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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotherapy" title="Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_terrain_assessment" title="Biological terrain assessment">Biological terrain assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">Black salve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting" title="Traditional bone-setting">Bone-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques" title="Chiropractic treatment techniques">Chiropractic treatment techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_enema" title="Coffee enema">Coffee enema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">Colorpuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Craniosacral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths" title="Detoxification foot baths">Foot detox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_needling" title="Dry needling">Dry needling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Esoteric energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_dominance" title="Estrogen dominance">Estrogen dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection" title="Fabunan Antiviral Injection">Fabunan Antiviral Injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_medicine" title="Functional medicine">Functional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis_(alternative_medicine)" title="Hair analysis (alternative medicine)">Hair analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_bracelet" title="Hologram bracelet">Hologram bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionized_jewelry" title="Ionized jewelry">Ionized jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Process" title="The Lightning Process">Lightning Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotherapy" title="Lymphotherapy">Lymphotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">Manual lymphatic drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_intuitive" title="Medical intuitive">Medical intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Mesmerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">MMS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques" title="Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques">NAET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">Orthomolecular medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyology" title="Osteomyology">Osteomyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_Integration" title="Postural Integration">Postural Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodermatology" title="Psychodermatology">Psychodermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_healing" title="Quantum healing">Quantum healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_body-oriented_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy">RBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThetaHealing" title="ThetaHealing">ThetaHealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy" title="Thought Field Therapy">Thought Field Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_steaming" title="Vaginal steaming">Vaginal steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">Vision therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">OPV AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccinationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification" title="Alternative medicine">Classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Alternative medical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manipulative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">MVAH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine" title="Traditional Cambodian medicine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_stasis" title="Blood stasis">Blood stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dit_da" title="Dit da">Dit da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_sha" title="Gua sha">Gua sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_plate_trade" title="Gill plate trade">Gill plate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gu" title="Long gu">Long gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakalpa" title="Kayakalpa">Kayakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambo_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambo cleanse">Kambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_Shiang" title="Mien Shiang">Mien Shiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan_oil" title="Naftalan oil">Naftalan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the controversial medical concept, see <a href="/wiki/Myofascial_trigger_point" title="Myofascial trigger point">Myofascial trigger point</a>.</div> <p><b>Myofascial release</b> (MFR, <a href="/wiki/Foam_rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Foam rolling">self-myofascial release</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> therapy claimed to be useful for treating skeletal muscle immobility and pain by relaxing contracted muscles, improving blood and lymphatic circulation and stimulating the <a href="/wiki/Stretch_reflex" title="Stretch reflex">stretch reflex</a> in muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-digiovanna_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digiovanna-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a> is a thin, tough, elastic type of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> that wraps most structures within the human body, including <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>. Fascia supports and protects these structures. <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic">Osteopathic</a> practice holds that this soft tissue can become restricted due to <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_disease" title="Psychogenic disease">psychogenic disease</a>, overuse, trauma, infectious agents, or inactivity, often resulting in pain, muscle tension and corresponding <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">diminished blood flow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-digiovanna_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digiovanna-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_conceptual_basis">Description and conceptual basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myofascial_release&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description and conceptual basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing for <a href="/wiki/Science-Based_Medicine" title="Science-Based Medicine">Science-Based Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Harriet Hall</a> described myofascial release as an umbrella term for several types of physical manipulation, which might more simply be described as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a> based on vaguely-defined scientific notions.<sup id="cite_ref-sbm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myofascial_release&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> states that "There is little scientific evidence available to support proponents' claims that myofascial release relieves pain or restores flexibility" and cautions against using it as a substitute for conventional cancer treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-acs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poor quality of research into the use of myofascial release for <a href="/wiki/Orthopaedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedic">orthopaedic</a> conditions precludes any conclusions being drawn about its usefulness for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-oc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the UK <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a> (ASA) upheld a complaint regarding the effectiveness claims published in an advertising leaflet produced by the Myofascial Release UK health care service. The ASA Council ruled that materials presented by Myofascial Release UK in support of the claims made in their ad were inadequate to establish a "body of robust scientific evidence" to substantiate Myofascial Release UK's range of claims.<sup id="cite_ref-sbm_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the ASA determined that the ad breached advertising rules by introducing a risk that readers might be discouraged from seeking other essential medical treatments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Reviews published in 2013 and 2015 evaluating evidence for MFR efficacy found that clinical trials that had been conducted varied in quality, technique, outcome measurements and had mixed outcomes; the 2015 review noted: "it is time for scientific evidences on MFR to support its clinical use."<sup id="cite_ref-oc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another review concluded that the use of foam rollers or a roller massager before or after exercise for self-myofascial release has been observed to decrease soreness due to <a href="/wiki/Delayed_onset_muscle_soreness" title="Delayed onset muscle soreness">DOMS</a> and that self-myofascial release appears to have no negative effect on performance. However, the optimal timing and duration of use requires further study.