): 56–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354...56I">1991Natur.354...56I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F354056a0">10.1038/354056a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4302490">4302490</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713091406/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6348/abs/354056a0.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2017. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207193138/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/world/joyous-sihanouk-returns-to-cambodia-from-exile.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2013. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241125094052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/19/hostages-waite-sutherland-freed-in-lebanon/41cb30ca-e2af-4458-811f-0e82eafe267c/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2024. 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[\"CITEREFCarlisle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClines1991\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFCrossette1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCvetkovski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlburgMarshall1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeckelman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrozdiak1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDye1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddings1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspenak1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFetterLewisGronlund1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilatochevBradshaw1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzBates1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzEaton1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFusani1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlebov1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldmanKempster1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarden1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazarika1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedges1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmanDrozdiak1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolley1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoney1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIijima1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIstván_GyarmatiTheodor_Winkler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacinto2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJainSinghGuptaNagar1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJay_LevinsonHayim_Granot2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordanBrown1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKifner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnutson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraft1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKrauss1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabaton1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambeth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohr1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcManus1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoïse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMydans1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Geophysical_Data_Center_/_World_Data_Service_(NGDC/WDS):_NCEI/WDS_Global_Significant_Earthquake_Database._NOAA_National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNations\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikoleishvili\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNohlen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNohlenGrotzHartmann2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNohlenStöver2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrowWright1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttosson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’Callaghan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPace1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaddockDizon1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaltrow1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParks1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_G._LewisProfessor_Paul_Lewis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeirce2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotier2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapp1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiding1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRostker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowley1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakwa2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmemann1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchodolski1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenon1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilber1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudetic1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSummers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTempest1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracevskis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNHCR\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations._Dept._of_Public_Information1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States._Central_Intelligence_Agency1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States._National_Transportation_Safety_Board1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarisco2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitaker1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitney1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilford1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWines1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodbury2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Book,_IncWorld_Book_Encyclopedia1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren1991\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWright1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_RosaCrawfordFranz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐerek2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 36,\n [\"About year\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"C20 year in topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 103,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 176,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:1991\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Events by month\"] = 1,\n [\"Events by month links\"] = 1,\n [\"M\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Year article header\"] = 1,\n [\"Year nav\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","17.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","12.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","5.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.7"],["select_author_editor_source \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2170\u003E","40","1.8"],["[others]","680","30.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84749c7844-r48g9","timestamp":"20250207185008","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"1991","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1991","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2062","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2062","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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