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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_1:_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Part 1: Systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Part_1:_Systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Part 1: Systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Part_1:_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elementary_streams,_packets,_and_clock_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary_streams,_packets,_and_clock_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Elementary streams, packets, and clock references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary_streams,_packets,_and_clock_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_streams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_streams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Program streams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_streams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiplexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Multiplexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_2:_Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_2:_Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Part 2: Video</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Part_2:_Video-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Part 2: Video subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Part_2:_Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Color space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution/bitrate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution/bitrate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Resolution/bitrate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution/bitrate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame/picture/block_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame/picture/block_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Frame/picture/block types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame/picture/block_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-I-frames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I-frames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>I-frames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I-frames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P-frames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P-frames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>P-frames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P-frames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B-frames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B-frames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>B-frames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B-frames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D-frames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D-frames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>D-frames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D-frames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macroblocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macroblocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Macroblocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macroblocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_vectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_vectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Motion vectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_vectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DCT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DCT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>DCT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DCT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Quantization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entropy_coding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entropy_coding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Entropy coding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entropy_coding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GOP_configurations_for_specific_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GOP_configurations_for_specific_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>GOP configurations for specific applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GOP_configurations_for_specific_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_3:_Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_3:_Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Part 3: Audio</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Part_3:_Audio-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Part 3: Audio subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Part_3:_Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layer_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Layer I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layer_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Layer II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History/MUSICAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History/MUSICAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>History/MUSICAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History/MUSICAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layer_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Layer III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History/ASPEC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History/ASPEC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>History/ASPEC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History/ASPEC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_details_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MPEG-2_audio_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MPEG-2_audio_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>MPEG-2 audio extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MPEG-2_audio_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_4:_Conformance_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_4:_Conformance_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Part 4: Conformance testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_4:_Conformance_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_5:_Reference_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_5:_Reference_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Part 5: Reference software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_5:_Reference_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>File extension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MPEG-1</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC-1" title="مبيج-1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبيج-1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97-%E0%A7%A7" title="এমপেগ-১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এমপেগ-১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MPEG-1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Video encoding standard</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Moving Picture Experts Group Phase 1 (MPEG-1)</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> <span style="font-family: monospace;">.mpeg, .mpg, .mpe, .mp1, .mp2, .mp3, .m1v, .m1a, .m2a, .m2v, .mpa, .mpv</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> audio/mpeg, video/mpeg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1">ISO/IEC JTC 1</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">6 December 1991<span class="noprint">; 32 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-12-06</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-11172-draft-cite_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11172-draft-cite-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998<br />October 1998<span class="noprint">; 26 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998-10</span>)</span> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">audio, video, container</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 11172</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_standard#Comparison_of_definitions" title="Open standard">Free format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>MPEG-1</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> compression of <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audio</a>. It is designed to compress <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to about 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively)<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without excessive quality loss, making <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">video CDs</a>, digital <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a>/<a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a> TV and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">digital audio broadcasting</a> (DAB) practical.<sup id="cite_ref-Didier_MPEG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didier_MPEG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kurihama89_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurihama89-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, MPEG-1 has become the most widely compatible lossy audio/video format in the world, and is used in a large number of products and technologies. Perhaps the best-known part of the MPEG-1 standard is the first version of the <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> audio format it introduced. </p><p>The MPEG-1 standard is published as <b><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 11172</b>, titled <i>Information technology—Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s</i>. </p><p>The standard consists of the following five <i>Parts</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-jtc1-sc29_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jtc1-sc29-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-part1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-achievemnts_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-achievemnts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-terms-of-reference_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-terms-of-reference-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-standards_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-standards-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Systems (defining a format for <a href="/wiki/Muxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Muxing">storage and synchronization of video, audio, and other data together</a> in a single file—later dubbed the <a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG program stream</a> to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> format introduced as an alternative in <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>).</li> <li>Video (compressed video content)</li> <li>Audio (compressed audio content), including <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MP2</a></li> <li>Conformance testing (testing the correctness of implementations of the standard)</li> <li>Reference software (example software showing how to encode and decode according to the standard)</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predecessor of MPEG-1 for video coding was the <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a> standard produced by the <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a> (now known as the <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>). The basic architecture established in H.261 was the <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion-compensated</a> <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a> hybrid video coding structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITU_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses <a href="/wiki/Macroblocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroblocks">macroblocks</a> of size 16×16 with block-based <a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">motion estimation</a> in the encoder and <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a> using encoder-selected <a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">motion vectors</a> in the decoder, with residual difference coding using a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT) of size 8×8, scalar <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantization</a>, and variable-length codes (like <a href="/wiki/Huffman_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffman code">Huffman codes</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">entropy coding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.261 was the first practical video coding standard, and all of its described design elements were also used in MPEG-1.<sup id="cite_ref-history_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modeled on the successful collaborative approach and the compression technologies developed by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a>'s Experts Group on Telephony (creators of the <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> image compression standard and the H.261 standard for <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a> respectively), the <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">Moving Picture Experts Group</a> (MPEG) working group was established in January 1988, by the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yasuda" title="Hiroshi Yasuda">Hiroshi Yasuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Chiariglione" title="Leonardo Chiariglione">Leonardo Chiariglione</a> (<a href="/wiki/CSELT" title="CSELT">CSELT</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG was formed to address the need for <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a> video and audio formats, and to build on H.261 to get better quality through the use of somewhat more complex encoding methods (e.g., supporting higher precision for motion vectors).<sup id="cite_ref-Didier_MPEG_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didier_MPEG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-deadlink_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-deadlink-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of the MPEG-1 standard began in May 1988. Fourteen video and fourteen audio codec proposals were submitted by individual companies and institutions for evaluation. The codecs were extensively tested for <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">computational complexity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> (human perceived) quality, at data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s. This specific bitrate was chosen for transmission over <a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_1" title="Digital Signal 1">T-1</a>/<a href="/wiki/E-carrier" title="E-carrier">E-1</a> lines and as the approximate data rate of <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book (audio CD standard)">audio CDs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-opensource_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opensource-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The codecs that excelled in this testing were utilized as the basis for the standard and refined further, with additional features and other improvements being incorporated in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-santa_clara90_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santa_clara90-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 20 meetings of the full group in various cities around the world, and 4½ years of development and testing, the final standard (for parts 1–3) was approved in early November 1992 and published a few months later.