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<span>Toggle History of piracy in the region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_piracy_in_the_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Moro_Pirates_and_Spanish_colonial_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Moro_Pirates_and_Spanish_colonial_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Moro Pirates and Spanish colonial occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Moro_Pirates_and_Spanish_colonial_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Piracy after World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary piracy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_piracy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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id="toc-Nature_of_piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>State responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_and_root_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_and_root_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Factors and root causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_and_root_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Piracy statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moro_pirate&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro pirate">Moro pirate</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebes_See.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Celebes_See.jpg/220px-Celebes_See.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Celebes_See.jpg/330px-Celebes_See.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Celebes_See.jpg/440px-Celebes_See.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Sulu and Celebes Seas</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:25em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:History of the Philippines">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of <span class="fn org label">the Philippines</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/338px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistoric period</a> (pre-900)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Kalinga_artifacts_and_fossil_fauna_remains" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Early hominin activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Jade culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Cordillera Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_grave_goods_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_beads_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric beads in the Philippines">Prehistoric beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_tools_in_the_Philippines" title="Shell tools in the Philippines">Shell tools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Precolonial period</a> (900–1565)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Historically documented states/polities</b> <p><i>(north to south)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Sultanates of Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">Batanes Ijang fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Golden Tara of Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Events</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi#Expedition_to_the_Philippines" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Cebu" title="Blockade of Cebu">Blockade of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Spanish capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Revolts and uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">American capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li></ul> <p><b>Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Baybayin_Documents" title="University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents">UST Baybayin Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> (1898–1946)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Negros Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Zamboanga Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Post-independence</a> (1946–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos era</a> (1965–1986)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#Martial_law_(1972–1981)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981–1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranun_pirate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iranun_pirate.png/220px-Iranun_pirate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iranun_pirate.png/330px-Iranun_pirate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iranun_pirate.png/440px-Iranun_pirate.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a> pirate armed with a spear, a <i><a href="/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">kampilan</a></i> sword, and a <i><a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">kris</a></i> dagger</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Seas</a>, a semi-enclosed sea area and porous region that covers an area of space around 1 million square kilometres,<sup id="cite_ref-Alverdian_et._al._2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alverdian_et._al._2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been subject to illegal maritime activities since the pre-colonial era<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continue to pose a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_security" title="Maritime security">maritime security</a> threat to bordering nations up to this day. While <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> has long been identified as an ubiquitous challenge, being historically interwoven with the region,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recent incidents also include other types of maritime crimes such as kidnapping and the trafficking of humans, arms and drugs. Attacks mostly classify as 'armed robbery against ships' according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> as they occur in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime boundaries">maritime zones</a> that lie under the sovereignty of a <a href="/wiki/Coastal_state" title="Coastal state">coastal state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckmann_2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckmann_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidents in the Sulu and Celebes Seas specifically involve the abduction of crew members. Since March 2016, the Information Sharing Centre (ISC) of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_Agreement_on_Combating_Piracy_and_Armed_Robbery_against_Ships_in_Asia" title="Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia">Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia</a> (ReCAAP) reports a total of 86 abductions,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the issue of a warning for ships transpassing the area.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_piracy_in_the_region">History of piracy in the region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of piracy in the region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sultanates_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Sultanates of Southeast Asia">Slavery in Sultanates of Southeast Asia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu</a> and Celebes Seas has a long history of attacks and raids, with the region being influenced primarily by raiders from the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a> who originated in the southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The Sulu raiders were mostly composed of the Ilanun (or <a href="/wiki/Iranun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranun">Iranun</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama</a> group of sea nomads as well as the influential <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a> aristocrates from <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a> Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> occurred in and around the vicinity of the Sulu island <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, where frequent acts of piracy were committed against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>. These attacks of the local population are often known as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish-Moro_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-Moro