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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Bukhara_and_Gurganj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Bukhara_and_Gurganj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>In Bukhara and Gurganj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Bukhara_and_Gurganj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Gorgan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Gorgan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>In Gorgan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Gorgan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Ray_and_Hamadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Ray_and_Hamadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>In Ray and Hamadan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Ray_and_Hamadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Isfahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Isfahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>In Isfahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Isfahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metaphysical_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphysical_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Metaphysical doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphysical_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impossibility,_contingency,_necessity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impossibility,_contingency,_necessity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Impossibility, contingency, necessity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impossibility,_contingency,_necessity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differentia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differentia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Differentia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differentia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argument_for_God's_existence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argument_for_God's_existence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Argument for God's existence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argument_for_God's_existence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Biruni_correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Biruni_correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Al-Biruni correspondence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Biruni_correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Thought experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thought_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Principal works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principal_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principal works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principal_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Canon_of_Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Canon_of_Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>The Canon of Medicine</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Canon_of_Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liber_Primus_Naturalium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liber_Primus_Naturalium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Liber Primus Naturalium</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liber_Primus_Naturalium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Book_of_Healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Book_of_Healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>The Book of Healing</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_Healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earth_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Earth sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Philosophy of science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomy_and_astrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy_and_astrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Astronomy and astrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy_and_astrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Islamic_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Islamic_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Classical Islamic civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Islamic_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_Renaissance_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Medieval and Renaissance Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Modern reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Persian works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Namesakes_of_Ibn_Sina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes_of_Ibn_Sina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Namesakes of Ibn Sina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes_of_Ibn_Sina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encyclopedic_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedic_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Encyclopedic articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedic_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Primary literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Secondary literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avicenna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 153 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%93" title="ኢብን ሲና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢብን ሲና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن سينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis%C3%A9na" title="Aviséna – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aviséna" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Sina" title="İbn Sina – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Sina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ইবনে সিনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে সিনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D2%AF%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Әбүғәлисина – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әбүғәлисина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авіцэна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авіцэна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авіцэна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Авіцэна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="इब्न सीना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इब्न सीना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авицена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авицена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn-Sina" title="Ibn-Sina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ibn-Sina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avisenna" title="Avisenna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Avisenna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_S%C4%ABn%C4%81" title="Ibn Sīnā – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ibn Sīnā" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αβικέννας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αβικέννας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авиценна – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Авиценна" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviceno" title="Aviceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aviceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avizena" title="Avizena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Avizena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenne" title="Avicenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avicenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avisenna" title="Avisenna – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Avisenna" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_sina" title="Ibn sina – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ibn sina" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊本·西那" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%98" title="이븐 시나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이븐 시나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ավիցեննա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավիցեննա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="इब्न सीना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्न सीना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90" title="אבן סינא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן סינא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8" title="ಅವಿಸೆನ್ನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅವಿಸೆನ್ನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იბნ სინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ სინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenne" title="Avicenne – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Avicenne" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_S%C3%AEna" title="Îbn Sîna – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Sîna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авицена – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авицена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8" title="ഇബ്നു സീന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്നു സീന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="इब्न सिना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इब्न सिना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იბნ სინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იბნ სინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن سينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوعلی سینا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوعلی سینا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abicena" title="Abicena – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Abicena" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авиценна – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Авиценна" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="အာဗီဆန်နာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာဗီဆန်နာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="イブン・スィーナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イブン・スィーナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn-Sin%C3%A2" title="Ibn-Sinâ – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ibn-Sinâ" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_Sino" title="Abu Ali ibn Sino – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abu Ali ibn Sino" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਬਨ ਸੀਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਬਨ ਸੀਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="ابن سينا بلخي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن سينا بلخي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avisena" title="Avisena – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Avisena" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avic%C3%ABnna" title="Avicënna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Avicënna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awicenna" title="Awicenna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awicenna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_Ibn_Sina" title="Abu Ali Ibn Sina – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Abu Ali Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Sina" title="İbn Sina – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İbn Sina" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авіценна – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Авіценна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="अविसेन्न – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अविसेन्न" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بو علی سینا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بو علی سینا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سينا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن سينا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Siinaa" title="Ibn Siinaa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ibn Siinaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئیبن سینا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن سینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="இப்னு சீனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இப்னு சீனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Әбу Гали ибн Сина – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әбу Гали ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="ఇబ్నె సీనా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇబ్నె సీనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อิบน์ ซีนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิบน์ ซีนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Ибни Сино – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ибни Сино" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Sina" title="İbn Sina – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Sina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Aly_ibn_Sina" title="Abu Aly ibn Sina – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abu Aly ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авіценна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авіценна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BA%8B%EF%AF%A9%EF%BA%92%EF%AF%A9%EF%BB%A6_%EF%BA%B3%EF%AF%A9%EF%BB%A8%EF%BA%8E" title="ﺋﯩﺒﯩﻦ ﺳﯩﻨﺎ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ﺋﯩﺒﯩﻦ ﺳﯩﻨﺎ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE%E7%B4%8D" title="阿維森納 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿維森納" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊本·西那" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%90" title="אוויצענא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוויצענא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%B3%93%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%BF" title="伊賓斯拿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊賓斯拿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bni_Sina" title="İbni Sina – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İbni Sina" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C4%97cena" title="Avėcena – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Avėcena" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊本·西那" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the crater, see <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_(crater)" title="Avicenna (crater)">Avicenna (crater)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ibn Sīnā" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ali Sina (disambiguation)">Ali Sina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina Peak">Ibn Sina Peak</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Avicenna<br /><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Ibn Sina</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="fa">ابن سینا</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1950_%22Avicenna%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1950_%22Avicenna%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg/220px-1950_%22Avicenna%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1950_%22Avicenna%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg/330px-1950_%22Avicenna%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1950_%22Avicenna%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg/440px-1950_%22Avicenna%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="671" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Avicenna on a 1950 Iranian <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 980</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Afshana, <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 1037<span style="display:none">(1037-06-22)</span> (aged 56–57)<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_p._562_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_p._562-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyid Emirate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Mausoleum" title="Avicenna Mausoleum">Avicenna Mausoleum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Sharaf al-Mulk (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شرف الملك</span></span>)</li> <li>Hujjat al-Haq (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">حجة الحق</span></span>)</li> <li>al-Sheikh al-Ra'is (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الشيخ الرئيس</span></span>)</li> <li><span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz" style="font-style: normal;">Ibn-Sino (Abu Ali Abdulloh Ibn-Sino)</span></span></li> <li>Bu Alī Sīnā (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بو علی سینا</span></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Philosophy career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian philosophy">Persian philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aromatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy#Avicennism" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Philosophy and logic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Kalām</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicenne_-_Avicenna_-_Ibn_Sina_(980-1037)_CIPB2067.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait (1271)"><img alt="Portrait (1271)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Avicenne_-_Avicenna_-_Ibn_Sina_%28980-1037%29_CIPB2067.jpg/100px-Avicenne_-_Avicenna_-_Ibn_Sina_%28980-1037%29_CIPB2067.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Avicenne_-_Avicenna_-_Ibn_Sina_%28980-1037%29_CIPB2067.jpg/150px-Avicenne_-_Avicenna_-_Ibn_Sina_%28980-1037%29_CIPB2067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Avicenne_-_Avicenna_-_Ibn_Sina_%28980-1037%29_CIPB2067.jpg/200px-Avicenne_-_Avicenna_-_Ibn_Sina_%28980-1037%29_CIPB2067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2692" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0.4em 0.25em 0;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Avicenna" title="Category:Avicenna">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:#fafafa 2px solid;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna<br /><span style="font-size:80%;">(Ibn Sīnā)</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Avicenna" title="Template:Avicenna">Works</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.8em;"> <ul><li><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Nijat" title="Al-Nijat">Al-Nijat</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Thoughts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">On God's existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_man" title="Floating man">Floating man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">Al-Ghazali's criticism of Avicennian philosophy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Avicenna" title="Category:Pupils of Avicenna">Pupils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.8em;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmanyar" title="Bahmanyar">Bahmanyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Sadiq" title="Ibn Abi Sadiq">Ibn Abi Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf_al-Ilaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi">Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Monuments</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Mausoleum" title="Avicenna Mausoleum">Avicenna Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_(crater)" title="Avicenna (crater)">Avicenna (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Ali_Sina_University" title="Bu-Ali Sina University">Bu-Ali Sina University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenne_Hospital" title="Avicenne Hospital">Avicenne Hospital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Physician" title="The Physician">The Physician</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Physician_(2013_film)" title="The Physician (2013 film)"><i>The Physician</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Cultural_and_Scientific_Foundation" title="Avicenna Cultural and Scientific Foundation">Avicenna Cultural and Scientific Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholars_Pavilion" title="Scholars Pavilion">Scholars Pavilion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avicenna_sidebar" title="Template:Avicenna sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avicenna_sidebar" title="Template talk:Avicenna sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avicenna_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Avicenna sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ibn Sina</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ابن سینا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Ibn Sīnā</i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 980</span> – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as <b>Avicenna</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>), was a preeminent <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flourishing during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, serving in the courts of various <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often described as the father of early modern medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His philosophy was of the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His most famous works are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i>, a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Medical_encyclopedia" title="Medical encyclopedia">medical encyclopedia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became a standard medical text at many medieval European <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained in use as late as 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's corpus includes writings on <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">alchemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and cartography in medieval Islam">geography and geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology in medieval Islam">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics in medieval Islam">physics</a>, and works of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna wrote most of his philosophical and scientific works in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, but also wrote several key works in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, while his poetic works were written in both languages. Of the 450 works he is believed to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Avicenna</i></span></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latin corruption</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name#Nasab" title="Arabic name">Arabic patronym</a> <b>Ibn Sīnā</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن سينا</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "Son of Sina". However, Avicenna was not the son but the great-great-grandson of a man named Sina.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His formal <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a> was <b>Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn bin ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circumstances">Circumstances</h2></div> <p>Avicenna created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, in which the translations of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a>) texts translated by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Kindi school</a> were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian mathematical</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> in the eastern part of Persia, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> in the western part of Persia and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> rivaled <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> for cultural capital of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Avicenna had access to the great libraries of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Rey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>. </p><p>Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that Avicenna debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Aruzi" title="Nizami Aruzi">Nizami Aruzi</a> described how before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he had met <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> (a scientist and astronomer), <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Mansur" title="Abu Nasr Mansur">Abu Nasr Mansur</a> (a renowned mathematician), <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_%27Isa_ibn_Yahya_al-Masihi" title="Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi">Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi</a> (a respected philosopher) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khammar" title="Ibn al-Khammar">ibn al-Khammar</a> (a great physician). The study of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> also thrived, and Islamic philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> "jurisprudence", and <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a> "speculative theology" were all further developed by ibn Sina and his opponents at this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3></div> <p>Avicenna was born in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 980</span> in the village of Afshana in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> to a Persian family.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village was near the Samanid capital of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, which was his mother's hometown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoichon1986941_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoichon1986941-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Abd Allah was a native of the city of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201411_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201411-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An official of the Samanid bureaucracy, he had served as the governor of a village of the royal estate of Harmaytan near Bukhara during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nuh_II" title="Nuh II">Nuh II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 976–997</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201411_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201411-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna also had a younger brother. A few years later, the family settled in Bukhara, a center of learning, which attracted many scholars. It was there that Avicenna was educated, which early on was seemingly administered by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201412_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201412-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although both Avicenna's father and brother had converted to <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, he himself did not follow the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2017191_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2017191-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007202–203_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007202–203-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was instead a <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi Sunni</a>, the same school followed by the Samanids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas1988330–331_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas1988330–331-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna was first schooled in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and literature, and by the age of 10, he had <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">memorized the entire Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201412_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201412-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later sent by his father to an Indian greengrocer, who taught him <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201413_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201413-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, he was schooled in fiqh by the Hanafi <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurist</a> Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime later, his father invited the physician and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Al-Natili" title="Al-Natili">al-Natili</a> to their house to educate ibn Sina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201412_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201412-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, they studied the <i><a href="/wiki/Isagoge" title="Isagoge">Isagoge</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> (died 305) and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)"><i>Categories</i> of Aristotle</a> (died 322 BCE) as well. After Avicenna had read the <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (died 170) and <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid's <i>Elements</i></a>, al-Natili told him to continue his research independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Avicenna was eighteen, he was well-educated in <a href="/wiki/Science_in_classical_antiquity" title="Science in classical antiquity">Greek sciences</a>. Although ibn Sina only mentions al-Natili as his teacher in his <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, he most likely had other teachers as well, such as the physicians <a href="/wiki/Qumri" title="Qumri">Qumri</a> and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201413_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201413-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Bukhara_and_Gurganj">In Bukhara and Gurganj</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transoxiana_8th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Geophysical map of southern Central Asia (Khurasan and Transoxiana) with the major settlements and regions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Transoxiana_8th_century.svg/300px-Transoxiana_8th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Transoxiana_8th_century.svg/450px-Transoxiana_8th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Transoxiana_8th_century.svg/600px-Transoxiana_8th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the age of seventeen, Avicenna was made a physician of Nuh II. By the time Avicenna was at least 21 years old, his father died. He was subsequently given an administrative post, possibly succeeding his father as the governor of Harmaytan. Avicenna later moved to <a href="/wiki/Gurganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurganj">Gurganj</a>, the capital of Khwarazm, which he reports that he did due to "necessity". The date he went to the place is uncertain, as he reports that he served the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmshah" title="Khwarazmshah">Khwarazmshah</a>, the ruler of Khwarazm, the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali">Abu al-Hasan Ali</a>. The latter ruled from 997 to 1009, which indicates that Avicenna moved sometime during that period. </p><p>He may have moved in 999, the year in which the Samanid Empire fell after the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> captured Bukhara and imprisoned the Samanid emir <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_II_(Samanid_emir)" title="Abd al-Malik II (Samanid emir)">Abd al-Malik II</a>. Due to his high position and strong connection with the Samanids, ibn Sina may have found himself in an unfavorable position after the fall of his suzerain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was through the minister of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a patron of Greek sciences, that Avicenna entered into the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201419_(see_also_note_28)_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201419_(see_also_note_28)-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of learning, attracting many prominent figures, such as ibn Sina and his former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, and the <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27alibi" title="Al-Tha'alibi">al-Tha'alibi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth19781066_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth19781066-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984a762–764_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984a762–764-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Gorgan">In <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a></h4></div> <p>Avicenna later moved due to "necessity" once more (in 1012), this time to the west. There he travelled through the <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasani</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abivard" class="mw-redirect" title="Abivard">Abivard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samangan,_Torbat-e_Jam" title="Samangan, Torbat-e Jam">Samangan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jajarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Jajarm">Jajarm</a>. He was planning to visit the ruler of the city of Gorgan, the <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid</a> <a href="/wiki/Qabus" title="Qabus">Qabus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 977–981, 997–1012</span>), a cultivated patron of writing, whose court attracted many distinguished poets and scholars. However, when Avicenna eventually arrived, he discovered that the ruler had been dead since the winter of 1013.