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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Patent considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encoding_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Encoding scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbitration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arbitration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_and_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standards and versions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standards_and_versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standards and versions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FireWire_400_(IEEE_1394-1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FireWire_400_(IEEE_1394-1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FireWire_400_(IEEE_1394-1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Improvements_(IEEE_1394a-2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvements_(IEEE_1394a-2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Improvements (IEEE 1394a-2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvements_(IEEE_1394a-2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FireWire_800_(IEEE_1394b-2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FireWire_800_(IEEE_1394b-2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FireWire_800_(IEEE_1394b-2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FireWire_S800T_(IEEE_1394c-2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FireWire_S800T_(IEEE_1394c-2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c-2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FireWire_S800T_(IEEE_1394c-2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FireWire_S1600_and_S3200" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FireWire_S1600_and_S3200"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>FireWire S1600 and S3200</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FireWire_S1600_and_S3200-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_enhancements_(including_P1394d)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_enhancements_(including_P1394d)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Future enhancements (including P1394d)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_enhancements_(including_P1394d)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_system_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Operating system support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable_TV_system_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_TV_system_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cable TV system support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_TV_system_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_USB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_USB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparison with USB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_USB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Common applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumer_automobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_automobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Consumer automobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_automobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_audio_and_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_audio_and_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Consumer audio and video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_audio_and_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_aerospace_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_aerospace_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Military and aerospace vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_aerospace_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>General networking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IIDC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IIDC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>IIDC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IIDC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>DV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame_grabbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame_grabbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Frame grabbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame_grabbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-iPod_and_iPhone_synchronization_and_charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#iPod_and_iPhone_synchronization_and_charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>iPod and iPhone synchronization and charging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-iPod_and_iPhone_synchronization_and_charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Security issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="فاير واير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاير واير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewire" title="Firewire – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Firewire" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فایروایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فایروایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewire" title="Firewire – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Firewire" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE-1394" title="IEEE-1394 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="IEEE-1394" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1394-IEEE" title="1394-IEEE – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1394-IEEE" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%87.%E0%B4%87.%E0%B4%87_1394_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഐ.ഇ.ഇ.ഇ 1394 ഇന്റർ‌ഫേസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐ.ഇ.ഇ.ഇ 1394 ഇന്റർ‌ഫേസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewire" title="Firewire – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Firewire" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vmesnik_IEEE_1394" title="Vmesnik IEEE 1394 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vmesnik IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarbeungeut_IEEE_1394" title="Antarbeungeut IEEE 1394 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Antarbeungeut IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewire" title="Firewire – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Firewire" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%87_1394" title="ஐஇஇஇ 1394 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐஇஇஇ 1394" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฟร์ไวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟร์ไวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" title="FireWire – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="FireWire" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="IEEE 1394" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FireWire" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Firewire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Firewire (disambiguation)">Firewire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-table"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> 1394 Interface</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" class="infobox-image"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FireWire_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/FireWire_symbol.svg/200px-FireWire_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/FireWire_symbol.svg/300px-FireWire_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/FireWire_symbol.svg/400px-FireWire_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">Serial</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> (1394a/b), IEEE P1394 Working Group, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="#Patent_holders">etc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designed</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 1986<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1986</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1394ta_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394ta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Standardized</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> January 1995<span class="noprint">; 30 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Produced</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 1994–current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseded by</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> (and <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a> for consumer use)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 4.5 meters maximum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hot_swapping" title="Hot swapping">Hot pluggable</a></th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">Daisy chain</a></th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> Yes, up to 63 devices</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Audio signal</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Video signal</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pins</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 4, 6, 9</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Electrical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. voltage</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 30 V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. current</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 1.5 A</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Data signal</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bitrate</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1394a, half-duplex 100–400 Mbit/s (12.5–50 MB/s)</li><li>1394b and later, full-duplex 800–3200 Mbit/s (100–400 MB/s)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>IEEE 1394</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Interface_standard" title="Interface standard">interface standard</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial bus</a> for high-speed communications and <a href="/wiki/Isochronous" class="mw-redirect" title="Isochronous">isochronous</a> real-time data transfer. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> in cooperation with a number of companies, primarily <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>. It is most commonly known by the name <b>FireWire</b> (Apple), though other brand names exist such as <b>i.LINK</b> (Sony), and <b>Lynx</b> (<a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>). </p><p>The copper cable used in its most common implementation can be up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) long. Power and data is carried over this cable, allowing devices with moderate power requirements to operate without a separate power supply. FireWire is also available in <a href="/wiki/Cat_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat 5">Cat 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> versions. </p><p>The 1394 interface is comparable to <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>. USB was developed subsequently and gained much greater market share. USB requires a host controller whereas IEEE 1394 is cooperatively managed by the connected devices.<sup id="cite_ref-YaghmourMasters2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YaghmourMasters2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-FireWire-46_Connector_Pinout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Image-FireWire-46_Connector_Pinout.svg/220px-Image-FireWire-46_Connector_Pinout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Image-FireWire-46_Connector_Pinout.svg/330px-Image-FireWire-46_Connector_Pinout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Image-FireWire-46_Connector_Pinout.svg/440px-Image-FireWire-46_Connector_Pinout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>The 6-conductor and 4-conductor alpha FireWire 400 socket</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FireWire800_Stecker.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FireWire800_Stecker.jpeg/220px-FireWire800_Stecker.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FireWire800_Stecker.jpeg/330px-FireWire800_Stecker.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FireWire800_Stecker.jpeg/440px-FireWire800_Stecker.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="2081" /></a><figcaption>A 9-pin FireWire 800 connector</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethernet_plug_grey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ethernet_plug_grey.svg/220px-Ethernet_plug_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ethernet_plug_grey.svg/330px-Ethernet_plug_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ethernet_plug_grey.svg/440px-Ethernet_plug_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption>The alternative <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>-style cabling used by <a href="#FireWire_S800T_(IEEE_1394c-2006)">1394c</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FireWire_cables.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/FireWire_cables.jpg/220px-FireWire_cables.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/FireWire_cables.jpg/330px-FireWire_cables.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/FireWire_cables.jpg/440px-FireWire_cables.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>4-conductor (left) and 6-conductor (right) FireWire 400 alpha connectors</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firewire_PCI_VIA_VT6306.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Firewire_PCI_VIA_VT6306.jpg/220px-Firewire_PCI_VIA_VT6306.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Firewire_PCI_VIA_VT6306.jpg/330px-Firewire_PCI_VIA_VT6306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Firewire_PCI_VIA_VT6306.jpg/440px-Firewire_PCI_VIA_VT6306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2867" data-file-height="2574" /></a><figcaption>A PCI <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a> that contains four FireWire 400 connectors.</figcaption></figure> <p>FireWire is Apple's name for the IEEE 1394 High Speed Serial Bus. Its development was initiated by Apple<sup id="cite_ref-1394ta_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394ta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-1394_Trade_Association:_1394_Technology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394_Trade_Association:_1394_Technology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed by the IEEE P1394 Working Group, largely driven by contributions from <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> (102 patents), Apple (58 patents), <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> (46 patents), and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> (43 patents), in addition to contributions made by engineers from <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1394_Patents_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394_Patents-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/INMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="INMOS">INMOS</a>/SGS <a href="/wiki/Thomson_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson SA">Thomson</a> (now <a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-licensors_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-licensors-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>. </p><p>IEEE 1394 is a <a href="/wiki/Serial_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial bus">serial bus</a> architecture for high-speed data transfer, <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial</a> meaning that information is transferred one bit at a time. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_communication" title="Parallel communication">Parallel</a> buses utilize a number of different physical connections, and as such are usually more costly and typically heavier.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394astandard_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394astandard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IEEE 1394 fully supports both isochronous and <a href="/wiki/Asynchrony_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchrony (computing)">asynchronous</a> applications. </p><p>Apple intended FireWire to be a serial replacement for the parallel <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> bus, while providing connectivity for digital audio and video equipment. Apple's development began in the late 1980s, later presented to the IEEE,<sup id="cite_ref-teener_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teener-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was completed in January 1995. In 2007, IEEE 1394 was a composite of four documents: the original IEEE Std. 1394–1995, the <a href="#FireWire_400_(IEEE_1394-1995)">IEEE Std. 1394a-2000</a> amendment, the <a href="#IEEE_1394b">IEEE Std. 1394b-2002</a> amendment, and the <a href="#IEEE_1394c">IEEE Std. 1394c-2006</a> amendment. On June 12, 2008, all these amendments as well as errata and some technical updates were incorporated into a superseding standard, IEEE Std. 1394–2008.<sup id="cite_ref-1394-2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394-2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apple first included onboard FireWire in some of its 1999 Macintosh models (though it had been a build-to-order option on some models since 1997), and most Apple Macintosh computers manufactured in the years 2000 through 2011 included FireWire ports. However, in February 2011 Apple introduced the first commercially available computer with <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a>. Apple released its last computers with FireWire in 2012. By 2014, Thunderbolt had become a standard feature across Apple's entire line of computers (later with the exception of the 12-inch MacBook introduced in 2015, which featured only a sole USB-C port), effectively becoming the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_successor" title="Spiritual successor">spiritual successor</a> to FireWire in the Apple ecosystem. Apple's last products with FireWire, the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_Display" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt Display">Thunderbolt Display</a> and 2012 13-inch <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a>, were discontinued in 2016. Apple previously sold a Thunderbolt to FireWire Adapter, which provided one FireWire 800 port.