JPEG - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>JPEG standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patent_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Patent controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Typical use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>JPEG compression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-JPEG_compression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle JPEG compression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-JPEG_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lossless_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lossless_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lossless editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lossless_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>JPEG files</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-JPEG_files-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle JPEG files subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-JPEG_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JPEG_filename_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_filename_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>JPEG filename extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG_filename_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Color profile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syntax and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG_codec_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_codec_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>JPEG codec example</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-JPEG_codec_example-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle JPEG codec example subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-JPEG_codec_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_space_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_space_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Color space transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_space_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downsampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downsampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Downsampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downsampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_splitting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_splitting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Block splitting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_splitting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrete_cosine_transform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrete_cosine_transform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Discrete cosine transform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrete_cosine_transform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Quantization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entropy_coding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entropy_coding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Entropy coding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entropy_coding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression_ratio_and_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression_ratio_and_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Compression ratio and artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression_ratio_and_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Decoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Required_precision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Required_precision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Required precision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Required_precision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_JPEG_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_JPEG_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Effects of JPEG compression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_of_JPEG_compression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects of JPEG compression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_JPEG_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sample_photographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_photographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sample photographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_photographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lossless_further_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lossless_further_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lossless further compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lossless_further_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_formats_for_stereoscopic_3D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_formats_for_stereoscopic_3D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Derived formats for stereoscopic 3D</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derived_formats_for_stereoscopic_3D-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Derived formats for stereoscopic 3D subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Derived_formats_for_stereoscopic_3D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JPEG_Stereoscopic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_Stereoscopic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>JPEG Stereoscopic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG_Stereoscopic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG_Multi-Picture_Format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_Multi-Picture_Format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>JPEG Multi-Picture Format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG_Multi-Picture_Format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Successors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Successors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Successors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JPEG_LS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_LS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>JPEG LS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG_LS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>JPEG 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG_XT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_XT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>JPEG XT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG_XT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JPEG_XL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JPEG_XL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>JPEG XL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JPEG_XL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">JPEG</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="جيه بيه إي جي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيه بيه إي جي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="জেপিইজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেপিইজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joint Photographic Experts Group" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="जेपीईजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेपीईजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_Pakar_Fotografi_Gabungan" title="Gugus Pakar Fotografi Gabungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gugus Pakar Fotografi Gabungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jpeg" title="Jpeg – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Jpeg" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jpg" title=".jpg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title=".jpg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%87.%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF." title="ജെ.പി.ഇ.ജി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെ.പി.ഇ.ജി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/.JPEG" title=".JPEG – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title=".JPEG" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="เจเพ็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจเพ็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="جے پی ای جی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جے پی ای جی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="JPEG" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>22 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lossy compression method for reducing the size of digital images</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/JPEG_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="JPEG (disambiguation)">JPEG (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"JPG" and "Jpg" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/JPG_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="JPG (disambiguation)">JPG (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">JPEG</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_format_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/JPEG_format_logo.svg/64px-JPEG_format_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/JPEG_format_logo.svg/96px-JPEG_format_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/JPEG_format_logo.svg/128px-JPEG_format_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png/200px-Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png/300px-Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png/400px-Felis_silvestris_silvestris_small_gradual_decrease_of_quality.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A photo of a <a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat</a> with the compression rate, and associated losses, decreasing from left to right</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.jpg</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.jpeg</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.jpe</code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.jif</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.jfif</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.jfi</code></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> image/jpeg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Type_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Type code">Type code</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">JPEG</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.jpeg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/File_format#Magic_number" title="File format">Magic number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ff d8 ff</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-t81_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">September 18, 1992<span class="noprint">; 32 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1992-09-18</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image compression</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Image format">format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">ISO/IEC 10918, ITU-T T.81, ITU-T T.83, ITU-T T.84, ITU-T T.86</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpeg.org/jpeg/">jpeg<wbr />.org<wbr />/jpeg<wbr />/</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv/220px--Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv/Continuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AContinuously_varied_JPEG_compression_for_an_abdominal_CT_scan_-_1471-2342-12-24-S1.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Continuously varied JPEG compression (between Q=100 and Q=1) for an <a href="/wiki/Abdominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal">abdominal</a> <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>JPEG</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">JAY</span>-peg</i></a>, short for <b>Joint Photographic Experts Group</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a commonly used method of <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> for <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>, particularly for those images produced by <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a>. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and <a href="/wiki/Image_quality" title="Image quality">image quality</a>. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its introduction in 1992, JPEG has been the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image compression</a> standard in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most widely used digital <a href="/wiki/Image_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Image format">image format</a>, with several billion JPEG images produced every day as of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a> created the standard in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-heise_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heise-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JPEG was largely responsible for the proliferation of digital images and <a href="/wiki/Digital_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital photo">digital photos</a> across the Internet and later <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (November 2023)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> JPEG compression is used in a number of <a href="/wiki/Image_file_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Image file formats">image file formats</a>. JPEG/<a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> is the most common image format used by <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and other photographic image capture devices; along with JPEG/<a href="/wiki/JFIF" class="mw-redirect" title="JFIF">JFIF</a>, it is the most common format for storing and transmitting <a href="/wiki/Photographic_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic image">photographic images</a> on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These format variations are often not distinguished and are simply called JPEG. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">MIME media type</a> for JPEG is "image/jpeg", except in older <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> versions, which provide a MIME type of "image/pjpeg" when uploading JPEG images.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JPEG files usually have a <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a> of "jpg" or "jpeg". JPEG/JFIF supports a maximum image size of 65,535×65,535 pixels,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence up to 4 gigapixels for an <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> of 1:1. In 2000, the JPEG group introduced a format intended to be a successor, <a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a>, but it was unable to replace the original JPEG as the dominant image standard.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original JPEG specification published in 1992 implements processes from various earlier <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">research papers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> cited by the <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a> (now <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>) and Joint Photographic Experts Group.<sup id="cite_ref-t81_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The JPEG specification cites patents from several companies. The following patents provided the basis for its <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">arithmetic coding</a> algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-t81_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4652856">U.S. patent 4,652,856</a></span> – February 4, 1986 – Kottappuram M. A. Mohiuddin and <a href="/wiki/Jorma_Rissanen" title="Jorma Rissanen">Jorma J. Rissanen</a> – Multiplication-free multi-alphabet arithmetic code</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4905297">U.S. patent 4,905,297</a></span> – February 27, 1990 – G. Langdon, <a href="/wiki/Joan_L._Mitchell" title="Joan L. Mitchell">J. L. Mitchell</a>, W. B. Pennebaker, and Jorma J. Rissanen – Arithmetic coding encoder and decoder system</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4935882">U.S. patent 4,935,882</a></span> – June 19, 1990 – W. B. Pennebaker and J. L. Mitchell – Probability adaptation for arithmetic coders</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=JPH02202267">JP H02202267</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=H02202267&rft.cc=JP&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/JPH02202267A">1021672</a>) – January 21, 1989 – Toshihiro Kimura, Shigenori Kino, Fumitaka Ono, Masayuki Yoshida – Coding system</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=JPH03247123">JP H03247123</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=H03247123&rft.cc=JP&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/JPH0834434B2/en">2-46275</a>) – February 26, 1990 – Tomohiro Kimura, Shigenori Kino, Fumitaka Ono, and Masayuki Yoshida – Coding apparatus and coding method</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The JPEG specification also cites three other patents from IBM. Other companies cited as patent holders include <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> (two patents) and <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-t81_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absent from the list is <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4698672">U.S. patent 4,698,672</a></span>, filed by <a href="/wiki/Compression_Labs,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Compression Labs, Inc.">Compression Labs</a>' Wen-Hsiung Chen and Daniel J. Klenke in October 1986. The patent describes a DCT-based image compression algorithm, and would later be a cause of controversy in 2002 (see <i><a href="#Patent_controversy">Patent controversy</a></i> below).<sup id="cite_ref-cnet_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the JPEG specification did cite two earlier research papers by Wen-Hsiung Chen, published in 1977 and 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-t81_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG_standard">JPEG standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: JPEG standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"JPEG" stands for <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a>, the name of the committee that created the JPEG standard and other still picture coding standards. The "Joint" stood for <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> TC97 WG8 and <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a> SGVIII. Founded in 1986, the group developed the JPEG standard during the late 1980s. The group published the JPEG standard in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, ISO TC 97 became ISO/IEC JTC 1 and, in 1992, CCITT became ITU-T. Currently on the JTC1 side, JPEG is one of two sub-groups of <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1">Joint Technical Committee 1</a>, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1 (<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_29" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29</a>/WG 1) – titled as <i>Coding of still pictures</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sc29-wg1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc29-wg1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpeg-sc29_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpeg-sc29-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the ITU-T side, ITU-T SG16 is the respective body. The original JPEG Group was organized in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-jpeg-jpeg_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpeg-jpeg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issuing the first JPEG standard in 1992, which was approved in September 1992 as <b><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> Recommendation T.81</b><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 1994, as <b><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 10918-1</b>. </p><p>The JPEG standard specifies the <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a>, which defines how an image is compressed into a stream of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> and decompressed back into an image, but not the file format used to contain that stream.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> and <a href="/wiki/JFIF" class="mw-redirect" title="JFIF">JFIF</a> standards define the commonly used file formats for interchange of JPEG-compressed images. </p><p>JPEG standards are formally named as <i>Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images</i>. ISO/IEC 10918 consists of the following parts: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"> <caption>Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images – Parts<sup id="cite_ref-jpeg-sc29_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpeg-sc29-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpeg-jpeg_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpeg-jpeg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%;">Part </th> <th style="width:15%;">ISO/IEC standard </th> <th style="width:10%;">ITU-T Rec. </th> <th style="width:8%;">First public release date </th> <th style="width:8%;">Latest amendment </th> <th style="width:30%;">Title </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Part 1 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/18902.html">ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.81">T.81 (09/92)</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-09-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Sep 18, 1992</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Requirements and guidelines </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 2 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/20689.html">ISO/IEC 10918-2:1995</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.83">T.83 (11/94)</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-11-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Nov 11, 1994</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Compliance testing </td> <td>Rules and checks for software conformance (to Part 1). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 3 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/25037.html">ISO/IEC 10918-3:1997</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.84">T.84 (07/96)</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001996-07-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jul 3, 1996</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-04-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Apr 1, 1999</span> </td> <td>Extensions </td> <td>Set of extensions to improve the Part 1, including the <b>Still Picture Interchange File Format</b> (SPIFF).<sup id="cite_ref-spiffloc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiffloc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 4 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/85634.html">ISO/IEC 10918-4:2024</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.86">T.86 (06/98)</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-06-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jun 18, 1998</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Appn Markers </td> <td>methods for registering some of the parameters used to extend JPEG </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 5 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/54989.html">ISO/IEC 10918-5:2013</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.871">T.871 (05/11)</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-05-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 14, 2011</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) </td> <td>A popular format which has been the de facto file format for images encoded by the JPEG standard. In 2009, the JPEG Committee formally established an Ad Hoc Group to standardize JFIF as JPEG Part 5.