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_meetings_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_meetings-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reported completion date of the MPEG-1 standard varies greatly: a largely complete draft standard was produced in September 1990, and from that point on, only minor changes were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Didier_MPEG_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didier_MPEG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The draft standard was publicly available for purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faq_draft_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faq_draft-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard was finished with the 6 November 1992 meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berkeley Plateau Multimedia Research Group developed an MPEG-1 decoder in November 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1990, before the first draft of the MPEG-1 standard had even been written, work began on a second standard, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_achievements_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_achievements-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended to extend MPEG-1 technology to provide full broadcast-quality video (as per <a href="/wiki/CCIR_601" class="mw-redirect" title="CCIR 601">CCIR 601</a>) at high bitrates (3–15  Mbit/s) and support for <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a> video.<sup id="cite_ref-london92_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london92-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due in part to the similarity between the two codecs, the MPEG-2 standard includes full backwards compatibility with MPEG-1 video, so any MPEG-2 decoder can play MPEG-1 videos.<sup id="cite_ref-sydney93_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney93-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, the MPEG-1 standard very strictly defines the <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a>, and decoder function, but does not define how MPEG-1 encoding is to be performed, although a reference implementation is provided in ISO/IEC-11172-5.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that MPEG-1 <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">coding efficiency</a> can drastically vary depending on the encoder used, and generally means that newer encoders perform significantly better than their predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first three parts (Systems, Video and Audio) of ISO/IEC 11172 were published in August 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>MPEG-1 Parts<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-standards_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-standards-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jtc1-sc29_mpeg1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jtc1-sc29_mpeg1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Part </th> <th>Number </th> <th>First public<br />release date<br />(first edition) </th> <th>latest<br />correction </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Part 1 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/19180.html">ISO/IEC 11172-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194543/https://www.iso.org/standard/19180.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Systems </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 2 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/22411.html">ISO/IEC 11172-2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194202/https://www.iso.org/standard/22411.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>2006<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Video </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 3 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/22412.html">ISO/IEC 11172-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515194520/https://www.iso.org/standard/22412.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>1996<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Audio </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 4 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/22691.html">ISO/IEC 11172-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191730/https://www.iso.org/standard/22691.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>2007<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Compliance testing </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part 5 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/25029.html">ISO/IEC TR 11172-5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193748/https://www.iso.org/standard/25029.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>2007<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Software simulation </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its age, MPEG-1 is no longer covered by any essential patents and can thus be used without obtaining a licence or paying any fees.<sup id="cite_ref-video_resolution_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-video_resolution-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snazzizone_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snazzizone-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISO patent database lists one patent for ISO 11172, US 4,472,747, which expired in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The near-complete draft of the MPEG-1 standard was publicly available as ISO CD 11172<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faq_draft_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faq_draft-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by December 6, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-11172-draft-cite_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11172-draft-cite-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither the July 2008 Kuro5hin article "Patent Status of MPEG-1, H.261 and MPEG-2",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor an August 2008 thread on the gstreamer-devel<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mailing list were able to list a single unexpired MPEG-1 Video and MPEG-1 Audio Layer I/II patent. A May 2009 discussion on the whatwg mailing list mentioned US 5,214,678 patent as possibly covering MPEG-1 Audio Layer II.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filed in 1990 and published in 1993, this patent is now expired.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A full MPEG-1 decoder and encoder, with "Layer III audio", could not be implemented royalty free since there were companies that required patent fees for implementations of MPEG-1 Audio Layer III, as discussed in the <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> article. All patents in the world connected to MP3 expired 30 December 2017, which makes this format totally free for use.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 April 2017, <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_IIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer IIS">Fraunhofer IIS</a> stopped charging for Technicolor's MP3 licensing program for certain MP3 related patents and software.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_patent_holders">Former patent holders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Former patent holders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following corporations filed declarations with ISO saying they held patents for the MPEG-1 Video (ISO/IEC-11172-2) format, although all such patents have since expired.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Benz_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler Benz AG">Daimler Benz AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsushita_Electric_Industrial_Co.,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.">Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_Multimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Multimedia">Thomson Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toppan_Printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Toppan Printing">Toppan Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Company_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Company of Japan">Victor Company of Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Most popular <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> for video playback includes MPEG-1 decoding, in addition to any other supported formats.</li> <li>The popularity of <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> audio has established a massive <a href="/wiki/Installed_base" title="Installed base">installed base</a> of hardware that can play back MPEG-1 Audio (all three layers).</li> <li>"Virtually all <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_players" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio players">digital audio devices</a>" can play back MPEG-1 Audio.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1_audio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many millions have been sold to-date.</li> <li>Before <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> became widespread, many digital satellite/cable TV services used MPEG-1 exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The widespread popularity of MPEG-2 with broadcasters means MPEG-1 is playable by most digital cable and satellite <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>, and digital disc and tape players, due to backwards compatibility.</li> <li>MPEG-1 was used for full-screen video on <a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD-interactive_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD-interactive standard)">Green Book</a> <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CD</a> (VCD).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CD</a> standard, based on VCD, uses MPEG-1 audio exclusively, as well as MPEG-2 video.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> format uses MPEG-2 video primarily, but MPEG-1 support is explicitly defined in the standard.</li> <li>The DVD-Video standard originally required MPEG-1 Audio Layer II for PAL countries, but was changed to allow AC-3/<a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a>-only discs. MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is still allowed on DVDs, although newer extensions to the format, like <a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a>, are rarely supported.</li> <li>Most DVD players also support Video CD and <a href="/wiki/MP3_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 CD">MP3 CD</a> playback, which use MPEG-1.</li> <li>The international <a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> (DVB) standard primarily uses MPEG-1 Audio Layer II, and MPEG-2 video.</li> <li>The international <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a> (DAB) standard uses MPEG-1 Audio Layer II exclusively, due to its especially high quality, modest decoder performance requirements, and tolerance of errors.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> uses PASC (Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding) to encode its audio. PASC is an early version of MPEG-1 Audio Layer I with a fixed bit rate of 384 kilobits per second.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_1:_Systems">Part 1: Systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Part 1: Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part 1 of the MPEG-1 standard covers <i>systems</i>, and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-1. </p><p>MPEG-1 Systems specifies the logical layout and methods used to store the encoded audio, video, and other data into a standard bitstream, and to maintain synchronization between the different contents. This <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> is specifically designed for storage on media, and transmission over <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channels</a>, that are considered relatively reliable. Only limited error protection is defined by the standard, and small errors in the bitstream may cause noticeable defects. </p><p>This structure was later named an <a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG program stream</a>: "The MPEG-1 Systems design is essentially identical to the MPEG-2 Program Stream structure."<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_systems_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1_systems-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This terminology is more popular, precise (differentiates it from an <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a>) and will be used here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elementary_streams,_packets,_and_clock_references"><span id="Elementary_streams.2C_packets.2C_and_clock_references"></span>Elementary streams, packets, and clock references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elementary streams, packets, and clock references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elementary Streams (ES) are the raw bitstreams of MPEG-1 audio and video encoded data (output from an encoder). These files can be distributed on their own, such as is the case with MP3 files.</li> <li>Packetized Elementary Streams (PES) are elementary streams <a href="/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet (information technology)">packetized</a> into packets of variable lengths, i.e., divided ES into independent chunks where <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">cyclic redundancy check</a> (CRC) <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> was added to each packet for error detection.</li> <li>System Clock Reference (SCR) is a timing value stored in a 33-bit header of each PES, at a frequency/precision of 90 kHz, with an extra 9-bit extension that stores additional timing data with a precision of 27 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-pack_header_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pack_header-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_stc_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial_stc-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are inserted by the encoder, derived from the system time clock (STC). Simultaneously encoded audio and video streams will not have identical SCR values, however, due to buffering, encoding, jitter, and other delay.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_streams">Program streams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Program streams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG program stream</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">Program Streams</a> (PS) are concerned with combining multiple packetized elementary streams (usually just one audio and video PES) into a single stream, ensuring simultaneous delivery, and maintaining synchronization. The PS structure is known as a <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplex</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (digital)">container format</a>. </p><p>Presentation time stamps (PTS) exist in PS to correct the inevitable disparity between audio and video SCR values (time-base correction). 90 kHz PTS values in the PS header tell the decoder which video SCR values match which audio SCR values.