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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dietary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Dietary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keystone_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keystone_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Keystone species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keystone_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whale_pump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whale_pump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Whale pump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whale_pump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Interactions with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interactions with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Threats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Exploitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_traffic_and_fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_traffic_and_fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Ocean traffic and fisheries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_traffic_and_fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_loss_and_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_loss_and_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Habitat loss and degradation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_loss_and_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 As food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 In captivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquariums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquariums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Aquariums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquariums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marine mammal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seesoogdier" title="Seesoogdier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seesoogdier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثدييات بحرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثدييات بحرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamiferos_marins" title="Mamiferos marins – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mamiferos marins" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="সামুদ্ৰিক স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সামুদ্ৰিক স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz_m%C9%99m%C9%99lil%C9%99ri" title="Dəniz məməliləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz məməliləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دنیز ممه‌لیلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنیز ممه‌لیلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80" title="সামুদ্রিক স্তন্যপায়ী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামুদ্রিক স্তন্যপায়ী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99_%D2%BB%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Диңгеҙ һөтимәрҙәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Диңгеҙ һөтимәрҙәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Марскія млекакормячыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марскія млекакормячыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Марскія сысуны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марскія сысуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Морски бозайник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морски бозайник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_sisari" title="Morski sisari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Morski sisari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronneg_mor" title="Bronneg mor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bronneg mor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfers_marins" title="Mamífers marins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mamífers marins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%99sk%C3%BD_savec" title="Mořský savec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mořský savec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal_morol" title="Mamal morol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mamal morol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havpattedyr" title="Havpattedyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havpattedyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeress%C3%A4uger" title="Meeressäuger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meeressäuger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereimetajad" title="Mereimetajad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mereimetajad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Θαλάσσιο θηλαστικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θαλάσσιο θηλαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos_marinos" title="Mamíferos marinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mamíferos marinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_mamulo" title="Mara mamulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mara mamulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsas_ugaztun" title="Itsas ugaztun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsas ugaztun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پستاندار دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پستاندار دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re_marin" title="Mammifère marin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mammifère marin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetters%C3%BBchdier" title="Wettersûchdier – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wettersûchdier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos_mari%C3%B1os" title="Mamíferos mariños – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mamíferos mariños" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%A0%EB%A5%98" title="해양 포유류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해양 포유류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ծովային կաթնասուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծովային կաթնասուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_sisavci" title="Morski sisavci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Morski sisavci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia_laut" title="Mamalia laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mamalia laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqsat" title="Niqsat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Niqsat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A1varspend%C3%BDr" title="Sjávarspendýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjávarspendýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferi_marini" title="Mammiferi marini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mammiferi marini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יונקים ימיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונקים ימיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Теңіз сүтқоректілері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теңіз сүтқоректілері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia_wa_baharini" title="Mamalia wa baharini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mamalia wa baharini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammale_marinum" title="Mammale marinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mammale marinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABras_z%C4%ABd%C4%ABt%C4%81ji" title="Jūras zīdītāji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūras zīdītāji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABriniai_%C5%BEinduoliai" title="Jūriniai žinduoliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jūriniai žinduoliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="കടൽ സസ്തനികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടൽ സസ്തനികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia_laut" title="Mamalia laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mamalia laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeezoogdier" title="Zeezoogdier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeezoogdier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8D%A3" title="海獣 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海獣" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pattedyr" title="Marine pattedyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marine pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8pattedyr" title="Sjøpattedyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjøpattedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8r_marin" title="Mamifèr marin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mamifèr marin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%80" title="ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssaki_morskie" title="Ssaki morskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ssaki morskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfero_marinho" title="Mamífero marinho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mamífero marinho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer_marin" title="Mamifer marin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mamifer marin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Морские млекопитающие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морские млекопитающие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjitar%C3%ABt_detar%C3%AB" title="Gjitarët detarë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjitarët detarë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marine mammal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsk%C3%BD_cicavec" title="Morský cicavec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Morský cicavec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_sesalec" title="Morski sesalec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morski sesalec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Морски сисари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Морски сисари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_sisavci" title="Morski sisavci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Morski sisavci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merinis%C3%A4k%C3%A4s" title="Merinisäkäs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merinisäkäs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_d%C3%A4ggdjur" title="Marina däggdjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marina däggdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalyang_pandagat" title="Mamalyang pandagat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mamalyang pandagat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கடல்சார் பாலூட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடல்சார் பாலூட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยน้ำนมทางทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยน้ำนมทางทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_memelileri" title="Deniz memelileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz memelileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96" title="Морські ссавці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Морські ссавці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Thú biển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thú biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAezoogb%C3%AAeste" title="Zêezoogbêeste – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zêezoogbêeste" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalya_nga_pankadagatan" title="Mamalya nga pankadagatan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mamalya nga pankadagatan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="海洋哺乳动物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海洋哺乳动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ים-זויגער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ים-זויגער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="海洋哺乳動物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海洋哺乳動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABras_%C5%BEvier%C4%93" title="Jūras žvierē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jūras žvierē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="海洋哺乳動物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海洋哺乳動物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q382441#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Marine_mammal" rel="discussion" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mammals that rely on marine environments for feeding</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A humpback whale swimming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/300px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/450px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/600px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a> (Megaptera novaeangliae)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrurga_leptonyx_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-speckled seal with a light-gray underside and a dark-gray back, sitting on rocks, its mouth agape showing sharp teeth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hydrurga_leptonyx_edit1.jpg/300px-Hydrurga_leptonyx_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hydrurga_leptonyx_edit1.jpg/450px-Hydrurga_leptonyx_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hydrurga_leptonyx_edit1.jpg/600px-Hydrurga_leptonyx_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seal</a> (Hydrurga leptonyx)</figcaption></figure> Marine mammals are <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> that rely on <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine (saltwater) ecosystems</a> for their existence. They include animals such as <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walruses</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sirenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenian">sirenians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a>. They are an informal group, unified only by their reliance on marine environments for feeding and survival. Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle varies considerably between species. Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully aquatic and therefore are obligate water dwellers. Pinnipeds are semiaquatic; they spend the majority of their time in the water but need to return to land for important activities such as <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeding_in_the_wild" title="Breeding in the wild">breeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molting" class="mw-redirect" title="Molting">molting</a>. Sea otters tend to live in kelp forests and estuaries.