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975215_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975215-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna then left Gorgan for <a href="/wiki/Dihistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihistan">Dihistan</a>, but returned after becoming ill. There he met <a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a> (died 1070) who became his pupil and companion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201419,_29_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201419,_29-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna stayed briefly in Gorgan, reportedly serving Qabus's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Manuchihr" title="Manuchihr">Manuchihr</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1012–1031</span>) and resided in the house of a patron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Ray_and_Hamadan">In Ray and Hamadan</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_dinar_of_Majd_al-Dawla,_the_last_ruler_of_the_Buyid_amirate_of_Ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gold_dinar_of_Majd_al-Dawla%2C_the_last_ruler_of_the_Buyid_amirate_of_Ray.jpg/220px-Gold_dinar_of_Majd_al-Dawla%2C_the_last_ruler_of_the_Buyid_amirate_of_Ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gold_dinar_of_Majd_al-Dawla%2C_the_last_ruler_of_the_Buyid_amirate_of_Ray.jpg/330px-Gold_dinar_of_Majd_al-Dawla%2C_the_last_ruler_of_the_Buyid_amirate_of_Ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gold_dinar_of_Majd_al-Dawla%2C_the_last_ruler_of_the_Buyid_amirate_of_Ray.jpg/440px-Gold_dinar_of_Majd_al-Dawla%2C_the_last_ruler_of_the_Buyid_amirate_of_Ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Dawla" title="Majd al-Dawla">Majd al-Dawla</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 997–1029</span>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amir</a></i> (ruler) of the <a href="/wiki/Buyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid">Buyid</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1014</span>, Avicenna went to the city of <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>, where he entered into the service of the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid amir</a> <a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Dawla" title="Majd al-Dawla">Majd al-Dawla</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 997–1029</span>) and his mother <a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Shirin" title="Sayyida Shirin">Sayyida Shirin</a>, the <i>de facto</i> ruler of the realm. There he served as the physician at the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholia</a>. Avicenna reportedly later served as the "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin in <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, though details regarding this tenure are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201314_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201314-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Avicenna finished writing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i> and started writing his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201314_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201314-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1015, during Avicenna's stay in <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, he participated in a public debate, as was customary for newly arrived scholars in western Iran at that time. The purpose of the debate was to examine one's reputation against a prominent resident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315–16_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315–16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person whom Avicenna debated against was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a member of the school of philosophers of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate became heated, resulting in ibn Sina accusing Abu'l-Qasim of lack of basic knowledge in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, while Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina of impoliteness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315–16_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315–16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the debate, Avicenna sent a letter to the Baghdad Peripatetics, asking if Abu'l-Qasim's claim that he shared the same opinion as them was true. Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by writing a letter to an unknown person in which he made accusations so serious that ibn Sina wrote to Abu Sa'd, the deputy of Majd al-Dawla, to investigate the matter. The accusation made towards Avicenna may have been the same as he had received earlier, in which he was accused by the people of Hamadan of copying the stylistic structures of the Quran in his <i>Sermons on Divine Unity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201316–18_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201316–18-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seriousness of this charge, in the words of the historian Peter Adamson, "cannot be underestimated in the larger Muslim culture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201317_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201317-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not long afterwards, Avicenna shifted his allegiance to the rising Buyid amir <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Dawla" title="Shams al-Dawla">Shams al-Dawla</a>, the younger brother of Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201318_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201318-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975293_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975293-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna had been called upon by Shams al-Dawla to treat him, but after the latter's campaign in the same year against his former ally, the <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazid ruler</a> Abu Shawk (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1010–1046</span>), he forced Avicenna to become his <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201318_(see_also_note_45)_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201318_(see_also_note_45)-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Avicenna would sometimes clash with Shams al-Dawla's troops, he remained vizier until the latter died of <a href="/wiki/Colic" title="Colic">colic</a> in 1021. Avicenna was asked to stay as vizier by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Sama%27_al-Dawla" title="Sama' al-Dawla">Sama' al-Dawla</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1021–1023</span>), but he instead went into hiding with his patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, to wait for better opportunities to emerge. It was during this period that Avicenna was secretly in contact with <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Dawla_Muhammad" title="Ala al-Dawla Muhammad">Ala al-Dawla Muhammad</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1008–1041</span>), the Kakuyid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> and uncle of Sayyida Shirin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201322_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201322-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984b773–774_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984b773–774-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during his stay at Attar's home that Avicenna completed <i>The Book of Healing</i>, writing 50 pages a day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201322–23_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201322–23-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buyid court in Hamadan, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna of correspondence with Ala al-Dawla, and as a result, had the house of Attar ransacked and ibn Sina imprisoned in the fortress of Fardajan, outside Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his capture. He was imprisoned for four months until Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, ending Sama al-Dawla's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201323_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201323-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Isfahan">In Isfahan</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuhammadibnRustamDushmanziyarCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MuhammadibnRustamDushmanziyarCoin.jpg/220px-MuhammadibnRustamDushmanziyarCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MuhammadibnRustamDushmanziyarCoin.jpg/330px-MuhammadibnRustamDushmanziyarCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MuhammadibnRustamDushmanziyarCoin.jpg/440px-MuhammadibnRustamDushmanziyarCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Dawla_Muhammad" title="Ala al-Dawla Muhammad">Ala al-Dawla Muhammad</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1008–1041</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyid</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Avicenna was subsequently released, and went to Isfahan, where he was well received by Ala al-Dawla. In the words of Juzjani, the Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and esteem which someone like him deserved."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adamson also says that Avicenna's service under Ala al-Dawla "proved to be the most stable period of his life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201325_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201325-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna served as the advisor, if not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many of his military expeditions and travels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201325_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201325-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna dedicated two Persian works to him, a philosophical treatise named <i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Danish-nama-yi Ala'i</a></i> ("Book of Science for Ala"), and a medical treatise about the pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard1975630_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975630-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_1.JPG/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_1.JPG/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_1.JPG/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Mausoleum" title="Avicenna Mausoleum">Mausoleum of Avicenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>During the brief occupation of Isfahan by the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> in January 1030, Avicenna and Ala al-Dawla relocated to the southwestern Iranian region of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzistan</a>, where they stayed until the death of the Ghaznavid ruler <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 998–1030</span>), which occurred two months later. It was seemingly when Avicenna returned to Isfahan that he started writing his <i>Pointers and Reminders</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas2014133_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas2014133-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1037, while Avicenna was accompanying Ala al-Dawla to a battle near Isfahan, he contracted a severe colic, which he had been suffering from throughout his life. He died shortly afterwards in Hamadan, where he was buried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201326_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201326-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> <p>Avicenna wrote extensively on <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">early Islamic philosophy</a>, especially the subjects <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, including treatises named <i>Logic</i> and <i>Metaphysics</i>. Most of his works were written in Arabic, then the language of science in the Muslim world, and some in Early New Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in Persian, particularly the <i><a href="/wiki/Danishnama" title="Danishnama">Danishnama</a></i>. Avicenna's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a>. </p><p>Avicenna's <a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonism in Islamic Philosophy">Neoplatonic scheme</a> of emanations became fundamental in kalam in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Book of Healing</i> became available in Europe in a partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition under the title <i>Sufficientia</i>, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time paralleling the more influential Latin <a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a>, but it was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Condemnations_of_1210%E2%80%931277" title="Condemnations of 1210–1277">Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced the theologian <a href="/wiki/William_of_Auvergne" title="William of Auvergne">William of Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-IEP_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his metaphysics influenced the thought of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphysical_doctrine">Metaphysical doctrine</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicenna&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early Islamic philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Islamic metaphysics</a>, imbued as it is with kalam, distinguishes between essence and existence more clearly than Aristotelianism. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Avicenna, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from <a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">Occasionalism</a> can be seen in what is left of his work. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">al-Farabi</a>'s lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ماهية</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">māhiya</i></span>) and existence (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وجود</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">wujūd</i></span>). He argued that the fact of existence cannot be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">agent-cause</a> that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_Britannica_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_Britannica-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impossibility,_contingency,_necessity"><span id="Impossibility.2C_contingency.2C_necessity"></span>Impossibility, contingency, necessity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency" title="Necessity and sufficiency">Necessity and sufficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" title="Contingency (philosophy)">Contingency (philosophy)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Metaphysical necessity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">Potentiality and actuality</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Modal_logic" title="Modal logic">Modal logic</a></div> <p>Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (<i>mumkin bi-dhatihi</i>) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (<i>wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi</i>). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (<i>wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi</i>) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differentia">Differentia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></div> <p>The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence other than existence. Furthermore, It is 'One' (<i>wahid ahad</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. If no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then, in no sense are these 'Existents' not the same.<sup id="cite_ref-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nader_El-Bizri_2000-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (<i>jins</i>), nor a definition (<i>hadd</i>), nor a counterpart (<i>nadd</i>), nor an opposite (<i>did</i>), and is detached (<i>bari</i>) from matter (<i>madda</i>), quality (<i>kayf</i>), quantity (<i>kam</i>), place (<i>ayn</i>), situation (<i>wad</i>) and time (<i>waqt</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reception">Reception</h4></div> <p>Avicenna's theology on metaphysical issues (<i>ilāhiyyāt</i>) has been criticized by some <a href="/wiki/Islamic_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholars">Islamic scholars</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">ibn Taymiyya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While discussing the views of the theists among the Greek philosophers, namely <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in <i>Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal</i> "Deliverance from Error", al-Ghazali noted: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[the Greek philosophers] must be taxed with unbelief, as must their partisans among the Muslim philosophers, such as Avicenna and al-Farabi and their likes. None, however, of the Muslim philosophers engaged so much in transmitting Aristotle's lore as did the two men just mentioned. [...] The sum of what we regard as the authentic philosophy of Aristotle, as transmitted by al-Farabi and Avicenna, can be reduced to three parts: a part which must be branded as unbelief; a part which must be stigmatized as innovation; and a part which need not be repudiated at all.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argument_for_God's_existence"><span id="Argument_for_God.27s_existence"></span>Argument for God's existence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Proof of the Truthful</a></div> <p>Avicenna made an <a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">argument</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> which would be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Proof of the Truthful</a>" (<i>wajib al-wujud</i>). Avicenna argued that there must be a Proof of the Truthful, an entity that cannot <i>not</i> exist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013170_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013170-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through a series of arguments, he identified it with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013171_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013171-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present-day <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">historian of philosophy</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Peter Adamson (philosopher)">Peter Adamson</a> called this argument one of the most influential medieval arguments for God's existence, and Avicenna's biggest contribution to the history of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013170_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013170-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Biruni_correspondence">Al-Biruni correspondence</h3></div> <p>Correspondence between ibn Sina with his student Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi and <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> has survived in which they debated Aristotelian <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> and the Peripatetic school. al-Biruni began by asking eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens">On the Heavens</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3></div> <p>Ibn Sina was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. He aimed to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman-8-9_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-8-9-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views on Islamic theology and philosophy were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna wrote several short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets and messengers in Islam</a>, whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers", and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Quranic cosmology</a> corresponds to his philosophical system. In general, these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife. </p><p>There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works, however, that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory if prophecy could be questioned, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly, without digressing to consider <a href="/wiki/Epistemological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological">epistemological</a> matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">al-Tusi</a>) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">al-Razi</a>) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasahs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna memorized the Quran by the age of ten, and as an adult, wrote five treatises commenting on <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surahs</a> of the Quran. One of these texts included the <i>Proof of Prophecies</i>, in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in high esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna is generally understood to have been aligned with the Hanafi school of Sunni thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Aisha_Khan_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aisha_Khan-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Janssens91_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssens91-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna studied Hanafi law, many of his notable teachers were Hanafi jurists, and he served under the Hanafi court of Ali ibn Mamun.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aisha_Khan_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aisha_Khan-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna said at an early age that he remained "unconvinced" by Ismaili missionary attempts to convert him.<sup id="cite_ref-Aisha_Khan_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aisha_Khan-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) believed Avicenna to be a follower of the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Janssens91_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssens91-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thought_experiments">Thought experiments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Floating_man" title="Floating man">Floating man</a></div> <p>While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "<a href="/wiki/Floating_man" title="Floating man">floating man</a>"—literally falling man—a <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> to demonstrate human <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a> and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensation" class="extiw" title="wikt:sensation">sensations</a>, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have <a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciousness</a>. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">sense experience</a>, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">intelligence</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">active intellect</a>, which he believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">hypostasis</a> by which God communicates <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One of us (i.e. a human being) should be imagined as having been created in a single stroke; created perfect and complete but with his vision obscured so that he cannot perceive external entities; created falling through air or a void, in such a manner that he is not struck by the firmness of the air in any way that compels him to feel it, and with his limbs separated so that they do not come in contact with or touch each other. Then contemplate the following: can he be assured of the existence of himself? He does not have any doubt in that his self exists, without thereby asserting that he has any exterior limbs, nor any internal organs, neither heart nor brain, nor any one of the exterior things at all; but rather he can affirm the existence of himself, without thereby asserting there that this self has any extension in space. Even if it were possible for him in that state to imagine a hand or any other limb, he would not imagine it as being a part of his self, nor as a condition for the existence of that self; for as you know that which is asserted is different from that which is not asserted and that which is inferred is different from that which is not inferred. Therefore the self, the existence of which has been asserted, is a unique characteristic, in as much that it is not as such the same as the body or the limbs, which have not been ascertained. Thus that which is ascertained (i.e. the self), does have a way of being sure of the existence of the soul as something other than the body, even something non-bodily; this he knows, this he should understand intuitively, if it is that he is ignorant of it and needs to be beaten with a stick [to realize it].</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, On the Soul<sup id="cite_ref-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nader_El-Bizri_2000-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Self_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self (philosophy)">self</a> is not logically dependent on any physical <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">thing</a>, and that the soul should not be seen in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relative_term&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relative term (page does not exist)">relative terms</a>, but as a primary given, a <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a>. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_pp._149-171_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_pp._149-171-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elbizri67-89_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elbizri67-89-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_works">Principal works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Canon_of_Medicine"><i>The Canon of Medicine</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canons_of_medicine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canons_of_medicine.JPG/220px-Canons_of_medicine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canons_of_medicine.JPG/330px-Canons_of_medicine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Canons_of_medicine.JPG/440px-Canons_of_medicine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Canons of medicine book from Avicenna, Latin translation located at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio" title="University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio">UT Health of San Antonio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia, <i>The Canon of Medicine</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">القانون في الطب</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb</i></span>). It was used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jacb1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacb1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Canon</i> still plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liber_Primus_Naturalium"><i>Liber Primus Naturalium</i></h3></div> <p>Avicenna considered whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used the example of <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">polydactyly</a> to explain his perception that causal reasons exist for all medical events. This view of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> by seven centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Book_of_Healing"><i>The Book of Healing</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section should include only a <strong>brief</strong> summary of <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earth_sciences">Earth sciences</h4></div> <p>Avicenna wrote on <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth sciences</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> in <i>The Book of Healing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodfield_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodfield-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While discussing the formation of <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, he explained: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Either they are the effects of upheavals of the crust of the earth, such as might occur during a violent earthquake, or they are the effect of water, which, cutting itself a new route, has denuded the valleys, the strata being of different kinds, some soft, some hard ... It would require a long period of time for all such changes to be accomplished, during which the mountains themselves might be somewhat diminished in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodfield_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodfield-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophy_of_science">Philosophy of science</h4></div> <p>In the <i>Al-Burhan</i> (<i>On Demonstration</i>) section of <i>The Book of Healing</i>, Avicenna discussed the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a> and described an early <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">inquiry</a>. He discussed Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a></i> and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axioms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive</a> science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explained that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty". Avicenna then added two further methods for arriving at the <a href="/wiki/First_principle" title="First principle">first principles</a>: the ancient Aristotelian method of <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">induction</a> (<i>istiqra</i>), and the method of <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">examination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimentation</a> (<i>tajriba</i>). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he developed a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logic">Logic</h4></div> <p>An early formal system of <a href="/wiki/Temporal_logic" title="Temporal logic">temporal logic</a> was studied by Avicenna.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between <i>temporalis</i> and the implication.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna's work was further developed by <a href="/wiki/Najm_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Qazw%C4%ABn%C4%AB_al-K%C4%81tib%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī">Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī</a> and became the dominant system of <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Islamic logic</a> until modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_non-contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of non-contradiction">law of non-contradiction</a> proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physics">Physics</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>, Avicenna, in <i>The Book of Healing</i>, developed a theory of <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a>, in which he made a distinction between the inclination (tendency to motion) and <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a>, and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination (<i>mayl</i>) transferred to the projectile by the thrower, and that <a href="/wiki/Projectile_motion" title="Projectile motion">projectile motion</a> in a vacuum would not cease.<sup id="cite_ref-Espinoza_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinoza-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He viewed inclination as a permanent force whose effect is dissipated by external forces such as <a href="/wiki/Air_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air resistance">air resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory of motion presented by Avicenna was probably influenced by the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a>. Avicenna's is a less sophisticated variant of the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">theory of impetus</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Buridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buridan">Buridan</a> in the 14th century. It is unclear if Buridan was influenced by Avicenna, or by Philoponus directly.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, Avicenna was among those who argued that light had a speed, observing that "if the perception of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> is due to the emission of some sort of <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">particles</a> by a luminous source, the speed of light must be finite."