<sup id="cite_ref-pack_header_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pack_header-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PTS determines when to display a portion of an MPEG program, and is also used by the decoder to determine when data can be discarded from the <a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">buffer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_pts_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial_pts-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either video or audio will be delayed by the decoder until the corresponding segment of the other arrives and can be decoded. </p><p>PTS handling can be problematic. Decoders must accept multiple <i>program streams</i> that have been concatenated (joined sequentially). This causes PTS values in the middle of the video to reset to zero, which then begin incrementing again. Such PTS wraparound disparities can cause timing issues that must be specially handled by the decoder. </p><p>Decoding Time Stamps (DTS), additionally, are required because of B-frames. With B-frames in the video stream, adjacent frames have to be encoded and decoded out-of-order (re-ordered frames). DTS is quite similar to PTS, but instead of just handling sequential frames, it contains the proper time-stamps to tell the decoder when to decode and display the next B-frame (types of frames explained below), ahead of its anchor (P- or I-) frame. Without B-frames in the video, PTS and DTS values are identical.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_dts_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial_dts-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multiplexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To generate the PS, the multiplexer will interleave the (two or more) packetized elementary streams. This is done so the packets of the simultaneous streams can be transferred over the same <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">channel</a> and are guaranteed to both arrive at the decoder at precisely the same time. This is a case of <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">time-division multiplexing</a>. </p><p>Determining how much data from each stream should be in each interleaved segment (the size of the interleave) is complicated, yet an important requirement. Improper interleaving will result in buffer underflows or overflows, as the receiver gets more of one stream than it can store (e.g. audio), before it gets enough data to decode the other simultaneous stream (e.g. video). The MPEG <a href="/wiki/Video_Buffering_Verifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Buffering Verifier">Video Buffering Verifier</a> (VBV) assists in determining if a multiplexed PS can be decoded by a device with a specified data throughput rate and buffer size.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial_vbv_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial_vbv-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This offers feedback to the multiplexer and the encoder, so that they can change the multiplex size or adjust bitrates as needed for compliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_2:_Video">Part 2: Video</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Part 2: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part 2 of the MPEG-1 standard covers video and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-2. The design was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a>. </p><p>MPEG-1 Video exploits perceptual compression methods to significantly reduce the data rate required by a video stream. It reduces or completely discards information in certain frequencies and areas of the picture that the human eye has limited ability to fully perceive. It also exploits temporal (over time) and spatial (across a picture) redundancy common in video to achieve better data compression than would be possible otherwise. (See: <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">Video compression</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_space">Color space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Color space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuvformats420sampling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yuvformats420sampling.svg/220px-Yuvformats420sampling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yuvformats420sampling.svg/330px-Yuvformats420sampling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yuvformats420sampling.svg/440px-Yuvformats420sampling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>Example of 4:2:0 subsampling. The two overlapping center circles represent chroma blue and chroma red (color) pixels, while the 4 outside circles represent the luma (brightness).</figcaption></figure> <p>Before encoding video to MPEG-1, the color-space is transformed to <a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2CbCr" class="mw-redirect" title="Y′CbCr">Y′CbCr</a> (Y′=Luma, Cb=Chroma Blue, Cr=Chroma Red). <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a> (brightness, resolution) is stored separately from <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chroma</a> (color, hue, phase) and even further separated into red and blue components. </p><p>The chroma is also subsampled to <a href="/wiki/4:2:0" class="mw-redirect" title="4:2:0">4:2:0</a>, meaning it is reduced to half resolution vertically and half resolution horizontally, i.e., to just one quarter the number of samples used for the luma component of the video.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use of higher resolution for some color components is similar in concept to the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer pattern filter</a> that is commonly used for the image capturing sensor in digital color cameras. Because the human eye is much more sensitive to small changes in brightness (the Y component) than in color (the Cr and Cb components), <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">chroma subsampling</a> is a very effective way to reduce the amount of video data that needs to be compressed. However, on videos with fine detail (high <a href="/wiki/Spatial_frequency#Visual_perception" title="Spatial frequency">spatial complexity</a>) this can manifest as chroma <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a> artifacts. Compared to other digital <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">compression artifacts</a>, this issue seems to very rarely be a source of annoyance. Because of the subsampling, Y′CbCr 4:2:0 video is ordinarily stored using even dimensions (<a href="/wiki/Divisible" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisible">divisible</a> by 2 horizontally and vertically). </p><p>Y′CbCr color is often informally called <a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">YUV</a> to simplify the notation, although that term more properly applies to a somewhat different color format. Similarly, the terms <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> are often used instead of the (more accurate) terms luma and chroma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution/bitrate"><span id="Resolution.2Fbitrate"></span>Resolution/bitrate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resolution/bitrate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MPEG-1 supports resolutions up to 4095×4095 (12 bits), and bit rates up to 100 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MPEG-1 videos are most commonly seen using <a href="/wiki/Source_Input_Format" title="Source Input Format">Source Input Format</a> (SIF) resolution: 352×240, 352×288, or 320×240. These relatively low resolutions, combined with a bitrate less than 1.5 Mbit/s, make up what is known as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constrained_parameters_bitstream&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constrained parameters bitstream (page does not exist)">constrained parameters bitstream</a> (CPB), later renamed the "Low Level" (LL) profile in MPEG-2. This is the minimum video specifications any <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">decoder</a> should be able to handle, to be considered MPEG-1 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compliant" class="extiw" title="wikt:compliant">compliant</a>. This was selected to provide a good balance between quality and performance, allowing the use of reasonably inexpensive hardware of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Didier_MPEG_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didier_MPEG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame/picture/block_types"><span id="Frame.2Fpicture.2Fblock_types"></span>Frame/picture/block types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Frame/picture/block types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MPEG-1 has several frame/picture types that serve different purposes. The most important, yet simplest, is <b>I-frame</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="I-frames">I-frames</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: I-frames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"I-frame" is an abbreviation for "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/I-frame" class="extiw" title="wikt:I-frame">Intra-frame</a>", so-called because they can be decoded independently of any other frames. They may also be known as I-pictures, or keyframes due to their somewhat similar function to the <a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">key frames</a> used in animation. I-frames can be considered effectively identical to baseline <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> images.<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-speed seeking through an MPEG-1 video is only possible to the nearest I-frame. When cutting a video it is not possible to start playback of a segment of video before the first I-frame in the segment (at least not without computationally intensive re-encoding). For this reason, I-frame-only MPEG videos are used in editing applications. </p><p>I-frame only compression is very fast, but produces very large file sizes: a factor of 3× (or more) larger than normally encoded MPEG-1 video, depending on how temporally complex a specific video is.<sup id="cite_ref-Didier_MPEG_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didier_MPEG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I-frame only MPEG-1 video is very similar to <a href="/wiki/MJPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MJPEG">MJPEG</a> video. So much so that very high-speed and theoretically lossless (in reality, there are rounding errors) conversion can be made from one format to the other, provided a couple of restrictions (color space and quantization matrix) are followed in the creation of the bitstream.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_transcoding_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_transcoding-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The length between I-frames is known as the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_pictures" title="Group of pictures">group of pictures</a> (GOP) size. MPEG-1 most commonly uses a GOP size of 15–18. i.e. 1 I-frame for every 14-17 non-I-frames (some combination of P- and B- frames). With more intelligent encoders, GOP size is dynamically chosen, up to some pre-selected maximum limit.<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Limits are placed on the maximum number of frames between I-frames due to decoding complexing, decoder buffer size, recovery time after data errors, seeking ability, and accumulation of IDCT errors in low-precision implementations most common in hardware decoders (See: <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>-1180). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="P-frames">P-frames</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: P-frames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"P-frame" is an abbreviation for "Predicted-frame". They may also be called forward-predicted frames or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inter-" class="extiw" title="wikt:inter-">inter-frames</a> (B-frames are also inter-frames). </p><p>P-frames exist to improve compression by exploiting the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/temporal" class="extiw" title="wikt:temporal">temporal</a> (over time) <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/redundancy" class="extiw" title="wikt:redundancy">redundancy</a> in a video. P-frames store only the <i>difference</i> in image from the frame (either an I-frame or P-frame) immediately preceding it (this reference frame is also called the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anchor" class="extiw" title="wikt:anchor">anchor</a> frame</i>). </p><p>The difference between a P-frame and its anchor frame is calculated using <i>motion vectors</i> on each <i>macroblock</i> of the frame (see below). Such motion vector data will be embedded in the P-frame for use by the decoder. </p><p>A P-frame can contain any number of intra-coded blocks (DCT and Quantized), in addition to any forward-predicted blocks (Motion Vectors).<sup id="cite_ref-hp_transcoding_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp_transcoding-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a video drastically changes from one frame to the next (such as a <a href="/wiki/Cut_(transition)" title="Cut (transition)">cut</a>), it is more efficient to encode it as an I-frame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="B-frames">B-frames</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: B-frames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"B-frame" stands for "bidirectional-frame" or "bipredictive frame". They may also be known as backwards-predicted frames or B-pictures. B-frames are quite similar to P-frames, except they can make predictions using both the previous and future frames (i.e. two anchor frames). </p><p>It is therefore necessary for the player to first decode the next I- or P- anchor frame sequentially after the B-frame, before the B-frame can be decoded and displayed. This means decoding B-frames requires larger <a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">data buffers</a> and causes an increased delay on both decoding and during encoding. This also necessitates the decoding time stamps (DTS) feature in the container/system stream (see above). As such, B-frames have long been subject of much controversy, they are often avoided in videos, and are sometimes not fully supported by hardware decoders. </p><p>No other frames are predicted from a B-frame. Because of this, a very low bitrate B-frame can be inserted, where needed, to help control the bitrate. If this was done with a P-frame, future P-frames would be predicted from it and would lower the quality of the entire sequence. However, similarly, the future P-frame must still encode all the changes between it and the previous I- or P- anchor frame. B-frames can also be beneficial in videos where the background behind an object is being revealed over several frames, or in fading transitions, such as scene changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Didier_MPEG_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didier_MPEG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A B-frame can contain any number of intra-coded blocks and forward-predicted blocks, in addition to backwards-predicted, or bidirectionally predicted blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hp_transcoding_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp_transcoding-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D-frames">D-frames</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: D-frames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MPEG-1 has a unique frame type not found in later video standards. "D-frames" or DC-pictures are independently coded images (intra-frames) that have been encoded using DC