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In contrast, the polar bear is mostly terrestrial and only go into the water on occasions of necessity, and are thus much less adapted to aquatic living. The diets of marine mammals vary considerably as well; some eat <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, others eat fish, squid, shellfish, or seagrass, and a few eat other mammals. While the number of marine mammals is small compared to those found on land, their roles in various ecosystems are large, especially concerning the maintenance of marine ecosystems, through processes including the regulation of prey populations. This role in maintaining ecosystems makes them of particular concern as 23% of marine mammal species are currently threatened. Marine mammals were first hunted by <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">aboriginal peoples</a> for food and other resources. Many were also the target for commercial industry, leading to a sharp decline in all populations of exploited species, such as whales and seals. Commercial hunting led to the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow" title="Steller's sea cow">Steller's sea cow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_mink" title="Sea mink">sea mink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sea_lion" title="Japanese sea lion">Japanese sea lion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_monk_seal" title="Caribbean monk seal">Caribbean monk seal</a>. After commercial hunting ended, some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">gray whale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">northern elephant seal</a>, have rebounded in numbers; conversely, other species, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>. Other than being hunted, marine mammals can be killed as <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> from fisheries, where for example they can become entangled in nets and drown or starve. Increased ocean traffic causes collisions between fast ocean vessels and large marine mammals. <a href="/wiki/Habitat_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">Habitat degradation</a> also threatens marine mammals and their ability to find and catch food. <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a>, for example, may adversely affect <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocating</a> mammals, and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a> degrade Arctic environments. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1245px;max-width:1245px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Marine mammals of varying sizes and shapes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_maritimus_4_1996-08-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white polar bear's head popping out of the water, with a black snout and eyes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ursus_maritimus_4_1996-08-04.jpg/190px-Ursus_maritimus_4_1996-08-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ursus_maritimus_4_1996-08-04.jpg/285px-Ursus_maritimus_4_1996-08-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ursus_maritimus_4_1996-08-04.jpg/380px-Ursus_maritimus_4_1996-08-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="2840" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> (Ursus maritimus), a member of family <a href="/wiki/Ursidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursidae">Ursidae</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_otter_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A furry sea otter with a light-brown face and a dark-brown body, sitting on its back in the water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sea_otter_cropped.jpg/220px-Sea_otter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sea_otter_cropped.jpg/330px-Sea_otter_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sea_otter_cropped.jpg/440px-Sea_otter_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="555" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a> (Enhydra lutris), a member of family <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_lion_family.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seven sea lions sleeping on a wooden platform next to the water. There're two dark-brown individuals, and three smaller and lighter-colored individuals, all sleeping on top of one another. The other two are cut-off in the image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sea_lion_family.JPG/300px-Sea_lion_family.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sea_lion_family.JPG/450px-Sea_lion_family.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sea_lion_family.JPG/600px-Sea_lion_family.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1868" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lions</a> (Zalophus californianus), members of the family <a href="/wiki/Otariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariidae">Otariidae</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:FL_fig04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A manatee with a circular tail, floating in the water-column" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FL_fig04.jpg/230px-FL_fig04.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FL_fig04.jpg/345px-FL_fig04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FL_fig04.jpg/460px-FL_fig04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="413" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_manatee" title="West Indian manatee">West Indian manatee</a> (Trichechus manatus), a member of order <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:287px;max-width:287px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Minke_Whale_(NOAA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A whale with a dark brown back and a creamy-white underside, tailfin, and pectoral fins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Minke_Whale_%28NOAA%29.jpg/285px-Minke_Whale_%28NOAA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Minke_Whale_%28NOAA%29.jpg/428px-Minke_Whale_%28NOAA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Minke_Whale_%28NOAA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="321" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Common_minke_whale" title="Common minke whale">common minke whale</a> (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), a member of the order <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_of_extant_species">Classification of extant species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification of extant species">edit</a>]</div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em auto; margin-top:1em;;width:60%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogeny of marine mammals </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Hyracoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Procaviidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tethytheria" title="Tethytheria">Tethytheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Dugongidae" title="Dugongidae">Dugongidae</a> (dugongs) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Trichechidae" title="Trichechidae">Trichechidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Trichechus_manatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichechus manatus">Trichechus manatus</a> (West Indian manatee) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Trichechus_senegalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichechus senegalensis">Trichechus senegalensis</a> (African manatee) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Trichechus_inunguis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichechus inunguis">Trichechus inunguis</a> (Amazonian manatee; freshwater species) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Euungulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Euungulata">Euungulata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mysticeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticeti">Mysticeti</a> (baleen whales) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Odontoceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontoceti">Odontoceti</a> (toothed whales, except <a href="/wiki/River_dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="River dolphins">river dolphins</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ferae" title="Ferae">Ferae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ursidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursidae">Ursidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ursus_maritimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus maritimus">Ursus maritimus</a> (polar bear) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> all other ursids </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Enhydra_lutris" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhydra lutris">Enhydra lutris</a> (sea otter) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lontra_felina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontra felina">Lontra felina</a> (marine otter) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> †<a href="/wiki/Neogale_macrodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neogale macrodon">Neogale macrodon</a> (sea mink) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> all other mustelids </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Otariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariidae">Otariidae</a> (eared seals) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a> (walruses) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Phocidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocidae">Phocidae</a> (earless seals) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">The taxa in bold are marine. Taxa indicated with a † symbol are recently extinct.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_mammal_species" title="List of marine mammal species">List of marine mammal species</a></div> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a><a href="#cite_note-marinemammalscience.org-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Balaenidae" title="Balaenidae">Balaenidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead</a> whales), two genera and four species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Cetotheriidae" title="Cetotheriidae">Cetotheriidae</a> (pygmy right whale), one species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Balaenopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaenopteridae">Balaenopteridae</a> (rorquals), two genera and eight species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Eschrichtiidae" title="Eschrichtiidae">Eschrichtiidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">gray whale</a>), one species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Physeteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physeteridae">Physeteridae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>), one species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Kogiidae" title="Kogiidae">Kogiidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pygmy_sperm_whale" title="Pygmy sperm whale">pygmy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_sperm_whale" title="Dwarf sperm whale">dwarf</a> sperm whales), one genus and two species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">Monodontidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga</a>), two genera and two species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ziphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziphiidae">Ziphiidae</a> (beaked whales), six genera and 21 species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Delphinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinidae">Delphinidae</a> (oceanic dolphins), 17 genera and 38 species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Phocoenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocoenidae">Phocoenidae</a> (porpoises), two genera and seven species</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a> (sea cows)<a href="#cite_note-marinemammalscience.org-3">[3]</a> <ul><li><ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Trichechidae" title="Trichechidae">Trichechidae</a> (manatees), three species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Dugongidae" title="Dugongidae">Dugongidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>), one species</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> (carnivorans)<a href="#cite_note-marinemammalscience.org-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a>, two species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ursidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursidae">Ursidae</a> (bears), one species</li> <li>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> (sealions, walruses, seals) <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a> (eared seals), seven genera and 15 species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>), one species</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Phocidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocidae">Phocidae</a> (earless seals), 14 genera and 18 species</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> The term "marine mammal" encompasses all mammals whose survival depends entirely or almost entirely on the oceans, which have also evolved several specialized aquatic traits. In addition to the above, several other mammals have a great dependency on the sea without having become so anatomically specialized, otherwise known as "quasi-marine mammals". This term can include: the <a href="/wiki/Greater_bulldog_bat" title="Greater bulldog bat">greater bulldog bat</a> (Noctilio leporinus), the <a href="/wiki/Myotis_vivesi" title="Myotis vivesi">fish-eating bat</a> (Myotis vivesi), the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">arctic fox</a> (Vulpes lagopus) which often scavenges polar bear kills, coastal <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a> (Canis lupus) populations which predominantly eat <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and marine carcasses, the <a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay_sheep" title="North Ronaldsay sheep">North Ronaldsay sheep</a> (Ovis aries) which normally eats <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> outside the lambing season, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter</a> (Lutra lutra) which is usually found in freshwater but can be found along coastal <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prorastomus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A furry, streamlined mammal swimming through the water with toes visible on each foot, similar to those of an elephant. All limbs are thrust backwards or underneath the animal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorastomus_BW.jpg/220px-Prorastomus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorastomus_BW.jpg/330px-Prorastomus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorastomus_BW.jpg/440px-Prorastomus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of †<a href="/wiki/Prorastomus" title="Prorastomus">Prorastomus</a>, an early sirenian (40 mya)</figcaption></figure> Marine mammals form a diverse group of 129 species that rely on the ocean for their existence.<a href="#cite_note-kasc-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pompa-6">[6]</a> They are an informal group unified only by their reliance on marine environments for feeding.<a href="#cite_note-jeff-7">[7]</a> Despite the diversity in anatomy seen between groups, improved foraging efficiency has been the main driver in their <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-savage-9">[9]</a> The level of dependence on the marine environment varies considerably with species. For example, dolphins and whales are completely dependent on the marine environment for all stages of their life; <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> feed in the ocean but breed on land; and polar bears must feed on land.<a href="#cite_note-jeff-7">[7]</a> The cetaceans became aquatic around 50 million years ago (mya).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Based on molecular and morphological research, the cetaceans genetically and morphologically fall firmly within the <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a> (even-toed ungulates).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The term "Cetartiodactyla" reflects the idea that whales evolved within the ungulates. The term was coined by merging the name for the two orders, Cetacea and Artiodactyla, into a single word. Under this definition, the closest living land relative of the whales and dolphins is thought to be the <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Sirenians, the sea cows, became aquatic around 40 million years ago. The first appearance of sirenians in the fossil record was during the early Eocene, and by the late Eocene, sirenians had significantly diversified. Inhabitants of rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters, they were able to spread rapidly. The most primitive sirenian, †<a href="/wiki/Prorastomus" title="Prorastomus">Prorastomus</a>, was found in Jamaica,<a href="#cite_note-savage-9">[9]</a> unlike other marine mammals which originated from the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> (such as cetaceans<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>). The first known quadrupedal sirenian was †<a href="/wiki/Pezosiren" title="Pezosiren">Pezosiren</a> from the early middle Eocene.