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<li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efficacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Efficacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_traditions"> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fossils and ancient bones used as medicine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dragon bones" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dragon_bones_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dragon bones (disambiguation)">Dragon bones (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:">Long gu</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_bone_seal_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dragon_bone_seal_script.svg/100px-Dragon_bone_seal_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dragon_bone_seal_script.svg/150px-Dragon_bone_seal_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dragon_bone_seal_script.svg/200px-Dragon_bone_seal_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="559" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>lónggǔ</i> written in <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">龍骨</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">龙骨</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">dragon bones</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">lónggǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">liùng-kut</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">lung<sup>4</sup>gwat<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">ljowng kwot</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_(1981–1995)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Zhengzhang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">/*b·roŋ kuːd/</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜骨</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">りゅうこつ</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">ryū kotsu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Latin name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Latin</th><td class="infobox-data">os draconis</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotherapy" title="Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_terrain_assessment" title="Biological terrain assessment">Biological terrain assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">Black salve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting" title="Traditional bone-setting">Bone-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques" title="Chiropractic treatment techniques">Chiropractic treatment techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_enema" title="Coffee enema">Coffee enema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">Colorpuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Craniosacral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths" title="Detoxification foot baths">Foot detox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_needling" title="Dry needling">Dry needling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Esoteric energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_dominance" title="Estrogen dominance">Estrogen dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection" title="Fabunan Antiviral Injection">Fabunan Antiviral Injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_medicine" title="Functional medicine">Functional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis_(alternative_medicine)" title="Hair analysis (alternative medicine)">Hair analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_bracelet" title="Hologram bracelet">Hologram bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionized_jewelry" title="Ionized jewelry">Ionized jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Process" title="The Lightning Process">Lightning Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotherapy" title="Lymphotherapy">Lymphotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">Manual lymphatic drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_intuitive" title="Medical intuitive">Medical intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Mesmerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques" title="Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques">NAET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">Orthomolecular medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyology" title="Osteomyology">Osteomyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_Integration" title="Postural Integration">Postural Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodermatology" title="Psychodermatology">Psychodermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_healing" title="Quantum healing">Quantum healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_body-oriented_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy">RBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThetaHealing" title="ThetaHealing">ThetaHealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy" title="Thought Field Therapy">Thought Field Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_steaming" title="Vaginal steaming">Vaginal steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">Vision therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">OPV AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccinationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification" title="Alternative medicine">Classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Alternative medical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manipulative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">MVAH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine" title="Traditional Cambodian medicine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_stasis" title="Blood stasis">Blood stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dit_da" title="Dit da">Dit da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_sha" title="Gua sha">Gua sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_plate_trade" title="Gill plate trade">Gill plate trade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Long gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakalpa" title="Kayakalpa">Kayakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambo_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambo cleanse">Kambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_Shiang" title="Mien Shiang">Mien Shiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan_oil" title="Naftalan oil">Naftalan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Long gu</b></i> are remains of ancient life (such as fossils) prescribed for a variety of ailments in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese Medicine">Chinese medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese herbalism">herbalism</a>. They were historically believed, and are traditionally considered, to be the remains of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochonCiochon20044_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochonCiochon20044-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterckx2008357–394_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterckx2008357–394-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryuukotu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ryuukotu.jpg/220px-Ryuukotu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ryuukotu.jpg/330px-Ryuukotu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ryuukotu.jpg/440px-Ryuukotu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3233" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>A chunk of long gu (fossil <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> bone)</figcaption></figure> <p>Long gu are generally <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> fossils, <a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">petrified wood</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bones">oracle bones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhen2021956_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhen2021956-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals which can be identified as long gu include rhinoceros, bears, hipparion, stegodon, hyena, <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a>, orangutan, porcupine, and giant panda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeerMichael2008329_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeerMichael2008329-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFadden199452_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFadden199452-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonsEttel197076–87_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsEttel197076–87-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Hongshan_culture_Coiled_dragon_Pig-dragon_11022019_1393.