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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Лебедь, Николай Кириллович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лебедь, Николай Кириллович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Лебедь Микола Кирилович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лебедь Микола Кирилович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ukrainian political activist, Ukrainian nationalist, and guerrilla fighter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Kyrylovych</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Lebed</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mykola Lebed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Микола Лебідь</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mykola_Lebed_Polish_Police_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mykola_Lebed_Polish_Police_1934.jpg/220px-Mykola_Lebed_Polish_Police_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mykola_Lebed_Polish_Police_1934.jpg/330px-Mykola_Lebed_Polish_Police_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mykola_Lebed_Polish_Police_1934.jpg/440px-Mykola_Lebed_Polish_Police_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="488" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lebed after his arrest for his role in the murder of <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Pieracki" title="Bronisław Pieracki">Bronisław Pieracki</a> (June 24, 1934)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1909-01-11</span>)</span>January 11, 1909<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Novi_Strilyshcha" title="Novi Strilyshcha">Novi Strilyshcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 18, 1998<span style="display:none">(1998-07-18)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Maksym Ruban, Marko or Yevhen Skyrba</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Politician</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Gestapo wanted poster, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mykola Kyrylovych Lebed</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (January 11, 1909 – July 18, 1998, also spelled <b>Lebid</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; also known as <b>Maksym Ruban</b>, <b>Marko</b>, and <b>Yevhen Skyrba</b>) was a Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">nationalist</a> political activist and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla fighter">guerrilla fighter</a>. He was among those tried, convicted, and imprisoned for the murder of Polish interior minister <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Pieracki" title="Bronisław Pieracki">Bronisław Pieracki</a> in 1934. The court sentenced him to death, but the state commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. He escaped when the Germans <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> As a leader of <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">OUN-B</a>, he was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snyder_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zbrodnie_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zbrodnie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> directed the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> to review declassified intelligence records pertaining to the activities of the Nazis and the Japanese Imperial Government that were not processed in time for the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_War_Crimes_and_Japanese_Imperial_Government_Records_Interagency_Working_Group" title="Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group">Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group</a>'s (IWG) final report in 2007.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pref.">: pref. </span></sup> The follow-up report from the IWG's <a href="/wiki/Richard_Breitman" title="Richard Breitman">Richard Breitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_J._W._Goda" title="Norman J. W. Goda">Norman J. W. Goda</a> included a discussion of Lebed's relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> during the Cold War.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pref.">: pref. </span></sup> In 1949 he emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and lived in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. Through Prolog Research Corporation, his CIA funded organization, he gathered intelligence on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as late as into the late 1960s. The CIA project name for the operation was AERODYNAMIC.<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85ff.">: 85ff. </span></sup> The report stated that as late as 1991 the CIA, for fear of compromising the operation and triggering outrage within the Ukrainian émigré community, shielded Lebed from prosecution for war crimes by preventing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Investigations_(United_States_Department_of_Justice)" title="Office of Special Investigations (United States Department of Justice)">Office of Special Investigations</a> from learning about his wartime connections to the Nazis.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–91.">: 90–91. </span></sup> He died in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Lebed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Strilyshcha" title="Novi Strilyshcha">Novi Strilyshcha</a>, a small town in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, nowadays western part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (at the time, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>), Lebed completed his studies in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> which during the <a href="/wiki/Interbellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbellum">Interbellum</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. In 1930-32 he took an active part in setting up youth groups of <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> (OUN) in the area around Lviv. From 1932 to 1934 he directed communications between the Ukrainian Executive and the Foreign Command of the OUN. </p><p>In 1934, he participated in the preparation of the assassination of the Polish Minister of Internal Affairs <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Pieracki" title="Bronisław Pieracki">Bronisław Pieracki</a>. After the assassination he attempted to flee through <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, but by order of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a> was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and handed over to the Polish authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Zelenski_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelenski-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Process">Warsaw Process</a> (1934–36) he was given the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> which was later commuted to life imprisonment. He escaped in September 1939 while being evacuated from the <a href="/wiki/Bereza_Kartuska_Prison" title="Bereza Kartuska Prison">Bereza Kartuska Prison</a> due to the threatening Soviet invasion. </p><p>From November 1939 through March 1940 he served as the chief of the school of espionage and sabotage founded by the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Lebed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></div> <p>In 1940, during the internal conflict that erupted within the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> (OUN) he supported <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a>, and, in 1941, became his assistant. In June 1941, he was one of the functionaries in the short-lived Ukrainian government. In 1942, he was a participant in the 3rd Special Conference of the OUN, and headed the head council and the delegate for external contacts of the Direction of the OUN. </p><p>Lebed assumed control of Bandera's faction of the OUN in western Ukraine, which would come to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (UPA) until 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-report74_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report74-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1943 he proposed that they should "cleanse the entire revolutionary territory of the Polish population".