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also provided a wrong explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a> phenomenon. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin_Boyer" title="Carl Benjamin Boyer">Carl Benjamin Boyer</a> described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory on the rainbow as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not only of the bow, but also of the color formation, holding the iridescence to be merely a subjective sensation in the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1253, a Latin text entitled <i>Speculum Tripartitum</i> stated the following regarding Avicenna's theory on <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Avicenna says in his book of heaven and earth, that heat is generated from motion in external things.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychology">Psychology</h4></div> <p>Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the <i>Kitab al-nafs</i> parts of his <i>Kitab al-shifa</i> (<i>The Book of Healing</i>) and <i>Kitab al-najat</i> (<i>The Book of Deliverance</i>). These were known in Latin under the title <a href="/wiki/De_Anima" class="mw-redirect" title="De Anima">De Anima</a> (treatises "on the soul").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2012)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Avicenna#Dubious" title="Talk:Avicenna">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the <a href="/wiki/Floating_man" title="Floating man">Flying Man</a> argument in the Psychology of <i>The Cure</i> I.1.7 as defence of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>'s <i>cogito</i> argument (or what <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> designates as a form of an "<i>epoche</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_pp._149-171_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_pp._149-171-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elbizri67-89_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elbizri67-89-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The soul completes the action of intellection by accepting forms that have been abstracted from matter. This process requires a concrete particular (material) to be abstracted into the universal intelligible (immaterial). The material and immaterial interact through the Active Intellect, which is a "divine light" containing the intelligible forms.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Active Intellect reveals the universals concealed in material objects much like the sun makes colour available to our eyes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_contributions">Other contributions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy_and_astrology">Astronomy and astrology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology in the medieval Islamic world</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skulls_of_Avicenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Skulls_of_Avicenna.jpg/220px-Skulls_of_Avicenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Skulls_of_Avicenna.jpg/330px-Skulls_of_Avicenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Skulls_of_Avicenna.jpg/440px-Skulls_of_Avicenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Skull of Avicenna, found in 1950 during construction of <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Mausoleum" title="Avicenna Mausoleum">the new mausoleum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Avicenna wrote an attack on astrology titled <i>Missive on the Champions of the Rule of the Stars</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رسالة في ابطال احكم النجوم</span></span>) in which he cited passages from the Quran to dispute the power of astrology to foretell the future.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that each <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">classical planet</a> had some influence on the Earth but argued against <a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">current astrological practices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than that of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">ibn al-Haytham</a> or al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">mathematical astronomy</a> a separate discipline from astrology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ragep_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragep-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticized Aristotle's view of the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> receiving their light from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed to have observed the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a>. This is possible as there was a transit on 24 May 1032, but ibn Sina did not give the date of his observation and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in the <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric model</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ragep_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragep-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also wrote the <i>Summary of the Almagest</i> based on Ptolemy's <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> with an appended treatise "to bring that which is stated in the Almagest and what is understood from Natural Science into conformity". For example, ibn Sina considers the motion of the solar <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apsis</a>, which Ptolemy had taken to be fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ragep_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragep-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3></div> <p>Avicenna was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used <a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">steam distillation</a> to produce essential oils such as rose essence, which he used as <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapeutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatherapeutic">aromatherapeutic</a> treatments for heart conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Marlene_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marlene-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike al-Razi, Avicenna explicitly disputed the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">transmutation of substances</a> commonly believed by <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Four works on alchemy attributed to Avicenna were translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as:<sup id="cite_ref-Anawati_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anawati-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae</i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Declaratio Lapis physici Avicennae filio sui Aboali</i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum</i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Avicennae ad Hasan Regem epistola de Re recta</i></span></li></ul> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae</i></span> was the most influential, having influenced later <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> chemists and alchemists such as <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais">Vincent of Beauvais</a>. However, Anawati argues (following Ruska) that the de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author. Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna. The third work (<i>The Book of Minerals</i>) is agreed to be Avicenna's writing, adapted from the <i>Kitab al-Shifa</i> (<i>Book of the Remedy</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Anawati_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anawati-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna classified minerals into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs and salts, building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>epistola de Re recta</i> is somewhat less sceptical of alchemy; Anawati argues that it is by Avicenna, but written earlier in his career when he had not yet firmly decided that transmutation was impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-Anawati_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anawati-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3></div> <p>Almost half of Avicenna's works are versified.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poems appear in both Arabic and Persian. As an example, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Edward Granville Browne</a> claims that the following Persian verses are incorrectly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyám">Omar Khayyám</a>, and were originally written by Ibn Sīnā:<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:right" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">از قعر گل سیاه تا اوج زحل<br /> کردم همه مشکلات گیتی را حل<br /> بیرون جستم زقید هر مکر و حیل<br /> هر بند گشاده شد مگر بند اجل</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>From the depth of the black earth up to Saturn's apogee,<br /> All the problems of the universe have been solved by me.<br /> I have escaped from the coils of snares and deceits;<br /> I have unraveled all knots except the knot of Death.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 91">: 91 </span></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Islamic_civilization">Classical Islamic civilization</h3></div> <p>Robert Wisnovsky, a scholar of Avicenna attached to <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, says that "Avicenna was the central figure in the long history of the rational sciences in Islam, particularly in the fields of metaphysics, logic and medicine" but that his works didn't only have an influence in these "secular" fields of knowledge alone, as "these works, or portions of them, were read, taught, copied, commented upon, quoted, paraphrased and cited by thousands of post-Avicennian scholars—not only philosophers, logicians, physicians and specialists in the mathematical or exact sciences, but also by those who specialized in the disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿilm al-kalām</a> (rational theology, but understood to include <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">usūl al-fiqh</a> (jurisprudence, but understood to include philosophy of law, dialectic, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_Renaissance_Europe">Medieval and Renaissance Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicenna_Mausoleum_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Avicenna_Mausoleum_interior.jpg/170px-Avicenna_Mausoleum_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Avicenna_Mausoleum_interior.jpg/255px-Avicenna_Mausoleum_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Avicenna_Mausoleum_interior.jpg/340px-Avicenna_Mausoleum_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Inside view of the Avicenna Mausoleum, designed by <a href="/wiki/Hooshang_Seyhoun" title="Hooshang Seyhoun">Hooshang Seyhoun</a> in 1945–1950</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as the 14th century when <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> depicted him in Limbo alongside the virtuous non-Christian thinkers in his <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> such as <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. Avicenna has been recognized by both East and West as one of the great figures in intellectual history. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> cites Avicenna's opinion when discussing the causes of planetary motions in Chapter 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomia_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomia Nova">Astronomia Nova</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kepler_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kepler-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">George Sarton</a>, the author of <i>The History of Science</i>, described Avicenna as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history"<sup id="cite_ref-Zahoor_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahoor-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and called him "the most famous <a href="/wiki/Islamic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science">scientist of Islam</a> and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times". He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awicenna-WalentyzPilzna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Awicenna-WalentyzPilzna.png/220px-Awicenna-WalentyzPilzna.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Awicenna-WalentyzPilzna.png/330px-Awicenna-WalentyzPilzna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Awicenna-WalentyzPilzna.png/440px-Awicenna-WalentyzPilzna.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Avicenna at the sickbed, <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> by Walenty z Pilzna, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> (ca 1479–1480)</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Rhazes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zahrawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi">Abulcasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">al-Ibadi</a>, Avicenna is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">history of medicine</a> as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters (such as anatomy), he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence among medieval European scholars meant that Avicenna's linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophical writings in the <i>Canon of Medicine</i> (along with its comprehensive and logical organisation of knowledge) significantly increased Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe in comparison to other Islamic writers on medicine. His influence following translation of the <i>Canon</i> was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">princeps medicorum</i></span> ("prince of physicians").<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_reception">Modern reception</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_Avicenna_in_Qakh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monument_Avicenna_in_Qakh.JPG/220px-Monument_Avicenna_in_Qakh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monument_Avicenna_in_Qakh.JPG/330px-Monument_Avicenna_in_Qakh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monument_Avicenna_in_Qakh.JPG/440px-Monument_Avicenna_in_Qakh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>A monument to Avicenna in <a href="/wiki/Qakh_(city)" title="Qakh (city)">Qakh (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%84%96_5099._1980._1000-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%84%96_5099._1980._1000-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%84%96_5099._1980._1000-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%84%96_5099._1980._1000-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1980 published a stamp entitled "1000th anniversary of the birth of Ibn Sina"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999(2000)-donatedsb_f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999%282000%29-donatedsb_f.jpg/220px-TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999%282000%29-donatedsb_f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999%282000%29-donatedsb_f.jpg/330px-TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999%282000%29-donatedsb_f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999%282000%29-donatedsb_f.jpg/440px-TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999%282000%29-donatedsb_f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Image of Avicenna on the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Tajikistani somoni</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Institutions in a variety of counties have been named after Avicenna in honour of his scientific accomplishments, including the <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Mausoleum_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum">Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bu-Ali_Sina_University" title="Bu-Ali Sina University">Bu-Ali Sina University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Research_Institute" title="Avicenna Research Institute">Avicenna Research Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences" title="Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences">Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a crater on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> named <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_(crater)" title="Avicenna (crater)">Avicenna</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Prize" title="Avicenna Prize">Avicenna Prize</a>, established in 2003, is awarded every two years by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and rewards individuals and groups for their achievements in the field of ethics in science.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_(Avicenna).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Avicenna%29.jpg/220px-Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Avicenna%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Avicenna%29.jpg/330px-Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Avicenna%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Avicenna%29.jpg/440px-Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Avicenna%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The statue of Avicenna in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Office in Vienna">United Nations Office in Vienna</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Scholars_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Scholars Pavilion">Persian Scholars Pavilion</a> donated by Iran</figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Directories" title="Avicenna Directories">Avicenna Directories</a> (2008–15; now the <a href="/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" title="World Directory of Medical Schools">World Directory of Medical Schools</a>) list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The original project team stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In June 2009, Iran donated a "<a href="/wiki/Persian_Scholars_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Scholars Pavilion">Persian Scholars Pavilion</a>" to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Office in Vienna">United Nations Office in Vienna</a>. It now sits in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_International_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna International Center">Vienna International Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h4></div> <p>The 1982 Soviet film <i>Youth of Genius</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Юность гения</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Yunost geniya</i></span>) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elyor_Ishmukhamedov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elyor Ishmukhamedov (page does not exist)">Elyor Ishmukhamedov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%91%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Ишмухамедов, Эльёр Мухитдинович">ru</a>]</span> recounts Avicenna's younger years. The film is set in Bukhara at the turn of the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour" title="Louis L'Amour">Louis L'Amour</a>'s 1985 historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Drum" title="The Walking Drum">The Walking Drum</a></i>, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's <i>The Canon of Medicine</i>. </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Physician" title="The Physician">The Physician</a></i> (1988) <a href="/wiki/Noah_Gordon_(novelist)" title="Noah Gordon (novelist)">Noah Gordon</a> tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Physician_(2013_film)" title="The Physician (2013 film)">The Physician</a></i>, in 2013. Avicenna was played by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2></div> <p>The treatises of Avicenna influenced later Muslim thinkers in many areas including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics and music. His works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 volumes of his surviving works concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most famous works are <i>The Book of Healing</i>, and <i>The Canon of Medicine</i>. </p><p>Avicenna wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His <i>Logic</i>, <i>Metaphysics</i>, <i>Physics</i>, and <i>De Caelo</i>, are treatises giving a synoptic view of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian doctrine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <i>Metaphysics</i> demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> known as Aristotelianism in Avicenna's world; Arabic philosophers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (February 2015)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have hinted at the idea that Avicenna was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world. </p><p>The <i>Logic</i> and <i>Metaphysics</i> have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495 and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two encyclopedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">Al-Shifa'</a></i> (<i>Sanatio</i>), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> and elsewhere; part of it on the <i>De Anima</i> appeared at Pavia (1490) as the <i>Liber Sextus Naturalium</i>, and the long account of Avicenna's philosophy given by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shahrastani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Shahrastani">Muhammad al-Shahrastani</a> seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (<i>Liberatio</i>). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حكمت مشرقيه</span></span> (<i>hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya</i>, in Latin <i>Philosophia Orientalis</i>), mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna's works further include:<sup id="cite_ref-Works_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Works-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Sirat al-shaykh al-ra'is</i> (<i>The Life of Avicenna</i>), ed. and trans. WE. Gohlman, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1974. (The only critical edition of Avicenna's autobiography, supplemented with material from a biography by his student Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani. A more recent translation of the Autobiography appears in D. Gutas, <i>Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna's Philosophical Works</i>, Leiden: Brill, 1988; second edition 2014.)<sup id="cite_ref-Works_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Works-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-isharat_wa_al-tanbihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat">Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat</a></i> (<i>Remarks and Admonitions</i>), ed. S. Dunya, Cairo, 1960; parts translated by S.C. Inati, Remarks and Admonitions, Part One: Logic, Toronto, Ont.: Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies, 1984, and Ibn Sina and Mysticism, Remarks and Admonitions: Part 4, London: Kegan Paul International, 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Works_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Works-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Al-Qanun fi'l-tibb</i> (<i>The Canon of Medicine</i>), ed. I. a-Qashsh, Cairo, 1987. (Encyclopedia of medicine.)<sup id="cite_ref-Works_136-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Works-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manuscript,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin translation, Flores Avicenne,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael de Capella, 1508,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern text.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmed Shawkat Al-Shatti, Jibran Jabbur.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Risalah fi sirr al-qadar</i> (<i>Essay on the Secret of Destiny</i>), trans. G. Hourani in Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Works_136-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Works-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Danishnama" title="Danishnama">Danishnama</a></i> "The Book of Scientific Knowledge", ed. and trans. P. Morewedge, <i>The Metaphysics of Avicenna</i>, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Works_136-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Works-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i>, Avicenna's major work on philosophy. He probably began to compose al-Shifa' in 1014, and completed it in 1020. Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in Cairo, 1952–83, originally under the supervision of I. Madkour.<sup id="cite_ref-Works_136-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Works-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kitab al-Najat</i> "The Book of Salvation", trans. F. Rahman, <i>Avicenna's Psychology: An English Translation of Kitab al-Najat, Book II, Chapter VI with Historical-philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo Edition</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952. (The psychology of al-Shifa'.) (Digital version of the Arabic text)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risala_fi%27l-Ishq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risala fi'l-Ishq (page does not exist)">Risala fi'l-Ishq</a></i> "A Treatise on Love". Translated by Emil L. Fackenheim.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_works">Persian works</h3></div> <p>Avicenna's most important Persian work is the <i><a href="/wiki/Danishnama" title="Danishnama">Danishnama</a></i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دانشنامه علائی</span></span>, "Book of Knowledge". Avicenna created a new scientific vocabulary that had not previously existed in Persian. The <i>Danishnama</i> covers such topics as logic, metaphysics, music theory and other sciences of his time. It has been translated into English by Parwiz Morewedge in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is also important in respect to Persian scientific works. </p><p><i>Andar Dānish-i Rag</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اندر دانش رگ</span></span>, "On the Science of the Pulse") contains nine chapters on the science of the pulse and is a condensed synopsis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a> from Avicenna is recorded in various manuscripts and later anthologies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nozhat_al-Majales" title="Nozhat al-Majales">Nozhat al-Majales</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qumri" title="Qumri">Al-Qumri</a> (possibly Avicenna's teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdol_Hamid_Khosro_Shahi" title="Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi">Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi</a> (Iranian theologian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummia" title="Mummia">Mummia</a> (Persian medicine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science in the medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_in_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of scientists in medieval Islamic world">List of scientists in medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient Iranian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namesakes_of_Ibn_Sina">Namesakes of Ibn Sina</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences" title="Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences">Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Bay" title="Avicenna Bay">Avicenna Bay</a> in Antarctica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_(crater)" title="Avicenna (crater)">Avicenna (crater)</a> on the far side of the Moon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Cultural_and_Scientific_Foundation" title="Avicenna Cultural and Scientific Foundation">Avicenna Cultural and Scientific Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenne_Hospital" title="Avicenne Hospital">Avicenne Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_International_College" title="Avicenna International College">Avicenna International College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Mausoleum" title="Avicenna Mausoleum">Avicenna Mausoleum</a> (complex dedicated to Avicenna) in <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Research_Institute" title="Avicenna Research Institute">Avicenna Research Institute</a> in Tehran, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna_Tajik_State_Medical_University" title="Avicenna Tajik State Medical University">Avicenna Tajik State Medical University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Ali_Sina_University" title="Bu-Ali Sina University">Bu-Ali Sina University</a> in Hamedan, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina Peak">Ibn Sina Peak</a> – named after the Scientist, on the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> border</li> <li>Ibn Sina Foundation in Houston, Texas<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Hospital" title="Ibn Sina Hospital">Ibn Sina Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li>Ibn Sina Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Medical_College" title="Ibn Sina Medical College">Ibn Sina Medical College</a> Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat-Salé at <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_University" title="Mohammed V University">Mohammed V University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li>Ibne Sina Hospital, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Ibn Sina Clinic, <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Islam_p._562-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_p._562_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Islam: Vol 1, p. 562, Edition I, 1964, Lahore, Pakistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ7K_-W7qhIC&q=Duns+Scotus+Avicenna&pg=PA130"><i>The Sheed & Ward Anthology of Catholic Philosophy</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3198-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3198-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-3198-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sheed+%26+Ward+Anthology+of+Catholic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3198-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQ7K_-W7qhIC%26q%3DDuns%2BScotus%2BAvicenna%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ramin_Jahanbegloo" title="Ramin Jahanbegloo">Ramin Jahanbegloo</a>, <i>In Search of the Sacred : A Conversation with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on His Life and Thought</i>, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a> (2010), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/avicenna-ibn-sina/">"Avicenna (Ibn Sina)"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006135059/https://iep.utm.edu/avicenna-ibn-sina/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna+%28Ibn+Sina%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Favicenna-ibn-sina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/">"Ibn Sina [Avicenna]"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina+%5BAvicenna%5D&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fibn-sina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a href="#CITEREFAdamson2016">Adamson 2016</a>, pp. 113, 117, 206.<br />(page 113) "For one thing, it means that he[Avicenna] had a Persian cultural background...he spoke Persian natively and did use it to write philosophy."<br />(page 117) "But for the time being, it was a Persian from Khurasan who would have commentaries lavished upon him. Avicenna would be known by the honorific of "leading master" (al-shaykh al-raʾis)."<br />(page 206) "Persians like Avicenna" <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBennison2009">Bennison 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatcaliphsgold00benn/page/n205">195</a>. "Avicenna was a Persian whose father served the Samanids of Khurasan and Transoxania as the administrator of a rural district outside Bukhara."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Strathern2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul Strathern (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofme0000stra/page/58/mode/"><i>A brief history of medicine: from Hippocrates to gene therapy</i></a>. Running Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1525-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1525-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-1525-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+medicine%3A+from+Hippocrates+to+gene+therapy&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1525-1&rft.au=Paul+Strathern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofme0000stra%2Fpage%2F58%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Duignan2010" class="citation book cs1">Brian Duignan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9eh18dRTwAC&q=Avicenna+ethnic&pg=PA89"><i>Medieval Philosophy</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-244-4"><bdi>978-1-61530-244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Philosophy&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-244-4&rft.au=Brian+Duignan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp9eh18dRTwAC%26q%3DAvicenna%2Bethnic%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Kort2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Kort (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPCcSZ2dzckC&q=Avicenna+ethnic&pg=PA24"><i>Central Asian republics</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5074-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5074-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5074-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asian+republics&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5074-1&rft.au=Michael+Kort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPCcSZ2dzckC%26q%3DAvicenna%2Bethnic%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGoichon1986">Goichon 1986</a>, p. 941. "He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian."</li> <li>"Avicenna was the greatest of all Persian thinkers; as physician and metaphysician ..." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8PzaQZwzZQC">excerpt</a> from A.J. Arberry, <i>Avicenna on Theology</i>, Kazi Publications Inc, 1995).</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCorbin1998">Corbin 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8PzaQZwzZQC&q=is%20generally%20listed%20as%20chronologically%20first%20among%20noteworthy%20Iranian%20philosophers&pg=PA74">74</a>. "Whereas the name of Avicenna (Ibn Sina, died 1037) is generally listed as chronologically first among noteworthy Iranian philosophers, recent evidence has revealed previous existence of Ismaili philosophical systems with a structure no less complete than of Avicenna."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/node/10757">"Did You Know?: Silk Roads Exchange and the Development of the Medical Sciences | Programme des Routes de la Soie"</a>. <i>fr.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114145935/https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/node/10757">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>Scholars from this period include Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980–1037 CE), who is often described as the father of early modern medicine, the polymath Al-Biruni (973–1050 CE), and the botanist and pharmacist Ibn al-Baitar (1197–1248 CE).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fr.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know%3F%3A+Silk+Roads+Exchange+and+the+Development+of+the+Medical+Sciences+%7C+Programme+des+Routes+de+la+Soie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fnode%2F10757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaffariPakpour2012" class="citation journal cs1">Saffari, Mohsen; Pakpour, Amir (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233825605">"Avicenna's Canon of Medicine: A Look at Health, Public Health, and Environmental Sanitation"</a>. <i>Archives of Iranian Medicine</i>. <b>15</b> (12): 785–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23199255">23199255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329203255/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233825605">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>. <q>Avicenna was a well-known Persian and a Muslim scientist who was considered to be the father of early modern medicine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Iranian+Medicine&rft.atitle=Avicenna%27s+Canon+of+Medicine%3A+A+Look+at+Health%2C+Public+Health%2C+and+Environmental+Sanitation&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=785-9&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23199255&rft.aulast=Saffari&rft.aufirst=Mohsen&rft.au=Pakpour%2C+Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233825605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgan2009" class="citation book cs1">Colgan, Richard (19 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoMVs4HuDAoC&q=avicenna+father+of+modern+medicine&pg=PA33"><i>Advice to the Young Physician: On the Art of Medicine</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1034-9"><bdi>978-1-4419-1034-9</bdi></a>. <q>Avicenna is known as the father of early modern medicine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advice+to+the+Young+Physician%3A+On+the+Art+of+Medicine&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-1034-9&rft.aulast=Colgan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoMVs4HuDAoC%26q%3Davicenna%2Bfather%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Bmedicine%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_Biography|id=Avicenna_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Avicenna.html">"Avicenna"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAvicenna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011433/Avicenna">"Avicenna"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031092920/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011433/Avicenna">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9011433%2FAvicenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Clarke, Charles Donald O'Malley (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_rO4ZFpUcgC&pg=PA20"><i>The human brain and spinal cord: a historical study illustrated by writings from antiquity to the twentieth century</i></a>, Norman Publishing, p. 20 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930405-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-930405-25-0">0-930405-25-0</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iris Bruijn (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UT89SgQHGgC&pg=PA26"><i>Ship's Surgeons of the Dutch East India Company: Commerce and the progress of medicine in the eighteenth century</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>, p. 26 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-8728-051-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-8728-051-3">90-8728-051-3</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007070250/http://hcs.osu.edu/hort/history/023.html">"Avicenna 980–1037"</a>. Hcs.osu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcs.osu.edu/hort/history/023.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avicenna+980%E2%80%931037&rft.pub=Hcs.osu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcs.osu.edu%2Fhort%2Fhistory%2F023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">Montpellier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Leuven</a> (see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/etexts/medicine/#MD02007">"Medicine: an exhibition of books relating to medicine and surgery from the collection formed by J.K. Lilly"</a>. Indiana.edu. 31 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214041352/http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/etexts/medicine/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medicine%3A+an+exhibition+of+books+relating+to+medicine+and+surgery+from+the+collection+formed+by+J.K.+Lilly&rft.pub=Indiana.edu&rft.date=2004-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~liblilly%2Fetexts%2Fmedicine%2F%23MD02007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-index">"Avicenna", in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Version 2006"</a>. Iranica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429170220/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-index">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avicenna%22%2C+in+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Version+2006&rft.pub=Iranica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2012" class="citation cs2">Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC&pg=PA29">"Avicenna"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Black Death, </i>Vol. I<i><span></span></i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, CA</a>: ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-253-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-253-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Black+Death%2C+Vol.+I&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-253-1&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KtDfvlSrDAC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Gelder2013" class="citation cs2">Van Gelder, Geert Jan, ed. (2013), "Introduction", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpM266Jd4OoC"><i>Classical Arabic Literature</i></a>, Library of Arabic Literature, New York: New York University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpM266Jd4OoC&pg=PR22">xxii</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7120-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7120-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-7120-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Classical+Arabic+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Library+of+Arabic+Literature&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7120-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpM266Jd4OoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cerl.org/thesaurus/cnp01316451">"Avicenna"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Consortium_of_European_Research_Libraries" title="Consortium of European Research Libraries">Consortium of European Research Libraries</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819161217/https://data.cerl.org/thesaurus/cnp01316451">archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consortium+of+European+Research+Libraries&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.cerl.org%2Fthesaurus%2Fcnp01316451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvicenna1935" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Avicenna (1935), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/7461/">"Majmoo' rasaa'il al-sheikh al-ra'iis abi Ali al-Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn Sina al-Bukhari" <bdi lang="ar">مجموع رسائل الشيخ الرئيس اب علي الحسين ابن عبدالله ابن سينا البخاري</bdi></a> [The Grand Sheikh Ibn Sina's Collection of Treatises], <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i> (first ed.), <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Haydarabad Al-Dakan</a>: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819161215/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/7461/">archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Majmoo%27+rasaa%27il+al-sheikh+al-ra%27iis+abi+Ali+al-Hussein+ibn+Abdullah+ibn+Sina+al-Bukhari+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9+%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.date=1935&rft.au=Avicenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7461%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-47496/education">"Major periods of Muslim education and learning"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212112030/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-47496/education">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Major+periods+of+Muslim+education+and+learning&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-47496%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfary2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Afary" title="Janet Afary">Afary, Janet</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://p2.www.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=106324&fullArticle=true&tocId=9106324">"Iran"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813184232/http://p2.www.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=106324&fullArticle=true&tocId=9106324">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Afary&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fp2.www.britannica.com%2Foscar%2Fprint%3FarticleId%3D106324%26fullArticle%3Dtrue%26tocId%3D9106324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="#CITEREFEl-Bizri2006">El-Bizri 2006</a>, p. 369, Avicenna was "of Persian descent". According to <a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2005">Khalidi 2005</a>, p. xviii, Avicenna was "born of Persian parentage". According to <a href="#CITEREFCopleston1993">Copleston 1993</a>, p. 190, Avicenna was "Persian by birth". <a href="#CITEREFGutas2014">Gutas 2014</a>, pp. xi, 310, mentions Avicenna as an example for "Persian-born authors" and speaks of "presumed Persian origins" for Avicenna. <a href="#CITEREFGlickLiveseyWallis2005">Glick, Livesey & Wallis 2005</a>, p. 256, states "An ethnic Persian, he [Avicenna] was born in Kharmaithen, near Bukhara".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoichon1986941-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoichon1986941_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoichon1986">Goichon 1986</a>, p. 941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201411-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201411_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201411_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutas2014">Gutas 2014</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas198767–70_26-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutas1987">Gutas 1987</a>, pp. 67–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201412-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201412_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201412_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201412_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutas2014">Gutas 2014</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson20138_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2017191-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2017191_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2017">Daftary 2017</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007202–203-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007202–203_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas1988330–331-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas1988330–331_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutas1988">Gutas 1988</a>, pp. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201413-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201413_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201413_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutas2014">Gutas 2014</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201419_(see_also_note_28)-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201419_(see_also_note_28)_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutas2014">Gutas 2014</a>, p. 19 (see also note 28).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth19781066-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth19781066_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1978">Bosworth 1978</a>, p. 1066.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984a762–764-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984a762–764_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1984a">Bosworth 1984a</a>, pp. 762–764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975215-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975215_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1975">Madelung 1975</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas201419,_29-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas201419,_29_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutas2014">Gutas 2014</a>, pp. 19, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201314-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201314_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201314_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315–16-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315–16_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315–16_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201315_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201316–18-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201316–18_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201317-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201317_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201318-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201318_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975293-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975293_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1975">Madelung 1975</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201318_(see_also_note_45)-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201318_(see_also_note_45)_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 18 (see also note 45).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201322-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201322_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984b773–774-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1984b773–774_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1984b">Bosworth 1984b</a>, pp. 773–774.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201322–23-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201322–23_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201323-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201323_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201325-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201325_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201325_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975630-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard1975630_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazard1975">Lazard 1975</a>, p. 630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutas2014133-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutas2014133_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutas2014">Gutas 2014</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201326-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201326_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroumsa1992" class="citation journal cs1">Stroumsa, Sarah (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4057059">"Avicenna's Philosophical Stories: Aristotle's Poetics Reinterpreted"</a>. <i>Arabica</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 183–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005892X00166">10.1163/157005892X00166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0570-5398">0570-5398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4057059">4057059</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013112327/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4057059">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=Avicenna%27s+Philosophical+Stories%3A+Aristotle%27s+Poetics+Reinterpreted&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-206&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0570-5398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4057059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005892X00166&rft.aulast=Stroumsa&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4057059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nahyan A.G. Fancy (2006), pp. 80–81, "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", <i>Electronic Theses and Dissertations</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615">University of Notre Dame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/">Archived</a> 4 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> c.f. e.g. Henry Corbin, <i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i>, Routledge, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9bgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174">p. 174</a>. Henry Corbin, <i>Avicenna and the Visionary Recital</i>, Princeton University Press, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1P3_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">p. 103</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEP-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/avicenna.htm#H5">"The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (c. 980–1037)"</a>. Iep.utm.edu. 6 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406100921/http://iep.utm.edu/a/avicenna.htm#H5">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+Avicenna+%28Ibn+Sina%29+%28c.+980%E2%80%931037%29&rft.pub=Iep.utm.edu&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fa%2Favicenna.htm%23H5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_in_Britannica-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_in_Britannica_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-69190/Islam">"Islam"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222082832/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-69190/Islam">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-69190%2FIslam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avicenna, <i>Kitab al-shifa', Metaphysics II</i>, (eds.) G.C. Anawati, Ibrahim Madkour, Sa'id Zayed (Cairo, 1975), p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, "Avicenna and Essentialism," <i>Review of Metaphysics</i>, Vol. 54 (2001), pp. 753–778</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avicenna, <i>Metaphysica of Avicenna</i>, trans. Parviz Morewedge (New York, 1973), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nader_El-Bizri_2000-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader El-Bizri, <i>The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger</i> (Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications SUNY, 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avicenna, <i>Kitab al-Hidaya</i>, ed. Muhammad 'Abdu (Cairo, 1874), pp. 262–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salem Mashran, <i>al-Janib al-ilahi 'ind Ibn Sina</i> (Damascus, 1992), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader El-Bizri, "Being and Necessity: A Phenomenological Investigation of Avicenna's Metaphysics and Cosmology," in <i>Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm</i>, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006), pp. 243–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn al-Qayyim, <i>Eghaathat al-Lahfaan</i>, Published: Al Ashqar University (2003) Printed by International Islamic Publishing House: Riyadh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Muḥammad_al-Ghazālī1980" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095350/https://www.aub.edu.lb/fas/cvsp/Documents/reading_selections/CVSP%20202/Al-ghazali.pdf"><i>al-Munqidh min al-Dalal</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boston: American University of Beirut. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aub.edu.lb/fas/cvsp/Documents/reading_selections/CVSP%20202/Al-ghazali.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Munqidh+min+al-Dalal&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=American+University+of+Beirut&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+%E1%B8%A4%C4%81mid+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aub.edu.lb%2Ffas%2Fcvsp%2FDocuments%2Freading_selections%2FCVSP%2520202%2FAl-ghazali.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013170-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013170_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013170_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013171-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson2013171_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2013">Adamson 2013</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina—Al-Biruni correspondence", <i>Islam & Science</i>, June 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman-8-9-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodman-8-9_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), <i>Islamic Humanism</i>, pp. 8–9, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513580-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513580-6">0-19-513580-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James W. Morris (1992), "The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna's Political Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.), <i>The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-07-4">978-0-932885-07-4</a>, Chapter 4, Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, pp. 152–198 [p. 156].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James W. Morris (1992), "The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna's Political Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.), <i>The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy</i>, Chapter 4, Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, pp. 152–198 [pp.  160–161].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James W. Morris (1992), "The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna's Political Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.), <i>The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy</i>, Chapter 4, Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, pp. 152–198 [pp. 156–158].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jules Janssens (2004), "Avicenna and the Qur'an: A Survey of his Qur'anic commentaries", <i>MIDEO</i> <b>25</b>, p. 177–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aisha_Khan-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aisha_Khan_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aisha_Khan_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aisha_Khan_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAisha_Khan2006" class="citation book cs1">Aisha Khan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8k3fsvGRyEC&pg=PA38"><i>Avicenna (Ibn Sina): Muslim physician and philosopher of the eleventh century</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0509-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0509-3"><bdi>978-1-4042-0509-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna+%28Ibn+Sina%29%3A+Muslim+physician+and+philosopher+of+the+eleventh+century&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-0509-3&rft.au=Aisha+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8k3fsvGRyEC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janssens91-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janssens91_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janssens91_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens1991" class="citation book cs1">Janssens, Jules L. (1991). <i>An annotated bibliography on Ibn Sînâ (1970–1989): including Arabic and Persian publications and Turkish and Russian references</i>. Leuven University Press. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-476-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-476-9"><bdi>978-90-6186-476-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+annotated+bibliography+on+Ibn+S%C3%AEn%C3%A2+%281970%E2%80%931989%29%3A+including+Arabic+and+Persian+publications+and+Turkish+and+Russian+references&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-6186-476-9&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Jules+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span> excerpt: "... Dimitri Gutas's <i>Avicenna's maḏhab</i> convincingly demonstrates that I.S. was a sunnî-Ḥanafî."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3KizrKA5YJ8C&q=ibn%20sina%20hanafi&pg=PA90">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627124106/https://books.google.com/books?id=3KizrKA5YJ8C&pg=PA90&q=ibn%20sina%20hanafi">Archived</a> 27 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDIMITRI_GUTAS1987" class="citation cs2">DIMITRI GUTAS (1987), "Avicenna's "maḏhab" with an Appendix on the Question of His Date of Birth", <i>Quaderni di Studi Arabi</i>, <b>5/6</b>, Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino: 323–336, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25802612">25802612</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+di+Studi+Arabi&rft.atitle=Avicenna%27s+%22ma%E1%B8%8Fhab%22+with+an+Appendix+on+the+Question+of+His+Date+of+Birth&rft.volume=5%2F6&rft.pages=323-336&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25802612%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=DIMITRI+GUTAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See a discussion of this in connection with an analytic take on the philosophy of mind in: <a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, 'Avicenna and the Problem of Consciousness', in <i>Consciousness and the Great Philosophers</i>, eds. S. Leach and <a href="/wiki/James_Tartaglia" title="James Tartaglia">J. Tartaglia</a> (London: Routledge, 2016), 45–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Sina, <i>الفن السادس من الطبيعيات من كتاب الشفاء القسم الأول</i> (Beirut, Lebanon.: M.A.J.D Enterprise Universitaire d'Etude et de Publication S.A.R.L) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">يجب أن يتوهم الواحد منا كأنه خلق دفعةً وخلق كاملاً لكنه حجب بصره عن مشاهدة الخارجات وخلق يهوى في هواء أو خلاء هوياً لا يصدمه فيه قوام الهواء صدماً ما يحوج إلى أن يحس وفرق بين أعضائه فلم تتلاق ولم تتماس ثم يتأمل هل أنه يثبت وجود ذاته ولا يشكك في إثباته لذاته موجوداً ولا يثبت مع ذلك طرفاً من أعضائه ولا باطناً من أحشائه ولا قلباً ولا دماغاً ولا شيئاً من الأشياء من خارج بل كان يثبت ذاته ولا يثبت لها طولاً ولا عرضاً ولا عمقاً ولو أنه أمكنه في تلك الحالة أن يتخيل يداً أو عضواً آخر لم يتخيله جزء من ذاته ولا شرطاً في ذاته وأنت تعلم أن المثبت غير الذي لم يثبت والمقربه غير الذي لم يقربه فإذن للذات التي أثبت وجودها خاصية على أنها هو بعينه غير جسمه وأعضائه التي لم تثبت فإذن المثبت له سبيل إلى أن يثبته على وجود النفس شيئاً غير الجسم بل غير جسم وأنه عارف به مستشعر له وإن كان ذاهلاً عنه يحتاج إلى أن يقرع عصاه.</span></span></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, On the Soul</cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasse2000" class="citation book cs1">Hasse, Dag Nikolaus (2000). <i>Avicenna's De Anima in the Latin West</i>. London: Warburg Institute. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna%27s+De+Anima+in+the+Latin+West&rft.place=London&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Warburg+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hasse&rft.aufirst=Dag+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_pp._149-171-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_pp._149-171_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nader_El-Bizri_2000_pp._149-171_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, <i>The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger</i> (Binghamton, NY: Global Publications SUNY, 2000), pp. 149–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elbizri67-89-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elbizri67-89_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elbizri67-89_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna's De Anima between Aristotle and Husserl," in <i>The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming</i>, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp. 67–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrLeaman1996" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Leaman, Oliver (1996). <i>History of Islamic philosophy</i>. Routledge. pp. 315, 1022–1023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05667-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05667-0"><bdi>978-0-415-05667-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+philosophy&rft.pages=315%2C+1022-1023&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05667-0&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasse2000" class="citation book cs1">Hasse, Dag Nikolaus (2000). <i>Avicenna's De Anima in the Latin West</i>. London: Warburg Institute. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna%27s+De+Anima+in+the+Latin+West&rft.place=London&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Warburg+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hasse&rft.aufirst=Dag+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinnis2010" class="citation book cs1">McGinnis, Jon (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avicennagreatmed00mcgi"><i>Avicenna</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avicennagreatmed00mcgi/page/n140">227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533147-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533147-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533147-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533147-9&rft.aulast=McGinnis&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Favicennagreatmed00mcgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacb1-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacb1_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.C._Brown2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan A.C. Brown">A.C. Brown, Jonathan</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/12"><i>Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-420-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-420-9"><bdi>978-1-78074-420-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Muhammad%3A+The+Challenge+and+Choices+of+Interpreting+the+Prophet%27s+Legacy&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-420-9&rft.aulast=A.C.+Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmisquotingmuhamm0000brow%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Studies on Ibn Sina's Works by <a href="/wiki/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman" title="Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman">Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman</a>, Avicenna (Scientific and Practical International Journal of Ibn Sino International Foundation, Tashkent/Uzbekistan. 1–2; 2003: 40–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avicenna Latinus. 