transform coefficients only (AC coefficients are removed when encoding D-frames—see DCT below) and hence are very low quality. D-frames are never referenced by I-, P- or B- frames. D-frames are only used for fast previews of video, for instance when seeking through a video at high speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Didier_MPEG_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didier_MPEG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given moderately higher-performance decoding equipment, fast preview can be accomplished by decoding I-frames instead of D-frames. This provides higher quality previews, since I-frames contain AC coefficients as well as DC coefficients. If the encoder can assume that rapid I-frame decoding capability is available in decoders, it can save bits by not sending D-frames (thus improving compression of the video content). For this reason, D-frames are seldom actually used in MPEG-1 video encoding, and the D-frame feature has not been included in any later video coding standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macroblocks">Macroblocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Macroblocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></div> <p>MPEG-1 operates on video in a series of 8×8 blocks for quantization. However, to reduce the bit rate needed for motion vectors and because chroma (color) is subsampled by a factor of 4, each pair of (red and blue) chroma blocks corresponds to 4 different luma blocks. That is, for 4 luma blocks of size 8x8, there is one Cb block of 8x8 and one Cr block of 8x8. This set of 6 blocks, with a picture resolution of 16×16, is processed together and called a <i>macroblock</i>. </p><p>All of these 8x8 blocks are independently put through DCT and quantization. </p><p>A macroblock is the smallest independent unit of (color) video. Motion vectors (see below) operate solely at the macroblock level. </p><p>If the height or width of the video are not exact <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/multiple" class="extiw" title="wikt:multiple">multiples</a> of 16, full rows and full columns of macroblocks must still be encoded and decoded to fill out the picture (though the extra decoded pixels are not displayed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_vectors">Motion vectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Motion vectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To decrease the amount of temporal redundancy in a video, only blocks that change are updated, (up to the maximum GOP size). This is known as conditional replenishment. However, this is not very effective by itself. Movement of the objects, and/or the camera may result in large portions of the frame needing to be updated, even though only the position of the previously encoded objects has changed. Through motion estimation, the encoder can compensate for this movement and remove a large amount of redundant information. </p><p>The encoder compares the current frame with adjacent parts of the video from the anchor frame (previous I- or P- frame) in a diamond pattern, up to a (encoder-specific) predefined <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> limit from the area of the current macroblock. If a match is found, only the direction and distance (i.e. the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vector" class="extiw" title="wikt:vector"><i>vector</i></a> of the <i>motion</i>) from the previous video area to the current macroblock need to be encoded into the inter-frame (P- or B- frame). The reverse of this process, performed by the decoder to reconstruct the picture, is called <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a>. </p><p>A predicted macroblock rarely matches the current picture perfectly, however. The differences between the estimated matching area, and the real frame/macroblock is called the prediction error. The larger the amount of prediction error, the more data must be additionally encoded in the frame. For efficient video compression, it is very important that the encoder is capable of effectively and precisely performing motion estimation. </p><p>Motion vectors record the <i>distance</i> between two areas on screen based on the number of pixels (also called pels). MPEG-1 video uses a motion vector (MV) precision of one half of one pixel, or half-pel. The finer the precision of the MVs, the more accurate the match is likely to be, and the more efficient the compression. There are trade-offs to higher precision, however. Finer MV precision results in using a larger amount of data to represent the MV, as larger numbers must be stored in the frame for every single MV, increased coding complexity as increasing levels of interpolation on the macroblock are required for both the encoder and decoder, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/law_of_diminishing_returns" class="extiw" title="wikt:law of diminishing returns">diminishing returns</a> (minimal gains) with higher precision MVs. Half-pel precision was chosen as the ideal trade-off for that point in time. (See: <a href="/wiki/Qpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Qpel">qpel</a>) </p><p>Because neighboring macroblocks are likely to have very similar motion vectors, this redundant information can be compressed quite effectively by being stored <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a>-encoded. Only the (smaller) amount of difference between the MVs for each macroblock needs to be stored in the final bitstream. </p><p>P-frames have one motion vector per macroblock, relative to the previous anchor frame. B-frames, however, can use two motion vectors; one from the previous anchor frame, and one from the future anchor frame.<sup id="cite_ref-hp_transcoding_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp_transcoding-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Partial macroblocks, and black borders/bars encoded into the video that do not fall exactly on a macroblock boundary, cause havoc with motion prediction. The block padding/border information prevents the macroblock from closely matching with any other area of the video, and so, significantly larger prediction error information must be encoded for every one of the several dozen partial macroblocks along the screen border. DCT encoding and quantization (see below) also isn't nearly as effective when there is large/sharp picture contrast in a block. </p><p>An even more serious problem exists with macroblocks that contain significant, random, <i>edge noise</i>, where the picture transitions to (typically) black. All the above problems also apply to edge noise. In addition, the added randomness is simply impossible to compress significantly. All of these effects will lower the quality (or increase the bitrate) of the video substantially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DCT">DCT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: DCT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each 8×8 block is encoded by first applying a <i>forward</i> <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (FDCT) and then a quantization process. The FDCT process (by itself) is theoretically lossless, and can be reversed by applying an <i>Inverse</i> DCT (<a href="/wiki/IDCT" class="mw-redirect" title="IDCT">IDCT</a>) to reproduce the original values (in the absence of any quantization and rounding errors). In reality, there are some (sometimes large) rounding errors introduced both by quantization in the encoder (as described in the next section) and by IDCT approximation error in the decoder. The minimum allowed accuracy of a decoder IDCT approximation is defined by ISO/IEC 23002-1. (Prior to 2006, it was specified by <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_1180&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 1180 (page does not exist)">IEEE 1180</a>-1990.) </p><p>The FDCT process converts the 8×8 block of uncompressed pixel values (brightness or color difference values) into an 8×8 indexed array of <i>frequency coefficient</i> values. One of these is the (statistically high in variance) "DC coefficient", which represents the average value of the entire 8×8 block. The other 63 coefficients are the statistically smaller "AC coefficients", which have positive or negative values each representing sinusoidal deviations from the flat block value represented by the DC coefficient. </p><p>An example of an encoded 8×8 FDCT block: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-415&-30&-61&27&56&-20&-2&0\\4&-22&-61&10&13&-7&-9&5\\-47&7&77&-25&-29&10&5&-6\\-49&12&34&-15&-10&6&2&2\\12&-7&-13&-4&-2&2&-3&3\\-8&3&2&-6&-2&1&4&2\\-1&0&0&-2&-1&-3&4&-1\\0&0&-1&-4&-1&0&1&2\end{bmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>415</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>30</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>27</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>20</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>22</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>13</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>9</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>47</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>7</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>77</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>25</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>29</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>49</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>34</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>13</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-415&-30&-61&27&56&-20&-2&0\\4&-22&-61&10&13&-7&-9&5\\-47&7&77&-25&-29&10&5&-6\\-49&12&34&-15&-10&6&2&2\\12&-7&-13&-4&-2&2&-3&3\\-8&3&2&-6&-2&1&4&2\\-1&0&0&-2&-1&-3&4&-1\\0&0&-1&-4&-1&0&1&2\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5dfef8f90640806ba8a10e7687ac3f955ced4ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:52.012ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-415&-30&-61&27&56&-20&-2&0\\4&-22&-61&10&13&-7&-9&5\\-47&7&77&-25&-29&10&5&-6\\-49&12&34&-15&-10&6&2&2\\12&-7&-13&-4&-2&2&-3&3\\-8&3&2&-6&-2&1&4&2\\-1&0&0&-2&-1&-3&4&-1\\0&0&-1&-4&-1&0&1&2\end{bmatrix}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Since the DC coefficient value is statistically correlated from one block to the next, it is compressed using <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> encoding. Only the (smaller) amount of difference between each DC value and the value of the DC coefficient in the block to its left needs to be represented in the final bitstream. </p><p>Additionally, the frequency conversion performed by applying the DCT provides a statistical decorrelation function to efficiently concentrate the signal into fewer high-amplitude values prior to applying quantization (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantization">Quantization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Quantization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a> is, essentially, the process of reducing the accuracy of a signal, by dividing it by some larger step size and rounding to an integer value (i.e. finding the nearest multiple, and discarding the remainder). </p><p>The frame-level quantizer is a number from 0 to 31 (although encoders will usually omit/disable some of the extreme values) which determines how much information will be removed from a given frame. The frame-level quantizer is typically either dynamically selected by the encoder to maintain a certain user-specified bitrate, or (much less commonly) directly specified by the user. </p><p>A "quantization matrix" is a string of 64 numbers (ranging from 0 to 255) which tells the encoder how relatively important or unimportant each piece of visual information is. Each number in the matrix corresponds to a certain frequency component of the video image. </p><p>An example quantization matrix: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>16</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>11</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>10</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>16</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>40</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>51</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>61</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>12</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>19</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>26</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>58</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>60</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>13</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>16</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>40</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>57</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>69</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>14</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>17</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>22</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>29</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>51</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>87</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>80</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>62</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>18</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>22</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>37</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>56</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>68</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>109</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>103</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>77</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>24</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>35</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>55</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>81</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>104</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>113</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>92</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>49</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>64</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>78</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>87</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>103</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>121</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>120</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>101</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>72</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>92</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>95</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>98</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>112</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>100</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>103</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>99</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3861b24e1e5cb44062d02190178320baffa5d7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:43.359ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Quantization is performed by taking each of the 64 <i>frequency</i> values of the DCT block, dividing them by the frame-level quantizer, then dividing them by their corresponding values in the quantization matrix. Finally, the result is rounded down. This significantly reduces, or completely eliminates, the information in some frequency components of the picture. Typically, high frequency information is less visually important, and so high frequencies are much more <i>strongly quantized</i> (drastically reduced). MPEG-1 actually uses two separate quantization matrices, one for intra-blocks (I-blocks) and one for inter-block (P- and B- blocks) so quantization of different block types can be done independently, and so, more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Didier_MPEG_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Didier_MPEG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This quantization process usually reduces a significant number of the <i>AC coefficients</i> to zero, (known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sparse" class="extiw" title="wikt:sparse">sparse</a> data) which can then be more efficiently compressed by entropy coding (lossless compression) in the next step. </p><p>An example quantized DCT block: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-4&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>26</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-4&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6ac5feb6b04ffeb34cb3784c369cbb0f5c9d809" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.171ex; width:41.421ex; height:25.