<sup id="cite_ref-jfif-development_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfif-development-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 6 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/59634.html">ISO/IEC 10918-6:2013</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.872">T.872 (06/12)</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002012-06-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jun 2012</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Application to printing systems </td> <td>Specifies a subset of features and application tools for the interchange of images encoded according to the ISO/IEC 10918-1 for printing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 7 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/85635.html">ISO/IEC 10918-7:2023</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.873">T.873 (06/21)</a> </td> <td>May 2019 </td> <td>November 2023 </td> <td>Reference Software </td> <td>Provides reference implementations of the JPEG core coding system </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">Ecma International</a> <abbr title="Technical Report">TR</abbr>/98 specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF); the first edition was published in June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patent_controversy">Patent controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patent controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Forgent_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgent Networks">Forgent Networks</a> asserted that it owned and would enforce patent rights on the JPEG technology, arising from a patent that had been filed on October 27, 1986, and granted on October 6, 1987: <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4698672">U.S. patent 4,698,672</a></span> by <a href="/wiki/Compression_Labs,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Compression Labs, Inc.">Compression Labs</a>' Wen-Hsiung Chen and Daniel J. Klenke.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Forgent did not own Compression Labs at the time, Chen later sold Compression Labs to Forgent, before Chen went on to work for <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>. This led to Forgent acquiring ownership over the patent.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forgent's 2002 announcement created a furor reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a>' attempts to assert its rights over the GIF image compression standard. </p><p>The JPEG committee investigated the patent claims in 2002 and were of the opinion that they were invalidated by <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view shared by various experts.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2002 and 2004, Forgent was able to obtain about US$105 million by licensing their patent to some 30 companies. In April 2004, Forgent sued 31 other companies to enforce further license payments. In July of the same year, a consortium of 21 large computer companies filed a countersuit, with the goal of invalidating the patent. In addition, Microsoft launched a separate lawsuit against Forgent in April 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> agreed to re-examine Forgent's JPEG patent at the request of the Public Patent Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-reexam_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reexam-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 26, 2006, the USPTO found the patent invalid based on prior art. The USPTO also found that Forgent knew about the prior art, yet it intentionally avoided telling the Patent Office. This makes any appeal to reinstate the patent highly unlikely to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forgent also possesses a similar patent granted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a> in 1994, though it is unclear how enforceable it is.<sup id="cite_ref-ep266049_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep266049-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of October 27, 2006, the U.S. patent's 20-year term appears to have expired, and in November 2006, Forgent agreed to abandon enforcement of patent claims against use of the JPEG standard.<sup id="cite_ref-surrendered_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surrendered-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The JPEG committee has as one of its explicit goals that their standards (in particular their baseline methods) be implementable without payment of license fees, and they have secured appropriate license rights for their <a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a> standard from over 20 large organizations. </p><p>Beginning in August 2007, another company, Global Patent Holdings, LLC claimed that its patent (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5253341">U.S. patent 5,253,341</a></span>) issued in 1993, is infringed by the downloading of JPEG images on either a website or through e-mail. If not invalidated, this patent could apply to any website that displays JPEG images. The patent was under reexamination by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office from 2000 to 2007; in July 2007, the Patent Office revoked all of the original claims of the patent but found that an additional claim proposed by Global Patent Holdings (claim 17) was valid.<sup id="cite_ref-GPHLaw1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPHLaw1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global Patent Holdings then filed a number of lawsuits based on claim 17 of its patent. </p><p>In its first two lawsuits following the reexamination, both filed in Chicago, Illinois, Global Patent Holdings sued the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDW" title="CDW">CDW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbitz" title="Orbitz">Orbitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Officemax" class="mw-redirect" title="Officemax">Officemax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peapod" title="Peapod">Peapod</a> as defendants. A third lawsuit was filed on December 5, 2007, in South Florida against <a href="/wiki/ADT_Security_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="ADT Security Services">ADT Security Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/AutoNation" title="AutoNation">AutoNation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanjul_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanjul brothers">Florida Crystals</a> Corp., HearUSA, <a href="/wiki/MovieTickets.com" title="MovieTickets.com">MovieTickets.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocwen_Financial_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Ocwen Financial Corp.">Ocwen Financial Corp.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tire_Kingdom" title="Tire Kingdom">Tire Kingdom</a>, and a fourth lawsuit on January 8, 2008, in South Florida against the <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton_Resort_%26_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Raton Resort & Club">Boca Raton Resort & Club</a>. A fifth lawsuit was filed against Global Patent Holdings in Nevada. That lawsuit was filed by <a href="/wiki/Zappos.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Zappos.com">Zappos.com</a>, Inc., which was allegedly threatened by Global Patent Holdings, and sought a judicial declaration that the '341 patent is invalid and not infringed. </p><p>Global Patent Holdings had also used the '341 patent to sue or threaten outspoken critics of broad software patents, including Gregory Aharonian<sup id="cite_ref-GPHLaw2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPHLaw2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the anonymous operator of a website blog known as the "<a href="/wiki/Patent_Troll_Tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent Troll Tracker">Patent Troll Tracker</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-GPHLaw3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPHLaw3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 21, 2007, patent lawyer Vernon Francissen of Chicago asked the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to reexamine the sole remaining claim of the '341 patent on the basis of new prior art.<sup id="cite_ref-GPHLaw4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPHLaw4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 5, 2008, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office agreed to reexamine the '341 patent, finding that the new prior art raised substantial new questions regarding the patent's validity.<sup id="cite_ref-GPHLaw11_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPHLaw11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of the reexamination, the accused infringers in four of the five pending lawsuits have filed motions to suspend (stay) their cases until completion of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's review of the '341 patent. On April 23, 2008, a judge presiding over the two lawsuits in Chicago, Illinois granted the motions in those cases.<sup id="cite_ref-GPHLaw55_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPHLaw55-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 22, 2008, the Patent Office issued the first "Office Action" of the second reexamination, finding the claim invalid based on nineteen separate grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-GPHLaw66_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPHLaw66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Nov. 24, 2009, a Reexamination Certificate was issued cancelling all claims. </p><p>Beginning in 2011 and continuing as of early 2013, an entity known as Princeton Digital Image Corporation,<sup id="cite_ref-PDICTroll_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDICTroll-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in Eastern Texas, began suing large numbers of companies for alleged infringement of <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4813056">U.S. patent 4,813,056</a></span>. Princeton claims that the JPEG image compression standard infringes the '056 patent and has sued large numbers of websites, retailers, camera and device manufacturers and resellers. The patent was originally owned and assigned to General Electric. The patent expired in December 2007, but Princeton has sued large numbers of companies for "past infringement" of this patent. (Under U.S. patent laws, a patent owner can sue for "past infringement" up to six years before the filing of a lawsuit, so Princeton could theoretically have continued suing companies until December 2013.) As of March 2013, Princeton had suits pending in New York and Delaware against more than 55 companies. General Electric's involvement in the suit is unknown, although court records indicate that it assigned the patent to Princeton in 2009 and retains certain rights in the patent.<sup id="cite_ref-PDICTroll2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDICTroll2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_use">Typical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Typical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/JPEG" title="Special:EditPage/JPEG">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The JPEG compression algorithm operates at its best on photographs and paintings of realistic scenes with smooth variations of tone and color. For web usage, where reducing the amount of data used for an image is important for responsive presentation, JPEG's compression benefits make JPEG popular. JPEG/<a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> is also the most common format saved by digital cameras. </p><p>However, JPEG is not well suited for line drawings and other textual or iconic graphics, where the sharp contrasts between adjacent pixels can cause noticeable artifacts. Such images are better saved in a <a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression#Raster_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless graphics format</a> such as <a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">raw image format</a>. The JPEG standard includes a lossless coding mode, but that mode is not supported in most products. </p><p>As the typical use of JPEG is a <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> method, which reduces the image fidelity, it is inappropriate for exact reproduction of imaging data (such as some scientific and medical imaging applications and certain technical <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a> work). </p><p>JPEG is also not well suited to files that will undergo multiple edits, as some image quality is lost each time the image is recompressed, particularly if the image is cropped or shifted, or if encoding parameters are changed – see <a href="/wiki/Digital_generation_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital generation loss">digital generation loss</a> for details. To prevent image information loss during sequential and repetitive editing, the first edit can be saved in a lossless format, subsequently edited in that format, then finally published as JPEG for distribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JPEG_compression">JPEG compression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: JPEG compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JPEG uses a lossy form of compression based on the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform (DCT)</a>. This mathematical operation converts each frame/field of the video source from the spatial (2D) domain into the frequency domain (a.k.a. transform domain). A perceptual model based loosely on the human psychovisual system discards high-frequency information, i.e. sharp transitions in intensity, and color hue. In the transform domain, the process of reducing information is called quantization. In simpler terms, quantization is a method for optimally reducing a large number scale (with different occurrences of each number) into a smaller one, and the transform-domain is a convenient representation of the image because the high-frequency coefficients, which contribute less to the overall picture than other coefficients, are characteristically small-values with high compressibility. The quantized coefficients are then sequenced and losslessly packed into the output bitstream. Nearly all software implementations of JPEG permit user control over the compression ratio (as well as other optional parameters), allowing the user to trade off picture-quality for smaller file size. In embedded applications (such as miniDV, which uses a similar DCT-compression scheme), the parameters are pre-selected and fixed for the application. </p><p>The compression method is usually <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy</a>, meaning that some original image information is lost and cannot be restored, possibly affecting image quality. There is an optional <a href="/wiki/Lossless_JPEG" title="Lossless JPEG">lossless</a> mode defined in the JPEG standard. However, this mode is not widely supported in products. </p><p>There is also an <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(bitmaps)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlace (bitmaps)">interlaced</a> <i>progressive</i> JPEG format, in which data is compressed in multiple passes of progressively higher detail. This is ideal for large images that will be displayed while downloading over a slow connection, allowing a reasonable preview after receiving only a portion of the data. However, support for progressive JPEGs is not universal. When progressive JPEGs are received by programs that do not support them (such as versions of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer</a> before <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the software displays the image only after it has been completely downloaded. </p><p>There are also many medical imaging, traffic and camera applications that create and process 12-bit JPEG images both grayscale and color. 12-bit JPEG format is included in an Extended part of the JPEG specification. The libjpeg codec supports 12-bit JPEG and there even exists a high-performance version.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lossless_editing">Lossless editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lossless editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several alterations to a JPEG image can be performed losslessly (that is, without recompression and the associated quality loss) as long as the image size is a multiple of 1 MCU block (Minimum Coded Unit) (usually 16 pixels in both directions, for 4:2:0 <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">chroma subsampling</a>). Utilities that implement this include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jpegtran" class="mw-redirect" title="Jpegtran">jpegtran</a> and its GUI, Jpegcrop.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IrfanView" title="IrfanView">IrfanView</a> using "JPG Lossless Crop (PlugIn)" and "JPG Lossless Rotation (PlugIn)", which require installing the JPG_TRANSFORM plugin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastStone_Image_Viewer" title="FastStone Image Viewer">FastStone Image Viewer</a> using "Lossless Crop to File" and "JPEG Lossless Rotate".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XnViewMP" class="mw-redirect" title="XnViewMP">XnViewMP</a> using "JPEG lossless transformations".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACDSee" title="ACDSee">ACDSee</a> supports lossless rotation (but not lossless cropping) with its "Force lossless JPEG operations" option.</li></ul> <p>Blocks can be rotated in 90-degree increments, flipped in the horizontal, vertical and diagonal axes and moved about in the image. Not all blocks from the original image need to be used in the modified one. </p><p>The top and left edge of a JPEG image must lie on an 8 × 8 pixel block boundary (or 16 × 16 pixel for larger MCU sizes), but the bottom and right edge need not do so. This limits the possible <b>lossless crop</b> operations, and prevents flips and rotations of an image whose bottom or right edge does not lie on a block boundary for all channels (because the edge would end up on top or left, where – as aforementioned – a block boundary is obligatory). </p><p>Rotations where the image is not a multiple of 8 or 16, which value depends upon the chroma subsampling, are not lossless. Rotating such an image causes the blocks to be recomputed which results in loss of quality.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When using lossless cropping, if the bottom or right side of the crop region is not on a block boundary, then the rest of the data from the partially used blocks will still be present in the cropped file and can be recovered. It is also possible to transform between baseline and progressive formats without any loss of quality, since the only difference is the order in which the coefficients are placed in the file. </p><p>Furthermore, several JPEG images can be losslessly joined, as long as they were saved with the same quality and the edges coincide with block boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JPEG_files">JPEG files</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: JPEG files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> known as "JPEG Interchange Format" (JIF) is specified in Annex B of the standard. However, this "pure" file format is rarely used, primarily because of the difficulty of programming encoders and decoders that fully implement all aspects of the standard and because of certain shortcomings of the standard: </p> <ul><li>Color space definition</li> <li>Component sub-sampling registration</li> <li>Pixel aspect ratio definition.</li></ul> <p>Several additional standards have evolved to address these issues. The first of these, released in 1992, was the <a href="/wiki/JPEG_File_Interchange_Format" title="JPEG File Interchange Format">JPEG File Interchange Format</a> (or JFIF), followed in recent years by <a href="/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchangeable image file format">Exchangeable image file format</a> (Exif) and <a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">ICC</a> <a href="/wiki/ICC_Profile" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Profile">color profiles</a>. Both of these formats use the actual JIF byte layout, consisting of different <i>markers</i>, but in addition, employ one of the JIF standard's extension points, namely the <i>application markers</i>: JFIF uses APP0, while Exif uses APP1. Within these segments of the file that were left for future use in the JIF standard and are not read by it, these standards add specific metadata. </p><p>Thus, in some ways, JFIF is a cut-down version of the JIF standard in that it specifies certain constraints (such as not allowing all the different encoding modes), while in other ways, it is an extension of JIF due to the added metadata. The documentation for the original JFIF standard states:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>JPEG File Interchange Format is a minimal file format which enables JPEG bitstreams to be exchanged between a wide variety of platforms and applications. This minimal format does not include any of the advanced features found in the TIFF JPEG specification or any application specific file format. Nor should it, for the only purpose of this simplified format is to allow the exchange of JPEG compressed images.</p></blockquote> <p>Image files that employ JPEG compression are commonly called "JPEG files", and are stored in variants of the JIF image format. Most image capture devices (such as digital cameras) that output JPEG are actually creating files in the <a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> format, the format that the camera industry has standardized on for metadata interchange. On the other hand, since the Exif standard does not allow color profiles, most image editing software stores JPEG in <a href="/wiki/JFIF" class="mw-redirect" title="JFIF">JFIF</a> format, and includes the APP1 segment from the Exif file to include the metadata in an almost-compliant way; the JFIF standard is interpreted somewhat flexibly.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strictly speaking, the JFIF and Exif standards are incompatible, because each specifies that its marker segment (APP0 or APP1, respectively) appear first. In practice, most JPEG files contain a JFIF marker segment that precedes the Exif header. This allows older readers to correctly handle the older format JFIF segment, while newer readers also decode the following Exif segment, being less strict about requiring it to appear first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG_filename_extensions">JPEG filename extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: JPEG filename extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extensions</a> for files employing JPEG compression are <b><code>.jpg</code></b> and <b><code>.jpeg</code></b>, though <code>.jpe</code>, <code>.jfif</code> and <code>.jif</code> are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible for JPEG data to be embedded in other file types – <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format">TIFF</a> encoded files often embed a JPEG image as a <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail" title="Thumbnail">thumbnail</a> of the main image; and <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> files can contain a JPEG of <a href="/wiki/Cover_art" title="Cover art">cover art</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ID3v2" class="mw-redirect" title="ID3v2">ID3v2</a> tag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_profile">Color profile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Color profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many JPEG files embed an <a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC color profile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a>). Commonly used color profiles include <a href="/wiki/SRGB_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="SRGB color space">sRGB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe RGB color space">Adobe RGB</a>. Because these color spaces use a non-linear transformation, the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> of an 8-bit JPEG file is about 11 <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">stops</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Gamma_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma curve">gamma curve</a>. </p><p>If the image doesn't specify color profile information (<i>untagged</i>), the color space is assumed to be sRGB for the purposes of display on webpages.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_and_structure">Syntax and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syntax and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A JPEG image consists of a sequence of <i>segments</i>, each beginning with a <i>marker</i>, each of which begins with a 0xFF byte, followed by a byte indicating what kind of marker it is. Some markers consist of just those two bytes; others are followed by two bytes (high then low), indicating the length of marker-specific payload data that follows. (The length includes the two bytes for the length, but not the two bytes for the marker.) Some markers are followed by <a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">entropy-coded</a> data; the length of such a marker does not include the entropy-coded data. Note that consecutive 0xFF bytes are used as fill bytes for <a href="/wiki/Data_padding" class="mw-redirect" title="Data padding">padding</a> purposes, although this fill byte padding should only ever take place for markers immediately following entropy-coded scan data (see JPEG specification section B.1.1.2 and E.1.2 for details; specifically "In all cases where markers are appended after the compressed data, optional 0xFF fill bytes may precede the marker"). </p><p>Within the entropy-coded data, after any 0xFF byte, a 0x00 byte is inserted by the encoder before the next byte, so that there does not appear to be a marker where none is intended, preventing framing errors. Decoders must skip this 0x00 byte. This technique, called <a href="/wiki/Byte_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte stuffing">byte stuffing</a> (see JPEG specification section F.1.2.3), is only applied to the entropy-coded data, not to marker payload data. Note however that entropy-coded data has a few markers of its own; specifically the Reset markers (0xD0 through 0xD7), which are used to isolate independent chunks of entropy-coded data to allow parallel decoding, and encoders are free to insert these Reset markers at regular intervals (although not all encoders do this). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common JPEG markers<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Short name </th> <th>Bytes </th> <th>Payload </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th>SOI </th> <td>0xFF, 0xD8</td> <td><i>none</i></td> <td>Start Of Image </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>SOF0 </th> <td>0xFF, 0xC0</td> <td><i>variable size</i></td> <td>Start Of Frame (baseline <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a>) </td> <td>Indicates that this is a baseline DCT-based JPEG, and specifies the width, height, number of components, and component subsampling (e.g., 4:2:0). </td></tr> <tr> <th>SOF2 </th> <td>0xFF, 0xC2</td> <td><i>variable size</i></td> <td>Start Of Frame (progressive DCT) </td> <td>Indicates that this is a progressive DCT-based JPEG, and specifies the width, height, number of components, and component subsampling (e.g., 4:2:0). </td></tr> <tr> <th>DHT </th> <td>0xFF, 0xC4</td> <td><i>variable size</i></td> <td>Define Huffman Table(s) </td> <td>Specifies one or more Huffman tables. </td></tr> <tr> <th>DQT </th> <td>0xFF, 0xDB</td> <td><i>variable size</i></td> <td>Define Quantization Table(s) </td> <td>Specifies one or more quantization tables. </td></tr> <tr> <th>DRI </th> <td>0xFF, 0xDD</td> <td>4 bytes</td> <td>Define Restart Interval </td> <td>Specifies the interval between RST<i>n</i> markers, in Minimum Coded Units (MCUs). This marker is followed by two bytes indicating the fixed size so it can be treated like any other variable size segment. </td></tr> <tr> <th>SOS </th> <td>0xFF, 0xDA</td> <td><i>variable size</i></td> <td>Start Of Scan </td> <td>Begins a top-to-bottom scan of the image. In baseline DCT JPEG images, there is generally a single scan. Progressive DCT JPEG images usually contain multiple scans. This marker specifies which slice of data it will contain, and is immediately followed by entropy-coded data. </td></tr> <tr> <th>RST<i>n</i> </th> <td>0xFF, 0xD<i>n</i> (<i>n</i>=0..7)</td> <td><i>none</i></td> <td>Restart </td> <td>Inserted every <i>r</i> macroblocks, where <i>r</i> is the restart interval set by a DRI marker. Not used if there was no DRI marker. The low three bits of the marker code cycle in value from 0 to 7. </td></tr> <tr> <th>APP<i>n</i> </th> <td>0xFF, 0xE<i>n</i></td> <td><i>variable size</i></td> <td>Application-specific </td> <td>For example, an <a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exif</a> JPEG file uses an APP1 marker to store metadata, laid out in a structure based closely on <a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>COM </th> <td>0xFF, 0xFE</td> <td><i>variable size</i></td> <td>Comment </td> <td>Contains a text comment. </td></tr> <tr> <th>EOI </th> <td>0xFF, 0xD9</td> <td><i>none</i></td> <td>End Of Image </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are other <i>Start Of Frame</i> markers that introduce other kinds of JPEG encodings. </p><p>Since several vendors might use the same APP<i>n</i> marker type, application-specific markers often begin with a standard or vendor name (e.g., "Exif" or "Adobe") or some other identifying string. </p><p>At a restart marker, block-to-block predictor variables are reset, and the bitstream is synchronized to a byte boundary. Restart markers provide means for recovery after bitstream error, such as transmission over an unreliable network or file corruption. Since the runs of macroblocks between restart markers may be independently decoded, these runs may be decoded in parallel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JPEG_codec_example">JPEG codec example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: JPEG codec example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a JPEG file can be encoded in various ways, most commonly it is done with JFIF encoding. The encoding process consists of several steps: </p> <ol><li>The representation of the colors in the image is converted from <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> to <a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">Y′C<sub>B</sub>C<sub>R</sub></a>, consisting of one <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luma</a> component (Y'), representing brightness, and two <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chroma</a> components, (C<sub>B</sub> and C<sub>R</sub>), representing color. This step is sometimes skipped.</li> <li>The resolution of the chroma data is reduced, usually by a factor of 2 or 3. This reflects the fact that the eye is less sensitive to fine color details than to fine brightness details.</li> <li>The image is split into blocks of 8×8 pixels, and for each block, each of the Y, C<sub>B</sub>, and C<sub>R</sub> data undergoes the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT). A DCT is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a> in the sense that it produces a kind of spatial frequency spectrum.</li> <li>The amplitudes of the frequency components are <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">quantized</a>. Human vision is much more sensitive to small variations in color or brightness over large areas than to the strength of high-frequency brightness variations. Therefore, the magnitudes of the high-frequency components are stored with a lower accuracy than the low-frequency components. The quality setting of the encoder (for example 50 or 95 on a scale of 0–100 in the Independent JPEG Group's library<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) affects to what extent the resolution of each frequency component is reduced. If an excessively low quality setting is used, the high-frequency components are discarded altogether.</li> <li>The resulting data for all 8×8 blocks is further compressed with a lossless algorithm, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Huffman_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffman encoding">Huffman encoding</a>.</li></ol> <p>The decoding process reverses these steps, except the <i>quantization</i> because it is irreversible. In the remainder of this section, the encoding and decoding processes are described in more detail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding">Encoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the options in the JPEG standard are not commonly used, and as mentioned above, most image software uses the simpler JFIF format when creating a JPEG file, which among other things specifies the encoding method. Here is a brief description of one of the more common methods of encoding when applied to an input that has 24 <a href="/wiki/Bits_per_pixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bits per pixel">bits per pixel</a> (eight each of <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">red, green, and blue</a>). This particular option is a <a href="/wiki/Lossy_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy data compression">lossy data compression</a> method. They are represented in <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrices</a> below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_space_transformation">Color space transformation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Color space transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First, the image should be converted from RGB (by default sRGB,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color spaces</a> are possible) into a different color space called <a href="/wiki/YCbCr#JPEG_conversion" title="YCbCr">Y′C<sub>B</sub>C<sub>R</sub></a> (or, informally, YCbCr). It has three components Y', C<sub>B</sub> and C<sub>R</sub>: the Y' component represents the brightness of a pixel, and the C<sub>B</sub> and C<sub>R</sub> components represent the <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> (split into blue and red components). This is basically the same color space as used by <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital color television</a> as well as digital video including <a href="/wiki/DVD_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Video">video DVDs</a>. The Y′C<sub>B</sub>C<sub>R</sub> color space conversion allows greater compression without a significant effect on perceptual image quality (or greater perceptual image quality for the same compression). The compression is more efficient because the brightness information, which is more important to the eventual perceptual quality of the image, is confined to a single channel. This more closely corresponds to the perception of color in the human visual system. The color transformation also improves compression by statistical <a href="/wiki/Decorrelation" title="Decorrelation">decorrelation</a>. </p><p>A particular conversion to Y′C<sub>B</sub>C<sub>R</sub> is specified in the JFIF standard, and should be performed for the resulting JPEG file to have maximum compatibility. However, some JPEG implementations in "highest quality" mode do not apply this step and instead keep the color information in the RGB color model,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the image is stored in separate channels for red, green and blue brightness components. This results in less efficient compression, and would not likely be used when file size is especially important. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Downsampling">Downsampling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Downsampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the densities of color- and brightness-sensitive receptors in the human eye, humans can see considerably more fine detail in the brightness of an image (the Y' component) than in the hue and color saturation of an image (the Cb and Cr components). Using this knowledge, encoders can be designed to compress images more efficiently. </p><p>The transformation into the <a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">Y′C<sub>B</sub>C<sub>R</sub> color model</a> enables the next usual step, which is to reduce the spatial resolution of the Cb and Cr components (called "<a href="/wiki/Downsampling" class="mw-redirect" title="Downsampling">downsampling</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">chroma subsampling</a>"). The ratios at which the downsampling is ordinarily done for JPEG images are <a href="/wiki/YUV_4:4:4" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV 4:4:4">4:4:4</a> (no downsampling), <a href="/wiki/YUV_4:2:2" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV 4:2:2">4:2:2</a> (reduction by a factor of 2 in the horizontal direction), or (most commonly) <a href="/wiki/YUV_4:2:0" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV 4:2:0">4:2:0</a> (reduction by a factor of 2 in both the horizontal and vertical directions). For the rest of the compression process, Y', Cb and Cr are processed separately and in a very similar manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Block_splitting">Block splitting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Block splitting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">subsampling</a>, each <a href="/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)" title="Channel (digital image)">channel</a> must be split into 8×8 blocks. Depending on chroma subsampling, this yields Minimum Coded Unit (MCU) blocks of size 8×8 (4:4:4 – no subsampling), 16×8 (4:2:2), or most commonly 16×16 (4:2:0). In <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> MCUs are called <a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">macroblocks</a>. </p><p>If the data for a channel does not represent an integer number of blocks then the encoder must fill the remaining area of the incomplete blocks with some form of dummy data. Filling the edges with a fixed color (for example, black) can create <a href="/wiki/Ringing_artifact" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringing artifact">ringing artifacts</a> along the visible part of the border; repeating the edge pixels is a common technique that reduces (but does not necessarily eliminate) such artifacts, and more sophisticated border filling techniques can also be applied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrete_cosine_transform">Discrete cosine transform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Discrete cosine transform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_example_subimage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/JPEG_example_subimage.svg/256px-JPEG_example_subimage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/JPEG_example_subimage.svg/384px-JPEG_example_subimage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/JPEG_example_subimage.svg/512px-JPEG_example_subimage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The 8×8 sub-image shown in 8-bit grayscale</figcaption></figure> <p>Next, each 8×8 block of each component (Y, Cb, Cr) is converted to a <a href="/wiki/Frequency-domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency-domain">frequency-domain</a> representation, using a normalized, two-dimensional type-II discrete cosine transform (DCT), see Citation 1 in discrete cosine transform. The DCT is sometimes referred to as "type-II DCT" in the context of a family of transforms as in <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform#DCT-II" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a>, and the corresponding inverse (IDCT) is denoted as "type-III DCT". </p><p>As an example, one such 8×8 8-bit subimage might be: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}52&55&61&66&70&61&64&73\\63&59&55&90&109&85&69&72\\62&59&68&113&144&104&66&73\\63&58&71&122&154&106&70&69\\67&61&68&104&126&88&68&70\\79&65&60&70&77&68&58&75\\85&71&64&59&55&61&65&83\\87&79&69&68&65&76&78&94\end{array}}\right].}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>52</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>66</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>73</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>59</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>90</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>109</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>85</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>69</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>72</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>59</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>113</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>144</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>104</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>66</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>73</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>71</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>122</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>154</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>106</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>69</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>67</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>104</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>126</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>88</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>79</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>77</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>75</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>85</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>71</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>59</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>83</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>87</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>79</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>69</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>76</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>78</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>94</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}52&55&61&66&70&61&64&73\\63&59&55&90&109&85&69&72\\62&59&68&113&144&104&66&73\\63&58&71&122&154&106&70&69\\67&61&68&104&126&88&68&70\\79&65&60&70&77&68&58&75\\85&71&64&59&55&61&65&83\\87&79&69&68&65&76&78&94\end{array}}\right].}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eed8c00e62db6618fd452d3905a03f842c30ce34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:43.231ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}52&55&61&66&70&61&64&73\\63&59&55&90&109&85&69&72\\62&59&68&113&144&104&66&73\\63&58&71&122&154&106&70&69\\67&61&68&104&126&88&68&70\\79&65&60&70&77&68&58&75\\85&71&64&59&55&61&65&83\\87&79&69&68&65&76&78&94\end{array}}\right].}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Before computing the DCT of the 8×8 block, its values are shifted from a positive range to one centered on zero. For an 8-bit image, each entry in the original block falls in the range <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,255]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>255</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,255]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b92f49fdc420e36b9d62c711c3c6ebe7d9fcebc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.977ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,255]}"></span>. The midpoint of the range (in this case, the value 128) is subtracted from each entry to produce a data range that is centered on zero, so that the modified range is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-128,127]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>128</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>127</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-128,127]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3709f640eb5df69afe38bd25ef8e4bfa189a99b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.11ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-128,127]}"></span>. This step reduces the dynamic range requirements in the DCT processing stage that follows. </p><p>This step results in the following values: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g={\begin{array}{c}x\\\longrightarrow \\\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-76&-73&-67&-62&-58&-67&-64&-55\\-65&-69&-73&-38&-19&-43&-59&-56\\-66&-69&-60&-15&16&-24&-62&-55\\-65&-70&-57&-6&26&-22&-58&-59\\-61&-67&-60&-24&-2&-40&-60&-58\\-49&-63&-68&-58&-51&-60&-70&-53\\-43&-57&-64&-69&-73&-67&-63&-45\\-41&-49&-59&-60&-63&-52&-50&-34\end{array}}\right]\end{array}}{\Bigg \downarrow }y.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>x</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>76</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>73</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>67</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>67</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>69</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>73</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>38</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>43</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>59</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>66</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>69</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>16</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>26</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>22</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>59</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>67</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>40</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>49</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>51</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>53</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>43</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>69</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>73</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>67</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>45</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>41</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>49</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>59</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>52</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>50</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>34</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo fence="true" symmetric="true" maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">↓</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g={\begin{array}{c}x\\\longrightarrow \\\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-76&-73&-67&-62&-58&-67&-64&-55\\-65&-69&-73&-38&-19&-43&-59&-56\\-66&-69&-60&-15&16&-24&-62&-55\\-65&-70&-57&-6&26&-22&-58&-59\\-61&-67&-60&-24&-2&-40&-60&-58\\-49&-63&-68&-58&-51&-60&-70&-53\\-43&-57&-64&-69&-73&-67&-63&-45\\-41&-49&-59&-60&-63&-52&-50&-34\end{array}}\right]\end{array}}{\Bigg \downarrow }y.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f69a5e277c8e5d58ea12abdf1b102668b9bb5bf1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -15.505ex; width:61.493ex; height:32.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g={\begin{array}{c}x\\\longrightarrow \\\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-76&-73&-67&-62&-58&-67&-64&-55\\-65&-69&-73&-38&-19&-43&-59&-56\\-66&-69&-60&-15&16&-24&-62&-55\\-65&-70&-57&-6&26&-22&-58&-59\\-61&-67&-60&-24&-2&-40&-60&-58\\-49&-63&-68&-58&-51&-60&-70&-53\\-43&-57&-64&-69&-73&-67&-63&-45\\-41&-49&-59&-60&-63&-52&-50&-34\end{array}}\right]\end{array}}{\Bigg \downarrow }y.}"></span></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dctjpeg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dctjpeg.png/220px-Dctjpeg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dctjpeg.png/330px-Dctjpeg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Dctjpeg.png/440px-Dctjpeg.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>The DCT transforms an 8×8 block of input values to a <a href="/wiki/Linear_combination" title="Linear combination">linear combination</a> of these 64 patterns. The patterns are referred to as the two-dimensional DCT <i>basis functions</i>, and the output values are referred to as <i>transform coefficients</i>. The horizontal index is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}"></span> and the vertical index is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The next step is to take the two-dimensional DCT, which is given by: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ G_{u,v}={\frac {1}{4}}\alpha (u)\alpha (v)\sum _{x=0}^{7}\sum _{y=0}^{7}g_{x,y}\cos \left[{\frac {(2x+1)u\pi }{16}}\right]\cos \left[{\frac {(2y+1)v\pi }{16}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mn>16</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>y</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mn>16</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ G_{u,v}={\frac {1}{4}}\alpha (u)\alpha (v)\sum _{x=0}^{7}\sum _{y=0}^{7}g_{x,y}\cos \left[{\frac {(2x+1)u\pi }{16}}\right]\cos \left[{\frac {(2y+1)v\pi }{16}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e06f6ee04c9c879a283edcbb7b1fc18b86fcec5b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:65.544ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ G_{u,v}={\frac {1}{4}}\alpha (u)\alpha (v)\sum _{x=0}^{7}\sum _{y=0}^{7}g_{x,y}\cos \left[{\frac {(2x+1)u\pi }{16}}\right]\cos \left[{\frac {(2y+1)v\pi }{16}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/80af8f51c503a32959adf851b071da60d09abe39" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.91ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ u}"></span> is the horizontal <a href="/wiki/Spatial_frequency" title="Spatial frequency">spatial frequency</a>, for the integers <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq u<8}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ 0\leq u<8}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26288f96af04cc4d33c857a1409c515566313fe1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.432ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq u<8}"></span>.