conflict">Spanish-Moro conflict</a>. The term "Moro" thereby originated in the Spanish description as they introduced the derogatory term for Muslims and portrayed them in negative terms primarily due to their opposition to Spanish colonial rule and Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Angeles_2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angeles_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term is being reclaimed by ethnic Filipinos today <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> and constitutes a re-claiming of Muslim identity, which is why the term will be used in the present article as well. </p><p>Because of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">continual wars</a> between Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a>, the areas in and around the Sulu Sea saw re-occurring incidents of piracy attacks, which were not suppressed until the beginning of the 20th century. The pirates of that period should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Naval" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval">naval</a> forces or <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> of the various Moro tribes. However, many of the pirates operated under government sanction during time of war.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 383–397">: 383–397 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Moro_Pirates_and_Spanish_colonial_occupation">The Moro Pirates and Spanish colonial occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Moro Pirates and Spanish colonial occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moro piracy is often linked to the Spanish colonial occupation of the Philippines. In a course of over two and a half centuries, Moro piratical attacks on Christian communities caused "an epoch of wholesale misery for the inhabitants".<sup id="cite_ref-Non_1993_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Non_1993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Spanish arrival in 1521, Moro piratical raids against Christian settlements started in June 1578. These spread all over the archipelago and were conducted with impunity by organized fleets carrying weapons of destruction almost equal to those of the Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-Non_1993_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Non_1993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-curring act is often described as a reaction against the Spaniards, who had displaced the Moros from the political and economic dominance they once enjoyed in the region (e.g. strategic commercial standpoints in Mindanano).<sup id="cite_ref-Non_1993_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Non_1993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, religious differences between Muslims and Christians are frequently cited. </p><p>The Spanish engaged the Moro pirates frequently in the 1840s. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">expedition to Balanguingui</a> in 1848 was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> José Ruiz with a fleet of nineteen small warships and hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a> troops. They were opposed by at least 1,000 Moros holed up in four <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">forts</a> with 124 cannons and plenty of <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a>. There were also dozens of <a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">proas</a> at Balanguingui but the pirates abandoned their ships for the better defended fortifications. The Spanish stormed three of the positions by force and captured the remaining one after the pirates had retreated. Over 500 prisoners were freed in the operation and over 500 Moros were killed or wounded, they also lost about 150 proas. The Spanish lost twenty-two men killed and around 210 wounded. The pirates later reoccupied the island in 1849. Another expedition was sent which encountered only light resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a> became the <a href="/wiki/White_Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rajah">White Rajah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and led a series of campaigns against the Moro pirates. In 1843 Brooke attacked the pirates of Malludu and in June 1847 he participated in a major battle with pirates at Balanini where dozens of proas were captured or sunk. Brooke fought in several more anti-piracy actions in 1849 as well. During one <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">engagement off Mukah</a> with <a href="/wiki/Illanun" class="mw-redirect" title="Illanun">Illanun</a> Sulus in 1862, his nephew, ex-army <a href="/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)" title="Captain (armed forces)">Captain</a> Brooke, sank four proas, out of six engaged, by ramming them with his small four-gun <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamship</a> <i>Rainbow</i>. Each pirate ship had over 100 crewmen and galley slaves aboard and was armed with three brass swivel guns. Brooke lost only a few men killed or wounded while at least 100 pirates were killed or wounded. Several prisoners were also released.<sup id="cite_ref-McDougall_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDougall-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Spanish efforts to eradicate the pirate threat, piracy persisted until the early 1900s. Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898, after which American troops embarked on a pacification campaign from 1903 to 1913 that extended American rule to the southern Philippines and effectively suppressed piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ships">Ships</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulu_pirate_prahu,_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sulu_pirate_prahu%2C_1850s.jpg/220px-Sulu_pirate_prahu%2C_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sulu_pirate_prahu%2C_1850s.jpg/330px-Sulu_pirate_prahu%2C_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sulu_pirate_prahu%2C_1850s.jpg/440px-Sulu_pirate_prahu%2C_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Sulu pirate prahu, 1850s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pirate_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate ship">pirate ships</a> used by the Moros include various designs like the <i><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">paraw</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">pangayaw</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">garay</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">lanong</a></i>. The majority were wooden sailing <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> (<i>lanong</i>) about ninety feet long with a beam of twenty feet (27.4 by 6.1 m). They carried around fifty to 100 crewmen. Moros usually armed their vessels with three <a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">swivel guns</a>, called lelahs or lantakas, and occasionally a heavy <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proas</a> were very fast and the pirates would prey on <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a> becalmed in shallow water as they passed through the Sulu Sea. <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raider_(piracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raider (piracy)">raiding</a> was also very common, the pirates would assemble large fleets of proas and attack coastal towns. Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> were captured and imprisoned over the centuries, many were used as <a href="/wiki/Galley_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Galley slaves">galley slaves</a> aboard the pirate ships.