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-4&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Quantization eliminates a large amount of data, and is the main lossy processing step in MPEG-1 video encoding. This is also the primary source of most MPEG-1 video <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression artifacts">compression artifacts</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Blockiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockiness">blockiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_banding" class="mw-redirect" title="Color banding">color banding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringing_(signal)" title="Ringing (signal)">ringing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discoloration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discoloration (page does not exist)">discoloration</a>, etc. This happens when video is encoded with an insufficient bitrate, and the encoder is therefore forced to use high frame-level quantizers (<i>strong quantization</i>) through much of the video. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entropy_coding">Entropy coding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Entropy coding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several steps in the encoding of MPEG-1 video are lossless, meaning they will be reversed upon decoding, to produce exactly the same (original) values. Since these lossless data compression steps don't add noise into, or otherwise change the contents (unlike quantization), it is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Source_coding_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Source coding theorem">noiseless coding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1_audio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since lossless compression aims to remove as much redundancy as possible, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">entropy coding</a> in the field of <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>. </p><p>The coefficients of quantized DCT blocks tend to zero towards the bottom-right. Maximum compression can be achieved by a zig-zag scanning of the DCT block starting from the top left and using Run-length encoding techniques. </p><p>The DC coefficients and motion vectors are <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a>-encoded. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">Run-length encoding</a> (RLE) is a simple method of compressing repetition. A sequential string of characters, no matter how long, can be replaced with a few bytes, noting the value that repeats, and how many times. For example, if someone were to say "five nines", you would know they mean the number: 99999. </p><p>RLE is particularly effective after quantization, as a significant number of the AC coefficients are now zero (called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sparse" class="extiw" title="wikt:sparse">sparse</a> data), and can be represented with just a couple of bytes. This is stored in a special 2-<a href="/wiki/Dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensional">dimensional</a> Huffman table that codes the run-length and the run-ending character. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Huffman_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffman Coding">Huffman Coding</a> is a very popular and relatively simple method of entropy coding, and used in MPEG-1 video to reduce the data size. The data is analyzed to find strings that repeat often. Those strings are then put into a special table, with the most frequently repeating data assigned the shortest code. This keeps the data as small as possible with this form of compression.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1_audio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the table is constructed, those strings in the data are replaced with their (much smaller) codes, which reference the appropriate entry in the table. The decoder simply reverses this process to produce the original data. </p><p>This is the final step in the video encoding process, so the result of <a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman coding</a> is known as the MPEG-1 video "bitstream." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GOP_configurations_for_specific_applications">GOP configurations for specific applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: GOP configurations for specific applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I-frames store complete frame info within the frame and are therefore suited for random access. P-frames provide compression using motion vectors relative to the previous frame ( I or P ). B-frames provide maximum compression but require the previous as well as next frame for computation. Therefore, processing of B-frames requires more buffer on the decoded side. A configuration of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Pictures">Group of Pictures</a> (GOP) should be selected based on these factors. I-frame only sequences give least compression, but are useful for random access, FF/FR and editability. I- and P-frame sequences give moderate compression but add a certain degree of random access, FF/FR functionality. I-, P- and B-frame sequences give very high compression but also increase the coding/decoding delay significantly. Such configurations are therefore not suited for video-telephony or video-conferencing applications. </p><p>The typical data rate of an I-frame is 1 bit per pixel while that of a P-frame is 0.1 bit per pixel and for a B-frame, 0.015 bit per pixel.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_3:_Audio">Part 3: Audio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Part 3: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part 3 of the MPEG-1 standard covers audio and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-3. </p><p>MPEG-1 Audio utilizes <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustics</a> to significantly reduce the data rate required by an audio stream. It reduces or completely discards certain parts of the audio that it deduces that the human ear can't <i>hear</i>, either because they are in frequencies where the ear has limited sensitivity, or are <i><a href="/wiki/Auditory_masking" title="Auditory masking">masked</a></i> by other (typically louder) sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_audio_faq_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_audio_faq-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Channel encoding modes: </p> <ul><li>Mono</li> <li>Joint stereo – <a href="/wiki/Joint_encoding#Intensity_stereo_coding" title="Joint encoding">intensity encoded</a></li> <li>Joint stereo – <a href="/wiki/Joint_encoding#M/S_stereo_coding" title="Joint encoding">M/S encoded</a> (Layer III only)</li> <li>Stereo</li> <li>Dual (two <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/correlated" class="extiw" title="wikt:correlated">uncorrelated</a> mono channels)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)#Sampling_rate" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling rates</a>: </p> <ul><li>32000 Hz</li> <li>44100 Hz</li> <li>48000 Hz</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rates</a>: </p> <ul><li>Layer I: 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 288, 320, 352, 384, 416 and 448 kbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Layer II: 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbit/s</li> <li>Layer III: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s</li></ul> <p>MPEG-1 Audio is divided into 3 layers. Each higher layer is more computationally complex, and generally more efficient at lower bitrates than the previous.<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The layers are semi backwards compatible as higher layers reuse technologies implemented by the lower layers. A "full" Layer II decoder can also play Layer I audio, but <i>not</i> Layer III audio, although not all higher level players are "full".<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_audio_faq_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_audio_faq-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_I">Layer I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Layer I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Audio Layer I</a></div> <p>MPEG-1 Audio Layer I is a simplified version of MPEG-1 Audio Layer II.<sup id="cite_ref-santa_clara90_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santa_clara90-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Layer I uses a smaller 384-sample frame size for very low delay, and finer resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is advantageous for applications like teleconferencing, studio editing, etc. It has lower complexity than Layer II to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> encoding on the hardware available <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1990</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1_audio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Layer I saw limited adoption in its time, and most notably was used on <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>' <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defunct" class="extiw" title="wikt:defunct">defunct</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> at a bitrate of 384 kbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the substantial performance improvements in digital processing since its introduction, Layer I quickly became unnecessary and obsolete. </p><p>Layer I audio files typically use the extension ".mp1" or sometimes ".m1a". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_II">Layer II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Layer II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></div> <p>MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (the first version of MP2, often informally called MUSICAM)<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_audio_faq_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_audio_faq-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> audio format designed to provide high quality at about 192 kbit/s for stereo sound.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decoding MP2 audio is <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">computationally simple</a> relative to MP3, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History/MUSICAM"><span id="History.2FMUSICAM"></span>History/MUSICAM</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History/MUSICAM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MPEG-1 Audio Layer II was derived from the MUSICAM (<i>Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing</i>) audio codec, developed by <a href="/wiki/Centre_commun_d%27%C3%A9tudes_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_et_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications">Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications</a> (CCETT), <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Rundfunktechnik" title="Institut für Rundfunktechnik">Institut für Rundfunktechnik</a> (IRT/CNET)<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-santa_clara90_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santa_clara90-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telos_audio_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telos_audio-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the <a href="/wiki/EUREKA_147" class="mw-redirect" title="EUREKA 147">EUREKA 147</a> pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of digital audio broadcasting. </p><p>Most key features of MPEG-1 Audio were directly inherited from MUSICAM, including the filter bank, time-domain processing, audio frame sizes, etc. However, improvements were made, and the actual MUSICAM algorithm was not used in the final MPEG-1 Audio Layer II standard. The widespread usage of the term MUSICAM to refer to Layer II is entirely incorrect and discouraged for both technical and legal reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_audio_faq_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_audio_faq-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MP2 is a time-domain encoder. It uses a low-delay 32 sub-band <a href="/wiki/Polyphase_quadrature_filter" title="Polyphase quadrature filter">polyphased</a> <a href="/wiki/Filter_bank" title="Filter bank">filter bank</a> for time-frequency mapping; having overlapping ranges (i.e. polyphased) to prevent aliasing.<sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychoacoustic model is based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Auditory_masking" title="Auditory masking">auditory masking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_masking" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous masking">simultaneous masking</a> effects, and the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold_of_hearing" title="Absolute threshold of hearing">absolute threshold of hearing</a> (ATH). The size of a Layer II frame is fixed at 1152-samples (coefficients). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a> refers to how analysis and quantization is performed on short, discrete samples/chunks of the audio waveform. This offers low delay as only a small number of samples are analyzed before encoding, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">frequency domain</a> encoding (like MP3) which must analyze many times more samples before it can decide how to transform and output encoded audio. This also offers higher performance on complex, random and <a href="/wiki/Transient_(acoustics)" title="Transient (acoustics)">transient</a> impulses (such as percussive instruments, and applause), offering avoidance of artifacts like pre-echo. </p><p>The 32 sub-band filter bank returns 32 <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coefficient" class="extiw" title="wikt:coefficient">coefficients</a>, one for each equal-sized frequency band/segment of the audio, which is about 700 Hz wide (depending on the audio's sampling frequency). The encoder then utilizes the psychoacoustic model to determine which sub-bands contain audio information that is less important, and so, where quantization will be inaudible, or at least much less noticeable.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1_audio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fft-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fft-2.png/340px-Fft-2.