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myofascial_release&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The approach was promulgated as an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> concept by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a>, inventor of osteopathy, and his early students.<sup id="cite_ref-OsteoGlossary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OsteoGlossary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact phrase "myofascial release" was coined in the 1960s by Robert Ward, an osteopath who studied with <a href="/wiki/Ida_Rolf" title="Ida Rolf">Ida Rolf</a>, the originator of <a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a>. Ward, along with physical therapist John Barnes, are considered the two primary founders of Myofascial Release.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillerman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillerman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knaster_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knaster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward also suggests, in other sources, that the term "myofascial release" was coined in 1981, when it was used as the name of a course taught at Michigan State University. It was popularized and taught to therapists, massage therapists and occupational therapists by John F. Barnes through his seminars.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myofascial_release&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foam_rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Foam rolling">Foam rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_and_disproven_cancer_treatments" title="List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments">List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_pain_syndrome" title="Myofascial pain syndrome">Myofascial pain syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myofascial_release&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-digiovanna-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digiovanna_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digiovanna_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpinarisDiGiovanna2005" class="citation book cs1">Spinaris T, DiGiovanna EL (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tot78_5FxZwC&pg=PP1"><i>An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment</i></a> (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4293-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-4293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Osteopathic+Approach+to+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4293-1&rft.aulast=Spinaris&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=DiGiovanna%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtot78_5FxZwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbm_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbm_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Hall H</a> (24 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/can-airrosti-really-resolve-most-chronic-pain-in-just-three-visits/">"Can Airrosti Really Resolve Most Chronic Pain in Just Three Visits?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science-Based_Medicine" title="Science-Based Medicine">Science-Based Medicine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Airrosti+Really+Resolve+Most+Chronic+Pain+in+Just+Three+Visits%3F&rft.pub=Science-Based+Medicine&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencebasedmedicine.org%2Fcan-airrosti-really-resolve-most-chronic-pain-in-just-three-visits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdes2009" class="citation book cs1">Ades, TB, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/226">"Myofascial release"</a>. <i>American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/226">226–228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944235-71-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-944235-71-3"><bdi>978-0-944235-71-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myofascial+release&rft.btitle=American+Cancer+Society+Complete+Guide+to+Complementary+and+Alternative+Cancer+Therapies&rft.pages=226-228&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-944235-71-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancancerso0000unse%2Fpage%2F226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oc_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oc_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenneyElderElderHutchins2013" class="citation journal cs1">McKenney, K; Elder, AS; Elder, C; Hutchins, A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718355">"Myofascial release as a treatment for orthopaedic conditions: a systematic review"</a>. <i>J Athl Train</i> (Systematic review). <b>48</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">522–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4085%2F1062-6050-48.3.17">10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718355">3718355</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23725488">23725488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Athl+Train&rft.atitle=Myofascial+release+as+a+treatment+for+orthopaedic+conditions%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E522-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3718355%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23725488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4085%2F1062-6050-48.3.17&rft.aulast=McKenney&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Elder%2C+AS&rft.au=Elder%2C+C&rft.au=Hutchins%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3718355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2011/3/Myofascial-Release-UK/TF_ADJ_49922.aspx">"ASA Adjudication on Myofascial Release UK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)</a>. 2011-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASA+Adjudication+on+Myofascial+Release+UK&rft.pub=Advertising+Standards+Authority+%28United+Kingdom%29&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa.org.uk%2FRulings%2FAdjudications%2F2011%2F3%2FMyofascial-Release-UK%2FTF_ADJ_49922.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjimshaAl-MudahkaAl-Madzhar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ajimsha, M.S.; Al-Mudahka, Noora R.; Al-Madzhar, J.A. (January 2015). "Effectiveness of myofascial release: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials". <i>Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">102–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbmt.2014.06.001">10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.06.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25603749">25603749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bodywork+and+Movement+Therapies&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+myofascial+release%3A+Systematic+review+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbmt.2014.06.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25603749&rft.aulast=Ajimsha&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft.au=Al-Mudahka%2C+Noora+R.&rft.au=Al-Madzhar%2C+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroederBest2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schroeder, AN; Best, TM (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2FJSR.0000000000000148">"Is self myofascial release an effective preexercise and recovery strategy? A literature review"</a>. <i>Current Sports Medicine Reports</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">200–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2FJSR.0000000000000148">10.1249/JSR.0000000000000148</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25968853">25968853</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5976175">5976175</a>. <q>There appears to be some basis for the use of the SMR technique via a foam roller or roller massager for preexercise, for maintenance, and to aid recovery following exercise. SMR has been observed to decrease soreness following DOMS, which may indirectly enhance performance by allowing the individual to exercise longer and harder. The direct effect of SMR on performance may be duration dependent and remains in question. At the very least, SMR appears to have no negative effect on performance, with a few studies showing increase in performance. Yet another benefit of SMR is its ability to increase ROM. There has been little published work on the mechanism of SMR; however, animal studies using MLL following EEX have shown that immediate MLL is more beneficial than delayed MLL but MLL duration has no significant effects on recovery. In conclusion, SMR via a foam roller or roller massager may be a valuable tool for exercising individuals, allowing the individuals to self-treat at a time (i.e., immediately following exercise) and a frequency (i.e., several times a day) convenient for him or her by eliminating the need for a massage therapist. Studies to date suggest that SMR may have beneficial effects on both recovery from EEX and precompetition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Sports+Medicine+Reports&rft.atitle=Is+self+myofascial+release+an+effective+preexercise+and+recovery+strategy%3F+A+literature+review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5976175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25968853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1249%2FJSR.0000000000000148&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=AN&rft.au=Best%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1249%252FJSR.0000000000000148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OsteoGlossary-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OsteoGlossary_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacom.org/news-and-events/publications/glossary-of-osteopathic-terminology">"Glossary