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The earliest known sea cows, of the families †<a href="/wiki/Prorastomidae" title="Prorastomidae">Prorastomidae</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Protosirenidae" title="Protosirenidae">Protosirenidae</a>, were both confined to the Eocene, and were pig-sized, four-legged, amphibious creatures.<a href="#cite_note-prins-19">[19]</a> The first members of <a href="/wiki/Dugongidae" title="Dugongidae">Dugongidae</a> appeared by the middle Eocene.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> At this point, sea cows were fully aquatic.<a href="#cite_note-prins-19">[19]</a> Pinnipeds <a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">split</a> from other caniforms 50 mya during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>. Their evolutionary link to terrestrial mammals was unknown until the 2007 discovery of †<a href="/wiki/Puijila_darwini" class="mw-redirect" title="Puijila darwini">Puijila darwini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">early Miocene</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada. Like a modern otter, †Puijila had a long tail, short limbs and webbed feet instead of flippers.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson2009-21">[21]</a> The lineages of <a href="/wiki/Otariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariidae">Otariidae</a> (eared seals) and <a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a> (walrus) split almost 28 mya.<a href="#cite_note-Arnason2006-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocids</a> (earless seals) are known to have existed for at least 15 mya,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and molecular evidence supports a divergence of the <a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachinae</a> (monk seals) and Phocinae lineages 22 mya.<a href="#cite_note-Arnason2006-22">[22]</a> Fossil evidence indicates the sea otter (Enhydra) lineage became isolated in the North Pacific approximately two mya, giving rise to the now-extinct †<a href="/wiki/Enhydra_macrodonta" title="Enhydra macrodonta">Enhydra macrodonta</a> and the modern sea otter, Enhydra lutris. The sea otter evolved initially in northern <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> and Russia, and then spread east to the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, mainland <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and down the North American coast. In comparison to cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds, which entered the water approximately 50, 40, and 20 mya, respectively, the sea otter is a relative newcomer to marine life. In some respects though, the sea otter is more fully adapted to water than pinnipeds, which must haul out on land or ice to give birth.<a href="#cite_note-fulcrum-24">[24]</a> Polar bears are thought to have diverged from a population of <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a>, Ursus arctos, that became isolated during a period of glaciation in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a><a href="#cite_note-DeMaster1981-25">[25]</a> or from the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, (from <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a> and the Kolym Peninsula).<a href="#cite_note-Refere_improving_foraging_efficiencynceC-26">[26]</a> The oldest known polar bear fossil is a 130,000-to-110,000-year-old jaw bone, found on <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Foreland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles Foreland">Prince Charles Foreland</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Lindqvist-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (mtDNA) of the polar bear diverged from the brown bear roughly 150,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Lindqvist-27">[27]</a> Further, some <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> of brown bear, as assessed by their mtDNA, are more closely related to polar bears than to other brown bears,<a href="#cite_note-Waits-28">[28]</a> meaning that the polar bear might not be considered a species under some <a href="/wiki/Species_concepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Species concepts">species concepts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In general, terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniote</a> invasions of the sea have become more frequent in the Cenozoic than they were in the Mesozoic. Factors contributing to this trend include the increasing productivity of near-shore marine environments, and the role of endothermy in facilitating this transition.<a href="#cite_note-Vermeij2018-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predicted_patterns_of_marine_mammal_species_richness.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Predicted_patterns_of_marine_mammal_species_richness.png/220px-Predicted_patterns_of_marine_mammal_species_richness.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Predicted_patterns_of_marine_mammal_species_richness.png/330px-Predicted_patterns_of_marine_mammal_species_richness.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Predicted_patterns_of_marine_mammal_species_richness.png/440px-Predicted_patterns_of_marine_mammal_species_richness.png 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption>Marine mammal species richness: A) All species (n = 115), B) <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">toothed whales</a> (n = 69), C) <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> (n = 14), D) <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> (n = 32), based on data from 1990 to 1999<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> Marine mammals are widely distributed throughout the globe, but their distribution is patchy and coincides with the productivity of the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-berta-32">[32]</a> Species richness peaks at around 40° latitude, both north and south. This corresponds to the highest levels of <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> around North and South <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Total species range is highly variable for marine mammal species. On average most marine mammals have ranges which are equivalent or smaller than one-fifth of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ship-33">[33]</a> The variation observed in range size is a result of the different ecological requirements of each species and their ability to cope with a broad range of environmental conditions. The high degree of overlap between marine mammal species richness and areas of <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a> is of concern.<a href="#cite_note-kasc-5">[5]</a> Most marine mammals, such as seals and sea otters, inhabit the coast. Seals, however, also use a number of terrestrial habitats, both continental and island. In temperate and tropical areas, they <a href="/wiki/Hauling-out" title="Hauling-out">haul-out</a> on to sandy and <a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a> beaches, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">rocky shores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud flat">mud flats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">tide pools</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">sea caves</a>. Some species also rest on man-made structures, like <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">piers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jetties" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetties">jetties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platforms</a>. Seals may move further inland and rest in sand dunes or vegetation, and may even climb cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-thepinnipeds-34">[34]</a>: 96  Most cetaceans live in the open ocean, and species like the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a> may dive to depths of −1,000 to −2,500 feet (−300 to −760 m) in search of food.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Sirenians live in shallow coastal waters, usually living 30 feet (9.1 m) below sea level. However, they have been known to dive to −120 feet (−37 m) to forage deep-water <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Sea otters live in protected areas, such as rocky shores, <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">barrier reefs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> although they may reside among <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">drift ice</a> or in sandy, muddy, or silty areas.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Many marine mammals seasonally migrate. Annual ice contains areas of water that appear and disappear throughout the year as the weather changes, and seals migrate in response to these changes. In turn, polar bears must follow their prey. In <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a>, and some other areas, the ice melts completely each summer (an event often referred to as "ice-floe breakup"), forcing polar bears to go onto land and wait through the months until the next freeze-up. In the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort</a> seas, polar bears retreat each summer to the ice further north that remains frozen year-round.<a href="#cite_note-distribution-39">[39]</a> Seals may also migrate to other environmental changes, such as <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>, and traveling seals may use various features of their environment to reach their destination including geomagnetic fields, water and wind currents, the position of the sun and moon and the taste and temperature of the water.<a href="#cite_note-thepinnipeds-34">[34]</a>: 256–257  Baleen whales famously migrate very long distances into tropical waters to give birth and raise young,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> possibly to prevent predation by killer whales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrin2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2rkHQpToi9sCpgPA360_p._360]-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">gray whale</a> has the longest recorded migration of any mammal, with one traveling 14,000 miles (23,000 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baja_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Peninsula">Baja Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> During the winter, manatees living at the northern end of their range migrate to warmer waters.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adaptations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion" title="Aquatic locomotion">Aquatic locomotion</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolphin_Anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dolphin_Anatomy.svg/400px-Dolphin_Anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dolphin_Anatomy.svg/600px-Dolphin_Anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dolphin_Anatomy.svg/800px-Dolphin_Anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="1493" /></a><figcaption>The labelled, anatomy of a <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a> showing its skeleton, major organs, and shape of the body</figcaption></figure> Marine mammals have a number of <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical">anatomical</a> features to overcome the unique challenges associated with aquatic living. Some of these features are very species-specific. Marine mammals have developed a number of features for efficient <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a> such as torpedo-shaped bodies to reduce drag; modified limbs for propulsion and <a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">steering</a>; tail flukes and <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fins</a> for propulsion and balance.<a href="#cite_note-berta-32">[32]</a> Marine mammals are adept at <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> using dense <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>, circulatory adjustments (<a href="/wiki/Counter-current_heat_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-current heat exchange">counter-current heat exchange</a>); and reduced appendages, and large size to prevent heat loss.<a href="#cite_note-berta-32">[32]</a> Marine mammals are able to dive for long periods. Both pinnipeds and cetaceans have large and complex <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> systems pushing large volumes of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> rich in <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, which serve to store greater quantities of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. Other important reservoirs include <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> which all have the capacity to hold a high concentration of oxygen. They are also capable of <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a> (reduced heart rate), and <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a> (shunting most of the oxygen to vital organs such as the brain and heart) to allow extended diving times and cope with oxygen deprivation.<a href="#cite_note-berta-32">[32]</a> If oxygen is depleted (<a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">hypoxia</a>), marine mammals can access substantial reservoirs of <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> that support <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_glycolysis" title="Anaerobic glycolysis">anaerobic glycolysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-HochachkaStorey1975-46">[46]</a> Sound travels differently through water, and therefore marine mammals have developed adaptations to ensure effective communication, prey capture, and predator detection.<a href="#cite_note-white-47">[47]</a> The most notable adaptation is the development of <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> in whales and dolphins.<a href="#cite_note-berta-32">[32]</a> Toothed whales emit a focused beam of high-frequency clicks in the direction that their head is pointing. Sounds are generated by passing air from the bony nares through the phonic lips.<a href="#cite_note-cranford-48">[48]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJ7eBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">p. 112</a>  These sounds are reflected by the dense concave bone of the cranium and an air sac at its base. The focused beam is modulated by a large fatty organ known as the 'melon'. This acts like an acoustic lens because it is composed of lipids of differing densities.<a href="#cite_note-cranford-48">[48]</a>: 121 <a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Marine mammals have evolved a wide variety of features for feeding, which are mainly seen in their dentition. For example, the cheek teeth of pinnipeds and odontocetes are specifically adapted to capture fish and squid. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> have evolved <a href="/wiki/Baleen_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Baleen plate">baleen plates</a> to filter feed <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and small fish from the water.