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDougall_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDougall-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weapons">Weapons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg/220px-No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg/330px-No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg/440px-No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>A Javanese sundang sword. This type is known as kalis in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other than <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>, the Moro pirates, as well as the navy sailors and the privateers, used a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Kris_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Kris knife">kris</a> with a wavy blade incised with blood channels. The wooden or ivory handle was often heavily ornamented with silver or gold. The type of wound inflicted by its blade makes it difficult to heal. The kris was used often used in <a href="/wiki/Boarding_(attack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding (attack)">boarding</a> a vessel. Moros also used a <a href="/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">Kampilan</a>, another sword, a knife, or <a href="/wiki/Barong_(knife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barong (knife)">barong</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and an iron <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spearhead</a>. The Moro's swivel guns were not like more modern guns used by the world powers but were of a much older technology, making them largely inaccurate, especially at sea. Lantakas dated back to the 16th century and were up to six feet long, requiring several men to lift one. They fired up to a half-pound <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">cannonball</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grape_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape shot">grape shot</a>. A lantaka was bored by hand and were sunk into a pit and packed with dirt to hold them in a vertical position. The barrel was then bored by a company of men walking around in a circle to turn drill bits by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Ch. 10">: Ch. 10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piracy_after_World_War_II">Piracy after World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Piracy after World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Piracy reemerged in the immediate post-WWII period as a result of the deterioration of the security situation and the wide availability of military surplus engines and modern firearms<sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup>. Police authorities of the newly independent Philippines were unable to get hold of the traffic of arms and goods (<a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> and cigarettes) by rebel groups, which was fueled by the motorisation of inter-island support <sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup>. Emerging pirate groups mostly stemmed from the South of the country, derived from Muslim ethnic groups. In the Northern parts of Borneo, the Tawi- Tawi pirates were specifically of concern to late British colonial rule who were said to be descendants of 19th century Samal pirates <sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37-38">: 37-38 </span></sup>. The authorities in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a> recorded 232 pirate attacks between 1959 and 1962<sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup>. During this period, pirates primarily targeted barter traders engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> trade, but also attacked fishing and passenger vessels and conducted coastal raids on villages. As an example, in <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985</a>, pirates caused chaos in the town of <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu" title="Lahad Datu">Lahad Datu</a> in Sabah, killing 21 people and injuring 11 others<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically the proliferation of arms which increased with armed insurgencies in the following years, contributed to the level of violence and threat posed by pirates in the region <sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup>. Philippine authorities at the time, reported more than 431 deaths and 426 missing people in the course of twelve years, resulting in an intense high threat- level for the region <sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup>. Victims (local seafarers and <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sea Nomads</a>) were often ordered to jump into the water (practice of ambak pare) which explains the large number of people missing<sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup>. The armed insurgencies of the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> (MNLF), founded in 1972, and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF), founded in 1977, provided a new impetus to piracy, with both organisations engaging in piracy to fund their armed struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup> MNLF has engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> of fishermen, threatening to attack them if they did not pay protection money<sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 111">: 111 </span></sup>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a>, founded in the early 1990s, started to engage in piracy attacks, both to fund the organization and for personal financial gain<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 155">: 155 </span></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_piracy">Contemporary piracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary piracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2014"><span id="2000.E2.80.932014"></span>2000–2014</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000–2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the turn of the millennium, the threat of piracy remained high, with re-occurring attacks on small vessels and raids of towns and businesses on coastal villages in Sabah, mostly attributable to groups of the southern Philippines, as the main types of piratical activities<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 153">: 153 </span></sup>. At the time, specifically the <a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a> received a lot of international media attention, resulting in an increased engagement of anti-piracy measures by the Malaysian government<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 155">: 155 </span></sup>. Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian government</a> increased their law enforcement agencies and established <a href="/wiki/Naval_base" title="Naval base">naval bases</a> in the following years that can be found today in <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu" title="Lahad Datu">Lahad Datu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 155">: 155 </span></sup>. These efforts (combined with e.g. the signing of <a href="/wiki/RECAAP" class="mw-redirect" title="RECAAP">ReCAAP</a> and an increase in the number of law enforcement personnel showed some success and lead to a decrease in incidents. Soon, on a global scale, piracy in Southeast Asian waters was outnumbered by Somali piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the years of 2009-2014 an upswing in the number of attacks can be attributed to Southeast Asia again, mainly due to incidents in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, but also raids on towns, settlements and offshore businesses re-emerged as a security threat in the Sulu and Celebes area after 2010<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 155">: 155 </span></sup>. In 2014, then, the Philippine government signed a peace deal with the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">MILF</a>, that includes details about disarmament of the fighters. Yet, violence continues due to other reasons, such as attacks by other violent groups such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> or dissatisfied <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">MILF</a> members<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 156">: 156 </span></sup>. Regarding the nature of piracy in the Sulu Sea, attacks are mostly perpetrated by small teams of less than ten people,<sup id="cite_ref-Tokoro_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokoro-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276">: 276 </span></sup> which are usually well-armed. Overall, incidents tend to be more violent than their counterparts in other areas of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 154">: 154 </span></sup> often killing their victims by shooting them or having them jump over board, leaving them to drown.<sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Weapons used by pirates include normal handguns and rifles such as <a href="/wiki/AK47" class="mw-redirect" title="AK47">AK47</a>, <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16</a>, <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FN FAL</a><sup id="cite_ref-Santos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pirates almost exclusively target small vessels, including fishing vessels, passenger ships and transport vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 151">: 151 </span></sup> While the pirates primarily aim to steal personal belongings, cargo and fishers' catch, they also take hostages for ransom<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 152">: 152 </span></sup>. Especially in recent years, there has been a rise of incidents of these kind. Moreover, pirates sometimes take the vessels' outboard motors or the vessel in its entirety, either to sell later or to keep for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbot_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbot-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responses by affected nation states in the region tap into the following three different categories: maritime operations, information sharing and capacity building<sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83-85">: 83-85 </span></sup>. While the nation states have been historically reluctant to collectively act, upholding traditional <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>-principles of non- interference and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, the developments and outside pressure demanded action. Information sharing increased with the adoption of <a href="/wiki/RECAAP" class="mw-redirect" title="RECAAP">RECAAP</a> in September 2006, and even though Malaysia and Indonesia are no contracting parties, they still engage with reporting incidents and sharing information.<sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014–2021"><span id="2014.E2.80.932021"></span>2014–2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2014–2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marked by a long history of piracy, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> as a whole saw a sharp decline of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and armed robbery at sea in the years 2014–2018, a reduction of 200 incidents a year to 99 in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Amling_et._al._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amling_et._al.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this development is mainly due to increased efforts and enforcement mechanisms in the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a> and cannot be transferred to the Sulu and Celebes region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2016, the nature of piracy in that porous area changed with the militant extremist group <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> re- entering the field and engaging in kidnapping- for ransom- activities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The years of 2016 and 2017 thereby mark a peak, with 22 incidents and 58 abducted crew members reported throughout the first year.<sup id="cite_ref-ReCAAP_2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReCAAP_2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning, mostly fishing trawlers and tug boats were targeted. After October 2016, also larger tonnage ships ended in the center of attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-ReCAAP_2017_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReCAAP_2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> Until June 2019, ReCAAP reports 29 incidents of the abduction of crew members, documenting 10 people dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Recaap_2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recaap_2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, one incident (involving an attack on a fishing trawler on Jan 17 in Eastern Sabah) occurred and no other one has been reported up to August 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-ReCAAP_2021_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReCAAP_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, ReCAAP continues to warn of the risk of crew abduction and urges for a re-routing from the area of the Sulu and Celebes Seas.<sup id="cite_ref-ReCAAP_2021_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReCAAP_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nature_of_piracy">Nature of piracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nature of piracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary attacks in the Sulu and Celebes Seas amount primarily to kidnapping for ransom (while incidents in other parts of Southeast Asia mostly constitute non- violent robberies).<sup id="cite_ref-Amling_et._al._22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amling_et._al.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All attacks have been committed while the ships were underway and tug and fishing boats were the main victims of abduction of crew (due to their slow speed and low freeboard)<sup id="cite_ref-ReCAAP_2019_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReCAAP_2019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 12–14">: 12–14 </span></sup>. As the assaults are often traced back to members of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a>, the ransom money is most likely supporting the extremist organisation. International attention arose due to the alarming cruelty hostages are abducted and detained <sup id="cite_ref-Amling_et._al._22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amling_et._al.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_responses">State responses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: State responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent responses by the littoral states <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> focus, first and foremost, on the improvement and expansion of regional cooperation. Against the background of the kidnapping- for-ransom attacks in their territorial waters, the littoral states signed a Trilateral Cooperative Agreement (TCA) in July 2016 addressing the security challenge in the tri-border-area.<sup id="cite_ref-Safety_4_Sea_2021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safety_4_Sea_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TCA thereby lays the foundation of the maritime security coordination and encompasses regulations on extended <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_sharing" title="Intelligence sharing">intelligence sharing</a>, joint border patrols and the operationalization of the Standard Operating Procedure for <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol" title="Maritime patrol">maritime patrols</a><sup id="cite_ref-Amling_et._al._22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amling_et._al.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup>. Therefore, the three countries established so- called Maritime Command Centres in Tarankan, <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonga" title="Bonga">Bonga</a> which serve as operation command and monitoring centres. Furthermore, drawing on combating <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">piracy efforts in Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> established special transit corridors ensuring a safe passage for commercial ships.<sup id="cite_ref-ReCAAP_2019_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReCAAP_2019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transit corridors serve as safety areas for ships passing the area and are patrolled by the littoral states. Notice needs to be given to one of the Command Centres 24 hours in advance, so that adequate assistance can be assured<sup id="cite_ref-ReCAAP_2019_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReCAAP_2019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup>. Moreover, in 2018, in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>, the three countries established a Contact Group on Maritime Crime in the Sulu and Celebes Seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilfoyle_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilfoyle-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_and_root_causes">Factors and root causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Factors and root causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite efforts by Malaysian and Philippine authorities to curb piracy in the Sulu Sea, the problem continues to persist.