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Hongshan_culture_Coiled_dragon_Pig-dragon_11022019_1393.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Hongshan_culture_Coiled_dragon_Pig-dragon_11022019_1393.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Hongshan_culture_Coiled_dragon_Pig-dragon_11022019_1393.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Hongshan_culture_Coiled_dragon_Pig-dragon_11022019_1393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Hongshan_culture_Coiled_dragon_Pig-dragon_11022019_1393.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Chinese_jade_Neolithic_period_Hongshan_culture_Coiled_dragon_Pig-dragon_11022019_1393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2021" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a>) jade ornament in the form of a curled <a href="/wiki/Pig_dragon" title="Pig dragon">pig dragon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Depictions of Chinese dragons (龍, <i>lóng</i>) first appear in the archaeological record circa 3000 BC, before any literary descriptions appear.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright_2017_p662_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright_2017_p662-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dragon worship may have its origin in constellations associated with the lengthening days and rainfall in spring, later being given more abstract meanings. However, "the dragon flourished in art without a set of specific associations."<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_1990_pp._286–323_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_1990_pp._286–323-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_traditional_use">Ancient and traditional use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient and traditional use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dragon bones have been prescribed in Chinese medicine since at least the <i><a href="/wiki/Shennong_Bencaojing" title="Shennong Bencaojing">Shennong Bencaojing</a></i>, composed circa 100 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200835-36_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200835-36-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is historical discussion regarding the origin of long gu recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bencao_Gangmu" title="Bencao Gangmu">Bencao Gangmu</a></i>, which compiles a wide variety of Chinese medical sources. The <i>Mingyi bielu</i> claims that dragon bones are found in <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Mt._Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Tai">Mt. Tai</a>, and that dead dragons can be located in riverbanks and caves throughout the year; while <a href="/wiki/Tao_Hongjing" title="Tao Hongjing">Tao Hongjing</a> states they can be found in <a href="/wiki/Liang_(state)" title="Liang (state)">Liang</a>, Yi, and Ba. Lei Xiao reports that bones from Tanzhou, <a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a> are of the highest quality. There was debate as to whether long gu were from dead or living dragons, and whether they were bones or secretions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi200957–59_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi200957–59-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhen2021522–523_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhen2021522–523-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Li_Shizhen" title="Li Shizhen">Li Shizhen</a> listed several subcategories of dragon material, including tooth, horn, brain, fetus, and saliva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi200959_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi200959-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fr. d'Incarville, a French Jesuit, noted that "petrified bones" were among the pharmacopeia sold by druggists in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1751. However, he did not refer to these as dragon's bones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormickParascandola198161_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormickParascandola198161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Swinhoe described the use of dragon's teeth in 1870: </p> <blockquote> <p>Shanghai is a great center for [fossil trade]; and the raw article can be procured here in quantity. In other large towns you can only get the prepared drug in a calcined state. These fossils are called <i>Lungche</i>, or 'Dragon's teeth;' and the idea about them is that in olden time the world consisted of monsters who were incessantly fighting and killing one another [...] The monsters were large and powerful brutes; and in their teeth and bones existed their strength; hence the remains of these ground to powder and taken internally must give strength to the weak invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormickParascandola198162_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormickParascandola198162-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In 1885, 20 tons of fossil bones came through Chinese ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFadden199452_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFadden199452-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Searching Chinese pharmacies for new fossil specimens was "an established stratagem of fossil-hunters in the Far East."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonsEttel197076–87_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsEttel197076–87-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western investigation of dragon bones led to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a> blacki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200841-42_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200841-42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gigantopithecusDragon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gigantopithecusDragon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yirong" title="Wang Yirong">Wang Yirong</a> identified the ancient Chinese <a href="/wiki/Oracle_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle script">oracle script</a> on long gu in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu20024_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu20024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An 18th century medical treaty prescribes long gu for heart, kidney, intestine, liver ailments, and to calm the spirit. It is also used for constipation, nightmares, epilepsy, excessive perspiration, night sweats and chronic diarrhea. It is considered to have neutral, sweet, or astringent properties. It is taken raw, fried, or simmered in <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeerMichael2008329_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeerMichael2008329-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFadden19945_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFadden19945-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Bencao Gangmu</i> describes white dragon bones (白龍骨, <i>bái lónggǔ</i>) as </p> <blockquote> <p>control[ing] frequent passage of <a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Jing (Chinese medicine)">essence</a>, and discharge of essence with urination [...] They dispel evil <i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a></i>, pacify the spirit of the heart, and end sexual intercourse with demons during nightly dreams. [...] They end intestinal wind and discharge with blood. Nose flood and blood spitting. They end outflow and free-flux illness with thirst illness. They strengthen the spleen, and contract intestines and stomach [...] They boost the kidneys and press down fright. They end <a href="/wiki/Yin-yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yin-yang">yin-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. They absorb moist qi and [cure] anal prolapse. They let muscles grow and help wounds to close.