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As leader of <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">OUN-B</a>, Lebed was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">ethnic cleansing</a> of around 100,000 Poles in <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> and Eastern Galicia, including giving orders to carry out the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zbrodnie_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zbrodnie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944 he became one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Supreme_Liberation_Council" title="Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council">Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council</a> (UHVR) and the general Secretary of International Policies of the UHVR. At the recommendation of the UHVR he traveled to the West where he contacted various Western governments. In 1948, he became a member of the OUN (Diaspora). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany">Collaboration with Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Lebed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Collaboration with Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a government reports publication, published by the National Archives,<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebed is being suspected of having collaborated with Nazi Germany. </p><p>Lebed was described as a "Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> leader and suspected <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> collaborator",<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later labeled as a "well-known sadist and collaborator of the Germans" by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> counterintelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_11-12-2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_11-12-2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some say that Lebed was also persecuted by the Gestapo, it is also known that the OUN/B, in which Lebed was a key player, pursued its own ethnic cleansing policies complementing the German aims. "On the one hand, [OUN/B] fought German rule, and the Gestapo put a price on Lebed's head. On the other, it pursued its own ethnic cleansing policies complementing German aims."<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-30.jpg/220px-EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-30.jpg/330px-EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-30.jpg/440px-EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Lebed in 1947</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_activities">Post-war activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Lebed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-war activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1949, Lebed lived in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. During 1952–1974, he headed the Prolog Research Center in New York; in 1982–85, he was Deputy Chairman and since 1974 he was a Member of the Board of Directors of the institution. In 1956-91 he was a member of the board of the Ukrainian Society of Foreign Studies in Munich and Toronto, publishing committee "Chronicle of the UPA (1975). Author memories "UPA" (1946, 1987). Thanks to his collaboration with the CIA and their active shielding of him, Lebed was never tried for the war crimes he and his men had committed against Poles and Jews during WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-report74_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report74-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Lebed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Микола Кирилович Лебедь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn"><span title="Ukrainian National system of romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Mykola Kyrylovych Lebed</i></span></i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Лебідь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn"><span title="Ukrainian National system of romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Lebid</i></span></i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Lebed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-report-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-report_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBreitmanNorman_J.W._Goda2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Breitman" title="Richard Breitman">Breitman, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_J.W._Goda" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman J.W. Goda">Norman J.W. Goda</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/iwg/reports/hitlers-shadow.pdf"><i>Hitler's Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, US Intelligence, and the Cold War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Shadow%3A+Nazi+War+Criminals%2C+US+Intelligence%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Breitman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Norman+J.W.+Goda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fiwg%2Freports%2Fhitlers-shadow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykola+Lebed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebed proposed in April to "cleanse the entire revolutionary territory of the Polish population," so that a resurgent Polish state would not claim the region as in 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.archives.gov/iwg/reports/hitlers-shadow.pdf">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/Richard_Breitman" title="Richard Breitman">Richard Breitman</a><span>, </span><a href="/wiki/Norman_J.W._Goda" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman J.W. Goda">Norman J.W. Goda</a><span>, </span><i>Hitler's Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War</i> page 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snyder_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snyder_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a>. (2004) <i>The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 </i>. New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 164-165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zbrodnie-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zbrodnie_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zbrodnie_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa.</i> - Piotr Zając, <i>Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939–1945 – ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie</i>, [in:] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323073558/http://ipn.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=19295"><i>Zbrodnie przeszłości. Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN</i>, t. 2: <i>Ludobójstwo</i>, red. Radosław Ignatiew, Antoni Kura, Warszawa 2008</a>, p.34-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indy_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristian_Salazar_and_Randy_Herschaft2010" class="citation web cs1">Cristian Salazar and Randy Herschaft (12 December 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/revealed-how-the-cia-protected-nazi-murderers-2158071.html">"Revealed: How the CIA protected Nazi murderers"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/revealed-how-the-cia-protected-nazi-murderers-2158071.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+How+the+CIA+protected+Nazi+murderers&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft.au=Cristian+Salazar+and+Randy+Herschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Frevealed-how-the-cia-protected-nazi-murderers-2158071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykola+Lebed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zelenski-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zelenski_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻeleński_W.1973" class="citation book cs1">Żeleński W. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07EbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Zabójstwo ministra Pierackiego</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zab%C3%B3jstwo+ministra+Pierackiego.