1992. Liber Primus Naturalium: Tractatus Primus, De Causis et Principiis Naturalium. Leiden (The Netherlands): E.J. Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axel Lange and <a href="/wiki/Gerd_B._M%C3%BCller" title="Gerd B. Müller">Gerd B. Müller</a>. Polydactyly in Development, Inheritance, and Evolution. The Quarterly Review of Biology Vol. 92, No. 1, Mar. 2017, pp. 1–38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F690841">10.1086/690841</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodfield-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodfield_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodfield_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Stephen Toulmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_Goodfield" title="June Goodfield">June Goodfield</a> (1965), <i>The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time</i>, p. 64, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinnis2003" class="citation journal cs1">McGinnis, Jon (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irl.umsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=philosophy-faculty">"Scientific Methodologies in Medieval Islam"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Philosophy</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 307–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhph.2003.0033">10.1353/hph.2003.0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5053">0022-5053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30864273">30864273</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809100418/https://irl.umsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=philosophy-faculty">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Scientific+Methodologies+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-327&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30864273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-5053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhph.2003.0033&rft.aulast=McGinnis&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firl.umsl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1003%26context%3Dphilosophy-faculty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-65928">History of logic: Arabic logic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012144108/http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-65928">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_ØhrstrømPer_Hasle1995" class="citation book cs1">Peter Øhrstrøm; Per Hasle (1995). <i>Temporal Logic: From Ancient Ideas to Artificial Intelligence</i>. Springer. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temporal+Logic%3A+From+Ancient+Ideas+to+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Peter+%C3%98hrstr%C3%B8m&rft.au=Per+Hasle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreet2000" class="citation cs2">Street, Tony (2000), "Toward a History of Syllogistic After Avicenna: Notes on Rescher's Studies on Arabic Modal Logic", <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>, <b>11</b> (2): 209–228, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F11.2.209">10.1093/jis/11.2.209</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Toward+a+History+of+Syllogistic+After+Avicenna%3A+Notes+on+Rescher%27s+Studies+on+Arabic+Modal+Logic&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-228&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F11.2.209&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreet2005" class="citation book cs1">Street, Tony (1 January 2005). "Logic". In Peter Adamson & Richard C. Taylor (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00adam"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00adam/page/n265">247</a>–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52069-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Logic&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Arabic+Philosophy&rft.pages=247-265&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52069-0&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashell1973" class="citation journal cs1">Washell, Richard F. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708963">"Logic, Language, and Albert the Great"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 445–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708963">10.2307/2708963</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708963">2708963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Logic%2C+Language%2C+and+Albert+the+Great&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-450&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708963%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708963&rft.aulast=Washell&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kneale p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kneale: p. 266; Ockham: <a href="/wiki/Summa_Logicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Logicae">Summa Logicae</a> i. 14; Avicenna: <i>Avicennae Opera</i> Venice 1508 f87rb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avicenna, Metaphysics, I; commenting on Aristotle, Topics I.11.105a4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espinoza-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Espinoza_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernando Espinoza (2005). "An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching", <i>Physics Education</i> <b>40</b> (2), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Sayili (1987), "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile", <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i> <b>500</b> (1), pp. 477–482: "It was a permanent force whose effect got dissipated only as a result of external agents such as air resistance. He is apparently the first to conceive such a permanent type of impressed virtue for non-natural motion."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Zupko, "John Buridan" in <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, 2014 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/notes.html#48">fn. 48</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911164449/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/notes.html#48">Archived</a> 11 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) "We do not know precisely where Buridan got the idea of impetus, but a less sophisticated notion of impressed forced can be found in Avicenna's doctrine of mayl (inclination). In this he was possibly influenced by Philoponus, who was developing the Stoic notion of hormé (impulse). For discussion, see Zupko (1997) ['What Is the Science of the Soul? A Case Study in the Evolution of Late Medieval Natural Philosophy,' Synthese, 110(2): 297–334]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">George Sarton</a>, <i>Introduction to the History of Science</i>, Vol. 1, p. 710.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Benjamin Boyer (1954). "Robert Grosseteste on the Rainbow", <i>Osiris</i> <b>11</b>, pp. 247–258 [248].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gutman, Oliver (1997). "On the Fringes of the Corpus Aristotelicum: the Pseudo-Avicenna Liber Celi Et Mundi". <i>Early Science and Medicine</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 109–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338297X00087">10.1163/157338297X00087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Science+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=On+the+Fringes+of+the+Corpus+Aristotelicum%3A+the+Pseudo-Avicenna+Liber+Celi+Et+Mundi&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-128&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338297X00087&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvicenna1952" class="citation book cs1">Avicenna (1952). F. Rahman (ed.). <i>Avicenna's Psychology. An English translation of Kitāb al-Najāt, Book II, Chapter VI, with Historico-Philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo edition</i>. London: Oxford University Press, Geoffrey Cumberlege. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna%27s+Psychology.+An+English+translation+of+Kit%C4%81b+al-Naj%C4%81t%2C+Book+II%2C+Chapter+VI%2C+with+Historico-Philosophical+Notes+and+Textual+Improvements+on+the+Cairo+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Geoffrey+Cumberlege&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Avicenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvicenna1952" class="citation book cs1">Avicenna (1952). F. Rahman (ed.). <i>Avicenna's Psychology. An English translation of Kitāb al-Najāt, Book II, Chapter VI, with Historico-Philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo edition</i>. London: Oxford University Press, Geoffrey Cumberlege. pp. 68–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna%27s+Psychology.+An+English+translation+of+Kit%C4%81b+al-Naj%C4%81t%2C+Book+II%2C+Chapter+VI%2C+with+Historico-Philosophical+Notes+and+Textual+Improvements+on+the+Cairo+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Geoffrey+Cumberlege&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Avicenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Saliba" title="George Saliba">George Saliba</a> (1994), <i>A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam</i>, pp. 60, 67–69. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-8023-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-8023-7">0-8147-8023-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaliba2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Saliba" title="George Saliba">Saliba, George</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-viii">"Avicenna"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220161012/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-viii">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Saliba&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-viii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragep-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ragep_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragep_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragep_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally_P._Ragep2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sally P. Ragep (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.htm">"Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā"</a>. In Thomas Hockey (ed.). <i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. 570–572. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921050851/https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81%3A+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn+ibn+%CA%BFAbdall%C4%81h+ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.pages=570-572&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Sally+P.+Ragep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsci.mcgill.ca%2FRASI%2FBEA%2FIbn_Sina_BEA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriew1987" class="citation journal cs1">Ariew, Roger (March 1987). "The phases of venus before 1610". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 81–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987SHPSA..18...81A">1987SHPSA..18...81A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3681%2887%2990012-4">10.1016/0039-3681(87)90012-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+A&rft.atitle=The+phases+of+venus+before+1610&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-92&rft.date=1987-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3681%2887%2990012-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987SHPSA..18...81A&rft.aulast=Ariew&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1969" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bernard R. (1969). "Some Medieval Reports of Venus and Mercury Transits". <i>Centaurus</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Cent...14...49G">1969Cent...14...49G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x">10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centaurus&rft.atitle=Some+Medieval+Reports+of+Venus+and+Mercury+Transits&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Cent...14...49G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1972" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bernard R. (March 1972). "Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy". <i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a></i>. <b>63</b> (1): 39–47 [44]. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Isis...63...39G">1972Isis...63...39G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350839">10.1086/350839</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120700705">120700705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Theory+and+Observation+in+Medieval+Astronomy&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-47+44&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120700705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350839&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972Isis...63...39G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssaAli2010" class="citation book cs1">Essa, Ahmed; Ali, Othman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WMvVBi5EbhMC&q=attar+perfume+muslim&pg=PA70"><i>Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance</i></a>. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-350-5"><bdi>978-1-56564-350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Islamic+Civilization%3A+The+Muslim+Contribution+to+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought+%28IIIT%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-350-5&rft.aulast=Essa&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Ali%2C+Othman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWMvVBi5EbhMC%26q%3Dattar%2Bperfume%2Bmuslim%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marlene-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marlene_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlene Ericksen (2000). <i>Healing with Aromatherapy</i>, p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-658-00382-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-658-00382-8">0-658-00382-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhulam_Moinuddin_Chishti1991" class="citation book cs1">Ghulam Moinuddin Chishti (1991). <i>The Traditional Healer's Handbook: A Classic Guide to the Medicine of Avicenna</i>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-438-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-438-1"><bdi>978-0-89281-438-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Healer%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Classic+Guide+to+the+Medicine+of+Avicenna&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-438-1&rft.au=Ghulam+Moinuddin+Chishti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Briffault" title="Robert Briffault">Robert Briffault</a> (1938). <i>The Making of Humanity</i>, p. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anawati-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anawati_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anawati_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anawati_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges C. Anawati (1996), "Arabic alchemy", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science">Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</a></i>, Vol. 3, pp. 853–885 [875]. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London and New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeicester1971" class="citation cs2">Leicester, Henry Marshall (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJZVQnqcwv4C&pg=PA70"><i>The Historical Background of Chemistry</i></a>, Courier Dover Publications, p. 70, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-61053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-61053-5"><bdi>978-0-486-61053-5</bdi></a>, <q>There was one famous Arab physician who doubted even the reality of transmutation. This was 'Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina (980–1037), called Avicenna in the West, the greatest physician of Islam. ... Many of his observations on chemistry are included in the <i>Kitab al-Shifa</i>, the "Book of the Remedy". In the physical section of this work he discusses the formation of minerals, which he classifies into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs, and salts. Mercury is classified with the fusible substances, metals</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Background+of+Chemistry&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-486-61053-5&rft.aulast=Leicester&rft.aufirst=Henry+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJZVQnqcwv4C%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">E.G. Browne</a>, <i>Islamic Medicine</i> (sometimes also printed under the title <i>Arabian medicine</i>), 2002, Goodword Pub., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9">81-87570-19-9</a>, p61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.G. Browne, <i>Islamic Medicine</i> (sometimes also printed under the title <i>Arabian medicine</i>), 2002, Goodword Pub., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9">81-87570-19-9</a>, pp. 60–61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabrieli, F. (1950). Avicenna's Millenary. East and West, 1(2), 87–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisnovsky2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wisnovsky, Robert (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/abstract/journals/orie/40/2/article-p257_4.xml">"Indirect Evidence for Establishing the Text of the Shifā"</a>. <i>Oriens</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 257–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18778372-00402004">10.1163/18778372-00402004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0078-6527">0078-6527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens&rft.atitle=Indirect+Evidence+for+Establishing+the+Text+of+the+Shif%C4%81&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-258&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18778372-00402004&rft.issn=0078-6527&rft.aulast=Wisnovsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fabstract%2Fjournals%2Forie%2F40%2F2%2Farticle-p257_4.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepler-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kepler_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Kepler, <i>New Astronomy</i>, translated by William H. Donahue, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30131-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30131-9">0-521-30131-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zahoor-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zahoor_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">George Sarton</a>, <i>Introduction to the History of Science</i>.<br />(<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> A. Zahoor and Z. Haq (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html">Quotations From Famous Historians of Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203140704/http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cyberistan.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusallam2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Musallam, B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-x">"Avicenna Medicine and Biology"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201044959/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-x">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Musallam&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisser2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weisser, U. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-x">"Avicenna The influence of Avicenna on medical studies in the West"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201044959/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-x">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna+The+influence+of+Avicenna+on+medical+studies+in+the+West&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Weisser&rft.aufirst=U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131108132952/http://www.amch.edu.pk/">"Home Page"</a>. <i>amch.edu.pk</i>. 28 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amch.edu.pk">the original</a> on 8 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amch.edu.pk&rft.atitle=Home+Page&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amch.edu.pk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/events/prizes-and-celebrations/unesco-prizes/avicenna-prize/">"UNESCO: The Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science"</a>. 4 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601004148/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/events/prizes-and-celebrations/unesco-prizes/avicenna-prize/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO%3A+The+Avicenna+Prize+for+Ethics+in+Science&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fsocial-and-human-sciences%2Fevents%2Fprizes-and-celebrations%2Funesco-prizes%2Favicenna-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Educating health professionals: the Avicenna project" <i>The Lancet</i>, March 2008. Volume 371 pp. 966–967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2009/unisvic167.html">"Monument to Be Inaugurated at the Vienna International Centre, 'Scholars Pavilion' donated to International Organizations in Vienna by Iran"</a>. <i>unvienna.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226190250/http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2009/unisvic167.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unvienna.org&rft.atitle=Monument+to+Be+Inaugurated+at+the+Vienna+International+Centre%2C+%27Scholars+Pavilion%27+donated+to+International+Organizations+in+Vienna+by+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unis.unvienna.org%2Funis%2Fpressrels%2F2009%2Funisvic167.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Youth of Genius" (USSR, Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, 1982): 1984 – State Prize of the USSR (Elyer Ishmuhamedov); 1983 – VKF (All-Union Film Festival) Grand Prize (Elyer Ishmuhamedov); 1983 – VKF (All-Union Film Festival) Award for Best Cinematography (Tatiana Loginov). See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kino-teatr.ru/kino/movie/sov/8140/annot/">annotation on kino-teatr.ru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020141148/http://kino-teatr.ru/kino/movie/sov/8140/annot/">Archived</a> 20 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Avicenna" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Avicenna">Avicenna</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=62-63&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thought Experiments: Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Physics, Ethics, Computer Science & Mathematics by Fredrick Kennard, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Works-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Works_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Works_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Works_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Works_136-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Works_136-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Works_136-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Works_136-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ibn%20Sina-REP.htm#islw">"Ibn Sina Abu 'Ali Al-Husayn"</a>. Muslimphilosophy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102091147/http://muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ibn%20Sina-REP.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Sina+Abu+%27Ali+Al-Husayn&rft.pub=Muslimphilosophy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fsina%2Fart%2Fibn%2520Sina-REP.htm%23islw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tasaneef lbn Sina by <a href="/wiki/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman" title="Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman">Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman</a>, Tabeeb Haziq, Gujarat, Pakistan, 1986, pp. 176–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9718">"The Canon of Medicine"</a>. <i>Wdl.org</i>. 1 January 1597. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071006/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/9718/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wdl.org&rft.atitle=The+Canon+of+Medicine&rft.date=1597-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F9718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9718">"The Canon of Medicine"</a>. <i>World Digital Library</i>. 1597. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071006/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/9718/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=The+Canon+of+Medicine&rft.date=1597&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F9718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3035"><i>Flowers of Avicenna</i></a>. Printed by Claude Davost alias de Troys, for Bartholomeus Trot. 1 January 1508. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304195134/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3035/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers+of+Avicenna&rft.pub=Printed+by+Claude+Davost+alias+de+Troys%2C+for+Bartholomeus+Trot&rft.date=1508&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F3035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3035/#languages=lat&page=6">"Flowers of Avicenna – Flores Avicenne"</a>. <i>World Digital Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304195134/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3035/#languages=lat&page=6">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Flowers+of+Avicenna+%E2%80%93+Flores+Avicenne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F3035%2F%23languages%3Dlat%26page%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7429"><i>"The Book of Simple Medicine and Plants" from "The Canon of Medicine"</i></a>. Knowledge Foundation. 1 January 1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223040410/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7429/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Book+of+Simple+Medicine+and+Plants%22+from+%22The+Canon+of+Medicine%22&rft.pub=Knowledge+Foundation&rft.date=1900-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvicenna" class="citation web cs1">Avicenna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7429">"The Canon of Medicine"</a>. <i>World Digital Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223040410/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7429/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=The+Canon+of+Medicine&rft.au=Avicenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avicenna, Danish Nama-i 'Alai. trans. Parviz Morewedge as <i>The Metaphysics of Avicenna</i> (New York: Columbia University Press), 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibnsinafoundation.org/our-story/">"Our Story"</a>. <i>Ibn Sina Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201085558/https://www.ibnsinafoundation.org/our-story/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibn+Sina+Foundation&rft.atitle=Our+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibnsinafoundation.org%2Four-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibnisina.com.tr/">"Ibn Sina Hospital"</a>. <i>Ibn Sina Hospital, Turkey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225051352/https://ibnisina.com.tr/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibn+Sina+Hospital%2C+Turkey&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina+Hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibnisina.com.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibn-e-siena.org.pk/">"Ibne Sina Hospital"</a>. <i>Ibn e Siena</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719113704/http://ibn-e-siena.org.pk/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibn+e+Siena&rft.atitle=Ibne+Sina+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibn-e-siena.org.pk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Peter Adamson (philosopher)">Adamson, Peter</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OeVribsJbgUC"><i>Interpreting Avicenna: Critical Essays</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19073-2"><bdi>978-0-521-19073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Avicenna%3A+Critical+Essays&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19073-2&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOeVribsJbgUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Peter Adamson (philosopher)">Adamson, Peter</a> (2016). <i>Philosophy in the Islamic World: A history of philosophy without any gaps, Volume 3</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957749-1"><bdi>978-0-19-957749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+history+of+philosophy+without+any+gaps%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957749-1&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison2009" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, Amira K. (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatcaliphsgold00benn"><i>The great caliphs: the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire</i></a></span>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15227-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15227-2"><bdi>978-0-300-15227-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+caliphs%3A+the+golden+age+of+the+%27Abbasid+Empire&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15227-2&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Amira+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatcaliphsgold00benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/khwarazm-shahs-SIM_4206">"K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%CC%B2h%CC%B2w%C4%81razm-S%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81hs&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkhwarazm-shahs-SIM_4206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1984a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-mamun">"Āl-e Maʾmūn"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. 762–764. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019104714/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-mamun">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80l-e+Ma%CA%BEm%C5%ABn&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=762-764&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fal-e-mamun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1984b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ala-al-dawla-abu-jafar-mohammad-b">"ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla Moḥammad"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. 773–774. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903015700/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ala-al-dawla-abu-jafar-mohammad-b">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAl%C4%81%CA%BE-al-dawla+Mo%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=773-774&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fala-al-dawla-abu-jafar-mohammad-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopleston1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston, Frederick</a> (1993). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Philosophy_(Copleston)" title="A History of Philosophy (Copleston)"><i>A History of Philosophy, Volume 2: Medieval Philosophy – From Augustine to Duns Scotus</i></a>. Image Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46844-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46844-2"><bdi>978-0-385-46844-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Philosophy%2C+Volume+2%3A+Medieval+Philosophy+%E2%80%93+From+Augustine+to+Duns+Scotus&rft.pub=Image+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-385-46844-2&rft.aulast=Copleston&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin1998" class="citation book cs1">Corbin, Henry (1998). <i>The Voyage and the messenger: Iran and philosophy</i>. North Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556432699" title="Special:BookSources/9781556432699"><bdi>9781556432699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+and+the+messenger%3A+Iran+and+philosophy&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781556432699&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin2016" class="citation book cs1">Corbin, Henry (19 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/2761.html"><i>Avicenna and the Visionary Recital</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-63054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-63054-0"><bdi>978-0-691-63054-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524093639/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/2761.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna+and+the+Visionary+Recital&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.isbn=978-0-691-63054-0&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F2761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl4ptwAACAAJ"><i>Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions</i></a>. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85084-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85084-1"><bdi>978-0-521-85084-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ismaili+History+and+Intellectual+Traditions&rft.pub=The+Isma%27ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85084-1&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFl4ptwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2017" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxIwDwAAQBAJ"><i>Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-28810-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-28810-2"><bdi>978-1-138-28810-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ismaili+History+and+Intellectual+Traditions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-28810-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxIwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2013" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Jonathan (19 December 2013). <i>The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1851-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1851-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-1851-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Western+Power%3A+A+Comparative+History+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1851-6&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Bizri2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">El-Bizri, Nader</a> (2006). "Ibn Sina, or Avicenna". In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. pp. 369–370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7"><bdi>978-0-415-96691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina%2C+or+Avicenna&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=369-370&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96691-7&rft.aulast=El-Bizri&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlickLiveseyWallis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Glick" title="Thomas F. Glick">Glick, Thomas F.</a>; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005). <i>Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-05670-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-05670-1"><bdi>978-1-138-05670-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-138-05670-1&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=Livesey%2C+Steven+John&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoichon1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goichon, A.M (1986). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-sina-COM_0342">"Ibn Sīnā"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft.aulast=Goichon&rft.aufirst=A.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fibn-sina-COM_0342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutas1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Gutas" title="Dimitri Gutas">Gutas, Dimitri</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-ii">"Avicenna ii. Biography"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/1: Ātaš–Awāʾel al-Maqālāt</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 67–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-113-0"><bdi>978-0-71009-113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna+ii.+Biography&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+III%2F1%3A+%C4%80ta%C5%A1%E2%80%93Aw%C4%81%CA%BEel+al-Maq%C4%81l%C4%81t&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=67-70&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-113-0&rft.aulast=Gutas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutas1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Gutas" title="Dimitri Gutas">Gutas, Dimitri</a> (1988). "Avicenna's Maḏhab with an appendix on the question of his date of Birth". <i>Quaderni di Studi Arabi</i>. <b>6</b>: 323–336. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25802612">25802612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+di+Studi+Arabi&rft.atitle=Avicenna%27s+Ma%E1%B8%8Fhab+with+an+appendix+on+the+question+of+his+date+of+Birth&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=323-336&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25802612%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gutas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutas2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Gutas" title="Dimitri Gutas">Gutas, Dimitri</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgYSBQAAQBAJ"><i>Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna's Philosophical Works. Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition, Including an Inventory of Avicenna's Authentic Works</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004201729" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004201729"><bdi>978-9004201729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna+and+the+Aristotelian+Tradition%3A+Introduction+to+Reading+Avicenna%27s+Philosophical+Works.+Second%2C+Revised+and+Enlarged+Edition%2C+Including+an+Inventory+of+Avicenna%27s+Authentic+Works&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9004201729&rft.aulast=Gutas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgYSBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2005" class="citation book cs1">Khalidi, Muhammad Ali (2005). <i>Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82243-5"><bdi>978-0-521-82243-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Philosophical+Writings&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82243-5&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard1975" class="citation book cs1">Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Frye, Richard N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 595–633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8"><bdi>0-521-20093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+New+Persian+Language&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=595-633&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20093-8&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Frye, Richard N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 595–633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8"><bdi>0-521-20093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Minor+Dynasties+of+Northern+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=595-633&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20093-8&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasnauDyke2010" class="citation book cs1">Pasnau, Robert; Dyke, Christina Van (2010). <i>Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy, Volume 1</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Medieval+Philosophy%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Pasnau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Dyke%2C+Christina+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedic_articles">Encyclopedic articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Iqbal2010" class="citation book cs1">Syed Iqbal, Zaheer (2010). <i>An Educational Encyclopedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Bangalore: Iqra Publishers. p. 1280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-603-90004-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-603-90004-4-0"><bdi>978-603-90004-4-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Educational+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pages=1280&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Iqra+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-603-90004-4-0&rft.aulast=Syed+Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Zaheer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Flannery, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna">"Avicenna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504224831/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F45755%2FAvicenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoichon1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A.-M._Goichon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.-M. Goichon (page does not exist)">Goichon, A.-M.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ei-is.htm">"Ibn Sina, Abu 'Ali al-Husayn b. 'Abd Allah b. Sina, known in the West as Avicenna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228032655/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ei-is.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina%2C+Abu+%27Ali+al-Husayn+b.+%27Abd+Allah+b.+Sina%2C+known+in+the+West+as+Avicenna&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Goichon&rft.aufirst=A.-M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fsina%2Fart%2Fei-is.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdiGutasAbedMarmura1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Mahdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Mahdi (page does not exist)">Mahdi, M.</a>; Gutas, D; Abed, Sh.B.; Marmura, M.E.; Rahman, F.; Saliba, G.; Wright, O.; Musallam, B.; Achena, M.; Van Riet, S.; Weisser, U. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-index">"Avicenna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429170220/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-index">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Gutas%2C+D&rft.au=Abed%2C+Sh.B.&rft.au=Marmura%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Rahman%2C+F.&rft.au=Saliba%2C+G.&rft.au=Wright%2C+O.&rft.au=Musallam%2C+B.&rft.au=Achena%2C+M.&rft.au=Van+Riet%2C+S.&rft.au=Weisser%2C+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Avicenna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Avicenna">"Avicenna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Avicenna.html">"Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina (Avicenna)"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu+Ali+al-Husain+ibn+Abdallah+ibn+Sina+%28Avicenna%29&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAvicenna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagep2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ragep, Sally P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.htm">"Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā"</a>. In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.). <i>The <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Encyclopedia_of_Astronomers" title="Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers">Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</a></i>. New York: Springer. pp. 570–572. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0"><bdi>978-0-387-31022-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921050851/https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81%3A+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn+ibn+%CA%BFAbdall%C4%81h+ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=570-572&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.aulast=Ragep&rft.aufirst=Sally+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsci.mcgill.ca%2FRASI%2FBEA%2FIbn_Sina_BEA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span> (PDF version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/avicenna/">Avicenna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603023507/http://www.iep.utm.edu/avicenna/">Archived</a> 3 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entry by Sajjad H. Rizvi in the <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._AlperDurusoyTerzioğluH.Turabi1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M. Alper, Ömer; Durusoy, Ali; Terzioğlu, Arslan; H.Turabi, Ahmet; Karliğa, H.Bekir; Görgün, Tahsin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-sina"><i>İBN SÎNÂ – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a> (in Turkish). Vol. 20 (Ibn Haldun - Ibnu'l Cezeri). <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. pp. 319–358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89447-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89447-0"><bdi>978-97-53-89447-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226032614/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-sina">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%B0BN+S%C3%8EN%C3%82+%E2%80%93+An+article+published+in+Turkish+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=319-358&rft.pub=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-97-53-89447-0&rft.aulast=M.+Alper&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer&rft.au=Durusoy%2C+Ali&rft.au=Terzio%C4%9Flu%2C+Arslan&rft.au=H.Turabi%2C+Ahmet&rft.au=Karli%C4%9Fa%2C+H.Bekir&rft.au=G%C3%B6rg%C3%BCn%2C+Tahsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fibn-sina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_literature">Primary literature</h3></div> <ul><li>For an old list of other extant works, <a href="/wiki/C._Brockelmann" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Brockelmann">C. Brockelmann</a>'s <i>Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur</i> (Weimar 1898), vol. i. pp. 452–458. (XV. W.; G. W. T.)</li> <li>For a current list of his works see A. Bertolacci (2006) and D. Gutas (2014) in the section "Philosophy".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvicenna2005" class="citation book cs1">Avicenna (2005). <i>The Metaphysics of The Healing</i>. A parallel English-Arabic text translation. Michael E. Marmura (trans.) (1 ed.). Brigham Young University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934893-77-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934893-77-0"><bdi>978-0-934893-77-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metaphysics+of+The+Healing&rft.series=A+parallel+English-Arabic+text+translation&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-934893-77-0&rft.au=Avicenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvicenna1999" class="citation book cs1">Avicenna (1999). <i>The Canon of Medicine (al-Qānūn fī'l-ṭibb), vol. 1</i>. Laleh Bakhtiar (ed.), Oskar Cameron Gruner (trans.), Mazhar H. Shah (trans.). Great Books of the Islamic World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871031-67-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871031-67-6"><bdi>978-1-871031-67-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+Medicine+%28al-Q%C4%81n%C5%ABn+f%C4%AB%27l-%E1%B9%ADibb%29%2C+vol.+1&rft.pub=Great+Books+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-871031-67-6&rft.au=Avicenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Avicenne: <i>Réfutation de l'astrologie</i>. Edition et traduction du texte arabe, introduction, notes et lexique par Yahya Michot. Préface d'Elizabeth Teissier (Beirut-Paris: Albouraq, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84161-304-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-84161-304-6">2-84161-304-6</a>.</li> <li>William E. Gohlam (ed.), <i>The Life of Ibn Sina. A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation</i>, Albany, State of New York University Press, 1974.</li> <li>For Ibn Sina's life, see <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a>'s <i>Biographical Dictionary</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/De_Slane" class="mw-redirect" title="De Slane">de Slane</a> (1842); <a href="/wiki/F._W%C3%BCstenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Wüstenfeld">F. Wüstenfeld</a>'s <i>Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher</i> (Göttingen, 1840).</li> <li>Madelung, Wilferd and Toby Mayer (ed. and tr.), <i>Struggling with the Philosopher: A Refutation of Avicenna's Metaphysics.</i> A New Arabic Edition and English Translation of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shahrastani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Shahrastani">Shahrastani's</a> Kitab al-Musara'a.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_literature">Secondary literature</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfnan1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Soheil_Afnan" title="Soheil Afnan">Afnan, Soheil M.</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avicennahislifea033070mbp"><i>Avicenna: His Life and Works</i></a>. London: G. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31478971">31478971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31478971&rft.aulast=Afnan&rft.aufirst=Soheil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Favicennahislifea033070mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This is, on the whole, an informed and good account of the life and accomplishments of one of the greatest influences on the development of thought both Eastern and Western. ... It is not as philosophically thorough as the works of D. Saliba, A.M. Goichon, or L. Gardet, but it is probably the best essay in English on this important thinker of the Middle Ages. (Julius R. Weinberg, <i>The Philosophical Review</i>, Vol. 69, No. 2, Apr. 1960, pp. 255–259)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenn_Evan_Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenn Evan Goodman (page does not exist)">Goodman, Lenn E.</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avicenna00good"><i>Avicenna</i></a></span> (Updated ed.). Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01929-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01929-3"><bdi>978-0-415-01929-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01929-3&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Lenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Favicenna00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This is a distinguished work which stands out from, and above, many of the books and articles which have been written in this century on Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) (980–1037). It has two main features on which its distinction as a major contribution to Avicennan studies may be said to rest: the first is its clarity and readability; the second is the comparative approach adopted by the author. ... (Ian Richard Netton, <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, Third Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, July 1994, pp. 263–264)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Gutas, Dimitri (1987). "Avicenna's maḏhab, with an Appendix on the question of his date of birth". <i>Quaderni di Studi Arabi</i>. <b>5–6</b>: 323–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+di+Studi+Arabi&rft.atitle=Avicenna%27s+ma%E1%B8%8Fhab%2C+with+an+Appendix+on+the+question+of+his+date+of+birth&rft.volume=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=323-336&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Gutas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Y.T. Langermann (ed.), <i>Avicenna and his Legacy. A Golden Age of Science and Philosophy</i>, Brepols Publishers, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52753-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52753-6">978-2-503-52753-6</a></li> <li>For a new understanding of his early career, based on a newly discovered text, see also: Michot, Yahya, <i>Ibn Sînâ: Lettre au vizir Abû Sa'd</i>. <i>Editio princeps</i> d'après le manuscrit de Bursa, traduction de l'arabe, introduction, notes et lexique (Beirut-Paris: Albouraq, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84161-150-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-84161-150-7">2-84161-150-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrohmaier2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gotthard_Strohmaier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotthard Strohmaier (page does not exist)">Strohmaier, Gotthard</a> (2006). <i>Avicenna</i> (in German). C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-54134-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-54134-6"><bdi>978-3-406-54134-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-406-54134-6&rft.aulast=Strohmaier&rft.aufirst=Gotthard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This German publication is both one of the most comprehensive general introductions to the life and works of the philosopher and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037) and an extensive and careful survey of his contribution to the history of science. Its author is a renowned expert in Greek and Arabic medicine who has paid considerable attention to Avicenna in his recent studies. ... (Amos Bertolacci, <i>Isis</i>, Vol. 96, No. 4, December 2005, p. 649)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Hakim Syed Zillur. <i>Resalah Judiya of Ibn Sina (First edition 1971), Literary Research Unit, CCRIH, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh; (Second edition 1981) Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Govt. of India, New Delhi; (Fourth edition 1999), Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Govt. of India, New Delhi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resalah+Judiya+of+Ibn+Sina+%28First+edition+1971%29%2C+Literary+Research+Unit%2C+CCRIH%2C+Aligarh+Muslim+University%2C+Aligarh%3B+%28Second+edition+1981%29+Central+Council+for+Research+in+Unani+Medicine%2C+Govt.+of+India%2C+New+Delhi%3B+%28Fourth+edition+1999%29%2C+Central+Council+for+Research+in+Unani+Medicine%2C+Govt.+of+India%2C+New+Delhi&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Hakim+Syed+Zillur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1996" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Hakim Syed Zillur (1996). <i>AI-Advia al-Qalbia of Ibn Sina</i>. Publication Division, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AI-Advia+al-Qalbia+of+Ibn+Sina&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Aligarh+Muslim+University%2C+Aligarh&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Hakim+Syed+Zillur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Hakim Syed Zillur. <i>Ilmul Amraz of Ibn Sina (First edition 1969), Tibbi Academy, Delhi (Second edition 1990), (Third edition 1994), Tibbi Academy, Aligarh</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilmul+Amraz+of+Ibn+Sina+%28First+edition+1969%29%2C+Tibbi+Academy%2C+Delhi+%28Second+edition+1990%29%2C+%28Third+edition+1994%29%2C+Tibbi+Academy%2C+Aligarh&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Hakim+Syed+Zillur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (1986). <i>Qanoon lbn Sina Aur Uskey Shareheen wa Mutarjemeen</i>. Publication Division, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qanoon+lbn+Sina+Aur+Uskey+Shareheen+wa+Mutarjemeen&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Aligarh+Muslim+University%2C+Aligarh&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Hakim+Syed+Zillur+Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1986" class="citation cs2">Rahman, Hakim Syed Zillur (1986), <i>Qānūn-i ibn-i Sīnā aur us ke shārḥīn va mutarajimīn</i>, ʻAlīgaṛh: Pablīkeshan Dīvīzan, Muslim Yūnīvarsiṭī, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1374509M">1374509M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Q%C4%81n%C5%ABn-i+ibn-i+S%C4%ABn%C4%81+aur+us+ke+sh%C4%81r%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABn+va+mutarajim%C4%ABn&rft.place=%CA%BBAl%C4%ABga%E1%B9%9Bh&rft.pub=Pabl%C4%ABkeshan+D%C4%ABv%C4%ABzan%2C+Muslim+Y%C5%ABn%C4%ABvarsi%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1374509M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Hakim+Syed+Zillur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2004). <i>Qanun Ibn Sina and its Translation and Commentators (Persian Translation; 203pp)</i>. Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries, Tehran, Iran.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qanun+Ibn+Sina+and+its+Translation+and+Commentators+%28Persian+Translation%3B+203pp%29&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Appreciation+of+Cultural+Works+and+Dignitaries%2C+Tehran%2C+Iran&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Hakim+Syed+Zillur+Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shaikh al Rais Ibn Sina (Special number) 1958–59, Ed. Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Tibbia College Magazine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Browne, Edward G.</a> <i>Islamic Medicine. Fitzpatrick Lectures Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians in 1919–1920</i>, reprint: New Delhi: Goodword Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9">81-87570-19-9</a></li> <li>Pormann, Peter & <a href="/wiki/Savage-Smith,_Emilie" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage-Smith, Emilie">Savage-Smith, Emilie</a>. <i>Medieval Islamic Medicine</i>, Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2007.</li> <li>Prioreschi, Plinio. <i>Byzantine and Islamic Medicine</i>, A History of Medicine, Vol. 4, Omaha: Horatius Press, 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Syed Ziaur Rahman">Syed Ziaur Rahman</a>. Pharmacology of Avicennian Cardiac Drugs (Metaanalysis of researches and studies in Avicennian Cardiac Drugs along with English translation of Risalah al Adwiya al Qalbiyah), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences" title="Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences">Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences</a>, Aligarh, India, 2020 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80610-43-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80610-43-6">978-93-80610-43-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_2">Philosophy</h3></div> <ul><li>Amos Bertolacci, <i>The Reception of Aristotle's Metaphysics in Avicenna's Kitab al-Sifa'. A Milestone of Western Metaphysical Thought</i>, Leiden: Brill 2006, (Appendix C contains an <i>Overview of the Main Works by Avicenna on Metaphysics in Chronological Order</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Gutas" title="Dimitri Gutas">Dimitri Gutas</a>, <i>Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna's Philosophical Works</i>, Leiden, Brill 2014, second revised and expanded edition (first edition: 1988), including an inventory of Avicenna' Authentic Works.</li> <li>Andreas Lammer: <i>The Elements of Avicenna's Physics. Greek Sources and Arabic Innovations</i>. Scientia graeco-arabica 20. Berlin / Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2018.</li> <li>Jon McGinnis and David C. Reisman (eds.) <i>Interpreting Avicenna: Science and Philosophy in Medieval Islam: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Avicenna Study Group</i>, Leiden: Brill, 2004.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Michot, Jean R., <i>La destinée de l'homme selon Avicenne</i>, Louvain: Aedibus Peeters, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-071-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-071-9">978-90-6831-071-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, <i>The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a></i>, Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications SUNY, 2000 (reprinted by SUNY Press in 2014 with a new Preface).</li> <li>Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism," <i>Review of Metaphysics</i>, Vol. 54 (June 2001), pp. 753–778.</li> <li>Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna's <i>De Anima</i> between Aristotle and Husserl," in <i>The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming</i>, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003, pp. 67–89.</li> <li>Nader El-Bizri, "Being and Necessity: A Phenomenological Investigation of Avicenna's Metaphysics and Cosmology," in <i>Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm</i>, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2006, pp. 243–261.</li> <li>Nader El-Bizri, 'Ibn Sīnā's Ontology and the Question of Being', <i>Ishrāq: Islamic Philosophy Yearbook</i> 2 (2011), 222–237</li> <li>Nader El-Bizri, 'Philosophising at the Margins of 'Sh'i Studies': Reflections on Ibn Sīnā's Ontology', in <i>The Study of Sh'i Islam. History, Theology and Law</i>, eds. F. Daftary and G. Miskinzoda (London: I.B. Tauris, 2014), pp. 585–597.</li> <li>Reisman, David C. (ed.), <i>Before and After Avicenna: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Avicenna Study Group</i>, Leiden: Brill, 2003.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Avicenna</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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title="s:Author:Avicenna">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-index">"Avicenna"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/49814">Works by Avicenna</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/15890">Works by Avicenna</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutas" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gutas, Dimitri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina//">"Ibn Sina [Avicenna]"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina+%5BAvicenna%5D&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Gutas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fibn-sina%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizzini" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lizzini, Olga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics//">"Ibn Sina's Metaphysics"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina%27s+Metaphysics&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Lizzini&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fibn-sina-metaphysics%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrobino" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Strobino, Riccardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina-logic//">"Ibn Sina's Logic"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina%27s+Logic&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Strobino&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fibn-sina-logic%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinnis" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McGinnis, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina-natural//">"Ibn Sina's Natural Philosophy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina%27s+Natural+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=McGinnis&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fibn-sina-natural%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rizvi, Sajjad H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/avicenna">"Avicenna (Ibn Sina)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna+%28Ibn+Sina%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sajjad+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Favicenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatti" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chatti, Saloua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/av-logic">"Avicenna (Ibn Sina): Logic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna+%28Ibn+Sina%29%3A+Logic&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Chatti&rft.aufirst=Saloua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fav-logic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvicenna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontology.co/avicenna.htm">Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) on the Subject and the Object of Metaphysics</a> with a list of translations of the logical and philosophical works and an annotated bibliography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00855lt">Avicenna</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avicenna" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avicenna" title="Template:Avicenna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avicenna" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Danishnama" title="Danishnama">Alai Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book of science (page does not exist)">Book of science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Nijat" title="Al-Nijat">Al-Nijat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Treatises" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Treatises">Five Treatises</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Science_of_the_Pulse" title="On the Science of the Pulse">On the Science of the Pulse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_the_Mi%27raj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Book of the Mi'raj (page does not exist)">The Book of the Mi'raj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Avicenna" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Avicenna">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_subjects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template talk:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemists_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_al-Khati" title="Al-Khwarizmi al-Khati">al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Imad_al-Din" title="Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din">Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughra%27i" title="Al-Tughra'i">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Simāwī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Nabati" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati">Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Rammah" title="Hasan al-Rammah">Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rassam" title="Ibn Rassam">Ibn al-Rassām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Ashba_ibn_Tammam" title="Abul Ashba ibn Tammam">Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">al-iksīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae">Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Hundred_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hundred Books">Five Hundred Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi"><i>al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifthah_al-hikma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mifthah al-hikma"><i>Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma</i> (<i>Clavis