量子電腦是什麼？與傳統電腦差在哪？特性與運作方式一次搞懂

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硬塞的網路趨勢觀察" class="author url fn" rel="author">INSIDE 硬塞的網路趨勢觀察</a> </span> </div> <ul class="post_meta"> <li class="post_date"> <span>2024/01/30</span> </li> <li> <a class="hero_slide_tag" href="https://www.inside.com.tw/tag/1363-%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6">量子電腦</a> 、 <a class="hero_slide_tag" href="https://www.inside.com.tw/tag/21955-%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6">傳統電腦</a> 、 <a class="hero_slide_tag" href="https://www.inside.com.tw/tag/21956-%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86">量子物理</a> 、 <a class="hero_slide_tag" href="https://www.inside.com.tw/tag/21957-%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2">量子趨勢</a> </li> </ul> <div class="post_introduction"> 量子電腦的出現為科學和工業界帶來了新的機會。它們有潛力改變許多領域，如藥物研發、金融模型、氣候、交通模擬、電池與晶片研發、加密資訊等都可能因此進步。 </div> <div class="post_toolbox post_toolbox-"> <div class="post_toolbox_action"> <a class="post_toolbox_item fb-share sharer" data-sharer="facebook" data-url="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/32505-what-is-quantum-computer"><i class="fab 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type="application/json">{"type":"flux","slot":"\/21870649235\/in_a_p2","size":[[640,360],[640,480],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[1210,0],[[640,360],[640,480],[1,1]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[1,1]]]],"targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["315350"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"author_key":["inside-blog"],"author_name":["INSIDE \u786c\u585e\u7684\u7db2\u8def\u8da8\u52e2\u89c0\u5bdf"],"category_key":["dictionary"],"category_name":["\u786c\u585e\u79d1\u6280\u5b57\u5178"],"tag_key":["1363","21955","21956","21957"],"tag_name":["\u91cf\u5b50\u96fb\u8166","\u50b3\u7d71\u96fb\u8166","\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406","\u91cf\u5b50\u8da8\u52e2"]},"name":"in_a_p2"}</script> </div> </div><h3 class="ck-section">量子物理的神奇特性：疊加、糾纏</h3><p class="ck-section">量子物理／量子力學是一門研究微小粒子，如原子和光子等極小物體的行為的科學。在這個尺度上，物質的行為與我們日常生活中所經驗的大相逕庭。這在過去一直是物理學家和科學家研究的對象，但在現代，它也開始吸引電腦科學家的注意。</p><p class="ck-section">在量子物理中，有兩個重要的特性：「疊加」和「糾纏」。疊加意味著一個量子位元（或稱為 qubit）可以同時處於 0 和 1 的狀態，使其能夠同時進行多個計算。而糾纏則意味著兩個或多個 qubit 可以被糾纏在一起，使得一個 qubit 的狀態可以依賴於另一個 qubit 的狀態，即使它們相隔很遠。這些特性使得量子電腦在理論上具有極大的運算能力。</p><h3 class="ck-section">量子電腦的運作方式：量子位元</h3><p class="ck-section">量子電腦主要使用量子位元來進行運算。這些量子位元不同於傳統電腦的位元，它們可以同時代表 0 和 1，這使得量子電腦可以同時進行多個計算。</p><p class="ck-section">由於疊加和糾纏的特性，量子電腦在某些特定的問題上，比傳統電腦更有優勢。例如，它可以更快地找到大數據集中的特定資料或解決某些複雜的數學問題。這種運算能力使得量子電腦在某些特定的應用（如質因數分解）上具有巨大的優勢。</p><div class="ad-content" style="min-height:294px"><div class="tmgad tmgad-type-general tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"general","slot":"\/21870649235\/in_a_p6_special","size":[[640,360],[640,480],[300,250],[320,480],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[1210,0],[[640,360],[640,480],[1,1]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[320,480],[1,1]]]],"targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["315350"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"author_key":["inside-blog"],"author_name":["INSIDE \u786c\u585e\u7684\u7db2\u8def\u8da8\u52e2\u89c0\u5bdf"],"category_key":["dictionary"],"category_name":["\u786c\u585e\u79d1\u6280\u5b57\u5178"],"tag_key":["1363","21955","21956","21957"],"tag_name":["\u91cf\u5b50\u96fb\u8166","\u50b3\u7d71\u96fb\u8166","\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406","\u91cf\u5b50\u8da8\u52e2"]},"name":"in_a_p6_special"}</script> </div> </div><h3 class="ck-section">量子電腦的重要性與挑戰</h3><p class="ck-section">量子電腦的出現為科學和工業界帶來了新的機會。它們有潛力改變許多領域，如藥物研發、金融模型、氣候、交通模擬、電池與晶片研發、<a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/32628-ultra-secure-photonic-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">加密資訊</a>等。</p><p class="ck-section">這些應用需要大量的計算能力，而傳統的電腦在這些領域上可能會遇到限制。不過量子電腦也面臨著許多技術挑戰，例如量子位元的穩定性和超高誤差率。量子硬體的錯誤率，與傳統電腦相比，其比例可以差到 10 的 10 次方至 10 的 15 次方。必須要克服這些挑戰，才能使量子電腦真正實用。</p><p class="ck-section">此外，量子電腦也不適合所有的計算任務，它們主要適用於解決特定的問題。</p><p class="ck-section">要推展量子運算，主要可以分成 4 種物理模式，包括：</p><div class="ad-content" style="min-height:294px"><div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"flux","slot":"\/21870649235\/in_a_p10","size":[[640,360],[640,480],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[1210,0],[[640,360],[640,480],[1,1]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[1,1]]]],"targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["315350"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"author_key":["inside-blog"],"author_name":["INSIDE \u786c\u585e\u7684\u7db2\u8def\u8da8\u52e2\u89c0\u5bdf"],"category_key":["dictionary"],"category_name":["\u786c\u585e\u79d1\u6280\u5b57\u5178"],"tag_key":["1363","21955","21956","21957"],"tag_name":["\u91cf\u5b50\u96fb\u8166","\u50b3\u7d71\u96fb\u8166","\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406","\u91cf\u5b50\u8da8\u52e2"]},"name":"in_a_p10"}</script> </div> </div><ul class="ck-section"><li class="ck-section"><strong>超導量子位元（如：Google、IBM、Amazon）</strong></li><li class="ck-section"><strong>離子阱平台（如：Quantinuum）</strong></li><li class="ck-section"><strong>量子光學</strong></li><li class="ck-section"><strong>電子的正旋與負旋</strong><br> </li><li class="ck-section"><a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/28109-atomic-scale-quantum-computer-circuit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">量子計算一大步：澳洲科學家發表全世界第一組原子級量子積體電路！</a></li><li class="ck-section"><a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/32628-ultra-secure-photonic-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">美國研究新突破！可低成本產生特定光子，量子加密跨關鍵一步</a></li></ul><h3 class="ck-section">量子電腦的領先組織與未來展望</h3><p class="ck-section">目前，IBM Q System One 和 Google 與 NASA 都是量子電腦領域的領先組織。Google 在 2019 年宣布他們已經使用一台 54 量子位元的機器達到了量子優越性。</p><p class="ck-section">此外，許多國家政府也在實驗研究中投入了大量資金，目的就在開發具有更長的相干時間和更低錯誤率的量子位元，以解決量子位元的脆弱性質帶來的問題。</p><p class="ck-section">在台灣，鴻海研究院中也有量子計算研究所。2022 年該研究所的量子錯誤更正技術（又稱「量子糾錯」），獲得了《美國國家科學院院刊》（Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences，PNAS）肯定，該研究發展了新的量子錯誤更正的技術，構造出更優秀的錯誤更正碼，提升量子硬體效能。</p><p class="ck-section">隨著技術的進步，量子電腦有望在未來帶來革命性的變革，並為社會帶來前所未有的機會。</p><p class="ck-section">責任編輯：Sisley<br>核稿編輯：Chris</p><p class="ck-section" style="margin-left:auto;text-align:justify;"><strong>快加入 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