<a href="#cite_note-berta-32">[32]</a> Polar bears, otters, and <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> have long, oily, and waterproof fur in order to trap air to provide insulation. In contrast, other marine mammals—such as whales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees, dugongs, and walruses—have lost long fur in favor of a thick, dense <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> and a thickened fat layer (blubber) to prevent <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>. Wading and bottom-feeding animals (such as manatees) need to be heavier than water in order to keep contact with the floor or to stay submerged. Surface-living animals (such as sea otters) need the opposite, and free-swimming animals living in open waters (such as dolphins) need to be neutrally buoyant in order to be able to swim up and down the water column. Typically, thick and dense bone is found in bottom feeders and low bone density is associated with mammals living in deep water. Some marine mammals, such as polar bears and otters, have retained four weight-bearing limbs and can walk on land like fully terrestrial animals.<a href="#cite_note-Reidenberg-50">[50]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary">Dietary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dietary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A killer whale sticking the front end of its body out of the water onto a floating piece of sea-ice to grab a dark-brown seal with light-brown-spots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/220px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/330px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/440px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Killer_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale">Killer whale</a> hunting a <a href="/wiki/Weddel_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Weddel seal">Weddel seal</a></figcaption></figure> All cetaceans are <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory">predatory</a>. Toothed whales mostly feed on fish and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>. Some may forage with other kinds of animals, such as other species of whales or certain species of <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thepinnipeds-34">[34]</a>: 169 <a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> One common feeding method is herding, where a pod squeezes a school of fish into a small volume, known as a <a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">bait ball</a>. Individual members then take turns plowing through the ball, feeding on the stunned fish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrin2009pp._570–572-52">[52]</a> Coralling is a method where dolphins chase fish into shallow water to catch them more easily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrin2009pp._570–572-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Killer_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale">Killer whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a> have also been known to drive their prey onto a beach to feed on it. Killer whales have been known to paralyze <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white sharks</a> and other sharks and rays by flipping them upside down.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Other whales with a blunt snout and reduced dentition rely on <a href="/wiki/Suction_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Suction feeding">suction feeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Though carnivorous, they house <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> similar to that of terrestrial herbivores, probably a <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">remnant</a> of their herbivorous ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Baleen whales use their baleen plates to sieve plankton, among others, out of the water; there are two types of methods: lunge-feeding and gulp-feeding. Lunge-feeders expand the volume of their jaw to a volume bigger than the original volume of the whale itself by inflating their mouth. This causes grooves on their throat to expand, increasing the amount of water the mouth can store.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> They ram a baitball at high speeds in order to feed, but this is only energy-effective when used against a large baitball.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Gulp-feeders swim with an open mouth, filling it with water and prey. Prey must occur in sufficient numbers to trigger the whale's interest, be within a certain size range so that the baleen plates can filter it, and be slow enough so that it cannot escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrin2009pp._806–813-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_otter_with_sea_urchin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sea otter floating on the water on its back holding a sea urchin with one hand and a rock in the other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sea_otter_with_sea_urchin.jpg/220px-Sea_otter_with_sea_urchin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sea_otter_with_sea_urchin.jpg/330px-Sea_otter_with_sea_urchin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sea_otter_with_sea_urchin.jpg/440px-Sea_otter_with_sea_urchin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otters</a> have dexterous hands which they use to smash sea urchins off rocks</figcaption></figure> Otters are the only marine animals that are capable of lifting and turning over rocks, which they often do with their front paws when searching for prey.<a href="#cite_note-wp-61">[61]</a> The sea otter may pluck <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and other organisms from kelp and dig deep into underwater mud for <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wp-61">[61]</a> It is the only marine mammal that catches fish with its forepaws rather than with its teeth.<a href="#cite_note-nickerson21-62">[62]</a> Under each foreleg, sea otters have a loose pouch of skin that extends across the chest which they use to store collected food to bring to the surface. This pouch also holds a rock that is used to break open shellfish and clams, an example of <a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_sea_otters" title="Tool use by sea otters">tool use</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haley-63">[63]</a> The sea otters eat while floating on their backs, using their forepaws to tear food apart and bring to their mouths.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanblaricom-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otters</a> mainly feed on crustaceans and fish.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Pinnipeds mostly feed on fish and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, followed by crustaceans and <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> and warm-blooded prey (like <a href="/wiki/Sea_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bird">sea birds</a>).<a href="#cite_note-thepinnipeds-34">[34]</a>: 145  Most species are <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist</a> feeders, but a few are specialists.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> They typically hunt non-schooling fish, slow-moving or immobile invertebrates or endothermic prey when in groups. Solitary foraging species usually exploit coastal waters, bays and rivers. When large schools of fish or squid are available, pinnipeds <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative hunting">hunt cooperatively</a> in large groups, locating and herding their prey. Some species, such as <a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American</a> sea lions, may forage with cetaceans and sea birds.<a href="#cite_note-thepinnipeds-34">[34]</a>: 168  The polar bear is the most carnivorous species of bear, and its diet primarily consists of <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a> (Pusa hispida) and <a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a> (Erignathus barbatus) seals.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Polar bears hunt primarily at the interface between ice, water, and air; they only rarely catch seals on land or in open water.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The polar bear's most common hunting method is still-hunting:<a href="#cite_note-hemstock24-27-70">[70]</a> The bear locates a seal breathing hole using its sense of smell, and crouches nearby for a seal to appear. When the seal exhales, the bear smells its breath, reaches into the hole with a forepaw, and drags it out onto the ice. The polar bear also hunts by stalking seals resting on the ice. Upon spotting a seal, it walks to within 100 yards (90 m), and then crouches. If the seal does not notice, the bear creeps to within 30 to 40 feet (9 to 10 m) of the seal and then suddenly rushes to attack.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A third hunting method is to raid the birth lairs that female seals create in the snow.<a href="#cite_note-hemstock24-27-70">[70]</a> They may also feed on fish.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dugong with its mouth on the sandy seafloor, leaving a noticeable cloud which hovers near the bottom. There are two yellow fish with black stripes near its mouth, and there are grasses poking out of the seafloor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg/220px-Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg/330px-Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg/440px-Dugong_Marsa_Alam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugong</a> feeding on the sea-floor</figcaption></figure> Sirenians are referred to as "sea cows" because their diet consists mainly of seagrass. When eating, they ingest the whole plant, including the roots, although when this is impossible they feed on just the leaves.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A wide variety of seagrass has been found in dugong stomach contents, and evidence exists they will eat <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> when seagrass is scarce.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> West Indian manatees eat up to 60 different species of plants, as well as fish and small invertebrates to a lesser extent.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keystone_species">Keystone species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Keystone species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">Keystone species</a></div> Sea otters are a classic example of a keystone species; their presence affects the ecosystem more profoundly than their size and numbers would suggest. They keep the population of certain <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> (sea floor) herbivores, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, in check. Sea urchins graze on the lower stems of <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>, causing the kelp to drift away and die. Loss of the habitat and nutrients provided by kelp forests leads to profound <a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">cascade effects</a> on the marine ecosystem. North Pacific areas that do not have sea otters often turn into <a href="/wiki/Urchin_barren" title="Urchin barren">urchin barrens</a>, with abundant sea urchins and no kelp forest.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Reintroduction of sea otters to British Columbia has led to a dramatic improvement in the health of coastal ecosystems,<a href="#cite_note-dfo-77">[77]</a> and similar changes have been observed as sea otter populations recovered in the Aleutian and Commander Islands and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a> coast of California.<a href="#cite_note-vanblaricom-65">[65]</a> However, some kelp forest <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> in California have also thrived without sea otters, with sea urchin populations apparently controlled by other factors.<a href="#cite_note-vanblaricom-65">[65]</a> The role of sea otters in maintaining kelp forests has been observed to be more important in areas of open coast than in more protected bays and <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vanblaricom-65">[65]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:358px;max-width:358px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Fur_Seal_Pups_play_amid_Tussock_Grass_(5723988869).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two furry, dark-brown seal pups in the sand, sitting next to some tall, green grass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antarctic_Fur_Seal_Pups_play_amid_Tussock_Grass_%285723988869%29.jpg/200px-Antarctic_Fur_Seal_Pups_play_amid_Tussock_Grass_%285723988869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antarctic_Fur_Seal_Pups_play_amid_Tussock_Grass_%285723988869%29.jpg/300px-Antarctic_Fur_Seal_Pups_play_amid_Tussock_Grass_%285723988869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antarctic_Fur_Seal_Pups_play_amid_Tussock_Grass_%285723988869%29.jpg/400px-Antarctic_Fur_Seal_Pups_play_amid_Tussock_Grass_%285723988869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white seal pup on the snowy ground with large black eyes and nose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg/150px-Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg/225px-Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg/300px-Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="459" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a> pups (left) vs. Arctic <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seal</a> pup (right)</div></div></div></div> An apex predator affects prey population dynamics and defense tactics (such as camouflage).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The polar bear is the apex predator within its range.<a href="#cite_note-apex1-79">[79]</a> Several animal species, particularly <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic foxes</a> (Vulpes lagopus) and <a href="/wiki/Glaucous_gull" title="Glaucous gull">glaucous gulls</a> (Larus hyperboreus), routinely scavenge polar bear kills.<a href="#cite_note-behavior-80">[80]</a> The relationship between ringed seals and polar bears is so close that the abundance of ringed seals in some areas appears to regulate the density of polar bears, while polar bear predation in turn regulates density and reproductive success of ringed seals.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">evolutionary pressure</a> of polar bear predation on seals probably accounts for some significant differences between Arctic and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> seals. Compared to the Antarctic, where there is no major surface predator, Arctic seals use more breathing holes per individual, appear more restless when hauled out on the ice, and rarely defecate on the ice.<a href="#cite_note-behavior-80">[80]</a> The fur of Arctic pups is white, presumably to provide <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> from predators, whereas Antarctic pups all have dark fur.<a href="#cite_note-behavior-80">[80]</a> Killer whales are apex predators throughout their global distribution, and can have a profound effect on the behavior and population of prey species. Their diet is very broad and they can feed on many vertebrates in the ocean including <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> rays, sharks (even <a href="/wiki/White_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="White shark">white sharks</a>),<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> large baleen whales,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and nearly 20 species of pinniped.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The predation of whale calves may be responsible for annual whale migrations to calving grounds in more tropical waters, where the population of killer whales is much lower than in polar waters. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>, it is thought that great whales were a major food source; however, after their sharp decline, killer whales have since expanded their diet, leading to the decline of smaller marine mammals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrin2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2rkHQpToi9sCpgPA360_p._360]-41">[41]</a> A decline in Aleutian Islands sea otter populations in the 1990s was controversially attributed by some scientists to killer whale predation, although with no direct evidence. The decline of sea otters followed a decline in <a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">harbor seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion</a> populations, the killer whale's preferred prey, which in turn may be substitutes for their original prey, now reduced by industrial whaling.