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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Skrá inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Frekari valkostir" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persónuleg verkfæri" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persónuleg verkfæri</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Notandavalmynd" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_is.wikipedia.org&uselang=is"><span>Fjárframlög</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%BAa_til_a%C3%B0gang&returnto=Frumgermanska" title="Þú ert hvattur/hvött til að búa til aðgang og skrá þig inn; en það er ekki skylda"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Búa til aðgang</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Innskr%C3%A1&returnto=Frumgermanska" title="Þú ert hvattur/hvött til að innskrá þig, það er hinsvegar ekki skylda. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Skrá inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Síður fyrir útskráða notendur <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lp:Introduction" aria-label="Læra meira um breytingar"><span>Læra meira</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Framl%C3%B6g_m%C3%ADn" title="Listi yfir breytingar frá þessu IP-staðfangi [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Framlög</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Spjallas%C3%AD%C3%B0a_m%C3%ADn" title="Spjall um breytingar frá þessu IP-staðfangi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Spjall</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vefsíða"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Efni" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Efni</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">færa í hliðarstiku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">fela</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjun</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Frekari_fróðleikur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frekari_fróðleikur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Frekari fróðleikur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frekari_fróðleikur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Efni" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frumgermanska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Fara á grein á öðru tungumáli. Til staðar á 47 tungumálum" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 tungumál</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Ursprache" title="Germanische Ursprache – svissnesk þýska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Germanische Ursprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svissnesk þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الجرمانية البدائية – arabíska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الجرمانية البدائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protoxerm%C3%A1nicu" title="Idioma protoxermánicu – astúríska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma protoxermánicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúríska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-German_dili" title="Proto-German dili – aserska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proto-German dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Прагерманская мова – hvítrússneska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прагерманская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="hvítrússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Протогермански език – búlgarska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протогермански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgarska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentgermaneg" title="Kentgermaneg – bretónska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kentgermaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogerm%C3%A0nic" title="Protogermànic – katalónska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragerm%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Pragermánština – tékkneska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pragermánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tékkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermanische_Sprache" title="Urgermanische Sprache – þýska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urgermanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language – enska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proto-Germanic language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="enska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C4%9Dermana_lingvo" title="Praĝermana lingvo – esperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Praĝermana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protogerm%C3%A1nico" title="Idioma protogermánico – spænska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma protogermánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spænska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaani_algkeel" title="Germaani algkeel – eistneska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germaani algkeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eistneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitzingermaniko" title="Aitzingermaniko – baskneska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aitzingermaniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان نیاژرمنی – persneska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نیاژرمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaaninen_kantakieli" title="Germaaninen kantakieli – finnska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germaaninen kantakieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-germanique" title="Proto-germanique – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proto-germanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germaansk" title="Proto-Germaansk – vesturfrísneska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proto-Germaansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vesturfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_protoxerm%C3%A1nica" title="Lingua protoxermánica – galisíska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua protoxermánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – gotneska" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Jermanik" title="Bahasa Proto-Jermanik – indónesíska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Proto-Jermanik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indónesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_proto-germanica" title="Lingua proto-germanica – ítalska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua proto-germanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ítalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E" title="ゲルマン祖語 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマン祖語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%A1%B0%EC%96%B4" title="게르만조어 – kóreska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르만조어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kóreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Protogermanica" title="Lingua Protogermanica – latína" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Protogermanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latína" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogermanica" title="Protogermanica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protogermanica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanich" title="Proto-Germanich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Proto-Germanich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97" title="Germanų