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate adapter was required to use it with Thunderbolt 3. </p><p>Sony's implementation of the system, <i>i.LINK</i>, used a smaller connector with only four signal conductors, omitting the two conductors that provide power for devices in favor of a separate power connector. This style was later added into the 1394a amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-teener_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teener-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This port is sometimes labeled <i>S100</i> or <i>S400</i> to indicate speed in Mbit/s. </p><p>The system was commonly used to connect <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (digital video) cameras, but was also popular in industrial systems for <a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">machine vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">professional audio</a> systems. Many users preferred it over the more common <a href="/wiki/USB_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 2.0">USB 2.0</a> for its then greater effective speed and power distribution capabilities. Benchmarks show that the sustained data transfer rates are higher for FireWire than for USB 2.0, but lower than <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a>. Results are marked on Apple <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> but more varied on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FireWire_vs_USB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FireWire_vs_USB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patent_considerations">Patent considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Patent considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Implementation of IEEE 1394<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is said to require use of 261 issued international patents<sup id="cite_ref-1394_Patents_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394_Patents-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held by ten<sup id="cite_ref-licensors_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-licensors-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corporations. Use of these patents requires licensing; use without license generally constitutes <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1394FAQ_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394FAQ-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies holding IEEE 1394 IP formed a <a href="/wiki/Patent_pool" title="Patent pool">patent pool</a> with <a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA, LLC</a> as the license administrator, to whom they licensed patents. MPEG LA sublicenses these patents to providers of equipment implementing IEEE 1394. Under the typical patent pool license, a royalty of US$0.25 per unit is payable by the manufacturer upon the manufacture of each 1394 finished product;<sup id="cite_ref-1394FAQ_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394FAQ-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no royalties are payable by users. </p><p>The last of the patents, MY 120654 by Sony, expired on November 30, 2020. As of November 30, 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the following are patent holders of the IEEE 1394 standard, as listed in the <a href="/wiki/Patent_pool" title="Patent pool">patent pool</a> managed by <a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1394_Patents_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394_Patents-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Company </th> <th>Total patents </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> </td> <td>102 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> </td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> </td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> </td> <td>43 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon Inc.</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A person or company may review the actual 1394 Patent Portfolio License upon request to MPEG LA.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG LA does not provide assurance of protection to licensees beyond its own patents. At least one formerly licensed patent is known to have been removed from the pool,<sup id="cite_ref-1394_Patents_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394_Patents-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other hardware patents exist that reference IEEE 1394.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1394 High Performance Serial Bus Trade Association (the <i>1394 TA</i>) was formed to aid the marketing of IEEE 1394. Its bylaws prohibit dealing with intellectual property issues.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1394 Trade Association operates on an individual no cost membership basis to further enhancements to 1394 standards. The Trade Association also is the library source for all 1394 documentation and standards available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FireWire can connect up to 63 <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a> in a tree or daisy-chain <a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">topology</a><sup id="cite_ref-cablelabs-I_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablelabs-I-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as opposed to Parallel SCSI's <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">electrical bus</a> topology). It allows <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> device communication — such as communication between a scanner and a printer — to take place without using system memory or the <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>. FireWire also supports multiple host controllers per bus. It is designed to support <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">plug and play</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_swapping" title="Hot swapping">hot swapping</a>. The copper cable it uses in its most common implementation can be up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) long and is more flexible than most <a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">parallel SCSI</a> cables. In its six-conductor or nine-conductor variations, it can supply up to 45 watts of power per port at up to 30 volts,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing moderate-consumption devices to operate without a separate power supply. </p><p>FireWire devices implement the ISO/IEC 13213 <i>configuration <a href="/wiki/ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM">ROM</a></i> model for device configuration and identification, to provide <a href="/wiki/Plug-and-play" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-and-play">plug-and-play</a> capability. All FireWire devices are identified by an IEEE <a href="/wiki/EUI-64" class="mw-redirect" title="EUI-64">EUI-64</a> unique identifier in addition to well-known codes indicating the type of device and the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocols</a> it supports. </p><p>FireWire devices are organized at the bus in a tree topology. Each device has a unique self-ID. One of the nodes is elected root node and always has the highest ID. The self-IDs are assigned during the self-ID process, which happens after each bus resets. The order in which the self-IDs are assigned is equivalent to traversing the tree <a href="/wiki/Depth-first" class="mw-redirect" title="Depth-first">depth-first</a>, post-order. </p><p>FireWire is capable of safely operating critical systems due to the way multiple devices interact with the bus and how the bus allocates bandwidth to the devices. FireWire is capable of both <a href="/wiki/Asynchrony_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchrony (computing)">asynchronous</a> and isochronous transfer methods at once. Isochronous data transfers are transfers for devices that require continuous, guaranteed bandwidth.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394astandard_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394astandard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an aircraft, for instance, isochronous devices include control of the <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a>, mouse operations and data from pressure sensors outside the aircraft. All these elements require constant, uninterrupted bandwidth. To support both elements, FireWire dedicates a certain percentage to isochronous data and the rest to asynchronous data. In IEEE 1394, 80% of the bus is reserved for isochronous cycles, leaving asynchronous data with a minimum of 20% of the bus.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394arch_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394arch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding_scheme">Encoding scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Encoding scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FireWire uses <a href="/wiki/Data_strobe_encoding" title="Data strobe encoding">Data/Strobe encoding</a> (D/S encoding).<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394akaFireWire_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394akaFireWire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In D/S encoding, two <a href="/wiki/Non-return-to-zero" title="Non-return-to-zero">non-return-to-zero</a> (NRZ) signals are used to transmit the data with high reliability. The NRZ signal sent is fed with the clock signal through an <a href="/wiki/XOR_gate" title="XOR gate">XOR gate</a>, creating a strobe signal.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394akaFireWire_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394akaFireWire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strobe is then put through another XOR gate along with the data signal to reconstruct the clock.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394akaFireWire_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394akaFireWire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn acts as the bus's <a href="/wiki/Phase-locked_loop" title="Phase-locked loop">phase-locked loop</a> for synchronization purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394akaFireWire_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394akaFireWire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitration">Arbitration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arbitration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of the bus deciding which node gets to transmit data at what time is known as <a href="/wiki/Bus_arbitration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus arbitration">arbitration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394andLinux_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394andLinux-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each arbitration round lasts about 125 microseconds.