<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 155">: 155 </span></sup> Weak maritime law enforcement, corruption, rivalries between the involved states, and unresolved territorial claims are major barriers to an effective suppression of piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbot_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbot-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 19–20">: 19–20 </span></sup> Security forces sometimes are involved in organising piratical activities as well, supplying weapons and intel to pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokoro_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokoro-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 278–279">: 278–279 </span></sup> The littoral nature of the Sulu Sea makes it easy for pirates to surprise victims and evade law enforcement. On land, the poor economic conditions in the area drive people to resort to various forms of crime to make a living, including piracy. Piracy, in turn, exacerbates the economic deprivation of the population, as the primary targets are locals themselves. </p><p>The continued existence of groups like Abu Sayyaf and MILF is also to blame for the prevalence of piracy. Not only do these groups engage in piracy themselves, efforts by security forces to suppress them have also drawn resources that could be used to deal with piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 38–39">: 38–39 </span></sup> These efforts may also drive the local population towards piracy, as security forces frequently harass farmers, depriving them of their livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 234">: 234 </span></sup> Small arms proliferation in the area is also high as a result of weak state authority and the armed struggle of these groups, making it easy for pirates to acquire weapons<sup id="cite_ref-Liss2017_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 153">: 153 </span></sup>. </p><p>Cultural factors may also play a part, with most of modern-day pirates in the Sulu Sea being descended from their historical predecessors, adding an element of cultural sanction to piracy. It has been suggested that piracy may in part be motivated by associated virtues such as honor and masculinity, which pirates can display by taking part in an operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Eklöf_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eklöf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> Piracy is also not seen as an inherently criminal activity by the population living at the edge of the Sulu Sea, which is reflected in the local languages<sup id="cite_ref-Tokoro_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokoro-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 273–274">: 273–274 </span></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piracy_statistics">Piracy statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Piracy statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Piracy statistics on the incidents in the region mostly rely on reports issued by the Piracy Reporting Centre of the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Bureau" title="International Maritime Bureau">International Maritime Bureau</a> (IMB), or the Information Sharing Centre of <a href="/wiki/RECAAP" class="mw-redirect" title="RECAAP">ReCAAP</a>. Data from the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> cannot be used, as they only report from two locations, the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman_2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the numbers differ depending on each institutions' reporting processes, sources they derive their information from, classification mechanisms, location of attacks, types of ships attacked, their status, political considerations<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman_2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup>. The IMB, for example, relies on data from shipowners, whereas the ReCAAP's ISC derives their data from official staff, naval and coast guard officers<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman_2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Under-reporting" title="Under-reporting">underreporting</a> and overreporting are also further bias factors, as shipowners or local seafarers refuse to report incidents due to different reasons. Shipmasters, for example, often fear potential disruptions in their time schedules or a rise in insurances<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman_2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup>. Attacks on local craft on fishing boats and small tugs are often not noted due to the lack of infrastructure or a lack of trust to the authorities<sup id="cite_ref-Tokoro_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokoro-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 275">: 275 </span></sup>. Some incidents contrarily are reported, but without specific details on the location (threat at harbor or at sea<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman_2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup>. Thus, piracy statistics demand a detailed look into the circumstances of the acquisition of data and contexts surrounding the information<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman_2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Piratical_Proa_in_Full_Chase.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piratical Proa in Full Chase"><img alt="Piratical Proa in Full Chase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_Piratical_Proa_in_Full_Chase.jpg/210px-A_Piratical_Proa_in_Full_Chase.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_Piratical_Proa_in_Full_Chase.jpg/315px-A_Piratical_Proa_in_Full_Chase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_Piratical_Proa_in_Full_Chase.jpg/420px-A_Piratical_Proa_in_Full_Chase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Piratical Proa in Full Chase</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 378.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 376.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illanoan_Pirates.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An Iranun garay armed with a lantaka at the bow"><img alt="An Iranun garay armed with a lantaka at the bow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Illanoan_Pirates.png/565px-Illanoan_Pirates.png" decoding="async" width="377" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Illanoan_Pirates.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a> <i>garay</i> armed with a <a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">lantaka</a> at the bow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_KL_2008_(54).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An engagement with pirates off Sarawak in 1843"><img alt="An engagement with pirates off Sarawak in 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG/345px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG/518px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG/691px-National_Museum_KL_2008_%2854%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An engagement with pirates off <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> in 1843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish warships bombarding the Moro pirates of Balanguingui in 1848"><img alt="Spanish warships bombarding the Moro pirates of Balanguingui in 1848" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg/328px-Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg/492px-Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spanish warships bombarding the Moro pirates of Balanguingui in 1848</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_Balanguingui.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Spanish landing at Balanguingui by Antonio Brugada"><img alt="The Spanish landing at Balanguingui by Antonio Brugada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Landing_Balanguingui.jpg/362px-Landing_Balanguingui.