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b13986081794fa359dd8f21458428d16289e97b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.708ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ v}"></span> is the vertical spatial frequency, for the integers <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq v<8}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ 0\leq v<8}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce1781a557ffac59468359c37a0f7d5b96bfbb8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.23ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq v<8}"></span>.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha (u)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}},&{\mbox{if }}u=0\\1,&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>if </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>otherwise</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha (u)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}},&{\mbox{if }}u=0\\1,&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8f4e45f93406b25c18d6e1ad2359229516b2dd4f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:25.923ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha (u)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}},&{\mbox{if }}u=0\\1,&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}"></span> is a normalizing scale factor to make the transformation <a href="/wiki/Orthonormal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthonormal">orthonormal</a></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ g_{x,y}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ g_{x,y}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48529af18d39674d24616e41389325f9d2b5f393" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ g_{x,y}}"></span> is the pixel value at coordinates <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ (x,y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ (x,y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/519ebc7fb09517eb852a7be5b74d760677156e10" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.909ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ (x,y)}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ G_{u,v}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ G_{u,v}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee9ed526df74b8c84ce3d1e3813e8acc6e3f949d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.835ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ G_{u,v}}"></span> is the DCT coefficient at coordinates <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ (u,v).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ (u,v).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a447b93206adc5e8f386609f50d55f880f5fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.528ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ (u,v).}"></span></li></ul> <p>If we perform this transformation on our matrix above, we get the following (rounded to the nearest two digits beyond the decimal point): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G={\begin{array}{c}u\\\longrightarrow \\\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-415.38&-30.19&-61.20&27.24&56.12&-20.10&-2.39&0.46\\4.47&-21.86&-60.76&10.25&13.15&-7.09&-8.54&4.88\\-46.83&7.37&77.13&-24.56&-28.91&9.93&5.42&-5.65\\-48.53&12.07&34.10&-14.76&-10.24&6.30&1.83&1.95\\12.12&-6.55&-13.20&-3.95&-1.87&1.75&-2.79&3.14\\-7.73&2.91&2.38&-5.94&-2.38&0.94&4.30&1.85\\-1.03&0.18&0.42&-2.42&-0.88&-3.02&4.12&-0.66\\-0.17&0.14&-1.07&-4.19&-1.17&-0.10&0.50&1.68\end{array}}\right]\end{array}}{\Bigg \downarrow }v.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>u</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>415.38</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>30.19</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>61.20</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>27.24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>56.12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>20.10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.39</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.46</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>4.47</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>21.86</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60.76</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>10.25</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>13.15</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7.09</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8.54</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4.88</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>46.83</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>7.37</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>77.13</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>24.56</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>28.91</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>9.93</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5.42</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5.65</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>48.53</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>12.07</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>34.10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>14.76</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10.24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>6.30</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1.83</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1.95</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>12.12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6.55</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>13.20</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3.95</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1.87</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1.75</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.79</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>3.14</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7.73</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2.91</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2.38</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5.94</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.38</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.94</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4.30</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1.85</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1.03</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.18</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.42</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.42</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.88</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3.02</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4.12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.66</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.17</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1.07</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4.19</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1.17</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.50</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1.68</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo fence="true" symmetric="true" maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">↓</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>v</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G={\begin{array}{c}u\\\longrightarrow \\\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-415.38&-30.19&-61.20&27.24&56.12&-20.10&-2.39&0.46\\4.47&-21.86&-60.76&10.25&13.15&-7.09&-8.54&4.88\\-46.83&7.37&77.13&-24.56&-28.91&9.93&5.42&-5.65\\-48.53&12.07&34.10&-14.76&-10.24&6.30&1.83&1.95\\12.12&-6.55&-13.20&-3.95&-1.87&1.75&-2.79&3.14\\-7.73&2.91&2.38&-5.94&-2.38&0.94&4.30&1.85\\-1.03&0.18&0.42&-2.42&-0.88&-3.02&4.12&-0.66\\-0.17&0.14&-1.07&-4.19&-1.17&-0.10&0.50&1.68\end{array}}\right]\end{array}}{\Bigg \downarrow }v.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46ee57df2a309dd59e0a10c9ab83e8b86d712e3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -15.505ex; width:84.788ex; height:32.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G={\begin{array}{c}u\\\longrightarrow \\\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-415.38&-30.19&-61.20&27.24&56.12&-20.10&-2.39&0.46\\4.47&-21.86&-60.76&10.25&13.15&-7.09&-8.54&4.88\\-46.83&7.37&77.13&-24.56&-28.91&9.93&5.42&-5.65\\-48.53&12.07&34.10&-14.76&-10.24&6.30&1.83&1.95\\12.12&-6.55&-13.20&-3.95&-1.87&1.75&-2.79&3.14\\-7.73&2.91&2.38&-5.94&-2.38&0.94&4.30&1.85\\-1.03&0.18&0.42&-2.42&-0.88&-3.02&4.12&-0.66\\-0.17&0.14&-1.07&-4.19&-1.17&-0.10&0.50&1.68\end{array}}\right]\end{array}}{\Bigg \downarrow }v.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Note the top-left corner entry with the rather large magnitude. This is the <a href="/wiki/DC_bias" title="DC bias">DC</a> coefficient (also called the constant component), which defines the basic hue for the entire block. The remaining 63 coefficients are the AC coefficients (also called the alternating components).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage of the DCT is its tendency to aggregate most of the signal in one corner of the result, as may be seen above. The quantization step to follow accentuates this effect while simultaneously reducing the overall size of the DCT coefficients, resulting in a signal that is easy to compress efficiently in the entropy stage. </p><p>The DCT temporarily increases the bit-depth of the data, since the DCT coefficients of an 8-bit/component image take up to 11 or more bits (depending on fidelity of the DCT calculation) to store. This may force the codec to temporarily use 16-bit numbers to hold these coefficients, doubling the size of the image representation at this point; these values are typically reduced back to 8-bit values by the quantization step. The temporary increase in size at this stage is not a performance concern for most JPEG implementations, since typically only a very small part of the image is stored in full DCT form at any given time during the image encoding or decoding process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantization">Quantization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Quantization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human eye is good at seeing small differences in <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> over a relatively large area, but not so good at distinguishing the exact strength of a high frequency brightness variation. This allows one to greatly reduce the amount of information in the high frequency components. This is done by simply dividing each component in the frequency domain by a constant for that component, and then rounding to the nearest integer. This rounding operation is the only lossy operation in the whole process (other than chroma subsampling) if the DCT computation is performed with sufficiently high precision. As a result of this, it is typically the case that many of the higher frequency components are rounded to zero, and many of the rest become small positive or negative numbers, which take many fewer bits to represent. </p><p>The elements in the <a href="/wiki/Quantization_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantization matrix">quantization matrix</a> control the compression ratio, with larger values producing greater compression. A typical quantization matrix (for a quality of 50% as specified in the original JPEG Standard), is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>16</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>11</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>16</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>40</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>51</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>19</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>26</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>13</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>16</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>40</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>69</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>17</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>22</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>29</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>51</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>87</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>80</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>18</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>22</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>37</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>109</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>103</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>77</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>35</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>81</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>104</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>113</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>92</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>49</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>78</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>87</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>103</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>121</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>120</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>101</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>72</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>92</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>95</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>98</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>112</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>100</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>103</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>99</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22b028c684dba73c77c66d11739144919a55806a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:48.943ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The quantized DCT coefficients are computed with </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{j,k}=\mathrm {round} \left({\frac {G_{j,k}}{Q_{j,k}}}\right){\mbox{ for }}j=0,1,2,\ldots ,7;k=0,1,2,\ldots ,7}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> for </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mo>;</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{j,k}=\mathrm {round} \left({\frac {G_{j,k}}{Q_{j,k}}}\right){\mbox{ for }}j=0,1,2,\ldots ,7;k=0,1,2,\ldots ,7}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2f8769c96c939a404867ec6a2c597d32d807074" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:59.27ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{j,k}=\mathrm {round} \left({\frac {G_{j,k}}{Q_{j,k}}}\right){\mbox{ for }}j=0,1,2,\ldots ,7;k=0,1,2,\ldots ,7}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> is the unquantized DCT coefficients; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> is the quantization matrix above; and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> is the quantized DCT coefficients. </p><p>Using this quantization matrix with the DCT coefficient matrix from above results in: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Idct-animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Idct-animation.gif" decoding="async" width="241" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="81" /></a><figcaption>Left: a final image is built up from a series of basis functions. Right: each of the DCT basis functions that comprise the image, and the corresponding weighting coefficient. Middle: the basis function, after multiplication by the coefficient: this component is added to the final image. For clarity, the 8×8 macroblock in this example is magnified by 10x using bilinear interpolation.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B=\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-3&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right].}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>26</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B=\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-3&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right].}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dfedb02fc67c95d021b46c13f4fb21c55a361671" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:47.318ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B=\left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-3&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right].}"></span></dd></dl> <p>For example, using −415 (the DC coefficient) and rounding to the nearest integer </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {round} \left({\frac {-415.37}{16}}\right)=\mathrm {round} \left(-25.96\right)=-26.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>415.37</mn> </mrow> <mn>16</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>25.96</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>26.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {round} \left({\frac {-415.37}{16}}\right)=\mathrm {round} \left(-25.96\right)=-26.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/735d4d6bba0316b671e21d72ec34b64ece0ac3e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:45.093ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {round} \left({\frac {-415.37}{16}}\right)=\mathrm {round} \left(-25.96\right)=-26.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Notice that most of the higher-frequency elements of the sub-block (i.e., those with an <i>x</i> or <i>y</i> spatial frequency greater than 4) are quantized into zero values. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entropy_coding">Entropy coding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Entropy coding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy encoding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_ZigZag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JPEG_ZigZag.svg/220px-JPEG_ZigZag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JPEG_ZigZag.svg/330px-JPEG_ZigZag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JPEG_ZigZag.svg/440px-JPEG_ZigZag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Zigzag ordering of JPEG image components</figcaption></figure> <p>Entropy coding is a special form of <a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a>. It involves arranging the image components in a "<a href="/wiki/Zigzag" title="Zigzag">zigzag</a>" order employing <a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">run-length encoding</a> (RLE) algorithm that groups similar frequencies together, inserting length coding zeros, and then using <a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman coding</a> on what is left. </p><p>The JPEG standard also allows, but does not require, decoders to support the use of <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">arithmetic coding</a>, which is mathematically superior to Huffman coding. However, this feature has rarely been used, as it was historically covered by <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> requiring royalty-bearing licenses, and because it is slower to encode and decode compared to Huffman coding. Arithmetic coding typically makes files about 5–7% smaller<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="claim that is too general, needs to refer to source that states corpus over which that's true (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The previous quantized DC coefficient is used to predict the current quantized DC coefficient. The difference between the two is encoded rather than the actual value. The encoding of the 63 quantized AC coefficients does not use such prediction differencing. </p><p>The zigzag sequence for the above quantized coefficients are shown below. (The format shown is just for ease of understanding/viewing.) </p> <dl><dd><table style="text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 2em">−26</td> <td style="width: 2em"></td> <td style="width: 2em"></td> <td style="width: 2em"></td> <td style="width: 2em"></td> <td style="width: 2em"></td> <td style="width: 2em"></td> <td style="width: 2em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3</td> <td>−2</td> <td>−6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>−4</td> <td>1</td> <td>−3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td>1</td> <td>−1</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>−1</td> <td>−1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>If the <i>i</i>-th block is represented by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82cda0578ec6b48774c541ecb9bee4a90176e62f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.564ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}}"></span> and positions within each block are represented by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (p,q)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (p,q)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9769c58523b9b639866a2d48e657d9c26911143a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.082ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (p,q)}"></span> where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=0,1,...,7}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=0,1,...,7}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/321c96feba81801116254d224ab7bb79bdd375d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:14.048ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=0,1,...,7}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q=0,1,...,7}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q=0,1,...,7}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3b0859c7bd5283108e9c86665c69d22bd2f9fd9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.859ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q=0,1,...,7}"></span>, then any coefficient in the DCT image can be represented as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(p,q)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(p,q)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed3f320727423b554203cc652a1fdb6d5f76dbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.646ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(p,q)}"></span>. Thus, in the above scheme, the order of encoding pixels (for the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span>-th block) is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,0)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,0)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65ea54e33f4bf478b014e3c056a8b965d185ccaa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,0)}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/61bcdf21d4e2055bd6a358c4ad33f9966d72ecdc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,1)}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,0)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,0)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9ca35795602fcbe126839f8ffff1672be8669f46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,0)}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(2,0)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(2,0)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2e444df2146f1633650409c12131f5171ec1ad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(2,0)}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27df7246ec130c6b237892ae659d449c35339651" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,1)}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3325d6844e6c12b4308448242f841124416d46a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,2)}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,3)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,3)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b6da8541a0a9531493a96653f592cd5eb7df857" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,3)}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5ed1b368a178c3e5ecdc50b00e05f8e2927cd13" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,2)}"></span> and so on. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_process.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JPEG_process.svg/300px-JPEG_process.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JPEG_process.svg/450px-JPEG_process.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JPEG_process.svg/600px-JPEG_process.