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whale_pump">Whale pump</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Whale pump">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Whale_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale pump">Whale pump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fish and phytoplankton bring nutrients to the seafloor in the form of detritus, and whales bring nutrients up to the surface also in the form of detritus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>"Whale pump" – the role played by whales in recycling ocean nutrients<a href="#cite_note-pump-90">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> A 2010 study considered whales to be a positive influence to the productivity of ocean fisheries, in what has been termed a "whale pump". Whales carry nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle#Marine_nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen</a> from the depths back to the surface. This functions as an upward <a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biological pump</a>, reversing an earlier presumption that whales accelerate the loss of nutrients to the bottom. This nitrogen input in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a> is more than the input of all rivers combined emptying into the gulf, some 25,000 short tons (23,000 t) each year.<a href="#cite_note-pump-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whale_faeces" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale faeces">Whales defecate</a> at the ocean's surface; their excrement is important for fisheries because it is rich in iron and nitrogen. The whale feces are liquid and instead of sinking, they stay at the surface where <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> feed off it.<a href="#cite_note-pump-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Upon death, whale carcasses fall to the deep ocean and provide a substantial habitat for marine life. Evidence of whale falls in present-day and fossil records shows that deep-sea whale falls support a rich assemblage of creatures, with a global diversity of 407 species, comparable to other <a href="/wiki/Neritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neritic">neritic</a> biodiversity hotspots, such as <a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Deterioration of whale carcasses happens through a series of three stages. Initially, moving organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>, scavenge soft tissue at a rapid rate over a period of months to as long as two years. This is followed by the colonization of bones and surrounding sediments (which contain organic matter) by enrichment opportunists, such as crustaceans and <a href="/wiki/Polychaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychaetes">polychaetes</a>, throughout a period of years. Finally, sulfophilic bacteria reduce the bones releasing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen sulphide">hydrogen sulphide</a> enabling the growth of <a href="/wiki/Chemoautotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoautotrophic">chemoautotrophic</a> organisms, which in turn, support other organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, clams, <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snails</a>. This stage may last for decades and supports a rich assemblage of species, averaging 185 species per site.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_humans">Interactions with humans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interactions with humans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Threats">edit</a>]</div> Due to the difficulty to survey populations, 38% of marine mammals are <a href="/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">data deficient</a>, especially around the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Polar Front</a>. In particular, declines in the populations of completely marine mammals tend to go unnoticed 70% of the time.<a href="#cite_note-ship-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploitation">Exploitation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exploitation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killing_fur_seals,_St_Paul_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of seal hunters surround a small group of sea lions with their clubs in the air" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/220px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/330px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/440px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>Men killing <a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">northern fur seals</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Island_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Island (Alaska)">Saint Paul Island</a>, Alaska, in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> Marine mammals were hunted by <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">coastal aboriginal humans</a> historically for food and other resources. These subsistence hunts still occur in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, Indonesia, Russia, the United States, and several nations in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. The effects of these are only localized, as hunting efforts were on a relatively small scale.<a href="#cite_note-berta-32">[32]</a> Commercial hunting took this to a much greater scale and marine mammals were heavily exploited. This led to the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow" title="Steller's sea cow">Steller's sea cow</a> (Hydrodamalis gigas), <a href="/wiki/Sea_mink" title="Sea mink">sea mink</a> (Neogale macrodon), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sea_lion" title="Japanese sea lion">Japanese sea lion</a> (Zalophus japonicus), and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_monk_seal" title="Caribbean monk seal">Caribbean monk seal</a> (Neomonachus tropicalis).<a href="#cite_note-berta-32">[32]</a> Today, populations of species that were historically hunted, such as <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whales</a> (Balaenoptera musculus) and the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_right_whale" title="North Pacific right whale">North Pacific right whale</a> (Eubalaena japonica), are much lower than their pre-whaling levels.<a href="#cite_note-clap-94">[94]</a> Because whales generally have slow growth rates, are slow to reach <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a>, and have a low reproductive output, population recovery has been very slow.<a href="#cite_note-white-47">[47]</a> A number of whales are still subject to direct hunting, despite the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on commercial whaling set under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> (IWC). There are only two nations remaining which sanction commercial whaling: <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, where several hundred <a href="/wiki/Common_minke_whale" title="Common minke whale">common minke whales</a> are harvested each year; and <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Iceland" title="Whaling in Iceland">Iceland</a>, where quotas of 150 <a href="/wiki/Fin_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin whales">fin whales</a> and 100 <a href="/wiki/Minke_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Minke whales">minke whales</a> per year are set.<a href="#cite_note-museum.r1-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-museum.r2-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Japan" title="Whaling in Japan">Japan</a> also harvests several hundred Antarctic and North Pacific minke whales each year, ostensibly for scientific research in accordance with the moratorium.<a href="#cite_note-clap-94">[94]</a> However, the illegal trade of whale and dolphin meat is a significant market in Japan and some countries.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea-otter-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alaskan sea otters inhabit most of the Aleutian Islands and the Pacific Northwest, Asian sea otters inhabit the islands around Kamchatka Peninsula and those that stretch between there and Japan (excluding in the Sea of Okhosk) and California sea otters inhabit the coast of southern California. Their former range follows the coast of southern California north, into the Aleutian Islands, without any gaps in between." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sea-otter-map.jpg/220px-Sea-otter-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sea-otter-map.jpg/330px-Sea-otter-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sea-otter-map.jpg/440px-Sea-otter-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Historical and modern range of northern sea otters</figcaption></figure> The most profitable furs in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">fur trade</a> were those of sea otters, especially the northern sea otter which inhabited the coastal waters between the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a> to the north. The fur of the Californian southern sea otter was less highly prized and thus less profitable. After the northern sea otter was hunted to <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">local extinction</a>, maritime fur traders shifted to California until the southern sea otter was likewise nearly extinct.<a href="#cite_note-nwcouncil-98">[98]</a> The British and American maritime fur traders took their furs to the Chinese port of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton), where they worked within the established <a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a>. Furs from <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> were mostly sold to China via the Mongolian trading town of <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta" title="Kyakhta">Kyakhta</a>, which had been opened to Russian trade by the 1727 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Kyakhta">Treaty of Kyakhta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haycox-99">[99]</a> Commercial sealing was historically just as important as the whaling industry. Exploited species included harp seals, hooded seals, Caspian seals, elephant seals, walruses and all species of fur seal.<a href="#cite_note-Riedman111-100">[100]</a> The scale of seal harvesting decreased substantially after the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrin2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2rkHQpToi9sCpgPA585_pp._585–588]-101">[101]</a> after the Canadian government reduced the length of the hunting season and implemented measures to protect adult females.<a href="#cite_note-Beckman_2012-102">[102]</a> Several species that were commercially exploited have rebounded in numbers; for example, Antarctic fur seals may be as numerous as they were prior to harvesting. The northern elephant seal was hunted to near extinction in the late 19th century, with only a small population remaining on <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island" title="Guadalupe Island">Guadalupe Island</a>. It has since recolonized much of its historic range, but has a <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riedman111-100">[100]</a> Conversely, the Mediterranean monk seal was extirpated from much of its former range, which stretched from the Mediterranean to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and northwest Africa, and remains only in the northeastern Mediterranean and some parts of northwest Africa.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Polar bears can be <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">hunted for sport</a> in Canada with a special permit and accompaniment by a <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">local</a> guide. This can be an important source of income for small communities, as guided hunts bring in more income than selling the polar bear hide on markets. The United States, Russia, Norway, Greenland, and Canada allow subsistence hunting, and Canada distributes hunting permits to indigenous communities. The selling of these permits is a main source of income for many of these communities. Their hides can be used for subsistence purposes, kept as hunting trophies, or can be bought in markets.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ocean_traffic_and_fisheries">Ocean traffic and fisheries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ocean traffic and fisheries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eubalaena_glacialis_dead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A right whale sliced on both sides after colliding with a boat. A large amount of its flesh is visible as well as the intestines floating in the water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Eubalaena_glacialis_dead.jpg/220px-Eubalaena_glacialis_dead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Eubalaena_glacialis_dead.jpg/330px-Eubalaena_glacialis_dead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Eubalaena_glacialis_dead.jpg/440px-Eubalaena_glacialis_dead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>The remains of a <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale</a> after it collided with a ship <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/By-catch" class="mw-redirect" title="By-catch">By-catch</a> is the incidental capture of non-target species in <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>. Fixed and drift <a href="/wiki/Gill_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill net">gill nets</a> cause the highest <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a> levels for both cetaceans and pinnipeds, however, entanglements in long lines, mid-water trawls, and both trap and pot lines are also common.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">seines</a> are particularly problematic for entanglement by dolphins.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> By-catch affects all cetaceans, both small and big, in all habitat types. However, smaller cetaceans and pinnipeds are most vulnerable as their size means that escape once they are entangled is highly unlikely and they frequently drown.<a href="#cite_note-clap-94">[94]</a> While larger cetaceans are capable of dragging nets with them, the nets sometimes remain tightly attached to the individual and can impede the animal from feeding sometimes leading to <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clap-94">[94]</a> Abandoned or lost nets and lines cause mortality through ingestion or entanglement.<a href="#cite_note-and-108">[108]</a> Marine mammals also get entangled in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> nets, however, these are rare events and not prevalent enough to impact populations.<a href="#cite_note-wur-109">[109]</a> Vessel strikes cause death for a number of marine mammals, especially whales.<a href="#cite_note-clap-94">[94]</a> In particular, fast commercial vessels such as <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a> can cause major injuries or death when they collide with marine mammals. Collisions occur both with large commercial vessels and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational boat">recreational boats</a> and cause injury to whales or smaller cetaceans. The critically endangered <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale</a> is particularly affected by vessel strikes.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> boats designed for whale and <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_watching" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphin watching">dolphin watching</a> can also negatively impact on marine mammals by interfering with their natural behavior.