&rft.date=1973&rft.au=%C5%BBele%C5%84ski+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07EbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykola+Lebed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report74-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-report74_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report74_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was created in 1942 by a faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). The UPA fought mostly against the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> of Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in Western Ukraine. The OUN-UPA men – who were also known as the "Bandera Men" – are accused of several crimes, including killing some 100,000 Poles, Czechs and Jews in the Western Volyn Region. Thousands of Ukrainians who refused to cooperate with them were also murdered. For those activities, Bandera is now considered to be a criminal and a terrorist in Poland. In 1941 UPA leader Bandera urged the Ukrainian people to help Nazis destroy Moscow and the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. In Western Ukraine, many people see Bandera as a hero. Streets in several cities have been named after him and a monument has also been recently been erected in his name in Lviv. But in eastern, southern and central parts of the country Bandera is seen as a traitor and Nazi sympathizer <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitmanNorman_J.W._Goda2010" class="citation book cs1">Breitman, Richard; Norman J.W. Goda (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/iwg/reports/hitlers-shadow.pdf"><i>Hitler's Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, US Intelligence, and the Cold War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Archives. p. 74<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Shadow%3A+Nazi+War+Criminals%2C+US+Intelligence%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Breitman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Norman+J.W.+Goda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fiwg%2Freports%2Fhitlers-shadow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykola+Lebed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2003" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2003). <i>The Reconstruction of Nations Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999</i>. Yale University Press. p. 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Nations+Poland%2C+Ukraine%2C+Lithuania%2C+Belarus%2C+1569-1999&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykola+Lebed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salazar, Christian and Herschaft, Randy (2010-12-11) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/11/cia-report-us-nazis_n_795359.html">Declassified CIA Files Detail Ties Between U.S. And Ex-Nazis</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_11-12-2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_11-12-2010_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Sam (11 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/us/12holocaust.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss">"Declassified Papers Show U.S. Recruited Ex-Nazis".</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved 13 December 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Lebed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foia.cia.gov/search-results?search_api_views_fulltext=AERODYNAMIC+VOL&field_collection=">Declassified CIA-files about Project AERODYNAMIC</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (3792 files as of May 2014)</li> <li>(In Russian) Chuyev, Sergei - Ukrainskyj Legion - Moscow, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218011527/http://oun-upa.org.ua/personalities/lebed.html">Ihor yeremeyev: The organizer of Ukrainian Special services</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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fugitives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-war_flight_of_Axis_fugitives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post-war flight of Axis fugitives</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fugitives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">German / Austrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Abromeit" title="Franz Abromeit">Franz Abromeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Alvensleben" title="Ludolf von Alvensleben">Ludolf von Alvensleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eisele_(physician)" title="Hans Eisele (physician)">Hans Eisele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Heim" title="Aribert Heim">Aribert Heim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kutschmann" title="Walter Kutschmann">Walter Kutschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Leers" title="Johann von Leers">Johann von Leers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Priebke" title="Erich Priebke">Erich Priebke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Roschmann" title="Eduard Roschmann">Eduard Roschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schreiber" title="Walter Schreiber">Walter Schreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schwammberger" title="Josef Schwammberger">Josef Schwammberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Croatian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milivoj_A%C5%A1ner" title="Milivoj Ašner">Milivoj Ašner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Geiser" title="Anton Geiser">Anton Geiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Vjekoslav Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Rojnica" title="Ivo Rojnica">Ivo Rojnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Vrančić">Vjekoslav Vrančić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Pierre Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">René Lagrou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mykola Lebed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Danish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kam" title="Søren Kam">Søren Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_V%C3%A6rnet" title="Carl Værnet">Carl Værnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Estonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Laak" title="Aleksander Laak">Aleksander Laak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Latvian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Ar%C4%81js" title="Viktors Arājs">Viktors Arājs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other nationalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tscherim_Soobzokov" title="Tscherim Soobzokov">Tscherim Soobzokov</a> (Circassian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne_Kauhanen" title="Aarne Kauhanen">Aarne Kauhanen</a> (Finnish)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Baviera" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Baviera">Colonia Dignidad (Chile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Videla (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip (USA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leiber" title="Robert Leiber">Robert Leiber (Holy See)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Banzer (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Stroessner (Paraguay)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Other persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Freude" title="Rodolfo Freude">Rodolfo Freude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Hudal" title="Alois Hudal">Alois Hudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lescat" title="Charles Lescat">Charles Lescat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Klarsfeld" title="Serge Klarsfeld">Serge Klarsfeld</a> & <a href="/wiki/Beate_Klarsfeld" title="Beate Klarsfeld">Beate Klarsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Rosenbaum" title="Eli Rosenbaum">Eli Rosenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Zuroff" title="Efraim Zuroff">Efraim Zuroff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed / dubious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krunoslav_Draganovi%C4%87" title="Krunoslav Draganović">Krunoslav Draganović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stille_Hilfe" title="Stille Hilfe">Stille Hilfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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