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhen2021525_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhen2021525-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Dragon bones are still used today in some parts of China, and it remains an economically important resource.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200836_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200836-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural people still collect long gu for traditional use and this practice has important effects on Chinese paleontology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200853_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200853-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2010 <i>Regulation on the Protection of Fossils</i> has limited the production of dragon bones to fossils determined to have no archeological value, typically badly preserved ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In TCM practice, oyster shells (ostreae concha) are considered to have a similar function and may be used in place of or together with dragon bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficacy">Efficacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Efficacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a> is considered pseudoscience and there is no evidence of the efficacy of dragon bones; however, they are a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFadden19945_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFadden19945-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_traditions">Similar traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Similar traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A centuries-old controversy in the West concerned whether the medically-important cinnabar was a natural mineral or a mixture of elephant and dragon blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormickParascandola198160–61_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormickParascandola198160–61-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Araripe_Basin" title="Araripe Basin">Araripe Basin</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudine</a> fossils, mainly that of marine turtles, are <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">sympathetically</a> used to treat <a href="/wiki/Hyperactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactivity">hyperactivity</a> and similar conditions. Fossil shells are scraped and taken orally as a sedative.<sup id="cite_ref-Moura_Albuquerque_2012_pp._1–5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moura_Albuquerque_2012_pp._1–5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, the fossilized remains of <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy hippo">pygmy hippos</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippopotamus minor">Hippopotamus minor</a></i>) are identified as relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Phanourios" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Phanourios">Saint Phanourios</a>, and were taken medicinally as a <a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">panacea</a> from the 16th century until the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeerMichael2008329_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeerMichael2008329-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A junior synonym of <i>H. minor</i> is <i>Phanourios minutus</i>, named for the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-Boekschoten_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boekschoten-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicines_derived_from_the_human_body" title="Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body">Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2017" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark (2017-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1125/the-dragon-in-ancient-china/">"The Dragon in Ancient China"</a>. <i>World History 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.org&rft.atitle=%27Dragon+teeth%27+reveal+ancient+ape%27s+place+in+primate+family+tree&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft.au=Gretchen+Vogel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fdragon-teeth-reveal-ancient-ape-s-place-ancient-primate-family-tree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu20024-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu20024_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXu2002">Xu 2002</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFadden19945-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFadden19945_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFadden19945_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFadden1994">MacFadden 1994</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhen2021525-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhen2021525_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhen2021">Shizhen 2021</a>, p. 525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200836-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200836_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmalzer2008">Schmalzer 2008</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200853-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200853_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmalzer2008">Schmalzer 2008</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Han-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Han_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Han_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Han, Zhang (1 July 2011). "Studies on chemical components and pharmacological activities of Os Draconis (Longgu) and Ostreae Concha". <i>China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica</i> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4268%2Fcjcmm20111329">10.4268/cjcmm20111329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Journal+of+Chinese+Materia+Medica&rft.atitle=Studies+on+chemical+components+and+pharmacological+activities+of+Os+Draconis+%28Longgu%29+and+Ostreae+Concha&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4268%2Fcjcmm20111329&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormickParascandola198160–61-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormickParascandola198160–61_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormickParascandola1981">McCormick & Parascandola 1981</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moura_Albuquerque_2012_pp._1–5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moura_Albuquerque_2012_pp._1–5_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouraAlbuquerque2012" class="citation journal cs1">Moura, Geraldo Jorge Barbosa; Albuquerque, Ulysses Paulino (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182628">"The First Report on the Medicinal Use of Fossils in Latin America"</a>. <i>Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine</i>. <b>2012</b>. Hindawi Limited: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F691717">10.1155/2012/691717</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-427X">1741-427X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182628">3182628</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21969843">21969843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evidence-Based+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+First+Report+on+the+Medicinal+Use+of+Fossils+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=2012&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3182628%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1741-427X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21969843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2012%2F691717&rft.aulast=Moura&rft.aufirst=Geraldo+Jorge+Barbosa&rft.au=Albuquerque%2C+Ulysses+Paulino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3182628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boekschoten-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boekschoten_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boekschoten G.J., Sondaar P.Y. 1972. On the fossil mammalia of Cyprus, I & II. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Series B), 75 (4): 306–38.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoazCiochonCiochon2004" class="citation book cs1">Boaz, Noel Thomas; Ciochon, Russell L.; Ciochon, Professor and Chairman Department of Anthropology Russell L (2004). <i>Dragon Bone Hill</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515291-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515291-3"><bdi>978-0-19-515291-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragon+Bone+Hill&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+on+Demand&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515291-3&rft.aulast=Boaz&rft.aufirst=Noel+Thomas&rft.au=Ciochon%2C+Russell+L.