<a href="#cite_note-const-111">[111]</a> The fishery industry not only threatens marine mammals through by-catch, but also through competition for food. Large-scale fisheries have led to the depletion of <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a> that are important prey species for marine mammals. Pinnipeds have been especially affected by the direct loss of food supplies and in some cases the harvesting of fish has led to food shortages or dietary deficiencies,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> starvation of young, and reduced recruitment into the population.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> As the fish stocks have been depleted, the <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a> between marine mammals and fisheries has sometimes led to conflict. Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a> of populations of marine mammals by commercial fishers has been initiated in a number of areas in order to protect fish stocks for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Shellfish aquaculture takes up space so in effect creates competition for space. However, there is little direct competition for aquaculture shellfish <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wur-109">[109]</a> On the other hand, marine mammals regularly take <a href="/wiki/Finfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finfish">finfish</a> from farms, which creates significant problems for marine farmers. While there are usually legal mechanisms designed to deter marine mammals, such as anti-predator nets or harassment devices, individuals are often illegally shot.<a href="#cite_note-wur-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Habitat_loss_and_degradation">Habitat loss and degradation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Habitat loss and degradation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on marine mammals">Effects of climate change on marine mammals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_Habitat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Canadian Basin is blue for the most part, while the rest of the Arctic Basin is mainly red with scattered areas of blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Polar_Bear_Habitat.png/220px-Polar_Bear_Habitat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Polar_Bear_Habitat.png/330px-Polar_Bear_Habitat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Polar_Bear_Habitat.png/440px-Polar_Bear_Habitat.png 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Map from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> shows projected changes in polar bear habitat from 2005 to 2095. Red areas indicate loss of optimal polar bear habitat; blue areas indicate gain.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Habitat_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">Habitat degradation</a> is caused by a number of human activities. Marine mammals that live in coastal environments are the most likely to be affected by habitat degradation and loss. Developments such as sewage <a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">marine outfalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">moorings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>, blasting, dumping, <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> construction, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> projects, and aquaculture both degrade the environment and take up valuable habitat.<a href="#cite_note-white-47">[47]</a> For example, extensive shellfish aquaculture takes up valuable space used by coastal marine mammals for important activities such as breeding, foraging and resting.<a href="#cite_note-wur-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">Contaminants</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">discharged</a> into the marine environment accumulate in the bodies of marine mammals when they are stored unintentionally in their blubber along with energy.<a href="#cite_note-white-47">[47]</a> Contaminants that are found in the tissues of marine mammals include <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">organochlorides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-white-47">[47]</a> For example, these can cause disruptive effects on <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine systems</a>;<a href="#cite_note-and-108">[108]</a> impair the reproductive system, and lower the immune system of individuals, leading to a higher number of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-white-47">[47]</a> Other pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_debris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic debris">plastic debris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> threaten the livelihood of marine mammals.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a> from anthropogenic activities is another major concern for marine mammals. This is a problem because underwater noise pollution interferes with the abilities of some marine mammals to communicate, and locate both predators and prey.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Underwater_explosion" title="Underwater explosion">Underwater explosions</a> are used for a variety of purposes including <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> activities, construction and <a href="/wiki/Oceanographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographic">oceanographic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geophysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysical">geophysical</a> research. They can cause injuries such as hemorrhaging of the lungs, and contusion and ulceration of the <a href="/wiki/Gut_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (anatomy)">gastrointestinal tract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clap-94">[94]</a> Underwater noise is generated from <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a>, the oil and gas industry, <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, and military use of <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> and oceanographic acoustic experimentation. <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_harassment" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic harassment">Acoustic harassment</a> devices and <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_deterrent_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic deterrent devices">acoustic deterrent devices</a> used by aquaculture facilities to scare away marine mammals emit loud and noxious underwater sounds.<a href="#cite_note-wur-109">[109]</a> Two changes to the global <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> due to anthropogenic activity threaten marine mammals. The first is increases in <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>, and this mainly affects the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> and other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-white-47">[47]</a> An increase in ultraviolet radiation has the capacity to decrease phytoplankton abundance, which forms the basis of the food chain in the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The second effect of <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate change">global climate change</a> is <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> due to increased <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels in the atmosphere. Raised sea levels, rising sea temperatures and changed currents are expected to affect marine mammals by altering the distribution of important prey species, and changing the suitability of breeding sites and migratory routes.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Arctic food chain would be disrupted by the near extinction or migration of polar bears. Arctic sea ice is the polar bear's habitat. It has been declining at a rate of 13% per decade because the temperature is rising at twice the rate of the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-apex1-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> By the year 2050, up to two-thirds of the world's polar bears may vanish if the sea ice continues to melt at its current rate.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A study by evolutionary biologists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine">University of Pittsburgh</a> showed that the ancestors of many marine mammals stopped producing a certain enzyme that today protects against some neurotoxic chemicals called <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-121">[121]</a> including those found in the widely used pesticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Marine mammals may be increasingly exposed to these compounds due to agricultural runoff reaching the world's oceans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection">Protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Protection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/220px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/330px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/440px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Signatory countries of the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> (IWC)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972">Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972</a> (MMPA) was passed on October 21, 1972, under president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> to prevent the further depletion and possible extinction of marine mammal stocks.<a href="#cite_note-mmpa72-124">[124]</a>: 5  It prohibits the taking ("the act of hunting, killing, capture, and/or harassment of any marine mammal; or, the attempt at such") of any marine mammal without a permit issued by the Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-mmpa72-124">[124]</a>: 10  Authority to manage the MMPA was divided between the Secretary of the Interior through the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> (Service), and the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>, which is delegated to the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA). The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Mammal Commission">Marine Mammal Commission</a> (MMC) was established to review existing policies and make recommendations to the Service and NOAA to better implement the MMPA. The Service is responsible for ensuring the protection of sea otters and marine otters, walruses, polar bears, the three species of manatees, and dugongs; and NOAA was given responsibility to conserve and manage pinnipeds (excluding walruses) and cetaceans.<a href="#cite_note-mmpa72-124">[124]</a>: 7  The Act was updated on 1 January 2016 with a clause banning "the import of fish from fisheries that cannot prove they meet US standards for protecting marine mammals".<a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[125]</a> The requirement to show that protection standards are met is hoped to compel countries exporting fish to the US to more strictly control their fisheries that no protected marine mammals are adversely affected by fishing.<a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[125]</a> The 1979 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a> (CMS) is the only global organization that conserves a broad range of animals, which includes marine mammals.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">agreements</a> made, three of them deal with the conservation of marine mammals: <a href="/wiki/ACCOBAMS" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCOBAMS">ACCOBAMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASCOBANS" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCOBANS">ASCOBANS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadden Sea Agreement">Wadden Sea Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS) adopted a pollution prevention approach to conservation, which many other conventions at the time also adopted.<a href="#cite_note-nilufer-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/220px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/330px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/440px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An adult and sub-adult <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">Minke whale</a> are dragged aboard the <a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Maru" title="Nisshin Maru">Nisshin Maru</a>, a Japanese whaling vessel</figcaption></figure> The Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area (ACCOBAMS), founded in 1996, specifically protects cetaceans in the Mediterranean area, and "maintains a favorable status", a direct action <a href="/wiki/Anti-whaling" title="Anti-whaling">against whaling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nilufer-129">[129]</a> There are 23 member states.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS) was adopted alongside ACCOBAMS to establish a special protection area for Europe's increasingly threatened cetaceans.<a href="#cite_note-nilufer-129">[129]</a> Other anti-whaling efforts include a ten-year moratorium in 1986 by the IWC on all whaling,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental agreement">environmental agreement</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>) the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a> which controlled commercial, scientific and subsistence whaling.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Agreement on the Conservation of Seals in the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a>, enforced in 1991, prohibits the killing or harassment of seals in the Wadden Sea, specifically targeting the harbor seal population.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The 1973 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_Polar_Bears" title="Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears">Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears</a> between Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (<a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>), the United States and the Soviet Union outlawed the unregulated hunting of polar bears from aircraft and <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreakers</a>, as well as protecting migration, feeding and <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> participate in <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">marine conservation activism</a>, wherein they draw attention to and aid in various problems in marine conservation, such as pollution, whaling, bycatch, and so forth. Notable organizations include the <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> who focus on overfishing and whaling among other things, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> who are known for taking direct-action tactics to expose illegal activity.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As food">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals as food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale meat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal meat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tvost_og_spik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The whale meat is dark purple and shredded like jerky, the blubber is a pale-pink color and in slices, the dried fish is a light-brown color and ripped into slices, and the potatoes are light-yellow and cut into thin slices." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tvost_og_spik.jpg/220px-Tvost_og_spik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tvost_og_spik.jpg/330px-Tvost_og_spik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tvost_og_spik.jpg/440px-Tvost_og_spik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="2378" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">Pilot whale</a> meat (bottom), blubber (middle) and dried fish (left) with potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></figcaption></figure> For thousands of years, <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">indigenous peoples of the Arctic</a> have depended on <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">seal meat</a>. The meat is harvested from legal, non-commercial hunts that occur twice a year in the spring and autumn. The meat is stored and eaten throughout the winter.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The skin and blubber (<a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">muktuk</a>) taken from the <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead</a>, beluga, or narwhal is also valued, and is eaten raw or cooked. Whaling has also been practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> in the North Atlantic since about the time of the first <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Norse</a> settlements on the islands. Around 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Long-finned_pilot_whale" title="Long-finned pilot whale">long-finned pilot whales</a> are still killed annually, mainly during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-contaminated-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Today, dolphin meat is consumed in a small number of countries worldwide, which include Japan<a href="#cite_note-taiji-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-toxicmeat-140">[140]</a> and Peru (where it is referred to as chancho marino, or "sea pork").<a href="#cite_note-seapork-141">[141]</a> In some parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Taiji,_Wakayama" title="Taiji, Wakayama">Taiji (in Japan)</a> and the Faroe Islands, dolphins are traditionally considered food, and are killed in <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">drive hunts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taiji-139">[139]</a> There have been human health concerns associated with the consumption of dolphin meat in Japan after tests showed that dolphin meat contained high levels of <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toxicmeat-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO-142">[142]</a> There are no known cases of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a> as a result of consuming dolphin meat, though the government continues to monitor people in areas where dolphin meat consumption is high. The Japanese government recommends that children and pregnant women avoid eating dolphin meat on a regular basis.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Similar concerns exist with the consumption of dolphin meat in the Faroe Islands, where <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal</a> exposure to methylmercury and <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a> primarily from the consumption of pilot whale meat has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychological</a> deficits amongst children.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-142">[142]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Faroe Islands population was exposed to methylmercury largely from contaminated pilot whale meat, which contained very high levels of about 2 mg methylmercury/kg. However, the Faroe Islands populations also eat significant amounts of fish. The study of about 900 Faroese children showed that prenatal exposure to methylmercury resulted in neuropsychological deficits at 7 years of age<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO-142">[142]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Ringed seals were once the main food staple for the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>. They are still an important food source for the people of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and are also hunted and eaten in Alaska. <a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal meat</a> is an important source of food for residents of small coastal communities.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] The seal blubber is used to make <a href="/wiki/Seal_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal oil">seal oil</a>, which is marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> supplement. In 2001, two percent of Canada's raw seal oil was processed and sold in Canadian health stores.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_captivity">In captivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In captivity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquariums">Aquariums</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aquariums">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Cetaceans</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A killer whale with a collapsed dorsal fin breaching out of a pool in front of an audience in stands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg/220px-2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg/330px-2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg/440px-2009-Seaworld-Shamu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Performing killer whale at <a href="/wiki/SeaWorld_San_Diego" title="SeaWorld San Diego">SeaWorld San Diego</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity. These small cetaceans are more often than not kept in theme parks and <a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">dolphinariums</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/SeaWorld" title="SeaWorld">SeaWorld</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">Bottlenose dolphins</a> are the most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train and have a long lifespan in captivity. Hundreds of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The dolphin "smile" makes them popular attractions, as this is a welcoming <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a> in humans; however, the smile is due to a lack of facial muscles and subsequent lack of facial expressions.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Whale_and_Dolphin_Conservation" title="Whale and Dolphin Conservation">Whale and Dolphin Conservation</a> campaign against the practice of keeping cetaceans, particularly killer whales, in captivity. In captivity, they often develop pathologies, such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 60–90% of male killer whales. Captives have vastly reduced life expectancies, on average only living into their twenties. In the wild, females who survive infancy live 46 years on average, and up to 70–80 years in rare cases. Wild males who survive infancy live 31 years on average, and up to 50–60 years.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Captivity usually bears little resemblance to wild habitat, and captive whales' social groups are foreign to those found in the wild. Captive life is also stressful due to the requirement to perform circus tricks that are not part of wild killer whale behavior, as well as restricting pool size. Wild killer whales may travel up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day, and critics say the animals are too big and intelligent to be suitable for captivity.<a href="#cite_note-cbs2010-150">[150]</a> Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves, their tankmates, or humans, which critics say is a result of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (medicine)">stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong-151">[151]</a> Dolphins are often trained to do several <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> behaviors, including waving and kissing—behaviors wild dolphins would rarely do.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <dl><dt>Pinnipeds</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo,_Lancashire,_England_-female-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A grey sea lion with white whiskers balancing a ball that resembles a blue-and-red basketball" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg/170px-Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg/255px-Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg/340px-Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>A sea lion trained to balance a ball on its nose</figcaption></figure> The large size and playfulness of pinnipeds make them popular attractions. Some exhibits have rocky backgrounds with artificial haul-out sites and a pool, while others have pens with small rocky, elevated shelters where the animals can dive into their pools. More elaborate exhibits contain deep pools that can be viewed underwater with rock-mimicking cement as haul-out areas. The most common pinniped species kept in captivity is the California sea lion as it is abundant and easy to train.<a href="#cite_note-zoo-153">[153]</a> These animals are used to perform tricks and entertain visitors.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Other species popularly kept in captivity include the grey seal and harbor seal. Larger animals like walruses and Steller sea lions are much less common.<a href="#cite_note-zoo-153">[153]</a> Pinnipeds are popular attractions because they are "<a href="/wiki/Disneyfied" class="mw-redirect" title="Disneyfied">disneyfied</a>", and consequently, people often anthropomorphize them with a curious, funny, or playful nature.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Some organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> and World Animal Protection, object to keeping pinnipeds and other marine mammals in captivity. They state that the exhibits could not be large enough to house animals that have evolved to be migratory, and a pool could never replace the size and biodiversity of the ocean. They also oppose using sea lions for entertainment, claiming the tricks performed are "exaggerated variations of their natural behaviors" and distract the audience from the animal's unnatural environment.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <dl><dt>Sea otter</dt></dl> Sea otters can do well in <a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">captivity</a>, and are featured in over 40 public <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquariums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vanblaricom-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Aquarium" title="Seattle Aquarium">Seattle Aquarium</a> became the first institution to raise sea otters from conception to adulthood with the birth of Tichuk in 1979, followed by three more pups in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 2007, a <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video of two cute sea otters holding paws drew 1.5 million viewers in two weeks, and had over 20 million views as of January 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Filmed five years previously at the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Aquarium" title="Vancouver Aquarium">Vancouver Aquarium</a>, it was YouTube's most popular animal video at the time, although it has since been surpassed.<a href="#cite_note-Nyac-160">[160]</a> Otters are often viewed as having a "happy family life", but this is an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <dl><dt>Sirenians</dt></dl> The oldest manatee in captivity was <a href="/wiki/Snooty" title="Snooty">Snooty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="South Florida Museum">South Florida Museum</a>'s Parker Manatee Aquarium in <a href="/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida" title="Bradenton, Florida">Bradenton, Florida</a>. Born at the Miami Aquarium and Tackle Company on July 21, 1948, Snooty was one of the first recorded captive manatee births. He was raised entirely in captivity,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> and died at the age of 69.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Manatees can also be viewed in a number of European zoos, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Berlin" title="Tierpark Berlin">Tierpark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Zoo" title="Nuremberg Zoo">Nuremberg Zoo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> in <a href="/wiki/ZooParc_de_Beauval" title="ZooParc de Beauval">ZooParc de Beauval</a> in France,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_of_Genoa" title="Aquarium of Genoa">Aquarium of Genoa</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/River_Safari" class="mw-redirect" title="River Safari">River Safari</a> at <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> features seven of them.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military">Military</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Marine_Mammal_Program" title="United States Navy Marine Mammal Program">United States Navy Marine Mammal Program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dolphin">Military dolphin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMMP_dolphin_with_locator.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bottlenose dolphin jumping out of the water (the entire body is visible) in front of a trainer in camouflage. The dolphin is wearing a small, cylindrical camera on its right fin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NMMP_dolphin_with_locator.jpeg/170px-NMMP_dolphin_with_locator.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NMMP_dolphin_with_locator.jpeg/255px-NMMP_dolphin_with_locator.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NMMP_dolphin_with_locator.jpeg/340px-NMMP_dolphin_with_locator.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>A dolphin wearing a locating pinger, performing mine clearance work in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></figcaption></figure> Bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions are used in the United States Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP) to detect mines, protect ships from enemy soldiers, and recover objects. The Navy has never trained attack dolphins, as they would not be able to discern allied soldiers from enemy soldiers. There were five marine mammal teams, each purposed for one of the three tasks: MK4 (dolphins), MK5 (sea lions), MK6 (dolphins and sea lions), MK7 (dolphins) and MK8 (dolphins); MK is short for mark. The dolphin teams were trained to detect and mark mines either attached to the seafloor or floating in the water column, because dolphins can use their echolocative abilities to detect mines. The sea lion team retrieved test equipment such as fake mines or bombs dropped from planes usually out of reach of divers who would have to make multiple dives. MK6 protects harbors and ships from enemy divers, and was operational in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The dolphins would swim up behind enemy divers and attach a buoy to their air tank, so that they would float to the surface and alert nearby Navy personnel. Sea lions would hand-cuff the enemy, and try to outmaneuver their counter-attacks.<a href="#cite_note-beastsofwar-171">[171]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-kistler-172">[172]</a> The use of marine mammals by the Navy, even in accordance with the Navy's policy, continues to meet opposition. The Navy's policy says that only positive reinforcement is to be used while training the military dolphins, and that they be cared for in accordance with accepted standards in animal care. The inevitable stresses involved in training are topics of controversy, as their treatment is unlike the animals' natural lifestyle, especially towards their confined spaces when not training. There is also controversy over the use of <a href="/wiki/Animal_muzzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal muzzle">muzzles</a> and other inhibitors, which prevent the dolphins from foraging for food while working. The Navy states that this is to prevent them from ingesting harmful objects, but conservation activists say this is done to reinforce the trainers' control over the dolphins, who hand out food rewards. The means of transportation is also an issue for conservation activists, since they are hauled in dry carriers, and switching tanks and introducing the dolphin to new dolphins is potentially dangerous as they are territorial.