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394andLinux_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394andLinux-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the round, the root node (device nearest the processor) sends a cycle start packet.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394andLinux_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394andLinux-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All nodes requiring data transfer respond, with the closest node winning.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394andLinux_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394andLinux-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the node is finished, the remaining nodes take turns in order. This repeats until all the devices have used their portion of the 125 microseconds, with isochronous transfers having priority.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394andLinux_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394andLinux-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_and_versions">Standards and versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standards and versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The previous standards and its three published amendments are now incorporated into a superseding standard, <b>IEEE 1394-2008</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1394-2008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394-2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The features individually added give a good history on the development path. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FireWire_400_(IEEE_1394-1995)"><span id="FireWire_400_.28IEEE_1394-1995.29"></span>FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original release of IEEE 1394-1995<sup id="cite_ref-1394-1995_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394-1995-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specified what is now known as FireWire 400. It can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> <a href="/wiki/Half-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-duplex">half-duplex</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> data rates (the actual transfer rates are 98.304, 196.608, and 393.216 Mbit/s, i.e., 12.288, 24.576 and 49.152 <a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a> respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-teener_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teener-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These different transfer modes are commonly referred to as S100, S200, and S400. </p><p>Cable length is limited to 4.5 metres (14.8 ft), although up to 16 cables can be <a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">daisy chained</a> using active repeaters, e.g. external hubs or the internal hubs that are often present in FireWire equipment. The S400 standard limits any configuration's maximum cable length to 72 metres (236 ft). The 6-conductor connector is commonly found on desktop computers and can supply the connected device with power. </p><p>The 6-conductor powered connector, now referred to as an alpha connector, adds power output to support external devices. Typically a device can pull about 7 to 8 watts from the port; however, the voltage varies significantly from different devices.<sup id="cite_ref-applefirewiredevnote_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-applefirewiredevnote-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voltage is specified as unregulated and should nominally be about 25 volts (range 24 to 30). Apple's implementation on laptops is typically related to battery power and can be as low as 9 V.<sup id="cite_ref-applefirewiredevnote_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-applefirewiredevnote-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improvements_(IEEE_1394a-2000)"><span id="Improvements_.28IEEE_1394a-2000.29"></span>Improvements (IEEE 1394a-2000)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Improvements (IEEE 1394a-2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An amendment, IEEE 1394a, was released in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-1394a_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which clarified and improved the original specification. It added support for <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">asynchronous streaming</a>, quicker bus reconfiguration, <a href="/wiki/Packet_concatenation" title="Packet concatenation">packet concatenation</a>, and a power-saving <a href="/wiki/Suspend_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspend mode">suspend mode</a>. </p><p>IEEE 1394a offers a couple of advantages over the original IEEE 1394–1995. 1394a is capable of arbitration accelerations, allowing the bus to accelerate arbitration cycles to improve efficiency. It also allows for arbitrated short bus reset, in which a node can be added or dropped without causing a big drop in isochronous transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee1394arch_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee1394arch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1394a also standardized the 4-conductor alpha connector developed by Sony and trademarked as <i><b>i.LINK</b></i>, already widely in use on consumer devices such as camcorders, most PC laptops, a number of PC desktops, and other small FireWire devices. The 4-conductor connector is fully data-compatible with 6-conductor alpha interfaces but lacks power connectors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FireWire_800_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FireWire_800_port.jpg/220px-FireWire_800_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FireWire_800_port.jpg/330px-FireWire_800_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FireWire_800_port.jpg/440px-FireWire_800_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3575" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>FireWire 800 port (center)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FireWire_800_(IEEE_1394b-2002)"><span id="FireWire_800_.28IEEE_1394b-2002.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="IEEE_1394b"></span> FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firewire800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Firewire800.jpg/220px-Firewire800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Firewire800.jpg/330px-Firewire800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Firewire800.jpg/440px-Firewire800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>A 9-conductor bilingual connector</figcaption></figure> <p>IEEE 1394b-2002<sup id="cite_ref-1394b_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394b-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced FireWire 800 (Apple's name for the 9-conductor <i>S800 bilingual</i> version of the IEEE 1394b standard). This specification added a new encoding scheme termed beta mode which allowed compliant devices to operate at 786.432 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">full-duplex</a>. It is backwards compatible with the slower rates and 6-conductor alpha connectors of FireWire 400. However, while the IEEE 1394a and IEEE 1394b standards are compatible, FireWire 800's connector, referred to as a beta connector, is different from FireWire 400's alpha connectors, making legacy cables incompatible. A bilingual cable allows the connection of older devices to the newer port. In 2003, Apple was the first to introduce commercial products with the new connector, including a new model of the <a href="/wiki/Power_Mac_G4" title="Power Mac G4">Power Mac G4</a> and a 17" <a href="/wiki/PowerBook_G4" title="PowerBook G4">PowerBook G4</a>. </p><p>The full IEEE 1394b specification supports data rates up to 3200 Mbit/s (i.e., 400 MB/s) over beta-mode or optical connections up to 100 metres (330 ft) in length. Standard <a href="/wiki/Category_5e_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Category 5e cable">category 5e cable</a> supports 100 metres (330 ft) at S100. The original 1394 and 1394a standards used <a href="/wiki/Data_strobe_encoding" title="Data strobe encoding">data/strobe (D/S) encoding</a>, now known as <i>alpha mode</i>, with the cables, while 1394b added a data encoding scheme called <a href="/wiki/8b/10b" class="mw-redirect" title="8b/10b">8b/10b</a> referred to as <i>beta mode</i>. </p><p>Beta mode is based on <a href="/wiki/8b/10b" class="mw-redirect" title="8b/10b">8b/10b</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a>, also used for many other protocols). 8b/10b encoding involves expanding an 8-bit data word into 10 bits, with the extra bits after the 5th and 8th data bits.<sup id="cite_ref-encdec_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encdec-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partitioned data is sent through a <a href="/wiki/Running_Disparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Running Disparity">Running Disparity</a> calculator function.<sup id="cite_ref-encdec_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encdec-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Running Disparity calculator attempts to keep the number of 1s transmitted equal to 0s,<sup id="cite_ref-cp3070_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp3070-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby assuring a DC-balanced signal. Then, the different partitions are sent through a 5b/6b encoder for the 5-bit partition and a 3b/4b encoder for the 3-bit partition. This gives the packet the ability to have at least two 1s, ensuring synchronization of the PLL at the receiving end to the correct bit boundaries for reliable transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-cp3070_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp3070-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional function of the coding scheme is to support the arbitration for bus access and general bus control. This is possible due to the <i>surplus</i> symbols afforded by the 8b/10b expansion. (While 8-bit symbols can encode a maximum of 256 values, 10-bit symbols permit the encoding of up to 1024.) Symbols invalid for the current state of the receiving <a href="/wiki/PHY" class="mw-redirect" title="PHY">PHY</a> indicate data errors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FireWire_S800T_(IEEE_1394c-2006)"><span id="FireWire_S800T_.28IEEE_1394c-2006.