&rft.au=Ciochon%2C+Professor+and+Chairman+Department+of+Anthropology+Russell+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeerMichael2008" class="citation journal cs1">Geer, Alexandra van der; Michael, Dermitzakis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenjgeosci.geol.uoa.gr/45/van%20der%20Geer%20&%20Dermitzakis.pdf">"Fossils in pharmacy: from "snake eggs" to "Saint's bones"; an overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hellenic Journal of Geosciences</i>. <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">323–</span>332<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Fossils+in+pharmacy%3A+from+%22snake+eggs%22+to+%22Saint%27s+bones%22%3B+an+overview.&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Geer&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+van+der&rft.au=Michael%2C+Dermitzakis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenjgeosci.geol.uoa.gr%2F45%2Fvan%2520der%2520Geer%2520%26%2520Dermitzakis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFadden1994" class="citation book cs1">MacFadden, Bruce J. (1994-06-24). <i>Fossil Horses</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47708-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47708-6"><bdi>978-0-521-47708-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossil+Horses&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47708-6&rft.aulast=MacFadden&rft.aufirst=Bruce+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormickParascandola1981" class="citation journal cs1">McCormick, James P.; Parascandola, John (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41109277">"Dragon Bones and Drugstores: The Interaction of Pharmacy and Paleontology in the Search for Early Man in China"</a>. <i>Pharmacy in History</i>. <b>23</b> (2). American Institute of the History of Pharmacy: <span class="nowrap">55–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7047">0031-7047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41109277">41109277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11610851">11610851</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacy+in+History&rft.atitle=Dragon+Bones+and+Drugstores%3A+The+Interaction+of+Pharmacy+and+Paleontology+in+the+Search+for+Early+Man+in+China&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0031-7047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41109277%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11610851&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Parascandola%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41109277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNappi2009" class="citation book cs1">Nappi, Carla (2009-10-15). <i>The Monkey and the Inkpot</i>. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03529-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03529-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03529-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monkey+and+the+Inkpot&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03529-4&rft.aulast=Nappi&rft.aufirst=Carla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmalzer2008" class="citation book cs1">Schmalzer, Sigrid (2008). <i>The People's Peking Man</i>. Chicago, Ill.: Univ. of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73860-4"><bdi>978-0-226-73860-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Peking+Man&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73860-4&rft.aulast=Schmalzer&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizhen2021" class="citation book cs1">Shizhen, Li (2021-02-02). <i>Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume VIII</i>. Oakland, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-37991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-37991-6"><bdi>978-0-520-37991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben+Cao+Gang+Mu%2C+Volume+VIII&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.isbn=978-0-520-37991-6&rft.aulast=Shizhen&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonsEttel1970" class="citation journal cs1">Simons, Elwyn L.; Ettel, Peter C. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24964456">"Gigantopithecus"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>222</b> (1). Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.: <span class="nowrap">76–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican017076">10.1038/scientificamerican017076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24964456">24964456</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5410260">5410260</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Gigantopithecus&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5410260&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24964456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican017076&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Elwyn+L.&rft.au=Ettel%2C+Peter+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24964456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterckx2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sterckx, Roel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157342009x12526658783619">"The Limits of Illustration: Animalia and Pharmacopeia from Guo Pu to Bencao Gangmu"</a>. <i>Asian Medicine</i>. <b>4</b> (2). Brill: <span class="nowrap">357–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157342009x12526658783619">10.1163/157342009x12526658783619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-420X">1573-420X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Illustration%3A+Animalia+and+Pharmacopeia+from+Guo+Pu+to+Bencao+Gangmu&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157342009x12526658783619&rft.issn=1573-420X&rft.aulast=Sterckx&rft.aufirst=Roel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F157342009x12526658783619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2002" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Yahui (許雅惠 Hsu Ya-huei) (2002). <i>Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin</i>. English translation by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Caltonhill" title="Mark Caltonhill">Mark Caltonhill</a> and Jeff Moser. Taipei: National Palace Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-562-420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-957-562-420-0"><bdi>978-957-562-420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Chinese+Writing%2C+Oracle+Bone+Inscriptions+from+the+Ruins+of+Yin&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=National+Palace+Museum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-957-562-420-0&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Yahui+%28%E8%A8%B1%E9%9B%85%E6%83%A0+Hsu+Ya-huei%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span> Illustrated guide to the Special Exhibition of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. Govt. Publ. No. 1009100250.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead1982" class="citation book cs1">Read, Bernard Emms (1982) [1934]. <i>Chinese Materia Medica: Dragon & Snake Drugs</i>. Taipei: Southern Materials Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Materia+Medica%3A+Dragon+%26+Snake+Drugs&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Southern+Materials+Center&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Emms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+gu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&oldid=1270851836">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_gu&oldid=1270851836</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Category:Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleontology_in_China" title="Category:Paleontology in China">Paleontology in China</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_November_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2023">Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup" title="Category:All articles needing references cleanup">All articles needing references cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2023">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 January 2025, at 14:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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