prokalbė – litháíska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanų prokalbė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litháíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergermaans" title="Oergermaans – lágsaxneska" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oergermaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lágsaxneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergermaans" title="Oergermaans – hollenska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oergermaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – nýnorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nýnorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – norskt bókmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bókmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_pragerma%C5%84ski" title="Język pragermański – pólska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język pragermański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pólska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_protogerm%C3%A2nica" title="Língua protogermânica – portúgalska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua protogermânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portúgalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_protogermanic%C4%83" title="Limba protogermanică – rúmenska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba protogermanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rúmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Прагерманский язык – rússneska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прагерманский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragerman%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Pragermanščina – slóvenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pragermanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slóvenska" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="is" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Nordic_Bronze_Age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/200px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/300px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/400px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Kort yfir yfirráðasvæði <a href="/wiki/Skandinav%C3%ADa" title="Skandinavía">skandinavískra</a> ættflokka á <a href="/wiki/Brons%C3%B6ld" title="Bronsöld">bronsöld</a>, um það bil 1.200 f.Kr. Frumgermanska var ekki ennþá til á þessum tíma en ekki er vitað hvaða tungumál var talað þá á þessu svæði.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Frumgermanska</b> er <a href="/wiki/Frumm%C3%A1l" title="Frummál">frummál</a> og forfeðramál allra <a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%B6nsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Germönsk tungumál">germanskra mála</a>, þar á meðal <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslenska" title="Íslenska">íslensku</a>. Frumgermanska á rætur að rekja til <a href="/wiki/Frumind%C3%B3evr%C3%B3pska" title="Frumindóevrópska">frumindóevrópsku</a>. </p><p>Frumgermanska varð til einhvern tímann milli endaloka frumindóevrópsku og 500 f.Kr., hugsanlega um 1000 f.Kr. Haldið er að frumgermanska hafi verið töluð um 500 f.Kr. til 200 f.Kr. en þá var málið farið að kvíslast í mállýskur sem seinna urðu að germönsku málunum. Ekki eru til neinar skrifaðar heimildir um frumgermönsku en öll orð hafa verið endursmíðuð út frá rannsóknum á skyldum tungumálum með <a href="/wiki/Samanbur%C3%B0arm%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanburðarmálfræði">samanburðarmálfræði</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frumnorr%C3%A6na" title="Frumnorræna">Frumnorræna</a> á uppruna sinn í forngermönsku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frekari_fróðleikur"><span id="Frekari_fr.C3.B3.C3.B0leikur"></span>Frekari fróðleikur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frumgermanska&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Breyti hluta: Frekari fróðleikur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frumgermanska&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Frekari fróðleikur"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Krahe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Krahe (síða er ekki enn til)">Hans Krahe</a> und Wolfgang Meid, <i>Germanische Sprachwissenschaft</i>, Berlin 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, <i>Indo-European ē in Germanic</i>, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 86 (1972), 104–110.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, <i>Indo-European eu in Germanic</i>, Indogermanische Forschungen 78 (1973), 106–112.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, <i>Proto-Germanic */i/ and */e/ Revisited</i>, Journal of English and Germanic Philology 78 (1979), 72–82.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, <i>Early «Umlaut» Phenomena in the Germanic Languages</i>, <i>Language</i>, 56/1, 1980, 126-136.</li> <li>Joseph B. Voyles, <i>Early Germanic Grammar</i>, San Diego 1992, <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/012728270X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-12-728270-X</a>.</li> <li>Vladimir Orel, <i>A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</i>, Leiden 2003.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Ringe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald A. Ringe (síða er ekki enn til)">Donald A. Ringe</a>, <i>From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Linguistic history of English</i>, Oxford 2006, <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/0199552290" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-955229-0</a>.</li> <li>Vulf Plotkin, <i>The Evolution of Germanic Phonological Systems: Proto-Germanic, Gothic, West Germanic, and Scandinavian</i>, Lewiston 2008.</li> <li>Guus Kroonen, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic</i>, Brill 2013, <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9789004183407" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-04-18340-7</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870435">.mw-parser-output .t-stub{clear:both;background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:5px;padding-left:10px;text-align:left;font-size:90%;margin-top:1em;color:black}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .t-stub{background-color:#0f0f0f;color:white}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .t-stub{background-color:#0f0f0f;color:white}}</style><div class="t-stub"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Linguistics stub.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsinda_Stubbur.svg/40px-M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsinda_Stubbur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsinda_Stubbur.svg/60px-M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsinda_Stubbur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsinda_Stubbur.svg/80px-M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsinda_Stubbur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="73" /></span></span>  <i>Þessi <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Málfræði">málfræði</a>grein er <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stubbur" title="Wikipedia:Stubbur">stubbur</a>. 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