of Osteopathic Terminology"</a>. American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. April 2009. p. 28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Osteopathic+Terminology&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Colleges+of+Osteopathic+Medicine&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacom.org%2Fnews-and-events%2Fpublications%2Fglossary-of-osteopathic-terminology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stillerman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stillerman_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillerman2009" class="citation book cs1">Stillerman, Elaine (2009). <i>Modalities for Massage and Bodywork</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mosby_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosby (publisher)">Mosby</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-05255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-05255-9"><bdi>978-0-323-05255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modalities+for+Massage+and+Bodywork&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-323-05255-9&rft.aulast=Stillerman&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knaster-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knaster_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnaster1996" class="citation book cs1">Knaster, Mirka (1996). <i>Discovering the Body's Wisdom: A Comprehensive Guide to More Than Fifty Mind-Body Practices</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam</a>. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-57550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-57550-0"><bdi>978-0-307-57550-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Body%27s+Wisdom%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+More+Than+Fifty+Mind-Body+Practices&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-307-57550-0&rft.aulast=Knaster&rft.aufirst=Mirka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1990" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, John F. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/555687719"><i>Myofascial release : the search for excellence</i></a>. [Place of publication not identified]: Rehabilitation Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929894-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-929894-00-7"><bdi>1-929894-00-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/555687719">555687719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myofascial+release+%3A+the+search+for+excellence.&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=Rehabilitation+Services&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F555687719&rft.isbn=1-929894-00-7&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F555687719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyofascial+release" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Osteopathic_medicine187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_navbox" title="Template:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osteopathic_medicine_navbox" title="Template talk:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osteopathic_medicine187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Osteopathic medicine</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_Canada" title="Osteopathic medicine in Canada">Osteopathic medicine in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic manipulative medicine">Treatments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulatory_technique" title="Articulatory technique">Articulatory technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_ligamentous_tension" title="Balanced ligamentous tension">Balanced ligamentous tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_reflex_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman reflex points">Chapman reflex points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterstrain" title="Counterstrain">Counterstrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Cranial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_pump" title="Lymphatic pump">Lymphatic pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_energy_technique" title="Muscle energy technique">Muscle energy technique</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraspinal_inhibition" title="Paraspinal inhibition">Paraspinal inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissue technique">Soft tissue technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medical_schools" title="Template:Osteopathic medical schools">List of osteopathic medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Osteopathic_College_Accreditation" title="Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation">Accrediting Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Osteopathic_Medical_Examiners" title="National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners">NBOME</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">AOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Osteopathic_Association" title="Canadian Osteopathic Association">COA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">AACOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Osteopathic_Student_Government_Presidents" title="Council of Osteopathic Student Government Presidents">Student Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialists" title="American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists">Specialty Boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_specialty_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical specialty colleges in the United States">Specialty colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Osteopathic_Directors_and_Medical_Educators" title="Association of Osteopathic Directors and Medical Educators">Directors and Medical Educators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Osteopathy" title="American Academy of Osteopathy">American Academy of Osteopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Still" title="S. S. Still">S. S. Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Garner_Sutherland" title="William Garner Sutherland">William Garner Sutherland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_DO" title="The DO">The DO</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Journal of Osteopathic Medicine">Journal of Osteopathic Medicine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Osteopathy" title="Journal of Osteopathy">Journal of Osteopathy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States#History" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_Physicians_%26_Surgeons_v._California_Medical_Ass%27n" title="Osteopathic Physicians & Surgeons v. California Medical Ass'n">California merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Osteopathic_medicine" title="Category:Osteopathic medicine">Osteopathic medicine</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_massage20" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massage_types" title="Template:Massage types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massage_types" title="Template talk:Massage types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massage_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massage types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_massage20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anma" title="Anma">Anma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_massage" title="Balinese massage">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_massage" title="Bamboo massage">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breema" title="Breema">Breema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champissage" class="mw-redirect" title="Champissage">Champissage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_massage" title="Erotic massage">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam_massage" title="Lingam massage">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage#Visceral_manipulation" title="Massage">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_massage" title="Medical massage">Medical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromuscular therapy">Neuromuscular therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuru_(massage)" title="Nuru (massage)">Nuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_massage" title="Prostate massage">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_massage" title="Stone massage">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing Structural integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage#Swedish_massage" title="Massage">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_massage" title="Traditional Thai massage">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trager_approach" title="Trager approach">Trager approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watsu" title="Watsu">Watsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni_massage" title="Yoni massage">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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