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Fft-2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Example FFT analysis on an audio wave sample</figcaption></figure> <p>The psychoacoustic model is applied using a 1024-point <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">fast Fourier transform</a> (FFT). Of the 1152 samples per frame, 64 samples at the top and bottom of the frequency range are ignored for this analysis. They are presumably not significant enough to change the result. The psychoacoustic model uses an empirically determined masking model to determine which sub-bands contribute more to the <a href="/wiki/Masking_threshold" title="Masking threshold">masking threshold</a>, and how much quantization noise each can contain without being perceived. Any sounds below the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold_of_hearing" title="Absolute threshold of hearing">absolute threshold of hearing</a> (ATH) are completely discarded. The available bits are then assigned to each sub-band accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_audio_faq_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_audio_faq-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, sub-bands are less important if they contain quieter sounds (smaller coefficient) than a neighboring (i.e. similar frequency) sub-band with louder sounds (larger coefficient). Also, "noise" components typically have a more significant masking effect than "tonal" components.<sup id="cite_ref-telos_audio_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telos_audio-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less significant sub-bands are reduced in accuracy by quantization. This basically involves compressing the frequency range (amplitude of the coefficient), i.e. raising the noise floor. Then computing an amplification factor, for the decoder to use to re-expand each sub-band to the proper frequency range.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_transcoding_survey_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_transcoding_survey-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twolame_psycho_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twolame_psycho-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Layer II can also optionally use <a href="/wiki/Joint_stereo#Intensity_stereo_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stereo">intensity stereo</a> coding, a form of joint stereo. This means that the frequencies above 6 kHz of both channels are combined/down-mixed into one single (mono) channel, but the "side channel" information on the relative intensity (volume, amplitude) of each channel is preserved and encoded into the bitstream separately. On playback, the single channel is played through left and right speakers, with the intensity information applied to each channel to give the illusion of stereo sound.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1_audio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telos_audio_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telos_audio-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perceptual trick is known as "stereo irrelevancy". This can allow further reduction of the audio bitrate without much perceivable loss of fidelity, but is generally not used with higher bitrates as it does not provide very high quality (transparent) audio.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1_audio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-joint_stereo_spatial_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joint_stereo_spatial-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quality">Quality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subjective audio testing by experts, in the most critical conditions ever implemented, has shown MP2 to offer <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(data_compression)" title="Transparency (data compression)">transparent</a> audio compression at 256 kbit/s for 16-bit 44.1 kHz <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book (audio CD standard)">CD audio</a> using the earliest reference implementation (more recent encoders should presumably perform even better).<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telos_audio_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telos_audio-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That (approximately) 1:6 compression ratio for CD audio is particularly impressive because it is quite close to the estimated upper limit of perceptual <a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">entropy</a>, at just over 1:8.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achieving much higher compression is simply not possible without discarding some perceptible information. </p><p>MP2 remains a favoured lossy audio coding standard due to its particularly high audio coding performances on important audio material such as castanet, symphonic orchestra, male and female voices and particularly complex and high energy transients (impulses) like percussive sounds: triangle, glockenspiel and audience applause.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs2_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent testing has shown that <a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a> (based on MP2), despite being compromised by an inferior matrixed mode (for the sake of backwards compatibility)<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_faqs1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rates just slightly lower than much more recent audio codecs, such as <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a> (AC-3) and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">Advanced Audio Coding</a> (AAC) (mostly within the margin of error—and substantially superior in some cases, such as audience applause).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebu_surround_test_2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebu_surround_test_2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one reason that MP2 audio continues to be used extensively. The MPEG-2 AAC Stereo verification tests reached a vastly different conclusion, however, showing AAC to provide superior performance to MP2 at half the bitrate.<sup id="cite_ref-stereo_aac_tests_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stereo_aac_tests-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this disparity with both earlier and later tests is not clear, but strangely, a sample of applause is notably absent from the latter test. </p><p>Layer II audio files typically use the extension ".mp2" or sometimes ".m2a". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_III">Layer III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Layer III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_III" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer III">MPEG-1 Audio Layer III</a></div> <p>MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (the first version of <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> audio format designed to provide acceptable quality at about 64 kbit/s for monaural audio over single-channel (<a href="/wiki/Basic_rate_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic rate interface">BRI</a>) <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> links, and 128 kbit/s for stereo sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History/ASPEC"><span id="History.2FASPEC"></span>History/ASPEC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History/ASPEC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-07_ASPEC_91_Bonn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2016-07_ASPEC_91_Bonn.jpg/220px-2016-07_ASPEC_91_Bonn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2016-07_ASPEC_91_Bonn.jpg/330px-2016-07_ASPEC_91_Bonn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2016-07_ASPEC_91_Bonn.jpg/440px-2016-07_ASPEC_91_Bonn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>ASPEC 91 in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum_Bonn" title="Deutsches Museum Bonn">Deutsches Museum Bonn</a>, with encoder (below) and decoder</figcaption></figure> <p>MPEG-1 Audio Layer III was derived from the <i>Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding</i> (ASPEC) codec developed by Fraunhofer as part of the <a href="/wiki/EUREKA_147" class="mw-redirect" title="EUREKA 147">EUREKA 147</a> pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of digital audio broadcasting. ASPEC was adapted to fit in with the Layer II model (frame size, filter bank, FFT, etc.), to become Layer III.<sup id="cite_ref-santa_clara90_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santa_clara90-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ASPEC was itself based on <i>Multiple adaptive Spectral audio Coding</i> (MSC) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. F. Schroeder (page does not exist)">E. F. Schroeder</a>, <i>Optimum Coding in the Frequency domain</i> (OCF) the <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">doctoral thesis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen-Nuremberg">University of Erlangen-Nuremberg</a>, <i>Perceptual Transform Coding</i> (PXFM) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._D._Johnston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. D. Johnston (page does not exist)">J. D. Johnston</a> at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, and <i>Transform coding of audio signals</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y._Mahieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y. Mahieux (page does not exist)">Y. Mahieux</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Petit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Petit (page does not exist)">J. Petit</a> at <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Rundfunktechnik" title="Institut für Rundfunktechnik">Institut für Rundfunktechnik</a> (IRT/CNET).<sup id="cite_ref-perceptual_coding_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perceptual_coding-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technical_details_2">Technical details</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MP3 is a frequency-domain audio <a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">transform encoder</a>. Even though it utilizes some of the lower layer functions, MP3 is quite different from MP2. </p><p>MP3 works on 1152 samples like MP2, but needs to take multiple frames for analysis before frequency-domain (MDCT) processing and quantization can be effective. It outputs a variable number of samples, using a bit buffer to enable this variable bitrate (VBR) encoding while maintaining 1152 sample size output frames. This causes a significantly longer delay before output, which has caused MP3 to be considered unsuitable for studio applications where editing or other processing needs to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MP3 does not benefit from the 32 sub-band polyphased filter bank, instead just using an 18-point MDCT transformation on each output to split the data into 576 frequency components, and processing it in the frequency domain.<sup id="cite_ref-telos_audio_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telos_audio-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This extra <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/granularity" class="extiw" title="wikt:granularity">granularity</a> allows MP3 to have a much finer psychoacoustic model, and more carefully apply appropriate quantization to each band, providing much better low-bitrate performance. </p><p>Frequency-domain processing imposes some limitations as well, causing a factor of 12 or 36 × worse temporal resolution than Layer II. This causes quantization artifacts, due to transient sounds like percussive events and other high-frequency events that spread over a larger window. This results in audible smearing and <a href="/wiki/Pre-echo" title="Pre-echo">pre-echo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MP3 uses pre-echo detection routines, and VBR encoding, which allows it to temporarily increase the bitrate during difficult passages, in an attempt to reduce this effect. It is also able to switch between the normal 36 sample quantization window, and instead using 3× short 12 sample windows instead, to reduce the temporal (time) length of quantization artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And yet in choosing a fairly small window size to make MP3's temporal response adequate enough to avoid the most serious artifacts, MP3 becomes much less efficient in frequency domain compression of stationary, tonal components. </p><p>Being forced to use a <i>hybrid</i> time domain (filter bank) /frequency domain (MDCT) model to fit in with Layer II simply wastes processing time and compromises quality by introducing aliasing artifacts. MP3 has an aliasing cancellation stage specifically to mask this problem, but which instead produces frequency domain energy which must be encoded in the audio. This is pushed to the top of the frequency range, where most people have limited hearing, in hopes the distortion it causes will be less audible. </p><p>Layer II's 1024 point FFT doesn't entirely cover all samples, and would omit several entire MP3 sub-bands, where quantization factors must be determined. MP3 instead uses two passes of FFT analysis for spectral estimation, to calculate the global and individual masking thresholds. This allows it to cover all 1152 samples. Of the two, it utilizes the global masking threshold level from the more critical pass, with the most difficult audio. </p><p>In addition to Layer II's intensity encoded joint stereo, MP3 can use middle/side (mid/side, m/s, MS, matrixed) joint stereo. With mid/side stereo, certain frequency ranges of both channels are merged into a single (middle, mid, L+R) mono channel, while the sound difference between the left and right channels is stored as a separate (side, L-R) channel. Unlike intensity stereo, this process does not discard any audio information. When combined with quantization, however, it can exaggerate artifacts. </p><p>If the difference between the left and right channels is small, the side channel will be small, which will offer as much as a 50% bitrate savings, and associated quality improvement. If the difference between left and right is large, standard (discrete, left/right) stereo encoding may be preferred, as mid/side joint stereo will not provide any benefits. An MP3 encoder can switch between m/s stereo and full stereo on a frame-by-frame basis.<sup id="cite_ref-telos_audio_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telos_audio-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-joint_stereo_spatial_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joint_stereo_spatial-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lame_ms_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lame_ms-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Layers I and II, MP3 uses variable-length <a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman coding</a> (after perceptual) to further reduce the bitrate, without any further quality loss.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_audio_faq_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_audio_faq-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quality_2">Quality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MP3's more fine-grained and selective quantization does prove notably superior to MP2 at lower-bitrates. It is able to provide nearly equivalent audio quality to Layer II, at a 15% lower bitrate (approximately).