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Landing_Balanguingui.jpg/542px-Landing_Balanguingui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Landing_Balanguingui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Spanish landing at Balanguingui</i> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Brugada" title="Antonio Brugada">Antonio Brugada</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kris_bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kris from Bali"><img alt="Kris from Bali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kris_bali.jpg/76px-Kris_bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kris_bali.jpg/115px-Kris_bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kris_bali.jpg/153px-Kris_bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kris from <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 380px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 378px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barung_shandigan_lamination_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th century barong from the Sulu Archipelago"><img alt="19th century barong from the Sulu Archipelago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Barung_shandigan_lamination_1.jpg/567px-Barung_shandigan_lamination_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="378" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Barung_shandigan_lamination_1.jpg/851px-Barung_shandigan_lamination_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Barung_shandigan_lamination_1.jpg/1134px-Barung_shandigan_lamination_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th century barong from the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garay_warships_of_pirates_in_the_Sulu_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garay warships in the Sulu Sea, c. 1850"><img alt="Garay warships in the Sulu Sea, c. 1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Garay_warships_of_pirates_in_the_Sulu_Sea.jpg/399px-Garay_warships_of_pirates_in_the_Sulu_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Garay_warships_of_pirates_in_the_Sulu_Sea.jpg/598px-Garay_warships_of_pirates_in_the_Sulu_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Garay_warships_of_pirates_in_the_Sulu_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></i> warships in the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a>, c. 1850</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 283.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu,_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest,_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fight between Filipino pirates, Bugis trading ship, and Dutch mariners."><img alt="A fight between Filipino pirates, Bugis trading ship, and Dutch mariners." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg/425px-A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg/637px-A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg/850px-A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A fight between Filipino pirates, Bugis trading ship, and Dutch mariners.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">Piracy in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Sulu_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Sulu Sea">Slavery in the Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Slavery in Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Slavery in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Slavery in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timawa" title="Timawa">Timawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Sutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Sutil">Marina Sutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Pirates">Barbary Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Alverdian_et._al._2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F18366503.2020.1770944">10.1080/18366503.2020.1770944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219931525">219931525</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkrami2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ikrami, Hadyu (2018). 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A Historical Comparison". <i>MAST (Maritime Studies)</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MAST+%28Maritime+Studies%29&rft.atitle=Piracy+in+Southeast+Asia.+A+Historical+Comparison&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Teitler&rft.aufirst=Ger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckmann_2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckmann_2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Beckmann, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781849804844/9781849804844.00009.xml"><i>Piracy and armed robbery against ships in Southeast Asia</i></a>. 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SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1511851268" title="Special:BookSources/978-1511851268"><bdi>978-1511851268</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407034137/http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Flyingdusun.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingdusun.com/001_Discover/011_history.htm">the original</a> on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+Sabah+-+History&rft.pub=Flyingdusun.com&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingdusun.com%2F001_Discover%2F011_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Straits_Times1987" class="citation web cs1">New Straits Times, K. P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filipino+pirates+wreak+havoc+in+a+Malaysian+island+paradise&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1985-10-30&rft.aulast=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.aufirst=Masayuki+Doi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1301%26dat%3D19851030%26id%3DfjZWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2040%2C10656153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liss2017-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liss2017_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiss2017" class="citation book cs1">Liss, Carolin (2017). 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Abingdon, United Kingdom & New York, United States: Routledge. pp. 151–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-68233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-68233-7"><bdi>978-1-138-68233-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piracy+and+maritime+violence+in+the+waters+between+Sabah+and+the+southern+Philippines&rft.btitle=Piracy+in+Southeast+Asia.+Trends%2C+Hot+Spots+and+Responses.&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+United+Kingdom+%26+New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pages=151-167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-68233-7&rft.aulast=Liss&rft.aufirst=Carolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTIlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davenport-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davenport, Tara (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-taylorfrancis-com.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/books/edit/10.4324/9781315545264/piracy-southeast-asia-carolin-liss-ted-biggs">"Legal measures to combat piracy and armed robbery in Southeast Asia. Problems and Prospects."</a>. In Liss, Carolin (ed.). <i>Piracy in Southeast Asia: trends, hot spots and responses</i>. 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"Piracy in Contemporary Sulu: An Ethnographical Case Study". In Kleinen, John; Osseweijer, Manon (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEgb15isFZkC"><i>Pirates, Ports, and Coasts in Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives</i></a>. Singapore & Leiden, The Netherlands: International Institute for Asian Studies & Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 269–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814515726" title="Special:BookSources/9789814515726"><bdi>9789814515726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piracy+in+Contemporary+Sulu%3A+An+Ethnographical+Case+Study&rft.btitle=Pirates%2C+Ports%2C+and+Coasts+in+Asia%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Perspectives.