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="IEEE_1394c"></span> FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c-2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c-2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEEE 1394c-2006 was published on June 8, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-1394c_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394c-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided a major technical improvement, namely new port specification that provides 800 Mbit/s over the same <a href="/wiki/8P8C" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C">8P8C</a> (Ethernet) connectors with <a href="/wiki/Category_5e_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Category 5e cable">Category 5e cable</a>, which is specified in IEEE 802.3 clause 40 (<a href="/wiki/1000BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="1000BASE-T">gigabit Ethernet over copper twisted pair</a>) along with a corresponding automatic negotiation that allows the same port to connect to either IEEE Std 1394 or <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>) devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FireWire_S1600_and_S3200">FireWire S1600 and S3200</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: FireWire S1600 and S3200"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2007, the 1394 Trade Association announced that products would be available before the end of 2008 using the S1600 and S3200 modes that, for the most part, had already been defined in 1394b and were further clarified in IEEE Std. 1394–2008.<sup id="cite_ref-1394-2008_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1394-2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1.572864 Gbit/s and 3.145728 Gbit/s devices use the same 9-conductor beta connectors as the existing FireWire 800 and are fully compatible with existing S400 and S800 devices. It competes with <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-S3200-pr_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S3200-pr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S1600 (Symwave<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and S3200 (Dap Technology<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) development units have been made, however because of FPGA technology DapTechnology targeted S1600 implementations first with S3200 not becoming commercially available until 2012. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> declared FireWire dead in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were few S1600 devices released, with a Sony camera being the only notable user.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_enhancements_(including_P1394d)"><span id="Future_enhancements_.28including_P1394d.29"></span>Future enhancements (including P1394d)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Future enhancements (including P1394d)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A project named IEEE P1394d was formed by the IEEE on March 9, 2009 to add <a href="/wiki/Single-mode_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-mode fiber">single-mode fiber</a> as an additional transport medium to FireWire.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was withdrawn in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other future iterations of FireWire were expected to increase speed to 6.4 Gbit/s and additional connectors such as the small multimedia interface.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="more specific reference (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_system_support">Operating system support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operating system support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full support for IEEE 1394a and 1394b is available for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>. </p><p>In Windows XP, a degradation in performance of 1394 devices may have occurred with installation of Service Pack 2. This was resolved in Hotfix 885222<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Service_pack_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Service pack 3">SP3</a>. Some FireWire hardware manufacturers also provide custom device drivers that replace the Microsoft OHCI host adapter driver stack, enabling S800-capable devices to run at full 800 Mbit/s transfer rates on older versions of Windows (XP SP2 w/o Hotfix 885222) and Windows Vista. At the time of its release, Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> supported only 1394a, with assurances that 1394b support would come in the next service pack.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Service Pack 1 for Microsoft Windows Vista has since been released, however the addition of 1394b support is not mentioned anywhere in the release documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1394 bus driver was rewritten for Windows 7 to provide support for higher speeds and alternative media.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Linux, support was originally provided by libraw1394 making direct communication between user space and IEEE 1394 buses.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, a new kernel driver stack, nicknamed JuJu, has been implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cable_TV_system_support">Cable TV system support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cable TV system support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under FCC Code 47 CFR 76.640 section 4, subsections 1 and 2, Cable TV providers (in the US, with digital systems) must, upon request of a customer, have provided a high-definition capable <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">cable box</a> with a functional FireWire interface. This applied only to customers leasing high-definition capable cable boxes from their cable provider after April 1, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interface can be used to display or record Cable TV, including HDTV programming.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2010, the FCC issued an order that permitted set-top boxes to include IP-based interfaces in place of FireWire.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_USB">Comparison with USB</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comparison with USB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While both technologies provide similar end results, there are fundamental differences between <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> and FireWire. USB requires the presence of a host controller, typically a PC, which connects point to point with the USB device. This allows for simpler (and lower-cost) peripherals, at the cost of lowered functionality of the bus. Intelligent <a href="/wiki/USB_hub" title="USB hub">hubs</a> are required to connect multiple USB devices to a single USB host controller. By contrast, FireWire is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-peer network">peer-to-peer network</a> (where any device may serve as the host or client), allowing multiple devices to be connected on one bus.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FireWire host interface supports DMA and memory-mapped devices, allowing data transfers to happen without loading the host CPU with interrupts and buffer-copy operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FireWire_vs_USB_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FireWire_vs_USB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, FireWire features two data buses for each segment of the bus network, whereas, until USB 3.0, USB featured only one. This means that FireWire can have communication in both directions at the same time (full-duplex), whereas USB communication prior to 3.0 can only occur in one direction at any one time (half-duplex).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While USB 2.0 expanded into the fully backwards-compatible <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a> and <a href="/wiki/USB_3.1" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 3.1">3.1</a> (using the same main connector type), FireWire used a different connector between 400 and 800 implementations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_applications">Common applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Common applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="IDB-1394"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_automobiles">Consumer automobiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consumer automobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IDB-1394 Customer Convenience Port (CCP) was the automotive version of the 1394 standard.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_audio_and_video">Consumer audio and video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Consumer audio and video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEEE 1394 was the <a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Audio-Video_Network_Alliance" title="High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance">High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance</a> (HANA) standard connection interface for A/V (audio/visual) component communication and control.