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><i>Baseline sequential</i> JPEG encoding and decoding processes</figcaption></figure> <p>This encoding mode is called baseline <i>sequential</i> encoding. Baseline JPEG also supports <i>progressive</i> encoding. While sequential encoding encodes coefficients of a single block at a time (in a zigzag manner), progressive encoding encodes similar-positioned batch of coefficients of all blocks in one go (called a <i>scan</i>), followed by the next batch of coefficients of all blocks, and so on. For example, if the image is divided into N 8×8 blocks <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{0},B_{1},B_{2},...,B_{n-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{0},B_{1},B_{2},...,B_{n-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/759e514b05cf01bde8094c0d60f69b6c7bbed65f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.775ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{0},B_{1},B_{2},...,B_{n-1}}"></span>, then a 3-scan progressive encoding encodes DC component, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,0)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,0)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65ea54e33f4bf478b014e3c056a8b965d185ccaa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,0)}"></span> for all blocks, i.e., for all <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=0,1,2,...,N-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=0,1,2,...,N-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/049095caa498c9731264dd02de727a4f8e14528d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.692ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=0,1,2,...,N-1}"></span>, in first scan. This is followed by the second scan which encoding a few more components (assuming four more components, they are <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/61bcdf21d4e2055bd6a358c4ad33f9966d72ecdc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,1)}"></span> to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27df7246ec130c6b237892ae659d449c35339651" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,1)}"></span>, still in a zigzag manner) coefficients of all blocks (so the sequence is: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{0}(0,1),B_{0}(1,0),B_{0}(2,0),B_{0}(1,1),B_{1}(0,1),B_{1}(1,0),...,B_{N}(2,0),B_{N}(1,1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{0}(0,1),B_{0}(1,0),B_{0}(2,0),B_{0}(1,1),B_{1}(0,1),B_{1}(1,0),...,B_{N}(2,0),B_{N}(1,1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85a9690aefe25bbad4b5df7b2cb11dd14de7fcb1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:76.539ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{0}(0,1),B_{0}(1,0),B_{0}(2,0),B_{0}(1,1),B_{1}(0,1),B_{1}(1,0),...,B_{N}(2,0),B_{N}(1,1)}"></span>), followed by all the remained coefficients of all blocks in the last scan. </p><p>Once all similar-positioned coefficients have been encoded, the next position to be encoded is the one occurring next in the zigzag traversal as indicated in the figure above. It has been found that <i>baseline progressive</i> JPEG encoding usually gives better compression as compared to <i>baseline sequential</i> JPEG due to the ability to use different Huffman tables (see below) tailored for different frequencies on each "scan" or "pass" (which includes similar-positioned coefficients), though the difference is not too large. </p><p>In the rest of the article, it is assumed that the coefficient pattern generated is due to sequential mode. </p><p>In order to encode the above generated coefficient pattern, JPEG uses Huffman encoding. The JPEG standard provides general-purpose Huffman tables; encoders may also choose to generate Huffman tables optimized for the actual frequency distributions in images being encoded. </p><p>The process of encoding the zig-zag quantized data begins with a run-length encoding explained below, where: </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span> is the non-zero, quantized AC coefficient.</li> <li><i>RUNLENGTH</i> is the number of zeroes that came before this non-zero AC coefficient.</li> <li><i>SIZE</i> is the number of bits required to represent <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span>.</li> <li><i>AMPLITUDE</i> is the bit-representation of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span>.</li></ul> <p>The run-length encoding works by examining each non-zero AC coefficient <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span> and determining how many zeroes came before the previous AC coefficient. With this information, two symbols are created: </p> <dl><dd><table style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol 1</th> <th>Symbol 2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>(RUNLENGTH, SIZE)</td> <td>(AMPLITUDE) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Both <i>RUNLENGTH</i> and <i>SIZE</i> rest on the same byte, meaning that each only contains four bits of information. The higher bits deal with the number of zeroes, while the lower bits denote the number of bits necessary to encode the value of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span>. </p><p>This has the immediate implication of <i>Symbol 1</i> being only able store information regarding the first 15 zeroes preceding the non-zero AC coefficient. However, JPEG defines two special Huffman code words. One is for ending the sequence prematurely when the remaining coefficients are zero (called "End-of-Block" or "EOB"), and another when the run of zeroes goes beyond 15 before reaching a non-zero AC coefficient. In such a case where 16 zeroes are encountered before a given non-zero AC coefficient, <i>Symbol 1</i> is encoded "specially" as: (15, 0)(0). </p><p>The overall process continues until "EOB" –  denoted by (0, 0) –  is reached. </p><p>With this in mind, the sequence from earlier becomes: </p> <dl><dd>(0, 2)(-3);(1, 2)(-3);(0, 2)(-2);(0, 3)(-6);(0, 2)(2);(0, 3)(-4);(0, 1)(1);(0, 2)(-3);(0, 1)(1);(0, 1)(1);</dd> <dd>(0, 3)(5);(0, 1)(1);(0, 2)(2);(0, 1)(-1);(0, 1)(1);(0, 1)(-1);(0, 2)(2);(5, 1)(-1);(0, 1)(-1);(0, 0);</dd></dl> <p>(The first value in the matrix, −26, is the DC coefficient; it is not encoded the same way. See above.) </p><p>From here, frequency calculations are made based on occurrences of the coefficients. In our example block, most of the quantized coefficients are small numbers that are not preceded immediately by a zero coefficient. These more-frequent cases will be represented by shorter code words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression_ratio_and_artifacts">Compression ratio and artifacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Compression ratio and artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichtenstein_jpeg_difference.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lichtenstein_jpeg_difference.png/256px-Lichtenstein_jpeg_difference.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lichtenstein_jpeg_difference.png/384px-Lichtenstein_jpeg_difference.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Lichtenstein_jpeg_difference.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>This image shows the pixels that are different between a non-compressed image and the same image JPEG compressed with a quality setting of 50. Darker means a larger difference. Note especially the changes occurring near sharp edges and having a block-like shape.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichtenstein_img_processing_test.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lichtenstein_img_processing_test.png/256px-Lichtenstein_img_processing_test.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lichtenstein_img_processing_test.png/384px-Lichtenstein_img_processing_test.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Lichtenstein_img_processing_test.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The original image</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jpegvergroessert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Jpegvergroessert.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>The compressed 8×8 squares are visible in the scaled-up picture, together with other visual artifacts of the <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The resulting compression ratio can be varied according to need by being more or less aggressive in the divisors used in the quantization phase. Ten to one compression usually results in an image that cannot be distinguished by eye from the original. A compression ratio of 100:1 is usually possible, but will look distinctly artifacted compared to the original. The appropriate level of compression depends on the use to which the image will be put. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.cmpnet.com/videsignline/2006/02/algolith-fig2.jpg">Illustration of edge busyness</a><sup id="cite_ref-dinhpatry_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinhpatry-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Those who use the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> may be familiar with the irregularities known as <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">compression artifacts</a> that appear in JPEG images, which may take the form of noise around contrasting edges (especially curves and corners), or "blocky" images. These are due to the quantization step of the JPEG algorithm. They are especially noticeable around sharp corners between contrasting colors (text is a good example, as it contains many such corners). The analogous artifacts in <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> video are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito noise">mosquito noise</a>,</i> as the resulting "edge busyness" and spurious dots, which change over time, resemble mosquitoes swarming around the object.<sup id="cite_ref-dinhpatry_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinhpatry-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These artifacts can be reduced by choosing a lower level of <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">compression</a>; they may be completely avoided by saving an image using a lossless file format, though this will result in a larger file size. The images created with <a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray-tracing</a> programs have noticeable blocky shapes on the terrain. Certain low-intensity compression artifacts might be acceptable when simply viewing the images, but can be emphasized if the image is subsequently processed, usually resulting in unacceptable quality. Consider the example below, demonstrating the effect of lossy compression on an <a href="/wiki/Edge_detection" title="Edge detection">edge detection</a> processing step. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Lossless compression</th> <th>Lossy compression </th></tr> <tr> <th>Original </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossless-circle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lossless-circle.png/100px-Lossless-circle.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lossless-circle.png/150px-Lossless-circle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lossless-circle.png/200px-Lossless-circle.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossy-circle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lossy-circle.jpg/100px-Lossy-circle.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lossy-circle.jpg/150px-Lossy-circle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lossy-circle.jpg/200px-Lossy-circle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="205" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Processed by<br /><a href="/wiki/Canny_edge_detector" title="Canny edge detector">Canny edge detector</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossless-circle-canny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lossless-circle-canny.png/100px-Lossless-circle-canny.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lossless-circle-canny.png/150px-Lossless-circle-canny.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lossless-circle-canny.png/200px-Lossless-circle-canny.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lossy-circle-canny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lossy-circle-canny.png/100px-Lossy-circle-canny.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lossy-circle-canny.png/150px-Lossy-circle-canny.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lossy-circle-canny.png/200px-Lossy-circle-canny.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="205" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some programs allow the user to vary the amount by which individual blocks are compressed. Stronger compression is applied to areas of the image that show fewer artifacts. This way it is possible to manually reduce JPEG file size with less loss of quality. </p><p>Since the quantization stage <i>always</i> results in a loss of information, JPEG standard is always a lossy compression codec. (Information is lost both in quantizing and rounding of the floating-point numbers.) Even if the quantization matrix is a <a href="/wiki/Matrix_of_ones" title="Matrix of ones">matrix of ones</a>, information will still be lost in the rounding step. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decoding">Decoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Decoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decoding to display the image consists of doing all the above in reverse. </p><p>Taking the DCT coefficient matrix (after adding the difference of the DC coefficient back in) </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-3&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>26</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-3&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d681176f165171c22d40b070b93cee3e7d627cc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:41.421ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-3&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>and taking the <a href="/wiki/Hadamard_product_(matrices)" title="Hadamard product (matrices)">entry-for-entry product</a> with the quantization matrix from above results in </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-416&-33&-60&32&48&-40&0&0\\0&-24&-56&19&26&0&0&0\\-42&13&80&-24&-40&0&0&0\\-42&17&44&-29&0&0&0&0\\18&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>416</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>33</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>32</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>48</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>40</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>19</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>26</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>42</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>13</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>80</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>40</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>42</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>17</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>44</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>29</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>18</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-416&-33&-60&32&48&-40&0&0\\0&-24&-56&19&26&0&0&0\\-42&13&80&-24&-40&0&0&0\\-42&17&44&-29&0&0&0&0\\18&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1336551027236825e4e96dad3e5da329b567f18" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:48.396ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-416&-33&-60&32&48&-40&0&0\\0&-24&-56&19&26&0&0&0\\-42&13&80&-24&-40&0&0&0\\-42&17&44&-29&0&0&0&0\\18&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>which closely resembles the original DCT coefficient matrix for the top-left portion. </p><p>The next step is to take the two-dimensional inverse DCT (a 2D type-III DCT), which is given by: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{x,y}={\frac {1}{4}}\sum _{u=0}^{7}\sum _{v=0}^{7}\alpha (u)\alpha (v)F_{u,v}\cos \left[{\frac {(2x+1)u\pi }{16}}\right]\cos \left[{\frac {(2y+1)v\pi }{16}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mn>16</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>y</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mn>16</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{x,y}={\frac {1}{4}}\sum _{u=0}^{7}\sum _{v=0}^{7}\alpha (u)\alpha (v)F_{u,v}\cos \left[{\frac {(2x+1)u\pi }{16}}\right]\cos \left[{\frac {(2y+1)v\pi }{16}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b57a66586a29b5d371243341173f5fd1c00822b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:64.662ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{x,y}={\frac {1}{4}}\sum _{u=0}^{7}\sum _{v=0}^{7}\alpha (u)\alpha (v)F_{u,v}\cos \left[{\frac {(2x+1)u\pi }{16}}\right]\cos \left[{\frac {(2y+1)v\pi }{16}}\right]}"></span> </p><p>where </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9923068b5684340554217dfc8b2b968523527d9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.91ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ x}"></span> is the pixel row, for the integers <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq x<8}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ 0\leq x<8}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/312a86672d48c531b9c36fa0db4a1db9e857b33f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.432ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq x<8}"></span>.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e64598c4f945fe21fbf547a5d349969c7e6d852d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.736ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ y}"></span> is the pixel column, for the integers <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq y<8}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ 0\leq y<8}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5edc6acedf20bbc82e7da120a628227119b67fe3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.258ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq y<8}"></span>.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \alpha (u)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \alpha (u)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a9dc3bcc9f50c5a8f06f42ab28eaac1c43a3967" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \alpha (u)}"></span> is the normalizing scale factor defined earlier, for the integers <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq u<8}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ 0\leq u<8}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26288f96af04cc4d33c857a1409c515566313fe1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.432ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ 0\leq u<8}"></span>.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ F_{u,v}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ F_{u,v}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4cb67d0051b258241b59d79048746c78d2c4d68" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.502ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ F_{u,v}}"></span> is the approximated DCT coefficient at coordinates <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ (u,v).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ (u,v).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a447b93206adc5e8f386609f50d55f880f5fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.528ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ (u,v).}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ f_{x,y}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ f_{x,y}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27e9c6aea50f86347c45a9c6fc56aecbb84e0030" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.167ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ f_{x,y}}"></span> is the reconstructed pixel value at coordinates <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ (x,y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ (x,y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/519ebc7fb09517eb852a7be5b74d760677156e10" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.909ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ (x,y)}"></span></li></ul> <p>Rounding the output to integer values (since the original had integer values) results in an image with values (still shifted down by 128) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_example_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/JPEG_example_image.jpg/180px-JPEG_example_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/JPEG_example_image.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_example_image_decompressed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/JPEG_example_image_decompressed.jpg/180px-JPEG_example_image_decompressed.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/JPEG_example_image_decompressed.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Slight differences are noticeable between the original (top) and decompressed image (bottom), which is most readily seen in the bottom-left corner.</div></div></div></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-66&-63&-71&-68&-56&-65&-68&-46\\-71&-73&-72&-46&-20&-41&-66&-57\\-70&-78&-68&-17&20&-14&-61&-63\\-63&-73&-62&-8&27&-14&-60&-58\\-58&-65&-61&-27&-6&-40&-68&-50\\-57&-57&-64&-58&-48&-66&-72&-47\\-53&-46&-61&-74&-65&-63&-62&-45\\-47&-34&-53&-74&-60&-47&-47&-41\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>66</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>71</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>46</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>71</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>73</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>72</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>46</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>20</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>41</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>66</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>78</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>17</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>20</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>73</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>27</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>40</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>50</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>48</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>66</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>72</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>47</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>53</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>46</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>74</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>45</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>47</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>34</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>53</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>74</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>47</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>47</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>41</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-66&-63&-71&-68&-56&-65&-68&-46\\-71&-73&-72&-46&-20&-41&-66&-57\\-70&-78&-68&-17&20&-14&-61&-63\\-63&-73&-62&-8&27&-14&-60&-58\\-58&-65&-61&-27&-6&-40&-68&-50\\-57&-57&-64&-58&-48&-66&-72&-47\\-53&-46&-61&-74&-65&-63&-62&-45\\-47&-34&-53&-74&-60&-47&-47&-41\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3122f79ddeb024d01857afa1326287ef6ef8259e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:53.175ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-66&-63&-71&-68&-56&-65&-68&-46\\-71&-73&-72&-46&-20&-41&-66&-57\\-70&-78&-68&-17&20&-14&-61&-63\\-63&-73&-62&-8&27&-14&-60&-58\\-58&-65&-61&-27&-6&-40&-68&-50\\-57&-57&-64&-58&-48&-66&-72&-47\\-53&-46&-61&-74&-65&-63&-62&-45\\-47&-34&-53&-74&-60&-47&-47&-41\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>and adding 128 to each entry </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}62&65&57&60&72&63&60&82\\57&55&56&82&108&87&62&71\\58&50&60&111&148&114&67&65\\65&55&66&120&155&114&68&70\\70&63&67&101&122&88&60&78\\71&71&64&70&80&62&56&81\\75&82&67&54&63&65&66&83\\81&94&75&54&68&81&81&87\end{array}}\right].