<sup id="cite_ref-ebu_surround_test_2007_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebu_surround_test_2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stereo_aac_tests_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stereo_aac_tests-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 128 kbit/s is considered the "sweet spot" for MP3; meaning it provides generally acceptable quality stereo sound on most music, and there are <a href="/wiki/Diminishing_returns" title="Diminishing returns">diminishing</a> quality improvements from increasing the bitrate further. MP3 is also regarded as exhibiting artifacts that are less annoying than Layer II, when both are used at bitrates that are too low to possibly provide faithful reproduction. </p><p>Layer III audio files use the extension ".mp3". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MPEG-2_audio_extensions">MPEG-2 audio extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: MPEG-2 audio extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> standard includes several extensions to MPEG-1 Audio.<sup id="cite_ref-audio_tutorial_61-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_tutorial-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are known as MPEG-2 BC – backwards compatible with MPEG-1 Audio.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-audio-faq-bc_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-audio-faq-bc-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-audio_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-audio-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-bc_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-bc-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iso13818-7-2006-pdf_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso13818-7-2006-pdf-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG-2 Audio is defined in ISO/IEC 13818-3. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a> – Backward compatible 5.1-channel <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">surround sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sydney93_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney93-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">Sampling rates</a>: 16000, 22050, and 24000 Hz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitrate">Bitrates</a>: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144 and 160 kbit/s</li></ul> <p>These sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined for MPEG-1 Audio. They were introduced to maintain higher quality sound when encoding audio at lower-bitrates.<sup id="cite_ref-sydney93_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney93-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The even-lower bitrates were introduced because tests showed that MPEG-1 Audio could provide higher quality than any existing (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1994</span>) very low bitrate (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech</a>) audio codecs.<sup id="cite_ref-singapore94_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singapore94-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_4:_Conformance_testing">Part 4: Conformance testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Part 4: Conformance testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part 4 of the MPEG-1 standard covers conformance testing, and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-4. </p><p>Conformance: Procedures for testing conformance. </p><p>Provides two sets of guidelines and reference bitstreams for testing the conformance of MPEG-1 audio and video decoders, as well as the bitstreams produced by an encoder.<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_achievements_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_achievements-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_5:_Reference_software">Part 5: Reference software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Part 5: Reference software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part 5 of the MPEG-1 standard includes reference software, and is defined in ISO/IEC TR 11172–5. </p><p>Simulation: Reference software. </p><p><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> reference code for encoding and decoding of audio and video, as well as multiplexing and demultiplexing.<sup id="cite_ref-bmrc_mpeg2_faq_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmrc_mpeg2_faq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg_achievements_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg_achievements-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This includes the <i>ISO Dist10</i> audio encoder code, which <a href="/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a> and <a href="/wiki/TooLAME" title="TooLAME">TooLAME</a> were originally based upon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_extension">File extension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: File extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/MPEG-1" title="Special:EditPage/MPEG-1">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>.mpg is one of a number of file extensions for MPEG-1 or <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> audio and video compression. MPEG-1 Part 2 video is rare nowadays, and this extension typically refers to an <a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG program stream</a> (defined in MPEG-1 and MPEG-2) or <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> (defined in MPEG-2). Other suffixes such as .m2ts also exist specifying the precise container, in this case MPEG-2 TS, but this has little relevance to MPEG-1 media. </p><p>.mp3 is the most common extension for files containing <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> audio (typically MPEG-1 Audio, sometimes MPEG-2 Audio). An MP3 file is typically an uncontained stream of raw audio; the conventional way to tag MP3 files is by writing data to "garbage" segments of each frame, which preserve the media information but are discarded by the player. This is similar in many respects to how raw .AAC files are tagged (but this is less supported nowadays, e.g. <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>). </p><p>Note that although it would apply, .mpg does not normally append raw <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> or AAC in <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding#Container_formats" title="Advanced Audio Coding">MPEG-2 Part 7 Containers</a>. The .aac extension normally denotes these audio files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> The Moving Picture Experts Group, developers of the MPEG-1 standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> Additional less technical details about MPEG-1 Audio Layer III</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a> Backwards compatible 5.1 channel <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">surround sound</a> extension to MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> The direct successor to the MPEG-1 standard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_29" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Implementations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libavcodec" title="Libavcodec">Libavcodec</a> includes MPEG-1/2 video/audio encoders and decoders</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net/">Mjpegtools</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420143808/http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net/">Archived</a> 2008-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MPEG-1/2 video/audio encoders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TooLAME" title="TooLAME">TooLAME</a> A high quality MPEG-1 Audio Layer II encoder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a> A high quality MP3 audio encoder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a> A format originally based on MPEG-1 Audio Layer II, but now incompatible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11172-draft-cite-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11172-draft-cite_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-11172-draft-cite_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPatelSmithRowe1993" class="citation book cs1">Patel K, Smith BC, Rowe LA (1993-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/166266.166274">"Performance of a software MPEG video decoder"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia - MULTIMEDIA '93</i>. ACM Multimedia. New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 75–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F166266.166274">10.1145/166266.166274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-596-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-596-0"><bdi>978-0-89791-596-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3773268">3773268</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215125939/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/166266.166274">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Performance+of+a+software+MPEG+video+decoder&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+first+ACM+international+conference+on+Multimedia+-+MULTIMEDIA+%2793&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.series=ACM+Multimedia&rft.pages=75-82&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1993-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3773268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F166266.166274&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-596-0&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Smith%2C+BC&rft.au=Rowe%2C+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F166266.166274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMPEG-1" class="Z3988"></span> Reference 3 in the paper is to Committee Draft of Standard ISO/IEC 11172, December 6, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpeg_faqs1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg_faqs1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerPoppHjerde1996" class="citation cs2">Adler, Mark; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INTERNATIONAL+ORGANISATION+FOR+STANDARDISATION+ORGANISATION+INTERNATIONALE+DE+NORMALISATION+ISO&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpeg.chiariglione.org%2Fmeetings%2Fparis94%2Fparis_press.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMPEG-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jtc1-sc29_mpeg1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jtc1-sc29_mpeg1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_292010" class="citation web cs1">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2010-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054907/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm">"MPEG-1 (Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lists.whatwg.org&rft.atitle=%26%2391%3Bwhatwg%26%2393%3B+MPEG-1+subset+proposal+for+HTML5+video+codec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.whatwg.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwhatwg-whatwg.org%2F2009-May%2F020015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMPEG-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5214678">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5214678</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713230506/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5214678">Archived</a> 2012-07-13 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> "Digital transmission system using subband coding of a digital signal" Filed: May 31, 1990, Granted May 25, 1993, Expires May 31, 2010?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000012.shtml">"MP3 (MPEG Layer III Audio Encoding)"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. 2023-04-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814015755/https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000012.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=ISO+Standards+and+Patents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso-standards-and-patents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMPEG-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpeg1_audio-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mpeg1_audio_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillQuackenbush2005" class="citation cs2">Grill, B.; Quackenbush, S. 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font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hp_transcoding-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hp_transcoding_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hp_transcoding_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hp_transcoding_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeVasudevLiu1997" class="citation cs2">Wee, Susie J.; Vasudev, Bhaskaran; Liu, Sam (March 13, 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817191927/http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Susie_Wee/PAPERS/hpidc97/hpidc97.html"><i>Transcoding MPEG Video Streams in the Compressed Domain</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.24.633">10.1.1.24.633</a></span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Susie_Wee/PAPERS/hpidc97/hpidc97.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcoding+MPEG+Video+Streams+in+the+Compressed+Domain&rft.pub=Hewlett-Packard&rft.date=1997-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.24.633%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Wee&rft.aufirst=Susie+J.&rft.au=Vasudev%2C+Bhaskaran&rft.au=Liu%2C+Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpl.hp.com%2Fpersonal%2FSusie_Wee%2FPAPERS%2Fhpidc97%2Fhpidc97.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMPEG-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503020732/http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/frame/research/mpeg/mpeg_overview.html">"BMRC"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/audio/aac.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Press+Release&rft.pub=ISO%2FIEC&rft.date=1994-11-11&rft.aulast=Chiariglione&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpeg.chiariglione.org%2Fmeetings%2Fsingapore94%2Fsingapore_press.