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HANA was dissolved in September 2009 and the <i>1394 Trade Association</i> assumed control of all HANA-generated intellectual property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_aerospace_vehicles">Military and aerospace vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military and aerospace vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE</a> Aerospace standard <a href="/w/index.php?title=AS5643&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AS5643 (page does not exist)">AS5643</a> originally released in 2004 and reaffirmed in 2013 establishes IEEE-1394 standards as a military and aerospace databus network in those vehicles. AS5643 is utilized by several large programs, including the <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47B" title="Northrop Grumman X-47B">X-47B UCAV</a> aircraft, <a href="/wiki/AGM-154" class="mw-redirect" title="AGM-154">AGM-154</a> weapon and <a href="/wiki/Joint_Polar_Satellite_System" title="Joint Polar Satellite System">JPSS-1</a> polar satellite for NOAA. AS5643 combines existing 1394-2008 features like looped topology with additional features like transformer isolation and time synchronization, to create deterministic double and triple fault-tolerant data bus networks.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_networking">General networking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: General networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FireWire can be used for ad hoc (terminals only, no routers except where a FireWire hub is used) <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>. Specifically, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2734" class="extiw" title="rfc:2734">RFC 2734</a> specifies how to run <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> over the FireWire interface, and <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3146" class="extiw" title="rfc:3146">RFC 3146</a> specifies how to run <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>. </p><p>Mac OS X, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> include support for networking over FireWire.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> include native support for IEEE 1394 networking.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> does not have native support but may work with third party drivers. A network can be set up between two computers using a single standard FireWire cable, or by multiple computers through use of a hub. This is similar to <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> networks with the major differences being transfer speed, conductor length, and the fact that standard FireWire cables can be used for <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a> communication. </p><p>On December 4, 2004, Microsoft announced that it would discontinue support for <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">IP</a> networking over the FireWire interface in all future versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, support for this feature is absent from <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> and later Windows releases.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft rewrote their 1394 driver in <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but networking support for FireWire is not present. Unibrain offers free FireWire networking drivers for Windows called ubCore,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which support Windows Vista and later versions. </p><p>Earlier models of the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> console (SCPH 1000x to 3900x series) had an i.LINK-branded 1394 connector. This was used for networking until the release of an Ethernet adapter later in the console's lifespan, but very few software titles supported the feature. The connector was removed from the SCPH 5000x<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> series onward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IIDC">IIDC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: IIDC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IIDC (Instrumentation & Industrial Digital Camera) is the FireWire data format standard for live video, and is used by Apple's <a href="/wiki/ISight" title="ISight">iSight</a> A/V camera. The system was designed for <a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">machine vision</a> systems<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is also used for other <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> applications and for some webcams. Although they are easily confused since they both run over FireWire, IIDC is different from, and incompatible with, the ubiquitous AV/C (Audio Video Control) used to control camcorders and other consumer video devices.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DV">DV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: DV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital Video (<a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a>) is a standard <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a> used by some digital <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>. All DV cameras that recorded to tape media had a FireWire interface (usually a 4-conductor). All DV ports on camcorders only operate at the slower 100 Mbit/s speed of FireWire. This presents operational issues if the camcorder is daisy chained from a faster S400 device or via a common hub because any segment of a FireWire network cannot support multiple speed communication.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labeling of the port varied by manufacturer, with Sony using either its i.LINK trademark or the letters <i>DV</i>. Many <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders</a> have a <i>DV-input</i> FireWire connector (usually an alpha connector) that can be used to record video directly from a DV camcorder (computer-free). The protocol also accommodates remote control (play, rewind, etc.) of connected devices, and can stream time code from a camera. </p><p>USB is unsuitable for the transfer of the video data from tape because tape by its very nature does not support variable data rates. USB relies heavily on processor support and this was not guaranteed to service the USB port in time. The later move away from tape towards solid-state memory or disc media (e.g., SD Cards, optical disks or hard drives) has facilitated moving to USB transfer because file-based data can be moved in segments as required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame_grabbers">Frame grabbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Frame grabbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEEE 1394 interface is commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Frame_grabber" title="Frame grabber">frame grabbers</a>, devices that capture and digitize an analog video signal; however, IEEE 1394 is facing competition from the <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a> interface (citing speed and availability issues).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="iPod_and_iPhone_synchronization_and_charging">iPod and iPhone synchronization and charging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: iPod and iPhone synchronization and charging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPods</a> released prior to the <a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic#3rd_generation" title="IPod Classic">iPod with Dock Connector</a> used IEEE 1394a ports for transferring music files and charging, but in 2003, the FireWire port in iPods was succeeded by Apple's <a href="/wiki/Dock_connector" title="Dock connector">dock connector</a> and IEEE 1394 to 30-pin connector cables were made. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> began removing backwards compatibility with FireWire cables starting with the <a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano#1st_generation" title="IPod Nano">first generation iPod nano</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic#5th_generation_("iPod_Video")" title="IPod Classic">fifth generation iPod</a>, both of which could only sync via USB but retained the ability to charge through FireWire. This was also carried over to the <a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano#2nd_generation" title="IPod Nano">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano#3rd_generation" title="IPod Nano">third generation</a> nanos as well as the <a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic#6th_generation" title="IPod Classic">iPod Classic</a>. Backwards compatibility was removed completely beginning with the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_3G" title="IPhone 3G">iPhone 3G</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(2nd_generation)" title="IPod Touch (2nd generation)">second generation iPod touch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">fourth generation iPod nano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which could only charge and sync via USB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_issues">Security issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Security issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Devices on a FireWire bus can communicate by <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a> (DMA), where a device can use hardware to map internal memory to FireWire's <i>physical memory space</i>. The SBP-2 (<a href="/wiki/Serial_Bus_Protocol_2" title="Serial Bus Protocol 2">Serial Bus Protocol 2</a>) used by FireWire disk drives uses this capability to minimize interrupts and buffer copies. In SBP-2, the initiator (controlling device) sends a request by remotely writing a command into a specified area of the target's FireWire address space. This command usually includes buffer addresses in the initiator's FireWire <i>Physical Address Space</i>, which the target is supposed to use for moving I/O data to and from the initiator.