sapientiae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture"><i>Nabataean Agriculture</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Twelve_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and Twelve Books">One Hundred and Twelve Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba Philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Abdallah_al-Shayzari" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Nasr ibn Abdallah al-Shayzari"><i>Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba</i> (al-Nabarawi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_medicine" title="Template:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_medicine" title="Template talk:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Physicians_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Physicians of the medieval Islamic world">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafsa_Yazid" title="Abu Hafsa Yazid">Abu Hafsa Yazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Kalada" title="Al-Harith ibn Kalada">Al-Harith ibn Kalada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Ramtha_al-Tamimi" title="Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi">Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthal" title="Ibn Uthal">Ibn Uthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masarjawaih" title="Masarjawaih">Masarjawaih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Harith" title="Nafi ibn al-Harith">Nafi ibn al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufaida_Al-Aslamia" title="Rufaida Al-Aslamia">Rufaida Al-Aslamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_al-Awadiya" title="Zaynab al-Awadiya">Zaynab al-Awadiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'ar al-Sadiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhawi" title="Al-Ruhawi">Al-Ruhawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albubather" title="Albubather">Albubather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Hunayn" title="Ishaq ibn Hunayn">Ishaq ibn Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabril_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Jabril ibn Bukhtishu">Jabril ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masawaiyh" title="Masawaiyh">Masawaiyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmawaih_ibn_Bunan" title="Salmawaih ibn Bunan">Salmawaih ibn Bunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_ibn_Sahl" title="Shapur ibn Sahl">Shapur ibn Sahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sarafyun" title="Yahya ibn Sarafyun">Yahya ibn Sarafyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhanna_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu">Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khuri" title="Yusuf al-Khuri">Yusuf al-Khuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi" title="'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi">'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aayon_Ibn_Aayon" title="Aayon Ibn Aayon">Aayon Ibn Aayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Rabee_Ibn_Ahmad_Al-Akhawyni_Bokhari" title="Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari">Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_%27Isa_ibn_Yahya_al-Masihi" title="Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi">Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Tabari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari">Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_Muqane%27i" title="Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i">Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_ul-Ala_Shirazi" title="Abu ul-Ala Shirazi">Abu ul-Ala Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kashkari" title="Al-Kashkari">Al-Kaŝkarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Natili" title="Al-Natili">Al-Natili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamimi,_the_physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tamimi, the physician">Al-Tamimi, the physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Ash%CA%BFath" title="Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath">Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juljul" title="Ibn Juljul">Ibn Juljul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazzar" title="Ibn al-Jazzar">Ibn al-Jazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Baks" title="Ibrahim ibn Baks">Ibrahim ibn Baks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abdun_al-Jabali" title="Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali">Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Muvaffak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumri" title="Qumri">Qumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusta_ibn_Luqa" title="Qusta ibn Luqa">Qusta ibn Luqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_ibn_Bukhtishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu">Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hakam_al-Kirmani" title="Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani">Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Kahhal" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal">Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf_al-Ilaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi">Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Mawsili" title="Ammar al-Mawsili">Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badi%27_al-Asturlabi" title="Al-Badi' al-Asturlabi">Badi' al-Asturlabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Sadiq" title="Ibn Abi Sadiq">Ibn Abi Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Thahabi" title="Ibn Al-Thahabi">Ibn Al-Thahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Butlan" title="Ibn Butlan">Ibn Butlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hindu" title="Ibn Hindu">Ibn Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jazla" title="Ibn Jazla">Ibn Jazla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kattani" title="Ibn al-Kattani">Ibn al-Kattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wafid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masawaih_al-Mardini" title="Masawaih al-Mardini">Masawaih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jafar_ibn_Harun_al-Turjali" title="Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali">Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Bayan_ibn_al-Mudawwar" title="Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar">Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Majd_ibn_Abi_al-Hakam" title="Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam">Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Farrokh" title="Ahmad ibn Farrokh">Ahmad ibn Farrokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Habal" title="Ibn Habal">Ibn Habal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jumay%CA%BF" title="Ibn Jumayʿ">Ibn Jumay‘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Ibn Zuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Tilmidh" title="Ibn al-Tilmidh">Ibn al-Tilmīdh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moshe ben Maimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Aslam_Al-Ghafiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi">Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapion_the_Younger" title="Serapion the Younger">Serapion the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Ishaq_al-Israili" title="Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili">Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_Gorgani" title="Zayn al-Din Gorgani">Zayn al-Din Gorgani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dakhwar" title="Al-Dakhwar">Al-Dakhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrazuri" title="Al-Shahrazuri">Al-Shahrazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Din_Rashid_al-Din_Vatvat" title="Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat">Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwaydi_(physician)" title="As-Suwaydi (physician)">As-Suwaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27ud_Abu_al-Fadl" title="Da'ud Abu al-Fadl">Da'ud Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussam_al-Din_al-Jarrahi" title="Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi">Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Ibn Abi Usaibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumlus" title="Ibn Tumlus">Ibn Tumlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Baitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Quff" title="Ibn al-Quff">Ibn al-Quff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Raqqam">Ibn al‐Raqqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Din_Samarqandi" title="Najib ad-Din Samarqandi">Najib ad-Din Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_al-Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun al-Suri">Rashidun al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla" title="Sa'ad al-Dawla">Sa'ad al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nagawri" title="Al-Nagawri">Al-Nagawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqsara%27i" title="Aqsara'i">Aqsara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shuayb" title="Ibn Shuayb">Ibn Shuayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Akfani" title="Ibn al-Akfani">Ibn al-Akfani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaghmini" title="Jaghmini">Jaghmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Ilyas" title="Mansur ibn Ilyas">Mansur ibn Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%CA%BDud_ibn_Muhammad_Sijzi" title="Masʽud ibn Muhammad Sijzi">Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Mahmud_Amuli" title="Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli">Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Mahmud_ibn_Ilyas_al-Shirazi" title="Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi">Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhshabi" title="Nakhshabi">Nakhshabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadid_al-Din_al-Kazaruni" title="Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni">Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Ismail_al-Kutubi" title="Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi">Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn-e-Attar" title="Zayn-e-Attar">Zayn-e-Attar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Afif" title="Abu Sa'id al-Afif">Abu Sa'id al-Afif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan-ud-din_Kermani" title="Burhan-ud-din Kermani">Burhan-ud-din Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayni_Isfahani" title="Husayni Isfahani">Husayni Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Astarabadi" title="Muhammad Ali Astarabadi">Muhammad Ali Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Harawi" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi">Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurbakhshi" title="Nurbakhshi">Nurbakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Muhammad_ibn_Thaleb" title="Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb">Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuo%C4%9Flu_%C5%9Eerafeddin" title="Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin">Şerafeddin Kadir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Gorgani" title="Rostam Gorgani">Rostam Gorgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDImad_Shirazi" title="ʽImad Shirazi">ʽImad Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Qasim_ibn_Mohammed_al-Ghassani" title="Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani">Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Antaki" title="Dawud al-Antaki">Dawud al-Antaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim-e-Gilani" title="Hakim-e-Gilani">Hakim-e-Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ali_Khorasani" title="Sultan Ali Khorasani">Sultan Ali Khorasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiwam_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Hasani" title="Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani">Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_El_Razzaq_Al-Jaza%C3%AFri" title="Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri">Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurayshi_al-Shirazi" title="Qurayshi al-Shirazi">Qurayshi al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunakabuni" title="Tunakabuni">Tunakabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsud-Ali_Tabrizi" title="Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi">Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khurasani_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi">Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Medical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah" title="Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah">Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_Charts_of_the_Arabs" title="Anatomy Charts of the Arabs">Anatomy Charts of the Arabs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Ten_Treatises_of_the_Eye" title="Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye">Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus">De Gradibus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Tasrif" title="Al-Tasrif">Al-Tasrif</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakhireye_Khwarazmshahi" title="Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi">Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_al-Tabib" title="Adab al-Tabib">Adab al-Tabib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamel_al-Sanaat_al-Tibbyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya">Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawi" title="Al-Hawi">Al-Hawi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Anatomy_in_Avicenna%27s_Canon" title="Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon">Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Lives of the Physicians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Adudi_Hospital" title="Al-'Adudi Hospital">Al-'Adudi Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimarestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Nur al-Din Bimaristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient Iranian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences" title="Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences">Ibn Sina Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_medicine" title="Learned medicine">Learned medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medical Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(theology)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'<i>Aql</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">medieval astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam"><i>Kalam</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dialectic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Natural philosophy <span style="font-size:85%;">(physics)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa"><i>Madrasah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(education)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism <span style="font-size:85%;">(mysticism)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">ʻAṣabīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Ḥāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">Iʻjaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ʼIjtihād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʻIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">ʻIrfān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shūrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophers_by_century_(CE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Philosophers</a> by century (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Apharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Ibn Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmany%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanyār">Bahmanyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Ahmad Yasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hajji Bektash Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī">al-Abharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th–16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Hajji Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaladdin_Davani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaladdin Davani">Jalaladdin Davani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_ad-Din_Dashtaki" title="Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki">Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Aziz Mahmud Hudayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Mir_Husayn_al-Maybudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi">Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmud Shabistari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daw%C5%ABd_al-Qay%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%AB" title="Dawūd al-Qayṣarī">Dawūd al-Qayṣarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th–19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski">Mir Fendereski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fayz_Kashani" title="Mohsen Fayz Kashani">Mohsen Fayz Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji" title="Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji">Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Rajab Ali Tabrizi">Rajab Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Sa%E2%80%99id_Qumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Sa’id Qumi">Qazi Sa’id Qumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sabzavari" title="Hadi Sabzavari">Hādī Sabzavārī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi">Gohar Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hassanzadeh_Amoli" title="Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli">Hasanzadeh Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Partawi Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_literature" title="Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_literature" title="Template talk:Persian literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_inscription_in_the_Kharg_Island" title="Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island">Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adurbad-e_Mahrspandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adurbad-e Mahrspandan">Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnamak-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan">Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht#Inscriptions" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Cube of Zoroaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana-i_Menog_Khrat" title="Dana-i Menog Khrat">Dana-i Menog Khrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan of Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrestanha-ye_Eranshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr">Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Jamasp Namag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a></li> <li>Anthology of Zadspram</li> <li>Warshtmansr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig" title="Drakht-i Asurig">Drakht-i Asurig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Shikand-gumanig Vizar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Wasif" title="Muhammad ibn Wasif">Muhammad ibn Wasif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Shakur_Balkhi" title="Abu-Shakur Balkhi">Abu Shakur Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Khosrovani" title="Abu Tahir Khosrovani">Abu Tahir Khosrovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Balkhi" title="Shahid Balkhi">Shahid Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal'ami">Bal'ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusaeid_Abolkheir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusaeid Abolkheir">Abusaeid Abolkheir</a> <small>(967–1049)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna</a> <small>(980–1037)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi">Kisai Marvazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi">Ayyuqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Taher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Taher">Bābā Tāher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> <small>(1004–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(1058–1111)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> <small>(1006–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatran_Tabrizi" title="Qatran Tabrizi">Qatran Tabrizi</a> <small>(1009–1072)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> <small>(1018–1092)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> <small>(1046–1121)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> <small>(1048–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani">Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujwiri">Hujwiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a> <small>(1098–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_Mukhtari" title="Uthman Mukhtari">Uthman Mukhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borzu-Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Borzu-Nama">Borzu-Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi">Mu'izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati">Mahsati Ganjavi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranshah_(poet)" title="Iranshah (poet)">Iranshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_Samarqandi" title="Suzani Samarqandi">Suzani Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghaznavi" title="Hassan Ghaznavi">Hassan Ghaznavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Faramarz Nama">Faramarz Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> <small>(1155–1191)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adib_Sabir" title="Adib Sabir">Adib Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaki_Shirvani" title="Falaki Shirvani">Falaki Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am'aq">Am'aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Razi" title="Najm al-Din Razi">Najm al-Din Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a> <small>(1142–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.1220</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a> <small>(1120–1190)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a> <small>(1126–1189)</small></li> <li>Faramarz-e Khodadad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> <small>(1141–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(1149–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_od-Din_Esmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal od-Din Esmail">Kamal al-Din Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a> <small>(d.1248)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darab_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Darab Nama">Abu Tahir Tarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a></li> <li>Shams al-Din Qays Razi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shabistari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shabistari">Mahmud Shabistari</a> <small>(1288–1320s)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safina%E2%80%93yi_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Safina–yi Tabriz">Abu'l Majd Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> <small>(1253–1325)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bostan_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostan (book)">Bustan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Golestān</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram-e-Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram-e-Pazhdo">Bahram-e-Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur-Baha_Jami" title="Pur-Baha Jami">Pur-Baha Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram_e_Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo">Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homam_Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homam Tabrizi">Homam Tabrizi</a> <small>(1238–1314)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozhat_al-Majales" title="Nozhat al-Majales">Nozhat al-Majales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani">Khwaju Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shirvani" title="Badr Shirvani">Badr Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu%27l-Fiqar_Shirvani" title="Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani">Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1300s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yamin" title="Ibn Yamin">Ibn Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali" title="Shah Nimatullah Wali">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Qalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali Qalandar">Abu Ali Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasimi">Nasimi</a></li> <li>Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Ubayd Zakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Savaji" title="Salman Savaji">Salman Savaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatefi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatefi (poet)">Hatefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khujandi" title="Kamal Khujandi">Kamal Khujandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi" title="Ahli Shirazi">Ahli Shirazi</a> <small>(1454–1535)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> <small>(1483–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> <small>(1487–1524)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Faghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Faghani">Baba Faghani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi">Vahshi Bafqi</a> <small>(1523–1583)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohtasham_Kashani" title="Mohtasham Kashani">Mohtasham Kashani</a> <small>(1500–1588)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Orfi_Shirazi" title="'Orfi Shirazi">'Orfi Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1600s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Amoli" title="Taleb Amoli">Taleb Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saib_Tabrizi" title="Saib Tabrizi">Saib Tabrizi</a> <small>(1607–1670)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asir-e_Esfahani" title="Asir-e Esfahani">Asir-e Esfahani</a> <small>(c. 1620–1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalim_Kashani" title="Kalim Kashani">Kalim Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazin_Lahiji" title="Hazin Lahiji">Hazin Lāhiji</a> <small>(1692–1766)</small></li> <li>Saba Kashani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_B%C4%93dil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qādir Bēdil">Abdul-Qādir Bēdil</a> <small>(1642–1720)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naw%27i_Khabushani" title="Naw'i Khabushani">Naw'i Khabushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Qoli_Salim_Tehrani" title="Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani">Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani</a></li> <li>Rasa Salim Tehrani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatef_Esfahani" title="Hatef Esfahani">Hatef Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azar_Bigdeli" title="Azar Bigdeli">Azar Bigdeli</a> <small>(1722–1781)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshat_Esfahani" title="Neshat Esfahani">Neshat Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Foroughi_Bastami" title="Abbas Foroughi Bastami">Abbas Foroughi Bastami</a> <small>(1798–1857)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghma_Jandaqi" title="Yaghma Jandaqi">Yaghma Jandaqi</a> <small>(1782–1859)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> <small>(1797–1869)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_Shirvani" title="Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani">Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani</a> <small>(1779–1837)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a> <small>(1800–1871)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mohammad_Taqi_Sepehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr">Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr</a> <small>(1801–1880)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaani" title="Qaani">Qaani</a> <small>(1808–1854)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Khan_Malek_al-Sho%27ara" title="Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara">Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara</a> <small>(1813–1893)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contemporary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadreza_Ahmadi" title="Ahmadreza Ahmadi">Ahmadreza Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a></li> <li>Hormoz Alipour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeysar_Aminpour" title="Qeysar Aminpour">Qeysar Aminpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Aref Qazvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_NikTalab" title="Ahmad NikTalab">Ahmad NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei" title="Aminollah Rezaei">Aminollah Rezaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Atashi" title="Manouchehr Atashi">Manouchehr Atashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mosharraf_Azad_Tehrani" title="Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani">Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Hushang Ebtehaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Elahi" title="Bijan Elahi">Bijan Elahi</a></li> <li>Parviz Eslampour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami">Parvin E'tesami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forugh_Farrokhzad" title="Forugh Farrokhzad">Forugh Farrokhzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Monzavi" title="Hossein Monzavi">Hossein Monzavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Irani" title="Hushang Irani">Hushang Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siavash_Kasraie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siavash Kasraie">Siavash Kasraie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmail_Khoi" title="Esmail Khoi">Esmail Khoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Langeroodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams Langeroodi">Shams Langeroodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(writer)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (writer)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosrat_Rahmani" title="Nosrat Rahmani">Nosrat Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadollah_Royaee" title="Yadollah Royaee">Yadollah Royaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahereh_Saffarzadeh" title="Tahereh Saffarzadeh">Tahereh Saffarzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei_Kadkani" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar">Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li>Manouchehr Sheybani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yooshij</a> (<a href="/wiki/She%27r-e_Nimaa%27i" title="She'r-e Nimaa'i">She'r-e Nimaa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Haghverdian" title="Edward Haghverdian">Edward Haghverdian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Anjuman" title="Nadia Anjuman">Nadia Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasef_Bakhtari" title="Wasef Bakhtari">Wasef Bakhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziq_Faani" title="Raziq Faani">Raziq Faani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssof_Kohzad" title="Youssof Kohzad">Youssof Kohzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Nawabi" title="Massoud Nawabi">Massoud Nawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mustaghni" title="Abdul Ali Mustaghni">Abdul Ali Mustaghni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farzona" class="mw-redirect" title="Farzona">Farzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Khatloni" title="Iskandar Khatloni">Iskandar Khatloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti" title="Abolqasem Lahouti">Abolqasem Lahouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulrukhsor_Safieva" title="Gulrukhsor Safieva">Gulrukhsor Safieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Loiq Sher-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payrav_Sulaymoni" title="Payrav Sulaymoni">Payrav Sulaymoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satim_Ulugzade" title="Satim Ulugzade">Satim Ulugzade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Gulzoda" title="Asad Gulzoda">Asad Gulzoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammad_Afghani" title="Ali Mohammad Afghani">Ali Mohammad Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaleh_Alizadeh" title="Ghazaleh Alizadeh">Ghazaleh Alizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Amirkhani" title="Reza Amirkhani">Reza Amirkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahshid_Amirshahi" title="Mahshid Amirshahi">Mahshid Amirshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassem_Hashemi_Nezhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad">Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Dowlatabadi" title="Mahmoud Dowlatabadi">Mahmoud Dowlatabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudabeh_Fazaeli" title="Soudabeh Fazaeli">Soudabeh Fazaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Ghassemi" title="Reza