}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>72</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>82</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>82</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>108</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>87</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>71</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>50</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>111</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>148</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>114</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>67</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>66</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>120</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>155</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>114</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>67</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>101</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>122</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>88</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>78</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>71</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>71</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>70</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>80</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>81</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>75</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>82</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>67</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>54</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>63</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>65</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>66</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>83</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>81</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>94</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>75</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>54</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>81</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>81</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>87</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}62&65&57&60&72&63&60&82\\57&55&56&82&108&87&62&71\\58&50&60&111&148&114&67&65\\65&55&66&120&155&114&68&70\\70&63&67&101&122&88&60&78\\71&71&64&70&80&62&56&81\\75&82&67&54&63&65&66&83\\81&94&75&54&68&81&81&87\end{array}}\right].}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/97c63837bcedc3e999e024b101278c9ad8789553" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:43.231ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}62&65&57&60&72&63&60&82\\57&55&56&82&108&87&62&71\\58&50&60&111&148&114&67&65\\65&55&66&120&155&114&68&70\\70&63&67&101&122&88&60&78\\71&71&64&70&80&62&56&81\\75&82&67&54&63&65&66&83\\81&94&75&54&68&81&81&87\end{array}}\right].}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This is the decompressed subimage. In general, the decompression process may produce values outside the original input range of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,255]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>255</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,255]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b92f49fdc420e36b9d62c711c3c6ebe7d9fcebc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.977ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,255]}"></span>. If this occurs, the decoder needs to clip the output values so as to keep them within that range to prevent overflow when storing the decompressed image with the original bit depth. </p><p>The decompressed subimage can be compared to the original subimage (also see images to the right) by taking the difference (original − uncompressed) results in the following error values: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-10&-10&4&6&-2&-2&4&-9\\6&4&-1&8&1&-2&7&1\\4&9&8&2&-4&-10&-1&8\\-2&3&5&2&-1&-8&2&-1\\-3&-2&1&3&4&0&8&-8\\8&-6&-4&-0&-3&6&2&-6\\10&-11&-3&5&-8&-4&-1&-0\\6&-15&-6&14&-3&-5&-3&7\end{array}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right right right right right right right right" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>9</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>7</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>9</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>11</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>7</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-10&-10&4&6&-2&-2&4&-9\\6&4&-1&8&1&-2&7&1\\4&9&8&2&-4&-10&-1&8\\-2&3&5&2&-1&-8&2&-1\\-3&-2&1&3&4&0&8&-8\\8&-6&-4&-0&-3&6&2&-6\\10&-11&-3&5&-8&-4&-1&-0\\6&-15&-6&14&-3&-5&-3&7\end{array}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57b41af069e9b6354156d2640bf40825c80b1b4a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:47.362ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rrrrrrrr}-10&-10&4&6&-2&-2&4&-9\\6&4&-1&8&1&-2&7&1\\4&9&8&2&-4&-10&-1&8\\-2&3&5&2&-1&-8&2&-1\\-3&-2&1&3&4&0&8&-8\\8&-6&-4&-0&-3&6&2&-6\\10&-11&-3&5&-8&-4&-1&-0\\6&-15&-6&14&-3&-5&-3&7\end{array}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>with an average absolute error of about 5 values per pixels (i.e., <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{64}}\sum _{x=0}^{7}\sum _{y=0}^{7}|e(x,y)|=4.8750}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>64</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4.8750</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{64}}\sum _{x=0}^{7}\sum _{y=0}^{7}|e(x,y)|=4.8750}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa75b55ce455b830a477e87473530aae309fca3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:28.295ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{64}}\sum _{x=0}^{7}\sum _{y=0}^{7}|e(x,y)|=4.8750}"></span>). </p><p>The error is most noticeable in the bottom-left corner where the bottom-left pixel becomes darker than the pixel to its immediate right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Required_precision">Required precision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Required precision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The required implementation precision of a JPEG codec is implicitly defined through the requirements formulated for compliance to the JPEG standard. These requirements are specified in ITU.T Recommendation T.83 | ISO/IEC 10918-2. Unlike MPEG standards and many later JPEG standards, the above document defines both required implementation precisions for the encoding and the decoding process of a JPEG codec by means of a maximal tolerable error of the forwards and inverse DCT in the DCT domain as determined by reference test streams. For example, the output of a decoder implementation must not exceed an error of one quantization unit in the DCT domain when applied to the reference testing codestreams provided as part of the above standard. While unusual, and unlike many other and more modern standards, ITU.T T.83 | ISO/IEC 10918-2 does not formulate error bounds in the image domain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_JPEG_compression">Effects of JPEG compression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Effects of JPEG compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JPEG compression artifacts blend well into photographs with detailed non-uniform textures, allowing higher compression ratios. Notice how a higher compression ratio first affects the high-frequency textures in the upper-left corner of the image, and how the contrasting lines become more fuzzy. The very high compression ratio severely affects the quality of the image, although the overall colors and image form are still recognizable. However, the precision of colors suffer less (for a human eye) than the precision of contours (based on luminance). This justifies the fact that images should be first transformed in a color model separating the luminance from the chromatic information, before subsampling the chromatic planes (which may also use lower quality quantization) in order to preserve the precision of the luminance plane with more information bits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_photographs">Sample photographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sample photographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visual_impact_of_a_jpeg_compression_on_Photoshop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Visual_impact_of_a_jpeg_compression_on_Photoshop.jpg/220px-Visual_impact_of_a_jpeg_compression_on_Photoshop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Visual_impact_of_a_jpeg_compression_on_Photoshop.jpg/330px-Visual_impact_of_a_jpeg_compression_on_Photoshop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Visual_impact_of_a_jpeg_compression_on_Photoshop.jpg/440px-Visual_impact_of_a_jpeg_compression_on_Photoshop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Visual impact of a jpeg compression on Photoshop on a picture of 4480x4480 pixels</figcaption></figure> <p>For information, the uncompressed 24-bit RGB bitmap image below (73,242 pixels) would require 219,726 bytes (excluding all other information headers). The filesizes indicated below include the internal JPEG information headers and some <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. For highest quality images (Q=100), about 8.25 bits per color pixel is required. On grayscale images, a minimum of 6.5 bits per pixel is enough (a comparable Q=100 quality color information requires about 25% more encoded bits). The highest quality image below (Q=100) is encoded at nine bits per color pixel, the medium quality image (Q=25) uses one bit per color pixel. For most applications, the quality factor should not go below 0.75 bit per pixel (Q=12.5), as demonstrated by the low quality image. The image at lowest quality uses only 0.13 bit per pixel, and displays very poor color. This is useful when the image will be displayed in a significantly scaled-down size. A method for creating better quantization matrices for a given image quality using <a href="/wiki/PSNR" class="mw-redirect" title="PSNR">PSNR</a> instead of the Q factor is described in Minguillón & Pujol (2001).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption align="bottom">Note: The above images are not <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> / <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">CCIR</a> / <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">test images</a>, and the encoder settings are not specified or available. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Quality</th> <th>Size (bytes)</th> <th>Compression ratio</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_100.jpg/120px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_100.jpg/180px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_100.jpg/240px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="234" /></a></span> </td> <td>Highest quality (Q = 100) </td> <td>81,447 </td> <td>2.7:1 </td> <td>Extremely minor artifacts </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_050.jpg/120px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_050.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_050.jpg/180px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_050.jpg/240px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="234" /></a></span> </td> <td>High quality (Q = 50) </td> <td>14,679 </td> <td>15:1 </td> <td>Initial signs of subimage artifacts </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_025.jpg/120px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_025.jpg/180px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_025.jpg/240px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="234" /></a></span> </td> <td>Medium quality (Q = 25) </td> <td>9,407 </td> <td>23:1 </td> <td>Stronger artifacts; loss of high frequency information </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_010.jpg/120px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_010.jpg/180px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_010.jpg/240px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="234" /></a></span> </td> <td>Low quality (Q = 10) </td> <td>4,787 </td> <td>46:1 </td> <td>Severe high frequency loss leads to obvious artifacts on subimage boundaries ("macroblocking") </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_001.jpg/120px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_001.jpg/180px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_001.jpg/240px-JPEG_example_JPG_RIP_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="234" /></a></span> </td> <td>Lowest quality (Q = 1) </td> <td>1,523 </td> <td>144:1 </td> <td>Extreme loss of color and detail; the leaves are nearly unrecognizable. </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The medium quality photo uses only 4.3% of the storage space required for the uncompressed image, but has little noticeable loss of detail or visible artifacts. However, once a certain threshold of compression is passed, compressed images show increasingly visible defects. See the article on <a href="/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">rate–distortion theory</a> for a mathematical explanation of this threshold effect. A particular limitation of JPEG in this regard is its non-overlapped 8×8 block transform structure. More modern designs such as <a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a> exhibit a more graceful degradation of quality as the bit usage decreases – by using transforms with a larger spatial extent for the lower frequency coefficients and by using overlapping transform basis functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lossless_further_compression">Lossless further compression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Lossless further compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2004 to 2008, new research emerged on ways to further compress the data contained in JPEG images without modifying the represented image.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauermann_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauermann-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ponomarenko_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponomarenko-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stirner_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stirner-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-matsuda_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsuda-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has applications in scenarios where the original image is only available in JPEG format, and its size needs to be reduced for archiving or transmission. Standard general-purpose compression tools cannot significantly compress JPEG files. </p><p>Typically, such schemes take advantage of improvements to the naive scheme for coding DCT coefficients, which fails to take into account: </p> <ul><li>Correlations between magnitudes of adjacent coefficients in the same block;</li> <li>Correlations between magnitudes of the same coefficient in adjacent blocks;</li> <li>Correlations between magnitudes of the same coefficient/block in different channels;</li> <li>The DC coefficients when taken together resemble a downscale version of the original image multiplied by a scaling factor. Well-known schemes for lossless coding of continuous-tone images can be applied, achieving somewhat better compression than the <a href="/wiki/Huffman_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffman code">Huffman coded</a> <a href="/wiki/DPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="DPCM">DPCM</a> used in JPEG.</li></ul> <p>Some standard but rarely used options already exist in JPEG to improve the efficiency of coding DCT coefficients: the arithmetic coding option, and the progressive coding option (which produces lower bitrates because values for each coefficient are coded independently, and each coefficient has a significantly different distribution). Modern methods have improved on these techniques by reordering coefficients to group coefficients of larger magnitude together;<sup id="cite_ref-Bauermann_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauermann-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using adjacent coefficients and blocks to predict new coefficient values;<sup id="cite_ref-stirner_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stirner-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dividing blocks or coefficients up among a small number of independently coded models based on their statistics and adjacent values;<sup id="cite_ref-Ponomarenko_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponomarenko-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stirner_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stirner-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most recently, by decoding blocks, predicting subsequent blocks in the spatial domain, and then encoding these to generate predictions for DCT coefficients.<sup id="cite_ref-matsuda_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsuda-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, such methods can compress existing JPEG files between 15 and 25 percent, and for JPEGs compressed at low-quality settings, can produce improvements of up to 65%.<sup id="cite_ref-stirner_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stirner-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-matsuda_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsuda-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A freely available tool called packJPG is based on the 2007 paper "Improved Redundancy Reduction for JPEG Files." As of version 2.5k of 2016, it reports a typical 20% reduction by transcoding.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JPEG XL (ISO/IEC 18181) of 2018 reports a similar reduction in its transcoding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_formats_for_stereoscopic_3D">Derived formats for stereoscopic 3D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Derived formats for stereoscopic 3D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG_Stereoscopic">JPEG Stereoscopic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: JPEG Stereoscopic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JPS-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JPS-sample.jpg/220px-JPS-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JPS-sample.jpg/330px-JPS-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/JPS-sample.jpg/440px-JPS-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>An example of a stereoscopic .JPS file</figcaption></figure> <p>JPS is a stereoscopic JPEG image used for creating 3D effects from 2D images. It contains two static images, one for the left eye and one for the right eye; encoded as two side-by-side images in a single JPG file. JPEG Stereoscopic (JPS, extension .jps) is a JPEG-based format for <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a> images.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a range of configurations stored in the JPEG APP3 marker field, but usually contains one image of double width, representing two images of identical size in cross-eyed (i.e. left frame on the right half of the image and vice versa) side-by-side arrangement. This file format can be viewed as a JPEG without any special software, or can be processed for rendering in other modes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG_Multi-Picture_Format">JPEG Multi-Picture Format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: JPEG Multi-Picture Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">JPEG Multi-Picture</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">.mpo</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.mpo-image<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>JPEG Multi-Picture Format (MPO, extension .mpo) is a JPEG-based format for storing multiple images in a single file. It contains two or more JPEG files concatenated together.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also defines a JPEG APP2 marker segment for image description. Various devices use it to store 3D images, such as <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D_W1" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W1">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W1</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTC_Evo_3D" title="HTC Evo 3D">HTC Evo 3D</a>, JVC GY-HMZ1U AVCHD/MVC extension camcorder, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ20" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ20">Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ30" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ30">DMC-TZ30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ60" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ60">DMC-TZ60</a>, DMC-TS4 (FT4), and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> DSC-HX7V. Other devices use it to store "preview images" that can be displayed on a TV. </p><p>In the last few years, due to the growing use of stereoscopic images, much effort has been spent by the scientific community to develop algorithms for stereoscopic image compression.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A very important implementation of a JPEG codec is the free programming library <b><a href="/wiki/Libjpeg" title="Libjpeg">libjpeg</a></b> of the Independent JPEG Group. It was first published in 1991 and was key for the success of the standard. This library was used in countless applications.<sup id="cite_ref-JPEG-homepage_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPEG-homepage-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development went quiet in 1998; when libjpeg resurfaced with the 2009 version 7, it broke <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">ABI compatibility</a> with previous versions. Version 8 of 2010 introduced non-standard extensions, a decision criticized by the original IJG leader Tom Lane.<sup id="cite_ref-TomSmartScale_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomSmartScale-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>libjpeg-turbo</b>, forked from the 1998 libjpeg 6b, improves on libjpeg with <a href="/wiki/SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> optimizations. Originally seen as a maintained fork of libjpeg, it has become more popular after the incompatible changes of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-turbo-software_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turbo-software-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chromium_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chromium-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, it became the ITU|ISO/IEC reference implementation as ISO/IEC 10918-7 and ITU-T T.873.<sup id="cite_ref-refimpl_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refimpl-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ISO/IEC Joint Photography Experts Group maintains the other reference software implementation under the <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a> heading. It can encode both base JPEG (ISO/IEC 10918-1 and 18477–1) and <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a> extensions (ISO/IEC 18477 Parts 2 and 6–9), as well as <a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a> (ISO/IEC 14495).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, "JPEG on steroids" was introduced as an option for the ISO JPEG XT reference implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is persistent interest in encoding JPEG in unconventional ways that maximize image quality for a given file size. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> created <b>MozJPEG</b> from libjpeg-turbo, a slower but higher-quality encoder intended for web images.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2017, Google released the open source project <a href="/wiki/Guetzli" title="Guetzli">Guetzli</a>, which trades off a much longer encoding time for smaller file size (similar to what <a href="/wiki/Zopfli" title="Zopfli">Zopfli</a> does for PNG and other lossless data formats).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2024, Google introduced <b>Jpegli</b>, a new JPEG coding library that offers enhanced capabilities and a 35% compression ratio improvement at high quality compression settings, while the coding speed is comparable with MozJPEG.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors">Successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Joint Photographic Experts Group has developed several newer standards meant to complement or replace the functionality of the original JPEG format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG_LS">JPEG LS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: JPEG LS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JPEG_LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG LS">JPEG LS</a></div> <p>Originating in 1993 and published as ISO-14495-1/ITU-T.87, JPEG LS offers a low-complexity lossless file format which was more efficient than JPEG's original lossless implementation. It also features a lossy mode close to lossless. Its functionality is largely limited to that, and largely shares the same limitations of the original JPEG in other aspects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG_2000">JPEG 2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: JPEG 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></div> <p>JPEG 2000 was published as ISO/IEC 15444 in December 2000. It is based on a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">discrete wavelet transform</a> (DWT) and was designed to completely replace the original JPEG standard and exceed it in every way. It allows up to 38 bits per colour channel and 16384 channels, more than any other format, with a multitude of colour spaces, and thus high dynamic range (HDR). Furthermore, it supports alpha transparency coding, billions-by-billions pixel images, which is also more than any other format, and lossless compression. It has significantly improved lossy compression ratio with significantly less visible artefacts at strong compression levels.