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On many implementations, particularly those like PCs and Macs using the popular <a href="/wiki/OHCI" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCI">OHCI</a>, the mapping between the FireWire <i>physical memory space</i> and device physical memory is done in hardware, without operating system intervention. While this enables high-speed and low-latency communication between data sources and sinks without unnecessary copying (such as between a video camera and a software video recording application, or between a disk drive and the application buffers), this can also be a security or media rights-restriction risk if untrustworthy devices are attached to the bus and initiate a <a href="/wiki/DMA_attack" title="DMA attack">DMA attack</a>. One of the applications known to exploit this to gain unauthorized access to running Windows, Mac OS and Linux computers is the spyware <a href="/wiki/FinFireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFireWire">FinFireWire</a>. For this reason, high-security installations typically either use newer machines that map a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> space to the FireWire <i>physical memory space</i> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Power_Mac_G5" title="Power Mac G5">Power Mac G5</a>, or any <a href="/wiki/Sun_workstation#Hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun workstation">Sun workstation</a>), disable relevant drivers at operating system level,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disable the OHCI hardware mapping between FireWire and device memory, physically disable the entire FireWire interface, or opt to not use FireWire or other hardware like <a href="/wiki/PCMCIA" title="PCMCIA">PCMCIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a>, which expose DMA to external components. </p><p>An unsecured FireWire interface can be used to <a href="/wiki/Debug" class="mw-redirect" title="Debug">debug</a> a machine whose operating system has crashed, and in some systems for remote-console operations. Windows natively supports this scenario of kernel debugging,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although newer <a href="/wiki/Windows_Insider" title="Windows Insider">Windows Insider</a> Preview builds no longer include the ability out of the box.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On FreeBSD, the dcons driver provides both, using <a href="/wiki/Gdb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdb">gdb</a> as debugger. Under Linux, firescope<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fireproxy<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DMA_attack" title="DMA attack">DMA attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAVi" class="mw-redirect" title="HAVi">HAVi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIO_Target#IEEE_1394" class="mw-redirect" title="LIO Target">Linux IEEE 1394 target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates" title="List of interface bit rates">List of interface bit rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_control_attack" title="Pin control attack">Pin control attack</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1394ta-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1394ta_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1394ta_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209003417/http://1394ta.org/">"1394ta.org"</a>. <i>1394ta.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1394ta.org/">the original</a> on 2017-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-07</span></span>. <q>The 1394 digital link standard was conceived in 1986 by technologists at Apple Computer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1394ta.org&rft.atitle=1394ta.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1394ta.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YaghmourMasters2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YaghmourMasters2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaghmourMastersBen-YossefGerum2008" class="citation book cs1">Yaghmour, Karim; Masters, Jon; Ben-Yossef, Gilad; Gerum, Philippe (2008-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-hVqkX6A9cC&pg=PA70"><i>Building embedded Linux systems</i></a>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52968-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52968-0"><bdi>978-0-596-52968-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+embedded+Linux+systems&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52968-0&rft.aulast=Yaghmour&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft.au=Masters%2C+Jon&rft.au=Ben-Yossef%2C+Gilad&rft.au=Gerum%2C+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-hVqkX6A9cC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1394_Trade_Association:_1394_Technology-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1394_Trade_Association:_1394_Technology_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404152533/http://www.1394ta.org/consumers/WhatIsFireWire.html">"What Is FireWire?"</a>. 1394 Trade Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1394ta.org/consumers/WhatIsFireWire.html">the original</a> on 2014-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+FireWire%3F&rft.pub=1394+Trade+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1394ta.org%2Fconsumers%2FWhatIsFireWire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1394_Patents-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1394_Patents_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1394_Patents_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1394_Patents_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1394_Patents_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409052122/https://www.mpegla.com/wp-content/uploads/1394-att1.pdf">"Attachment 1 List of Patents in the 1394 Patent Portfolio"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpegla.com/wp-content/uploads/1394-att1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2024-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attachment+1+List+of+Patents+in+the+1394+Patent+Portfolio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpegla.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1394-att1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-licensors-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-licensors_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-licensors_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711205852/https://www.mpegla.com/programs/1394-program/licensors/">"MPEG LA - 1394 Licensors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpegla.com/programs/1394-program/licensors/">the original</a> on 2019-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPEG+LA+-+1394+Licensors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpegla.com%2Fprograms%2F1394-program%2Flicensors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee1394astandard-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieee1394astandard_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee1394astandard_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thunderboltt.dk/ieee-standard-1394a/">"IEEE Standard 1394a - Thunderbolt"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+1394a+-+Thunderbolt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthunderboltt.dk%2Fieee-standard-1394a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teener-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teener_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teener_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teener_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeener" class="citation web cs1">Teener, Michael J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johasteener.com/what-is-firewire.html">"What is Firewire?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(September 2016)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1394-2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1394-2008_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1394-2008_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1394-2008_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"IEEE Standard for a High-Performance Serial Bus". <i>IEEE STD. 1394-2008</i>. 2008-10-21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4659233">10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4659233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-5771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-5771-9"><bdi>978-0-7381-5771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+STD.+1394-2008&rft.atitle=IEEE+Standard+for+a+High-Performance+Serial+Bus&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4659233&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-5771-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MD464LL/A/apple-thunderbolt-to-firewire-adapter">"Apple Thunderbolt to FireWire Adapter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms802406.aspx">the original</a> on 2009-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Developer+Network&rft.atitle=AV%2FC+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fms802406.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 1394a specification.