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMPEG-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-1&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/">Official Web Page of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) a working group of ISO/IEC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207055249/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/">Archived</a> 2017-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpegif.org/">MPEG Industry Forum Organization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830162422/http://www.mpegif.org/">Archived</a> 2004-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c025029_ISO_IEC_TR_11172-5_1998(E)_Software_Simulation.zip">Source Code to Implement MPEG-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230121352/http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c025029_ISO_IEC_TR_11172-5_1998(E)_Software_Simulation.zip">Archived</a> 2006-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503020732/http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/frame/research/mpeg/mpeg_overview.html">A simple, concise explanation from Berkeley Multimedia Research Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="MPEG_(Moving_Picture_Experts_Group)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MPEG" title="Template:MPEG"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MPEG" title="Template talk:MPEG"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MPEG" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MPEG"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="MPEG_(Moving_Picture_Experts_Group)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:115%;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-3" title="MPEG-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">A</a></li> <li>B</li> <li>C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">D</a></li> <li>E</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">G</a></li> <li>V</li> <li>M</li> <li>U</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-1 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Part 1: Systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">Program stream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Part 2: Video <ul><li>based on <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li></ul></li> <li>Part 3: Audio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">Layer III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-2 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Part 1: Systems (H.222.0) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">Transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">Program stream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2: Video (H.262)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2_Part_3" title="MPEG-2 Part 3">Part 3: Audio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2_Audio_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-2 Audio Layer II">Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">Layer III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSM_CC" title="DSM CC">Part 6: DSM CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-4 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2: Video</a> <ul><li>based on <a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">Part 3: Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">Part 6: DMIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (H.264)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">Part 11: Scene description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">Part 12: ISO base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">Part 14: MP4 file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_17" title="MPEG-4 Part 17">Part 17: Streaming text format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_20" title="MPEG-4 Part 20">Part 20: LASeR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Font_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Font Format">Part 22: Open Font Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Video_Coding" title="Internet Video Coding">Part 33: Internet Video Coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-7 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Description_Definition_Language" title="Description Definition Language">Part 2: Description definition language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-21 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Item" title="Digital Item">Parts 2, 3 and 9: Digital Item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_Expression_Language" title="Rights Expression Language">Part 5: Rights Expression Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-D Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">Part 1: MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">Part 3: Unified Speech and Audio Coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-G Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 1: Transport and Storage of Genomic Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 2: Coding of Genomic Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 3: APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 4: Reference Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 5: Conformance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-H Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">Part 1: MPEG media transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2: High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">Part 3: MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">Part 12: High Efficiency Image File Format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-I Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3: Versatile Video Coding (H.266)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-5 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1: Essential Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2: Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">MPEG-DASH</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_formats" title="Template:Compression formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compression_formats" title="Template talk:Compression formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (computing)">container</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2 / ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">Part 10 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_IVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 IVC">Part 33 / IVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2 / HEVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">MPEG-I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3 / VVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">MPEG-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1 / EVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265 / HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266 / VVC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">VC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_DNxHD" title="Avid DNxHD">VC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CineForm" title="CineForm">VC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-6" title="VC-6">VC-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a> and AOMedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP7" class="mw-redirect" title="VP7">VP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P2/AVS+</a>(GB/T 20090.2/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P2</a>(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) <ul><li>HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)</li></ul></li> <li>AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Interactive" title="Digital Video Interactive">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFV1" title="FFV1">FFV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_422" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 422">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_4444" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 4444">4444</a></li></ul></li> <li>QuickTime <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(video_codec)" title="Thor (video codec)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_Video_Codec_Suite" title="Ut Video Codec Suite">Ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">XEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YULS" title="YULS">YULS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">MPEG-4 ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD#DST" title="Super Audio CD">MPEG-4 DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding" title="Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding">MPEG-4 HVXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">MPEG-4 CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">MPEG-D USAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.718" title="G.718">G.718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.719" title="G.719">G.719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722" title="G.722">G.722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722.1" title="G.722.1">G.722.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">G.722.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723" title="G.723">G.723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723.1" title="G.723.1">G.723.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.726" title="G.726">G.726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.728" title="G.728">G.728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729.1" title="G.729.1">G.729.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">iLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_audio_codec" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec">AMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">AMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec">EVRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B">EVRC-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Voice_Services" title="Enhanced Voice Services">EVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Rate" title="Half Rate">GSM-HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Rate" title="Full Rate">GSM-FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_full_rate" title="Enhanced full rate">GSM-EFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBC_(codec)" title="SBC (codec)">SBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC3_(codec)" title="LC3 (codec)">LC3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P10</a>(GB/T 20090.10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P3</a>(GB/T 33475.3) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Vivid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio Vivid (page does not exist)">Audio Vivid</a>(GY/T 363)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a>(GB/T 22726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L2HC" title="L2HC">L2HC</a></li> <li>ExAC(SJ/T 11299.4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless_Audio_Codec" title="Apple Lossless Audio Codec">ALAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asao_(codec)" title="Asao (codec)">Asao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELT" title="CELT">CELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">iSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_(codec)" title="Lyra (codec)">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">MELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT9" title="MT9">MT9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Sound_Quality" title="Original Sound Quality">OSQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTAudio" title="RTAudio">RTAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_Audio#Sound_Designer_file_formats" title="Avid Audio">SD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorten_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorten file format">SHN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectable_Mode_Vocoder" title="Selectable Mode Vocoder">SMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li> <li>TTA <ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-Rate_Multimode_Wideband" title="Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband">VMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX" title="AptX">aptX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_HD" title="AptX">aptX HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)#LLAC" title="LHDC (codec)">LLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format#HEIC:_HEVC_in_HEIF" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC / HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFF/IT">TIFF/IT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format">FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File">PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)">QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR">QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format">WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_elementary_stream" title="MPEG elementary stream">MPEG-ES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packetized_elementary_stream" title="Packetized elementary stream">MPEG-PES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG-PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG-TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> (MP4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">MPEG-21 Part 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2#Systems" title="MPEG-2">H.222.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">T.802</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">GXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">MXF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMV_video_format" title="AMV video format">AMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_file_format" title="Au file format">AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_VOB" title="Enhanced VOB">EVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">M2TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD and TOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOB" title="VOB">VOB, IFO and BUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">LZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods">Compression methods</a> for techniques and <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_software" title="Template:Compression software">Compression software</a> for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_compression_methods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compression_methods" title="Template talk:Compression methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_compression_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">Byte pair encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/842_(compression_algorithm)" title="842 (compression algorithm)">842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZJB" class="mw-redirect" title="LZJB">LZJB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZRW" title="LZRW">LZRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski" title="Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski">LZSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZWL" title="LZWL">LZWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform" title="Burrows–Wheeler transform">BWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_tree_weighting" title="Context tree weighting">CTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_mixing" title="Context mixing">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Markov_compression" title="Dynamic Markov compression">DMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-Pair" title="Re-Pair">Re-Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">LDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move-to-front_transform" title="Move-to-front transform">MTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_by_partial_matching" title="Prediction by partial matching">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Stac" title="Lempel–Ziv–Stac">LZS</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + context <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZSS + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA/LZH</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Range <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">LZMA</a></li> <li>LZHAM</li></ul></li> <li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_sine_transform" title="Discrete sine transform">DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Predictive type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">μ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_modulation" title="Delta modulation">DM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">FT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">PSNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhunen%E2%80%93Lo%C3%A8ve_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhunen–Loève theorem">KLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(image_processing)" title="Pyramid (image processing)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_zerotrees_of_wavelet_transforms" title="Embedded zerotrees of wavelet transforms">EZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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