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG_XT">JPEG XT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: JPEG XT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></div> <p>JPEG XT (ISO/IEC 18477) was published in June 2015; it extends base JPEG format with support for higher integer bit depths (up to 16 bit), high dynamic range imaging and floating-point coding, lossless coding, and alpha channel coding. Extensions are backward compatible with the base JPEG/JFIF file format and 8-bit lossy compressed image. JPEG XT uses an extensible file format based on JFIF. Extension layers are used to modify the JPEG 8-bit base layer and restore the high-resolution image. Existing software is forward compatible and can read the JPEG XT binary stream, though it would only decode the base 8-bit layer.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JPEG_XL">JPEG XL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: JPEG XL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></div> <p>JPEG XL (ISO/IEC 18181) was published in 2021–2022. It replaces the JPEG format with a new DCT-based <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> format and allows efficient transcoding as a storage option for traditional JPEG images.<sup id="cite_ref-spie_jpegxl_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spie_jpegxl-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new format is designed to exceed the still image compression performance shown by <a href="/wiki/HEIF" class="mw-redirect" title="HEIF">HEIF</a> HM, <a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a> and <a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a>. It supports billion-by-billion pixel images, up to 32-bit-per-component <a href="/wiki/High_dynamic_range" title="High dynamic range">high dynamic range</a> with the appropriate transfer functions (<a href="/wiki/Perceptual_quantizer" title="Perceptual quantizer">PQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_log%E2%80%93gamma" title="Hybrid log–gamma">HLG</a>), patch encoding of synthetic images such as bitmap fonts and gradients, animated images, alpha channel coding, and a choice of RGB/YCbCr/<a href="/wiki/ICtCp" title="ICtCp">ICtCp</a> color encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-jpegxl_committeedraft_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpegxl_committeedraft-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpegxl_cfp_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpegxl_cfp-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">Better Portable Graphics</a>, a format based on intra-frame encoding of the HEVC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Cube" title="C-Cube">C-Cube</a>, an early implementer of JPEG in chip form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_graphics_file_formats" title="Comparison of graphics file formats">Comparison of graphics file formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deblocking filter (video)">Deblocking filter (video)</a>, the similar deblocking methods could be applied to JPEG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">Design rule for Camera File system</a> (DCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FELICS" title="FELICS">FELICS</a>, a lossless image codec</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="File extensions">File extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_editing_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics editing program">Graphics editing program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">High Efficiency Image File Format</a>, image container format for <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a> and other image coding formats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenna_(test_image)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenna (test image)">Lenna (test image)</a>, the traditional standard image used to test image processing algorithms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">Motion JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-t81-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t81_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t81_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t81_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t81_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t81_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf">"T.81 – DIGITAL COMPRESSION AND CODING OF CONTINUOUS-TONE STILL IMAGES – REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a>. September 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230093239/http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>The JPEG still-image-compression levels, even with the large range of 5:1 to 120:1 in this study, yielded equally high levels of acceptability</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+effects+of+video+compression+on+acceptability+of+images+for+monitoring+life+sciences+experiments&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1992-07-01&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft.au=Chuang%2C+Sherry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fsearch.jsp%3FR%3D19920024689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudsonLégerNissSebestyén2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hudson, Graham; Léger, Alain; Niss, Birger; Sebestyén, István; Vaaben, Jørgen (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F1.JEI.27.4.040901">"JPEG-1 standard 25 years: past, present, and future reasons for a success"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Electronic_Imaging" title="Journal of Electronic Imaging">Journal of Electronic Imaging</a></i>. <b>27</b> (4): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F1.JEI.27.4.040901">10.1117/1.JEI.27.4.040901</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52164892">52164892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electronic+Imaging&rft.atitle=JPEG-1+standard+25+years%3A+past%2C+present%2C+and+future+reasons+for+a+success&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F1.JEI.27.4.040901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52164892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=L%C3%A9ger%2C+Alain&rft.au=Niss%2C+Birger&rft.au=Sebesty%C3%A9n%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Vaaben%2C+J%C3%B8rgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1117%252F1.JEI.27.4.040901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvetlik2018" class="citation web cs1">Svetlik, Joe (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805194553/https://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/photography/what-is-a-jpeg-11364206889349">"The JPEG Image Format Explained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BT.com" class="mw-redirect" title="BT.com">BT.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a>. 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Microsoft. 13 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030181306/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/internet-explorer/ie-developer/platform-apis/ms775147(v=vs.85)">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIME+Type+Detection+in+Internet+Explorer&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fwindows%2Finternet-explorer%2Fie-developer%2Fplatform-apis%2Fms775147%28v%3Dvs.85%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903080533/http://www.jpeg.org/public/jfif.pdf">"JPEG File Interchange Format"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 3 September 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPEG+File+Interchange+Format&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpeg.org%2Fpublic%2Fjfif.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.ansi.org/2018/07/why-jpeg-2000-never-used-standard-iso-iec/">"Why JPEG 2000 Never Took Off"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a></i>. 10 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031019/https://blog.ansi.org/2018/07/why-jpeg-2000-never-used-standard-iso-iec/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Standards+Institute&rft.atitle=Why+JPEG+2000+Never+Took+Off&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ansi.org%2F2018%2F07%2Fwhy-jpeg-2000-never-used-standard-iso-iec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnet-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnet_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnet_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnet_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnet_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemos2002" class="citation news cs1">Lemos, Robert (23 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/finding-patent-truth-in-jpeg-claim/">"Finding patent truth in JPEG claim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713165715/https://www.cnet.com/news/finding-patent-truth-in-jpeg-claim/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Finding+patent+truth+in+JPEG+claim&rft.date=2002-07-23&rft.aulast=Lemos&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Ffinding-patent-truth-in-jpeg-claim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sc29-wg1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc29-wg1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_292009" class="citation web cs1">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (7 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231055215/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12901.htm">"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 – Coding of Still Pictures (SC 29/WG 1 Structure)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12901.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+29%2FWG+1+%E2%80%93+Coding+of+Still+Pictures+%28SC+29%2FWG+1+Structure%29&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp%2Fsc29%2F29w12901.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpeg-sc29-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpeg-sc29_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpeg-sc29_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_29" class="citation web cs1">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231012300/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42901.htm">"Programme of Work, (Allocated to SC 29/WG 1)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42901.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programme+of+Work%2C+%28Allocated+to+SC+29%2FWG+1%29&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp%2Fsc29%2F29w42901.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO" class="citation web cs1">ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=45316">"JTC 1/SC 29 – Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703085542/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=45316">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JTC+1%2FSC+29+%E2%80%93+Coding+of+audio%2C+picture%2C+multimedia+and+hypermedia+information&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fstandards_development%2Ftechnical_committees%2Flist_of_iso_technical_committees%2Fiso_technical_committee.htm%3Fcommid%3D45316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpeg-jpeg-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpeg-jpeg_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpeg-jpeg_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJPEG" class="citation web cs1">JPEG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg/index.html">"Joint Photographic Experts Group, JPEG Homepage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927035043/http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Photographic+Experts+Group%2C+JPEG+Homepage&rft.au=JPEG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpeg.org%2Fjpeg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.81">"T.81: Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images – Requirements and guidelines"</a>. <i>Itu.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106222712/http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.81">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Itu.int&rft.atitle=T.81%3A+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Digital+compression+and+coding+of+continuous-tone+still+images+%E2%80%93+Requirements+and+guidelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-T.81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_B._PennebakerJoan_L._Mitchell1993" class="citation book cs1">William B. Pennebaker; <a href="/wiki/Joan_L._Mitchell" title="Joan L. Mitchell">Joan L. 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Springer. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-01272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-01272-4"><bdi>978-0-442-01272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JPEG+still+image+data+compression+standard&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-442-01272-4&rft.au=William+B.+Pennebaker&rft.au=Joan+L.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAepB_PZ_WMkC%26dq%3DJPEG%2B%2522did%2Bnot%2Bspecify%2Ba%2Bfile%2Bformat%2522%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO" class="citation web cs1">ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=45316">"JTC 1/SC 29 – Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703224947/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=45316">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JTC+1%2FSC+29+%E2%80%93+Coding+of+audio%2C+picture%2C+multimedia+and+hypermedia+information&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_tc_browse.htm%3Fcommid%3D45316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiffloc-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiffloc_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000019.shtml">"SPIFF, Still Picture Interchange File Format"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 30 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731093543/https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000019.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPIFF%2C+Still+Picture+Interchange+File+Format&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fdigital%2Fformats%2Ffdd%2Ffdd000019.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jfif-development-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jfif-development_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJPEG2009" class="citation pressrelease cs1">JPEG (24 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008041637/http://www.jpeg.org/newsrel25.html">"JPEG XR enters FDIS status: JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) to be standardized as JPEG Part 5"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+on+Princeton+Court+Ruling+Regarding+GE+License+Agreement&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.au=Workgroup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatentlaw.jmbm.com%2F2013%2F04%2Fhps-motion-to-dismiss-for-lack.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee720036(v=vs.85).aspx">"Progressive Decoding Overview"</a>. <i>Microsoft Developer Network</i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119054723/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee720036(v=vs.85).aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Developer+Network&rft.atitle=Progressive+Decoding+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fee720036%28v%3Dvs.85%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFastvideo2019" class="citation web cs1">Fastvideo (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompression.com/products/12-bit-jpeg-codec.htm">"12-bit JPEG encoder on GPU"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506142226/https://www.fastcompression.com/products/12-bit-jpeg-codec.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12-bit+JPEG+encoder+on+GPU&rft.date=2019-05&rft.au=Fastvideo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompression.com%2Fproducts%2F12-bit-jpeg-codec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://petapixel.com/2012/08/14/why-you-should-always-rotate-original-jpeg-photos-losslessly/">"Why You Should Always Rotate Original JPEG Photos Losslessly"</a>. <i>Petapixel.com</i>. 14 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017093502/https://petapixel.com/2012/08/14/why-you-should-always-rotate-original-jpeg-photos-losslessly/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Petapixel.com&rft.atitle=Why+You+Should+Always+Rotate+Original+JPEG+Photos+Losslessly&rft.date=2012-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpetapixel.com%2F2012%2F08%2F14%2Fwhy-you-should-always-rotate-original-jpeg-photos-losslessly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/jfif3.pdf">"JFIF File Format as PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113062300/http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/jfif3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JFIF+File+Format+as+PDF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FGraphics%2FJPEG%2Fjfif3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Lane1999" class="citation web cs1">Tom Lane (29 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/jpeg-faq/part1/">"JPEG image compression FAQ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110054244/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/jpeg-faq/part1/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPEG+image+compression+FAQ&rft.date=1999-03-29&rft.au=Tom+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Ffaqs%2Fjpeg-faq%2Fpart1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span> (q. 14: "Why all the argument about file formats?")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/file-types/image/raster/jpeg-file.html">"Everything you need to know about JPEG files | Adobe"</a>. <i>www.adobe.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adobe.com&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+JPEG+files+%7C+Adobe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fcreativecloud%2Ffile-types%2Fimage%2Fraster%2Fjpeg-file.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB.html">"A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218083217/https://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=A+Standard+Default+Color+Space+for+the+Internet+-+sRGB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FGraphics%2FColor%2FsRGB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6168">"IEC 61966-2-1:1999/AMD1:2003 | IEC Webstore"</a>. <i>webstore.iec.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218083451/https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6168">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webstore.iec.ch&rft.atitle=IEC+61966-2-1%3A1999%2FAMD1%3A2003+%26%23124%3B+IEC+Webstore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.iec.ch%2Fpublication%2F6168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digicamsoft.com/itu/itu-t81-36.html">"ISO/IEC 10918-1: 1993(E) p.36"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110801031604/http://www.digicamsoft.com/itu/itu-t81-36.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+10918-1%3A+1993%28E%29+p.36&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digicamsoft.com%2Fitu%2Fitu-t81-36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_G._Lane." class="citation web cs1">Thomas G. Lane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apodeline.free.fr/DOC/libjpeg/libjpeg-3.html">"Advanced Features: Compression parameter selection"</a>. <i>Using the IJG JPEG Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011126012948/http://apodeline.free.fr/DOC/libjpeg/libjpeg-3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Using+the+IJG+JPEG+Library&rft.atitle=Advanced+Features%3A+Compression+parameter+selection&rft.au=Thomas+G.+Lane.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapodeline.free.fr%2FDOC%2Flibjpeg%2Flibjpeg-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2012" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Dan (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYxMVVzdV80C&dq=A+particular+conversion+to+Y%E2%80%B2CBCR+is+specified+in+the+JFIF+standard%2C+and+should+be+performed+for+the+resulting+JPEG+file+to+have+maximum+compatibility.+A+particular+conversion+to+Y%E2%80%B2CBCR+is+specified+in+the+JFIF+standard%2C+and+should+be+performed+for+the+resulting+JPEG+file+to+have+maximum+compatibility.++A+particular+conversion+to+Y%E2%80%B2CBCR+is+specified+in+the+JFIF+standard%2C+and+should+be+performed+for+the+resulting+JPEG+file+to+have+maximum+compatibility.+&pg=PA53"><i>E - Learning Modules: Dlr Associates Series</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4685-7520-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4685-7520-0"><bdi>978-1-4685-7520-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E+-+Learning+Modules%3A+Dlr+Associates+Series&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4685-7520-0&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYxMVVzdV80C%26dq%3DA%2Bparticular%2Bconversion%2Bto%2BY%25E2%2580%25B2CBCR%2Bis%2Bspecified%2Bin%2Bthe%2BJFIF%2Bstandard%252C%2Band%2Bshould%2Bbe%2Bperformed%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bresulting%2BJPEG%2Bfile%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bmaximum%2Bcompatibility.%2BA%2Bparticular%2Bconversion%2Bto%2BY%25E2%2580%25B2CBCR%2Bis%2Bspecified%2Bin%2Bthe%2BJFIF%2Bstandard%252C%2Band%2Bshould%2Bbe%2Bperformed%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bresulting%2BJPEG%2Bfile%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bmaximum%2Bcompatibility.%2B%2BA%2Bparticular%2Bconversion%2Bto%2BY%25E2%2580%25B2CBCR%2Bis%2Bspecified%2Bin%2Bthe%2BJFIF%2Bstandard%252C%2Band%2Bshould%2Bbe%2Bperformed%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bresulting%2BJPEG%2Bfile%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bmaximum%2Bcompatibility.%2B%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?p=184647#post184647">"DC / AC Frequency Questions - Doom9's Forum"</a>. <i>forum.doom9.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017042422/http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?p=184647#post184647">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forum.doom9.org&rft.atitle=DC+%2F+AC+Frequency+Questions+-+Doom9%27s+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforum.doom9.org%2Fshowthread.php%3Fp%3D184647%23post184647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dinhpatry-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dinhpatry_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dinhpatry_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Phuc-Tue Le Dinh and Jacques Patry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.videsignline.com/howto/180207350">Video compression artifacts and MPEG noise reduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060314201405/http://www.videsignline.com/howto/180207350">Archived</a> 2006-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Video Imaging DesignLine. February 24, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<b>3.9 mosquito noise:</b> Form of edge busyness distortion sometimes associated with movement, characterized by moving artifacts and/or blotchy noise patterns superimposed over the objects (resembling a mosquito flying around a person's head and shoulders)." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.sabotage.org/www/ITU/P/P0930e.pdf">ITU-T Rec. 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"JPEG on STEROIDS: Common optimization techniques for JPEG image compression". <i>2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)</i>. pp. 61–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICIP.2016.7532319">10.1109/ICIP.2016.7532319</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-9961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-9961-6"><bdi>978-1-4673-9961-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14922251">14922251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=JPEG+on+STEROIDS%3A+Common+optimization+techniques+for+JPEG+image+compression&rft.btitle=2016+IEEE+International+Conference+on+Image+Processing+%28ICIP%29&rft.pages=61-65&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14922251%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICIP.2016.7532319&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-9961-6&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.mozilla.org/2014/03/05/introducing-the-mozjpeg-project/">"Introducing the 'mozjpeg' Project"</a>. <i>Mozilla Research</i>. 5 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301034809/https://research.mozilla.org/2014/03/05/introducing-the-mozjpeg-project/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Research&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+%27mozjpeg%27+Project&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.mozilla.org%2F2014%2F03%2F05%2Fintroducing-the-mozjpeg-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.googleblog.com/2017/03/announcing-guetzli-new-open-source-jpeg.html">"Announcing Guetzli: A New Open Source JPEG Encoder"</a>. <i>Research.googleblog.com</i>. 