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/image-capture/how-to-establish-vga-to-firewire-connection-using-vga2ethernet/">"How to Establish VGA to Firewire Connection"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KD+1394+Work-Around&rft.pub=blogs.msdn.microsoft.com&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.microsoft.com%2Fwindbg%2F2016%2F08%2F11%2Fkd-1394-work-around%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2006/4/3/301">"Andi Kleen: [ANNOUNCE] firescope for i386/x86-64 released"</a>. LKML. 2006-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andi+Kleen%3A+%5BANNOUNCE%26%2393%3B+firescope+for+i386%2Fx86-64+released&rft.pub=LKML&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkml.org%2Flkml%2F2006%2F4%2F3%2F301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieee1394.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Utilities#fireproxy">"Bernhard Kaindl's fireproxy forwards the gdb remote protocol to FireWire. It allows reading and writing remote memory by gdb"</a>. Ieee1394.wiki.kernel.org. 2009-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernhard+Kaindl%27s+fireproxy+forwards+the+gdb+remote+protocol+to+FireWire.+It+allows+reading+and+writing+remote+memory+by+gdb&rft.pub=Ieee1394.wiki.kernel.org&rft.date=2009-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieee1394.wiki.kernel.org%2Findex.php%2FUtilities%23fireproxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINCITS_T10_Project_1467D2004" class="citation book cs1">INCITS T10 Project 1467D (2004). <i>Information technology—Serial Bus Protocol 3 (SBP-3)</i>. ANSI INCITS. ANSI INCITS 375-2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+technology%E2%80%94Serial+Bus+Protocol+3+%28SBP-3%29&rft.pub=ANSI+INCITS&rft.date=2004&rft.au=INCITS+T10+Project+1467D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1999" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Don (1999). <i>FireWire System Architecture</i>. MindShare, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-48535-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-48535-4"><bdi>0-201-48535-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FireWire+System+Architecture&rft.pub=MindShare%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-201-48535-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"IEEE Standard for a High-Performance Serial Bus". <i>IEEE STD. 1394-2008</i>. 2008-10-21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4659233">10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4659233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-5771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-5771-9"><bdi>978-0-7381-5771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+STD.+1394-2008&rft.atitle=IEEE+Standard+for+a+High-Performance+Serial+Bus&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4659233&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-5771-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+1394" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1394&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wired_communication" title="Wired communication">wired</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">computer buses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">System bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">Front-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-side_bus" title="Back-side bus">Back-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">Daisy chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_bus" title="Control bus">Control bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">Address bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_contention" title="Bus contention">Bus contention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">Bus mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">Plug and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Computer_buses" title="List of interface bit rates">List of bus bandwidths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-50_bus" title="SS-50 bus">SS-50 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STD_Bus" title="STD Bus">STD Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Card_Bus" title="Europe Card Bus">Europe Card Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control" title="Computer Automated Measurement and Control">CAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTBUS" title="FASTBUS">FASTBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Pin_Count" title="Low Pin Count">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Precision_Bus" title="HP Precision Bus">HP Precision Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">EISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="VME eXtensions for Instrumentation">VXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXS" title="VXS">VXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">MCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSC_bus" title="GSC bus">HP GSC bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">UPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI Extended (PCI-X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation">PXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express (PCIe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Express_Link" title="Compute Express Link">Compute Express Link (CXL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface" title="Direct Media Interface">Direct Media Interface (DMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">Intel QuickPath Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVLink" title="NVLink">NVLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperTransport" title="HyperTransport">HyperTransport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinity Fabric">Infinity Fabric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Ultra_Path_Interconnect" title="Intel Ultra Path Interconnect">Intel Ultra Path Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface" title="Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface">Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceWire" title="SpaceWire">SpaceWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ST-506/ST-412" title="ST-506/ST-412">ST-506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Disk_Interconnect" title="Standard Disk Interconnect">SDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Peripheral_Interface" title="Intelligent Peripheral Interface">IPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">SMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA (PATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_and_Tag" title="Bus and Tag">Bus and Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">DSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">Serial ATA (SATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Storage_Architecture" title="Serial Storage Architecture">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATAe</a></li> <li>PCI Express (via <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> or <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> logical device interface)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_SIO" title="Atari SIO">Atari SIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Control_Bus" title="Digital Control Bus">DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Commodore bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-IL" title="HP-IL">HP-IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIL_bus" title="HIL bus">HIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-423" title="RS-423">RS-423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMX512#DMX512-A" title="DMX512">DMX512-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488 (GPIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE-1284 (parallel port)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IEEE-1394 (FireWire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI/O" title="UNI/O">UNI/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACCESS.bus" title="ACCESS.bus">ACCESS.bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Bus" title="Power Management Bus">PMBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I3C_(bus)" title="I3C (bus)">I3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">D²B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profibus" title="Profibus">Profibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Link" title="Camera Link">Camera Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_External_Cabling" title="PCI Express">External PCIe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio" title="Intel High Definition Audio">Intel HD Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McASP" title="McASP">McASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multidrop_bus" title="Multidrop bus">Multidrop bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoreConnect" title="CoreConnect">CoreConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture" title="Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture">AMBA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_eXtensible_Interface" title="Advanced eXtensible Interface">AXI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_(computer_bus)" title="Wishbone (computer bus)">Wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLIMbus" title="SLIMbus">SLIMbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.</small><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_buses" title="Category:Computer buses">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_standards209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_standards" title="Template talk:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_standards209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_693" title="IEEE 693">693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">754</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision" title="IEEE 754-2008 revision">Revision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Level_Architecture" title="High Level Architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">16085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span 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