<a href="#cite_note-beastsofwar-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-kistler-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/32px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/48px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/64px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1039" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Marine_life" title="Portal:Marine life">Marine life portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/48px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/64px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_training" title="Marine mammal training">Marine mammal training</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Food and Agriculture Department of the United Nations. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103292-3"><bdi>978-92-5-103292-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30643250">30643250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Department+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30643250&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103292-3&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft.au=Leatherwood%2C+S.&rft.au=Webber%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4Cbz0WphN0C%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marinemammalscience.org-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marinemammalscience.org_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marinemammalscience.org_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marinemammalscience.org_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrinBakerBertaBoness2014" class="citation web cs1">Perrin, William F.; Baker, C. 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Jones and Bartlett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780763783440" title="Special:BookSources/9780763783440"><bdi>9780763783440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Marine+Mammal%3F&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Marine+Mammal+Biology+and+Conservation&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780763783440&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=E.+C.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamples.jblearning.com%2F9780763783440%2F83440_CH01_Parsons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kasc-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kasc_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kasc_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaschnerTittensorReadyGerrodette2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kaschner, K.; Tittensor, D. 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Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (in Japanese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Health%2C+Labour+and+Welfare&rft.atitle=%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%90%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%95%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%96%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%93%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AB%E5%85%AC%E8%A1%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80%E3%82%92%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%8B%E9%A1%9E%E7%AD%89%E3%81%AE+%E6%91%82%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E4%BA%8B%E9%A0%85%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.au=Ministry+of+Health%2C+Labour+and+Welfare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhlw.go.jp%2Ftopics%2F2003%2F06%2Ftp0605-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530223528/http://inuitarteskimoart.com/artists/About-Seals.html">"Eskimo Art, Inuit Art, Canadian Native Artwork, Canadian Aboriginal Artwork"</a>. 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Tiergarten Aktuell (Nuremberg) (in German). 1 (1): 8–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tiergarten+Aktuell+%28Nuremberg%29&rft.atitle=Zum+ersten+Mal%3A+Drei+Seekuhgeburten+in+einem+Zoo.+Erfolgreiche+Haltung+und+Zucht+von+Rundschwanz-Seek%C3%BChen+%28Trichechus+manatus%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-16&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChling&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807094440/https://www.zoobeauval.com/en/extraordinary-animals?nom=manatees">"Extraordinary Animals: Manatees"</a>. Zooparc de Beauval. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zoobeauval.com/en/extraordinary-animals?nom=manatees">the original</a> on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+Animals%3A+Manatees&rft.pub=Zooparc+de+Beauval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoobeauval.com%2Fen%2Fextraordinary-animals%3Fnom%3Dmanatees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-R2fCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172">Eyewitness Travel Family Guide Italy: Milan & the Northwest Italy</a>. New York: DK Publishing. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-336-12080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-336-12080-8"><bdi>978-1-336-12080-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934043451">934043451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+Travel+Family+Guide+Italy%3A+Milan+%26+the+Northwest+Italy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934043451&rft.isbn=978-1-336-12080-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-R2fCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/manatees-move-worlds-largest-freshwater-aquarium-river-safari-20130313">"Manatees move into world's largest freshwater aquarium at River Safari"</a>. The Straits Times. Retrieved 18 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Manatees+move+into+world%27s+largest+freshwater+aquarium+at+River+Safari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Fsingapore%2Fstory%2Fmanatees-move-worlds-largest-freshwater-aquarium-river-safari-20130313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beastsofwar-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beastsofwar_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-beastsofwar_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEglan2015" class="citation book cs1">Eglan, Jared (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rDCKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Beasts of War: The Militarization of Animals</a>. Lulu.com. pp. 126–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-51613-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-329-51613-7"><bdi>978-1-329-51613-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beasts+of+War%3A+The+Militarization+of+Animals&rft.pages=126-128&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-329-51613-7&rft.aulast=Eglan&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrDCKCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-kistler-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kistler_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kistler_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKistler2011" class="citation book cs1">Kistler, John M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9Bj-kyDi9AC&pg=PA313">Animals in the Military: From Hannibal's Elephants to the Dolphins of the U.S. Navy</a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 313–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-346-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-346-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741119653">741119653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+in+the+Military%3A+From+Hannibal%27s+Elephants+to+the+Dolphins+of+the+U.S.+Navy&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=313-321&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741119653&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-346-0&rft.aulast=Kistler&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9Bj-kyDi9AC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWürsigThewissenKovacs2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J.G.M.; Kovacs, Kit M., eds. (2018). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128043271" title="Special:BookSources/9780128043271"><bdi>9780128043271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780128043271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+mammal" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Berta, Annalisa. Sea Mammals: The Past and Present Lives of Our Oceans’ Cornerstone Species (Princeton University Press, 2023) ISBN 978-0-691-23664-3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59743">online book review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/">The Marine Mammal Center</a> A conservation group that focuses on marine mammals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinemammalscience.org/">The Society for Marine Mammalogy</a> The largest organization of marine mammalogists in the world.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marinebio.org/oceans/marine-mammals/">The MarineBio Conservation Society</a> An online education site on marine life</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818010815/http://www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/marine-mammals">National Oceanographic and Atmosphere Administration</a> An agency that focuses on the conditions of the ocean and the climate</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130035958/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/desmostylia.html">Introduction to the Desmostylia</a> Museum of Paleontology, University of California – extinct group of marine mammals</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382441#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382441#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382441#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1009691/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081212">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119738932">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119738932">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564703">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123030&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528037">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000136736&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550859905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636772">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&oldid=1247681115">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_mammal&oldid=1247681115</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 September 2024, at 11:34 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarwood,_J.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaycox2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeimlichBoran2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHochachkaStorey1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchins,_J.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffersonLeatherwoodWebber1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffersonWebberPitman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_W._M.Karamanlidis,_A._A.Dendrinos,_P.de_Larrinoa,_P._F.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaschnerTittensorReadyGerrodette2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKenyon1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKets_de_Vries2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKistler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinowskaCooke1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruuk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtén1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson,_S.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavinge,_D._M.Kovacs,_K._M.Bonner,_W._N.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindqvistSchusterSunTalbot2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockyer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockyerBrown1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunnServantyRegehrConverse2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadronichMcKenzieBjörnCaldwell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangelWhittyMedina-VogelAlfaro-Shigueto2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarris2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshErosHuguesPenrose2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshO\u0026#039;SheaReynolds_III2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsutani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAlpineStevickMurison1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerJamisonRichterWoods2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgelardCatzeflisDouzery1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMühling1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak,_R._M.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNummela,_SirpaThewissenBajpaiHussain2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOra2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrinBakerBertaBoness2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfeiffer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPompaEhrlichCeballos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriceBininda-EmondsGittleman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrinsGordon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyleSchrammKeiperAnderson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidenberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedman,_M.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoman,_JoeEstes,_James_A.Morissette,_LyneSmith,_Craig2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomanMcCarthy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose,_N._A.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoseParsonsFarinato\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenTrites2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybczynski,_N.Dawson,_M._R.Tedford,_R._H.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamondsZalmout,_I._S.Irwin,_M._T.Krause,_D._W.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandersBeichmanRomanScott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavageDomningThewissen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchipperChansonChiozzaCox2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigvaldadóttir2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilversteinSilversteinSilverstein1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmondsIsaac2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithBaco2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpauldingO\u0026#039;LearyGatesy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStirling1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStirlingGuravich1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStirlingLunnIacozza1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeneyCraig2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThewissenBajpai2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Commerce,_National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration,_National_Marine_Fisheries_Service\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanBlaricom2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeijMotani2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisser2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogleLilliePiscitelliGoldbogen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaitsTalbotWardShields2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteheadReevesTyack2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiig,_Ø.Amstrup,_S.Atwood,_T.Laidre,_K.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWursigGailey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWürsigThewissenKovacs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcynthiaholmes2007\"] = 1,\n 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