16 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012117/https://research.googleblog.com/2017/03/announcing-guetzli-new-open-source-jpeg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research.googleblog.com&rft.atitle=Announcing+Guetzli%3A+A+New+Open+Source+JPEG+Encoder&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.googleblog.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fannouncing-guetzli-new-open-source-jpeg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181607/https://opensource.googleblog.com/2024/04/introducing-jpegli-new-jpeg-coding-library.html">"Introducing Jpegli: A New JPEG Coding Library"</a>. Google Open Source Blog. 3 April 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.googleblog.com/2024/04/introducing-jpegli-new-jpeg-coding-library.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+Jpegli%3A+A+New+JPEG+Coding+Library&rft.pub=Google+Open+Source+Blog&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.googleblog.com%2F2024%2F04%2Fintroducing-jpegli-new-jpeg-coding-library.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneyers2021" class="citation web cs1">Sneyers, Jon (22 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloudinary.com/blog/time_for_next_gen_codecs_to_dethrone_jpeg">"It's High Time to Replace JPEG With a Next-Generation Image Codec"</a>. <i>Cloudinary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cloudinary&rft.atitle=It%27s+High+Time+to+Replace+JPEG+With+a+Next-Generation+Image+Codec&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft.aulast=Sneyers&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudinary.com%2Fblog%2Ftime_for_next_gen_codecs_to_dethrone_jpeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpeg.org/jpegxt/">"JPEG - JPEG XT"</a>. <i>jpeg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055205/https://jpeg.org/jpegxt/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jpeg.org&rft.atitle=JPEG+-+JPEG+XT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjpeg.org%2Fjpegxt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spie_jpegxl-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spie_jpegxl_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlakuijalavan_AsseldonkBoukorttBruse2019" class="citation book cs1">Alakuijala, Jyrki; van Asseldonk, Ruud; Boukortt, Sami; Bruse, Martin; Comșa, Iulia-Maria; Firsching, Moritz; Fischbacher, Thomas; Kliuchnikov, Evgenii; Gomez, Sebastian; Obryk, Robert; Potempa, Krzysztof; Rhatushnyak, Alexander; Sneyers, Jon; Szabadka, Zoltan; Vandervenne, Lode; Versari, Luca; Wassenberg, Jan (6 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/11137/111370K/JPEG-XL-next-generation-image-compression-architecture-and-coding-tools/10.1117/12.2529237.full?SSO=1">"JPEG XL next-generation image compression architecture and coding tools"</a>. In Tescher, Andrew G; Ebrahimi, Touradj (eds.). <i>Applications of Digital Image Processing XLII</i>. Vol. 11137. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SPIE11137E..0KA">2019SPIE11137E..0KA</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.2529237">10.1117/12.2529237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5106-2967-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5106-2967-7"><bdi>978-1-5106-2967-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202785129">202785129</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226010413/https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/11137/111370K/JPEG-XL-next-generation-image-compression-architecture-and-coding-tools/10.1117/12.2529237.full?SSO=1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=JPEG+XL+next-generation+image+compression+architecture+and+coding+tools&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Digital+Image+Processing+XLII&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.2529237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202785129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SPIE11137E..0KA&rft.isbn=978-1-5106-2967-7&rft.aulast=Alakuijala&rft.aufirst=Jyrki&rft.au=van+Asseldonk%2C+Ruud&rft.au=Boukortt%2C+Sami&rft.au=Bruse%2C+Martin&rft.au=Com%C8%99a%2C+Iulia-Maria&rft.au=Firsching%2C+Moritz&rft.au=Fischbacher%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Kliuchnikov%2C+Evgenii&rft.au=Gomez%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Obryk%2C+Robert&rft.au=Potempa%2C+Krzysztof&rft.au=Rhatushnyak%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Sneyers%2C+Jon&rft.au=Szabadka%2C+Zoltan&rft.au=Vandervenne%2C+Lode&rft.au=Versari%2C+Luca&rft.au=Wassenberg%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiedigitallibrary.org%2Fconference-proceedings-of-spie%2F11137%2F111370K%2FJPEG-XL-next-generation-image-compression-architecture-and-coding-tools%2F10.1117%2F12.2529237.full%3FSSO%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpegxl_committeedraft-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jpegxl_committeedraft_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhatushnyakWassenbergSneyersAlakuijala2019" class="citation arxiv cs1">Rhatushnyak, Alexander; Wassenberg, Jan; Sneyers, Jon; Alakuijala, Jyrki; Vandevenne, Lode; Versari, Luca; Obryk, Robert; Szabadka, Zoltan; Kliuchnikov, Evgenii; Comsa, Iulia-Maria; Potempa, Krzysztof; Bruse, Martin; Firsching, Moritz; Khasanova, Renata; Ruud van Asseldonk; Boukortt, Sami; Gomez, Sebastian; Fischbacher, Thomas (2019). "Committee Draft of JPEG XL Image Coding System". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03565">1908.03565</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/eess.IV">eess.IV</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Committee+Draft+of+JPEG+XL+Image+Coding+System&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1908.03565&rft.aulast=Rhatushnyak&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Wassenberg%2C+Jan&rft.au=Sneyers%2C+Jon&rft.au=Alakuijala%2C+Jyrki&rft.au=Vandevenne%2C+Lode&rft.au=Versari%2C+Luca&rft.au=Obryk%2C+Robert&rft.au=Szabadka%2C+Zoltan&rft.au=Kliuchnikov%2C+Evgenii&rft.au=Comsa%2C+Iulia-Maria&rft.au=Potempa%2C+Krzysztof&rft.au=Bruse%2C+Martin&rft.au=Firsching%2C+Moritz&rft.au=Khasanova%2C+Renata&rft.au=Ruud+van+Asseldonk&rft.au=Boukortt%2C+Sami&rft.au=Gomez%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Fischbacher%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpegxl_cfp-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jpegxl_cfp_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpeg.org/downloads/jpegxl/jpegxl-cfp.pdf">"N79010 Final Call for Proposals for a Next-Generation Image Coding Standard (JPEG XL)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 (ITU-T SG16)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031184400/https://jpeg.org/downloads/jpegxl/jpegxl-cfp.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+29%2FWG+1+%28ITU-T+SG16%29&rft.atitle=N79010+Final+Call+for+Proposals+for+a+Next-Generation+Image+Coding+Standard+%28JPEG+XL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjpeg.org%2Fdownloads%2Fjpegxl%2Fjpegxl-cfp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/77977.html"><i>ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022 Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system — Part 1: Core coding system</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+18181-1%3A2022+Information+technology+%E2%80%94+JPEG+XL+image+coding+system+%E2%80%94+Part+1%3A+Core+coding+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F77977.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/80617.html"><i>ISO/IEC 18181-2:2021 Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system — Part 2: File format</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+18181-2%3A2021+Information+technology+%E2%80%94+JPEG+XL+image+coding+system+%E2%80%94+Part+2%3A+File+format&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F80617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJPEG" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JPEG&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:JPEG_compression" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:JPEG compression">JPEG compression</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpeg.org/jpeg/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf">JPEG Standard (JPEG ISO/IEC 10918-1 ITU-T Recommendation T.81)</a> at W3.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/jfif3.pdf">JFIF File Format</a> at W3.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visengi.com/products/jpeg_hardware_encoder">Example images over the full range of quantization levels from 1 to 100</a> at visengi.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.apple.com/source/WebCore/WebCore-1C25/platform/image-decoders/jpeg/">JPEG decoder open source code, copyright (C) 1995–1997, Thomas G. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_formats" title="Template:Compression formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compression_formats" title="Template talk:Compression formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (computing)">container</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2 / ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">Part 10 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_IVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 IVC">Part 33 / IVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2 / HEVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">MPEG-I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3 / VVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">MPEG-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1 / EVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265 / HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266 / VVC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">VC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_DNxHD" title="Avid DNxHD">VC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CineForm" title="CineForm">VC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-6" title="VC-6">VC-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a> and AOMedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP7" class="mw-redirect" title="VP7">VP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P2/AVS+</a>(GB/T 20090.2/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P2</a>(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) <ul><li>HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)</li></ul></li> <li>AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Interactive" title="Digital Video Interactive">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFV1" title="FFV1">FFV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_422" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 422">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_4444" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 4444">4444</a></li></ul></li> <li>QuickTime <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(video_codec)" title="Thor (video codec)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_Video_Codec_Suite" title="Ut Video Codec Suite">Ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">XEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YULS" title="YULS">YULS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">MPEG-4 ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD#DST" title="Super Audio CD">MPEG-4 DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding" title="Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding">MPEG-4 HVXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">MPEG-4 CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">MPEG-D USAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.718" title="G.718">G.718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.719" title="G.719">G.719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722" title="G.722">G.722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722.1" title="G.722.1">G.722.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">G.722.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723" title="G.723">G.723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723.1" title="G.723.1">G.723.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.726" title="G.726">G.726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.728" title="G.728">G.728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729.1" title="G.729.1">G.729.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">iLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_audio_codec" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec">AMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">AMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec">EVRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B">EVRC-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Voice_Services" title="Enhanced Voice Services">EVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Rate" title="Half Rate">GSM-HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Rate" title="Full Rate">GSM-FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_full_rate" title="Enhanced full rate">GSM-EFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBC_(codec)" title="SBC (codec)">SBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC3_(codec)" title="LC3 (codec)">LC3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P10</a>(GB/T 20090.10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P3</a>(GB/T 33475.3) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Vivid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio Vivid (page does not exist)">Audio Vivid</a>(GY/T 363)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a>(GB/T 22726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L2HC" title="L2HC">L2HC</a></li> <li>ExAC(SJ/T 11299.4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless_Audio_Codec" title="Apple Lossless Audio Codec">ALAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asao_(codec)" title="Asao (codec)">Asao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELT" title="CELT">CELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">iSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_(codec)" title="Lyra (codec)">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">MELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT9" title="MT9">MT9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Sound_Quality" title="Original Sound Quality">OSQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTAudio" title="RTAudio">RTAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_Audio#Sound_Designer_file_formats" title="Avid Audio">SD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorten_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorten file format">SHN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectable_Mode_Vocoder" title="Selectable Mode Vocoder">SMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li> <li>TTA <ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-Rate_Multimode_Wideband" title="Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband">VMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX" title="AptX">aptX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_HD" title="AptX">aptX HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)#LLAC" title="LHDC (codec)">LLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format#HEIC:_HEVC_in_HEIF" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC / HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFF/IT">TIFF/IT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format">FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File">PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)">QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR">QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format">WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_elementary_stream" title="MPEG elementary stream">MPEG-ES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packetized_elementary_stream" title="Packetized elementary stream">MPEG-PES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG-PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG-TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> (MP4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">MPEG-21 Part 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2#Systems" title="MPEG-2">H.222.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">T.802</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">GXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">MXF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMV_video_format" title="AMV video format">AMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_file_format" title="Au file format">AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_VOB" title="Enhanced VOB">EVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">M2TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD and TOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOB" title="VOB">VOB, IFO and BUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">LZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods">Compression methods</a> for techniques and <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_software" title="Template:Compression software">Compression software</a> for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Graphics_file_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Graphics_file_formats" title="Template:Graphics file formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Graphics_file_formats" title="Template talk:Graphics file formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics_file_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics file formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Graphics_file_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">Graphics file formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">Raster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANI_(file_format)" title="ANI (file format)"> ANI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANIM" title="ANIM">ANIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ART_image_file_format" title="ART image file format"> ART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format"> BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics"> BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAVE" title="BSAVE"> BSAVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALS_Raster_file_format" title="CALS Raster file format"> CAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineon" title="Cineon"> CIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Perceptual_Compression" title="Cartesian Perceptual Compression"> CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPT_(file_format)" title="CPT (file format)"> CPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectDraw_Surface" title="DirectDraw Surface"> DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Picture_Exchange" title="Digital Picture Exchange"> DPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECW_(file_format)" title="ECW (file format)"> ECW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR"> EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FITS" title="FITS">FITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLIC_(file_format)" title="FLIC (file format)"> FLIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format"> FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlashPix" title="FlashPix"> FPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDRi_(data_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="HDRi (data format)"> HDRi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding"> HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format"> ICNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICO_(file_format)" title="ICO (file format)"> ICO / CUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Cytometry_Standard" title="Image Cytometry Standard"> ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILBM" title="ILBM">ILBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_Network_Graphics" title="JPEG Network Graphics"> JNG</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_JPEG#JPEG-LS" title="Lossless JPEG"> JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-HDR" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-HDR">JPEG-HDR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita"> KRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics"> MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magick_Image_File_Format" title="Magick Image File Format"> MIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearly_raw_raster_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearly raw raster data"> NRRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRaster" title="OpenRaster"> ORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpbm#PAM_graphics_format" title="Netpbm"> PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpbm" title="Netpbm"> PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCX" title="PCX">PCX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File"> PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICtor_PIC_image_format" title="PICtor PIC image format"> PICtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNG" title="PNG">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop#PSD" title="Adobe Photoshop"> PSD / PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaintShop_Pro" title="PaintShop Pro"> PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)"> QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR"> QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Raster" title="Sun Raster"> RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGBE_image_format" title="RGBE image format"> RGBE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logluv_TIFF" title="Logluv TIFF">Logluv TIFF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_Image" title="Silicon Graphics Image"> SGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truevision_TGA" title="Truevision TGA"> TGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format#TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF/IT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulead_PhotoImpact" title="Ulead PhotoImpact"> UFO / UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format"> WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_BitMap" title="X BitMap"> XBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCF_(file_format)" title="XCF (file format)"> XCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_PixMap" title="X PixMap"> XPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xwd" title="Xwd"> XWD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format" title="Camera Image File Format"> CIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative"> DNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator_Artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Illustrator Artwork"> AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW#CDR_file_format" title="CorelDRAW"> CDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile"> CGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD_DXF" title="AutoCAD DXF"> DXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Metafile"> EMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMF%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="EMF+">EMF+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerber_format" title="Gerber format"> Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_Vector_Icon_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiku Vector Icon Format"> HVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGES" title="IGES">IGES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language"> PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics"> SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language"> VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Metafile" title="Windows Metafile"> WMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_(graphics)" title="Xar (graphics)"> Xar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format#Compound_formats" title="Image file format">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computable_Document_Format" title="Computable Document Format"> CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encapsulated_PostScript" title="Encapsulated PostScript"> EPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MODCA" title="MODCA">MODCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript"> PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language"> XAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exchangeable image file format (Exif)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council#Photo_metadata" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">International Press Telecommunications Council § Photo metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF#Metadata" title="GIF">GIF § Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" 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