Ghassemi">Reza Ghassemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hanif_(Iranian_writer)" title="Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)">Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li>Aboutorab Khosravi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mahmoud" title="Ahmad Mahmoud">Ahmad Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahriyar_Mandanipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mandanipour">Shahriyar Mandanipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Koushan" title="Mansour Koushan">Mansour Koushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Pezeshkzad" title="Iraj Pezeshkzad">Iraj Pezeshkzad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></li> <li>Shamim Bahar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak" title="Sadeq Chubak">Sadeq Chubak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Etessami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolhassan Etessami">Abolhassan Etessami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Mojabi" title="Javad Mojabi">Javad Mojabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Ebrahimi" title="Nader Ebrahimi">Nader Ebrahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboutorab_Khosravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboutorab Khosravi (page does not exist)">Aboutorab Khosravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mastoor" title="Mostafa Mastoor">Mostafa Mastoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Modarres-Sadeghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi">Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Najdi" title="Bijan Najdi">Bijan Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Sadeghi" title="Bahram Sadeghi">Bahram Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goli_Taraqqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Goli Taraqqi">Goli Taraqqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Abdoh" title="Reza Abdoh">Reza Abdoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh</a></li> <li>Mohsen Yalfani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Forsi" title="Bahman Forsi">Bahman Forsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Reza_Koohestani" title="Amir Reza Koohestani">Amir Reza Koohestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Koushk_Jalali" title="Alireza Koushk Jalali">Alireza Koushk Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Mofid" title="Bijan Mofid">Bijan Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nalbandian" title="Abbas Nalbandian">Abbas Nalbandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_Saberi" title="Pari Saberi">Pari Saberi</a></li> <li>Mirza Aqa Tabrizi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaghoubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Yaghoubi">Mohammad Yaghoubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Saeed Aghighi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Bani-E%27temad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshan Bani-E'temad">Rakhshan Bani-E'temad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajir_Darioush" title="Hajir Darioush">Hajir Darioush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouran_Derakhshandeh" title="Pouran Derakhshandeh">Pouran Derakhshandeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Farmanara" title="Bahman Farmanara">Bahman Farmanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokh_Ghaffari" title="Farrokh Ghaffari">Farrokh Ghaffari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrouz_Gharibpour" title="Behrouz Gharibpour">Behrouz Gharibpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi" title="Bahman Ghobadi">Bahman Ghobadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun_Gole" title="Fereydun Gole">Fereydun Gole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hatami" title="Ali Hatami">Ali Hatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili" title="Abolfazl Jalili">Abolfazl Jalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hatamikia" title="Ebrahim Hatamikia">Ebrahim Hatamikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Kahani" title="Abdolreza Kahani">Abdolreza Kahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuzh_Karim-Masihi" title="Varuzh Karim-Masihi">Varuzh Karim-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Khachikian" title="Samuel Khachikian">Samuel Khachikian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Majidi" title="Majid Majidi">Majid Majidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf" title="Mohsen Makhmalbaf">Mohsen Makhmalbaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui" title="Dariush Mehrjui">Dariush Mehrjui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi" title="Reza Mirkarimi">Reza Mirkarimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasoul_Mollagholipour" title="Rasoul Mollagholipour">Rasoul Mollagholipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Naderi" title="Amir Naderi">Amir Naderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Jafar Panahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambuzia_Partovi" title="Kambuzia Partovi">Kambuzia Partovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Rahnema" title="Fereydoun Rahnema">Fereydoun Rahnema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Sadr_Ameli" title="Rasul Sadr Ameli">Rasul Sadr Ameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sadri" title="Mohammad Sadri">Mohammad Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Shahbazi" title="Parviz Shahbazi">Parviz Shahbazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Shahid-Saless" title="Sohrab Shahid-Saless">Sohrab Shahid-Saless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amrollah Abjadian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaleh_Amouzgar" title="Jaleh Amouzgar">Jaleh Amouzgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Daryabandari" title="Najaf Daryabandari">Najaf Daryabandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_(translator)" title="Mohammad Ghazi (translator)">Mohammad Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili_Golestan" title="Lili Golestan">Lili Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Hosseini" title="Saleh Hosseini">Saleh Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Ahmad Kamyabi Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Pourdavoud" title="Ebrahim Pourdavoud">Ebrahim Pourdavoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Samandarian" title="Hamid Samandarian">Hamid Samandarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Sattari" title="Jalal Sattari">Jalal Sattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Shahidi" title="Jafar Shahidi">Jafar Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Ahmad Tafazzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Zaryab" title="Abbas Zaryab">Abbas Zaryab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samad_Behrangi" title="Samad Behrangi">Samad Behrangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babak_NikTalab" title="Babak NikTalab">Babak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poopak_NikTalab" title="Poopak NikTalab">Poopak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Hasanzadeh" title="Farhad Hasanzadeh">Farhad Hasanzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aydin_Aghdashloo" title="Aydin Aghdashloo">Aydin Aghdashloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Ali Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ebrahim_Bastani_Parizi" title="Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi">Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and one of the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" title="Template:Medieval Perso-Arab music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" title="Template talk:Medieval Perso-Arab music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Perso-Arab music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medieval Perso-Arab music</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab music">Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Achaemenid" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">Karnay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_music" title="Parthian music">Parthian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gusans" title="Gusans">gōsān</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoptron" title="Rhoptron">Rhoptron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_music" title="Sasanian music">Sasanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamshad" title="Bamshad">Bamshad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagisa_(harpist)" title="Nagisa (harpist)">Nagisa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umayyad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACuways" title="Ṭuways">Ṭuways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashit" title="Nashit">Nashit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ib_Khathir" title="Sa'ib Khathir">Sa'ib Khathir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Misja%E1%B8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Misjaḥ (page does not exist)">Ibn Misjaḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Gharid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Gharid (page does not exist)">al-Gharid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunain_al-Hiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunain al-Hiri (page does not exist)">Hunain al-Hiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algharid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algharid (page does not exist)">Algharid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Surayj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Surayj (page does not exist)">Ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%27bad_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma'bad (musician) (page does not exist)">Ma'bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_al-Katib_al-Mughanni" title="Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni">Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muhriz" title="Ibn Muhriz">Ibn Muhriz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malik_al-Ta%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malik al-Ta'i (page does not exist)">Malik al-Ta'i</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qiyan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atika_bint_Shuhda" title="Atika bint Shuhda">Atika bint Shuhda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azza_al-Mayla" title="Azza al-Mayla">Azza al-Mayla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamila_(singer)" title="Djamila (singer)">Djamila/Jamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hababah_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hababah (slave)">Hababah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubayda" title="Ubayda">Ubayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abbasid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyat (page does not exist)">Siyat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Jami (page does not exist)">Ibn Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Mawsili" title="Ibrahim al-Mawsili">Ibrahim al-Mawsili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulayya_bint_al-Mahdi" title="Ulayya bint al-Mahdi">Ulayya bint al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%E1%B8%A5ya_al-Makki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaḥya al-Makki (page does not exist)">Yaḥya al-Makki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Zalzal" title="Mansour Zalzal">Mansour Zalzal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhariq" title="Mukhariq">Mukhariq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Mawsili" title="Ishaq al-Mawsili">Ishaq al-Mawsili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allawayh_al-Asar" title="Allawayh al-Asar">Allawayh al-Asar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amr_ibn_Banah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amr ibn Banah (page does not exist)">Amr ibn Banah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jahzah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jahzah (page does not exist)">Jahzah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Tahhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Tahhan (page does not exist)">Ibn al-Tahhan</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qiyan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irfan_(singer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irfan (singer) (page does not exist)">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahbubah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahbubah (page does not exist)">Mahbubah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milh_Al-Attara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milh Al-Attara (page does not exist)">Milh Al-Attara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inan_bint_Abdallah" title="Inan bint Abdallah">Inan bint Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%81riyah" title="Shāriyah">Shāriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%E1%B8%8Dl_al-Sh%C4%81%CA%BBirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Faḍl al-Shāʻirah">Faḍl al-Shāʻirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arib_al-Ma%27muniyya" title="Arib al-Ma'muniyya">Arib al-Ma'muniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarirah_al-Ra%E2%80%99iqiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarirah al-Ra’iqiyya (page does not exist)">Sarirah al-Ra’iqiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andalusian-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziryab" title="Ziryab">Ziryab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Majd_ibn_Abi_al-Hakam" title="Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam">Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists‎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_al-Tayyib_al-Sarakhsi" title="Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziryab" title="Ziryab">Ziryab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safi_al-Din_al-Urmawi" title="Safi al-Din al-Urmawi">Safi al-Din al-Urmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kurr" title="Ibn Kurr">Ibn Kurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_Monajjem" title="Abu Ahmad Monajjem">Abu Ahmad Monajjem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani">Kitab al-Aghani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir">Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_bint_Utba" title="Hind bint Utba">Hind bint Utba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_anaesthesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Template:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Template talk:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_anaesthesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia" title="History of general anesthesia">Ancient anaesthesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants / animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">Aconitum</a></i> (aconite)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></i> (belladonna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castoreum" title="Castoreum">Castoreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conium" title="Conium">Conium</a></i> (hemlock)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_innoxia" title="Datura innoxia">Datura innoxia</a></i> (thorn-apple)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_metel" title="Datura metel">Datura metel</a></i> (devil's trumpet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></i> (henbane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactucarium" title="Lactucarium">Lactucarium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></i> (mandrake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saussurea" title="Saussurea">Saussurea</a></i> (saw-wort)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcohols_(medicine)" title="Alcohols (medicine)">medical use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine">Hyoscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Δ9-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abulcasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Avenzoar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Rhazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuoglu_Sherefeddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabuncuoglu Sherefeddin">Sabuncuoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushrutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aristotelianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aristotelianism" title="Template:Aristotelianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aristotelianism" title="Template talk:Aristotelianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aristotelianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aristotelianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aristotelianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_logic" title="Term logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas and interests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">Active intellect</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiperistasis" title="Antiperistasis">Antiperistasis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">Catharsis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">Correspondence theory of truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a>–<a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_causes" title="Four causes">Four causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_future_contingents" title="Problem of future contingents">Future contingents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genus%E2%80%93differentia_definition" title="Genus–differentia definition">Genus–differentia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexis" title="Hexis">Hexis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">Hylomorphism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexis_(Aristotle)" title="Lexis (Aristotle)">Lexis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimesis#Aristotle" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minima_naturalia" title="Minima naturalia">Minima naturalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythos_(Aristotle)" title="Mythos (Aristotle)">Mythos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_vacui_(physics)" title="Horror vacui (physics)">Horror vacui (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_animal" title="Rational animal">Rational animal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">Potentiality and actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hypokeimenon" title="Hypokeimenon">hypokeimenon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">Syllogism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos" title="Telos">Telos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_realist_philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics">Mathematical realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Works_of_Aristotle" title="Works of Aristotle">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Interpretation" title="On Interpretation">On Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_Analytics" title="Prior Analytics">Prior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">Sophistical Refutations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens">On the Heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Generation_and_Corruption" title="On Generation and Corruption">On Generation and Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">On Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Animals" title="Parts of Animals">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Animals" title="Movement of Animals">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progression_of_Animals" title="Progression of Animals">Progression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Animals" title="Generation of Animals">Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metaphysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Ethics</a> and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemian_Ethics" title="Eudemian Ethics">Eudemian Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhetoric and poetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parva_Naturalia" title="Parva Naturalia">Parva Naturalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibilia_(Aristotle)" title="Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle)">Sense and Sensibilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Memory" title="On Memory">On Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sleep" title="On Sleep">On Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Dreams" title="On Dreams">On Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Divination_in_Sleep" title="On Divination in Sleep">On Divination in Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Length_and_Shortness_of_Life" title="On Length and Shortness of Life">On Length and Shortness of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Youth,_Old_Age,_Life_and_Death,_and_Respiration" title="On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration">On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">Pseudepigrapha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Breath" title="On Breath">On Breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Colors" title="On Colors">On Colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants">On Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Indivisible_Lines" title="On Indivisible Lines">On Indivisible Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Melissus,_Xenophanes,_and_Gorgias" title="On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias">On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Universe" title="On the Universe">On the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Things_Heard" title="On Things Heard">On Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomonics" title="Physiognomonics">Physiognomonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Marvellous_Things_Heard" title="On Marvellous Things Heard">On Marvellous Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_(Aristotle)" title="Mechanics (Aristotle)">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_(Aristotle)" title="Problems (Aristotle)">Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Situations_and_Names_of_Winds" title="The Situations and Names of Winds">The Situations and Names of Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Virtues_and_Vices" title="On Virtues and Vices">On Virtues and Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_(Aristotle)" title="Economics (Aristotle)">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Moralia" title="Magna Moralia">Magna Moralia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peripatetic_school" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Soli" title="Clearchus of Soli">Clearchus of Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Ceos" title="Aristo of Ceos">Aristo of Ceos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critolaus" title="Critolaus">Critolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tyre" title="Diodorus of Tyre">Diodorus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymneus" title="Erymneus">Erymneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Rhodes" title="Andronicus of Rhodes">Andronicus of Rhodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Islamic_Golden_Age" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scholasticism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Spain" title="Peter of Spain">Peter of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Zabarella" title="Jacopo Zabarella">Jacopo Zabarella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pomponazzi" title="Pietro Pomponazzi">Pietro Pomponazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Cremonini_(philosopher)" title="Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)">Cesar Cremonini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Modern" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Smith" title="Wolfgang Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Hursthouse" title="Rosalind Hursthouse">Hursthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Greek_Classics" title="Transmission of the Greek Classics">Transmission of the Greek Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Aristotle" title="Commentaries on Aristotle">Commentaries on Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabasis_paradox" title="Metabasis paradox">Metabasis paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_views_on_women" title="Aristotle's views on women">Views on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_wheel_paradox" title="Aristotle's wheel paradox">Wheel paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:People of Khorasan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_of_Khorasan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Isfizari" title="Al-Isfizari">Abu Hatam Isfizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Wafa%27_Buzjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani">Abu Wafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu Ubayd Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farghani" title="Al-Farghani">Alfraganus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi">Birjandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habash_al-Hasib_al-Marwazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi">Hasib Marwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_al-Khazin" title="Abu Ja'far al-Khazin">Abu Ja'far al-Khazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Khazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_Khojandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mahmud Khojandi">Khojandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C4%AB_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasaw%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī">Nasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi">Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi">Sijzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Algazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Amiri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Shahrastani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dawud_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Dawud al-Sijistani">Abu Dawud al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Barakat_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi">Abu Barakat Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi">Abu Hafs Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu Layth Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu Mu'in Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Abu Qasim Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baghawi" title="Al-Baghawi">Baghavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Dabusi" title="Abu Zayd al-Dabusi">Dabusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Samarqandi" title="Fatima al-Samarqandi">Fatima Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi">Hakim Tirmidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri" title="Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri">Hakim Nishapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hibban" title="Ibn Hibban">Ibn Hibban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Mubarak">Ibn Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Tayfour_Sajawandi" title="Muhammad ibn Tayfour Sajawandi">Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasani" title="Al-Kasani">Kasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_Kashifi" title="Husayn Kashifi">Kashifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thana%27_al-Lamishi" title="Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi">Lamishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_al-Din_al-Marghinani" title="Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani">Marghinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Maturidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Mulla al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Muqatil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasa%27i" title="Al-Nasa'i">Nasa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Sajawandi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Sajawandi">Sajawandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27labi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tha'labi">Tha'labi Nishapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Tirmidhi">Tirmidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Zamakhshari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Abu%27l-Khayr" title="Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr">Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Aruzi" title="Nizami Aruzi">Aruzi Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar Nishapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Behzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhi_Sistani" title="Farrukhi Sistani">Farrukhi Sistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_Kashifi" title="Husayn Kashifi">Kashifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanā'ī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians and<br />political figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Isfarayini" title="Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini">Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Ma%27ali_Nasrallah" title="Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah">Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim Khorasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardizi" title="Gardizi">Gardizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Aufi" title="Muhammad Aufi">Aufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Bal%27ami" title="Abu Ali Bal'ami">Abu Ali Bal'ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad" title="Gawhar Shad">Gawhar Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Barmak" title="Khalid ibn Barmak">Khalid ibn Barmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj-i-Siraj">Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_ibn_Husayn" title="Tahir ibn Husayn">Tahir ibn Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Khalid" title="Yahya ibn Khalid">Yahya Barmaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk">Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Nasawi" title="Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi">Shihab al-Nasawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121430876">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89770781">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6428151248003244270004">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48418/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118505254">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Avicenna, 980-1037"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80002386">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889658g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889658g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620299">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Avicenna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VEAV002253">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35011193">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000172&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX968054">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/11662">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068532938">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90079307">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000204012&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000085290&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=137427">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcf8x4k27cjsb2">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608793105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/52887">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258182705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521609006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14589570">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0097410X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ibn-sina.">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/90585">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/788876">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118505254.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118505254">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086202936">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rr1w9d">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-sina">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/avicenna">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicenna&oldid=1258998757">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicenna&oldid=1258998757</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Avicenna" title="Category:Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:980s_births" title="Category:980s births">980s births</a></li><li><a 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