&rft.place=Singapore+%26+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=269-287&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Asian+Studies+%26+Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789814515726&rft.aulast=Tokoro&rft.aufirst=Ikuya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEgb15isFZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santos-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santos_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos2006" class="citation book cs1">Santos, Eduardo (2006). 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Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2F9789812305909">10.1355/9789812305909</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812305909" title="Special:BookSources/9789812305909"><bdi>9789812305909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piracy+and+Armed+Robbery+against+Ships+in+the+Philippiens&rft.btitle=Pirates%2C+Ports%2C+and+Coasts+in+Asia%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=ISEAS+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2F9789812305909&rft.isbn=9789812305909&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-degruyter-com.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1355%2F9789812305909%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbot-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbot_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbot_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbotRenwick1999" class="citation journal cs1">Abbot, Jason; Renwick, Neil (1999). "Pirates? Maritime piracy and societal security in Southeast Asia". <i>Pacifica Review</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 7–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14781159908412867">10.1080/14781159908412867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacifica+Review&rft.atitle=Pirates%3F+Maritime+piracy+and+societal+security+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-24&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14781159908412867&rft.aulast=Abbot&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Renwick%2C+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amling_et._al.-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amling_et._al._22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amling_et._al._22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amling_et._al._22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amling_et._al._22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmlingBellSallehBenson2019" class="citation book cs1">Amling, Alexandra; Bell, Curtis; Salleh, Asyura; Benson, Jay; Duncan, Sea (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safety4sea.com/improved-government-relations-in-sulu-celebes-seas-to-mitigate-piracy/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_db3e882a633e09990dfbf592159fc24f74953617-1628602767-0-gqNtZGzNAiKjcnBszQj6"><i>Stable Seas: Sulu and Celebes Seas</i></a>. Broomfield: Safety4Sea. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stable+Seas%3A+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas&rft.place=Broomfield&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Safety4Sea&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Amling&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Bell%2C+Curtis&rft.au=Salleh%2C+Asyura&rft.au=Benson%2C+Jay&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsafety4sea.com%2Fimproved-government-relations-in-sulu-celebes-seas-to-mitigate-piracy%2F%3F__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3Dpmd_db3e882a633e09990dfbf592159fc24f74953617-1628602767-0-gqNtZGzNAiKjcnBszQj6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmlingBellSallehBenson2019" class="citation book cs1">Amling, Alexandra; Bell, Curtis; Salleh, Asyura; Benson, Jay; Duncan, Sean (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Stable-Seas-Sulu-Celebes-Seas-2019_02.pdf"><i>Stable Seas. Sulu and Celebes Seas</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Broomfield: Safety 4 Sea. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stable+Seas.+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas&rft.place=Broomfield&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Safety+4+Sea&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Amling&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Bell%2C+Curtis&rft.au=Salleh%2C+Asyura&rft.au=Benson%2C+Jay&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safety4sea.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2FStable-Seas-Sulu-Celebes-Seas-2019_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmlingBellSallehBenson2019" class="citation book cs1">Amling, Alexandra; Bell, Curtis; Salleh, Asyura; Benson, Jay; Duncan, Sean (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Stable-Seas-Sulu-Celebes-Seas-2019_02.pdf"><i>Stable Seas. Sulu and Celebes Seas</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Broomfield: Safety 4 Sea. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stable+Seas.+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas&rft.place=Broomfield&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Safety+4+Sea&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Amling&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Bell%2C+Curtis&rft.au=Salleh%2C+Asyura&rft.au=Benson%2C+Jay&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safety4sea.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2FStable-Seas-Sulu-Celebes-Seas-2019_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReCAAP_2017-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReCAAP_2017_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReCAAP_2017_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recaap.org/resources/ck/files/special/Special%20Report%20on%20Abducting%20of%20Crew%20from%20Ships%20Part%20III%2031%20Mar%2017.pdf"><i>Special Report on Abducting of Crew from Ships in the Sulu-Celebes Sea and Waters off Eastern Sabah</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre. March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Report+on+Abducting+of+Crew+from+Ships+in+the+Sulu-Celebes+Sea+and+Waters+off+Eastern+Sabah&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=ReCAAP+Information+Sharing+Centre&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recaap.org%2Fresources%2Fck%2Ffiles%2Fspecial%2FSpecial%2520Report%2520on%2520Abducting%2520of%2520Crew%2520from%2520Ships%2520Part%2520III%252031%2520Mar%252017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recaap_2020-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recaap_2020_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReCAAP2020" class="citation book cs1">ReCAAP, ISC (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ReCAAP-ISC-Annual-Report-2020-2021_01.pdf"><i>Annual Report. Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report.+Piracy+and+Armed+Robbery+against+Ships+in+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=ReCAAP+Information+Sharing+Centre&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=ReCAAP&rft.aufirst=ISC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsafety4sea.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FReCAAP-ISC-Annual-Report-2020-2021_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReCAAP_2021-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReCAAP_2021_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReCAAP_2021_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recaap.org/resources/ck/files/reports/weekly/2021/ReCAAP%20ISC%20Weekly%20Report%20(3-9%20Aug%2021).pdf"><i>Monthly Report August 2021</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre. 2021. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monthly+Report+August+2021&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=ReCAAP+Information+Sharing+Centre&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recaap.org%2Fresources%2Fck%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fweekly%2F2021%2FReCAAP%2520ISC%2520Weekly%2520Report%2520%283-9%2520Aug%252021%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReCAAP_2019-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReCAAP_2019_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReCAAP_2019_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReCAAP_2019_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ReCAAP-ISC-Guidance-on-Abduction-of-Crew-in-the-Sulu-Celebes-Seas-and-Waters-off-Eastern-Sabah-2019_07.pdf"><i>Guidance on Abduction of Crew in the Sulu- Celebes Seas and Waters of Eastern Sabah</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore: ReCAAP Information Sharing Centre. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidance+on+Abduction+of+Crew+in+the+Sulu-+Celebes+Seas+and+Waters+of+Eastern+Sabah&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=ReCAAP+Information+Sharing+Centre&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsafety4sea.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F07%2FReCAAP-ISC-Guidance-on-Abduction-of-Crew-in-the-Sulu-Celebes-Seas-and-Waters-off-Eastern-Sabah-2019_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safety_4_Sea_2021-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Safety_4_Sea_2021_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafety4Sea2019" class="citation web cs1">Safety4Sea (July 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safety4sea.com/recaap-publishes-guidance-for-crew-abduction-sulu-celebes-seas/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_be97ede9f7dd16ac32559e51b4f55b7d3be50fda-1628677322-0-gqNtZGzNAiKjcnBszQc6">"ReCAAP publishes guidance for crew abduction Sulu-Celebes seas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReCAAP+publishes+guidance+for+crew+abduction+Sulu-Celebes+seas&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft.au=Safety4Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsafety4sea.com%2Frecaap-publishes-guidance-for-crew-abduction-sulu-celebes-seas%2F%3F__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3Dpmd_be97ede9f7dd16ac32559e51b4f55b7d3be50fda-1628677322-0-gqNtZGzNAiKjcnBszQc6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guilfoyle-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guilfoyle_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilfoyle2021" class="citation book cs1">Guilfoyle, Douglas (2021). "Maritime Security". In Geiß, Robin; Melzer, Niels (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-oxfordhandbooks-com.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk/view/10.1093/law/9780198827276.001.0001/law-9780198827276"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security</i></a>. pp. 305–306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maritime+Security&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+International+Law+of+Global+Security&rft.pages=305-306&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Guilfoyle&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-oxfordhandbooks-com.ep.fjernadgang.kb.dk%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Flaw%2F9780198827276.001.0001%2Flaw-9780198827276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bateman_2017-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bateman_2017_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman2017" class="citation book cs1">Bateman, Sam (2017). "Changes in Piracy in Southeast Asia over the last ten years". In Liss, Caroline; Biggs, Ted (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Trends-Hot-Spots-and-Responses/Liss-Biggs/p/book/9781138602809"><i>Piracy in Southeast Asia. Trends, Hot Spots and Responses</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 14–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Piracy+in+Southeast+Asia+over+the+last+ten+years&rft.btitle=Piracy+in+Southeast+Asia.+Trends%2C+Hot+Spots+and+Responses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14-32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FPiracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Trends-Hot-Spots-and-Responses%2FLiss-Biggs%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138602809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2007" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James Francis (2007) [1st pub. 1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC"><i>The Sulu Zone 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State</i></a> (2nd ed.). Singapore: Singapore University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-386-2"><bdi>978-9971-69-386-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834772443">834772443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sulu+Zone+1768%E2%80%931898%3A+The+Dynamics+of+External+Trade%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Transformation+of+a+Southeast+Asian+Maritime+State&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834772443&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-386-2&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUZq93ydrrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2002" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James Francis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1_3-ff6u-gC"><i>Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity</i></a>. Singapore: Singapore University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-69-242-2" title="Special:BookSources/9971-69-242-2"><bdi>9971-69-242-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51572722">51572722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranun+and+Balangingi%3A+Globalization%2C+Maritime+Raiding+and+the+Birth+of+Ethnicity&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51572722&rft.isbn=9971-69-242-2&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw1_3-ff6u-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2003" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, James Francis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129181901/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps03_002.pdf">"A Tale of Two Centuries: The Globalisation of Maritime Raiding and Piracy in Southeast Asia at the End of the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Paper Series</i> (2). Singapore: Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps03_002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Centuries%3A+The+Globalisation+of+Maritime+Raiding+and+Piracy+in+Southeast+Asia+at+the+End+of+the+Eighteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ari.nus.edu.sg%2Fwps%2Fwps03_002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman2017" class="citation book cs1">Bateman, Sam (2017). "Changes in Piracy in Southeast Asia over the last ten years". In Liss, Caroline; Biggs, Ted (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Trends-Hot-Spots-and-Responses/Liss-Biggs/p/book/9781138602809"><i>Piracy in Southeast Asia. Trends, Hot Spots and Responses</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 14–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Piracy+in+Southeast+Asia+over+the+last+ten+years&rft.btitle=Piracy+in+Southeast+Asia.+Trends%2C+Hot+Spots+and+Responses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14-32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FPiracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Trends-Hot-Spots-and-Responses%2FLiss-Biggs%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138602809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Keunsoo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/18366503.2018.1444935">"Diverse patterns of world and regional piracy: implications of the recurrent characteristics"</a>. <i>Australian Journal of Maritime&Ocean Affairs</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 118–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F18366503.2018.1444935">10.1080/18366503.2018.1444935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158544530">158544530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Maritime%26Ocean+Affairs&rft.atitle=Diverse+patterns+of+world+and+regional+piracy%3A+implications+of+the+recurrent+characteristics&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118-133&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F18366503.2018.1444935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158544530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Keunsoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F18366503.2018.1444935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Sulu+and+Celebes+Seas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Amirell, Stefan, Bruce Buchan and Hans Hägerdal (eds) (2021) <i>Piracy in World History</i>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Open Access <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/53019">https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/53019</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moro_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moro_conflict" title="Template:Moro conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moro_conflict" title="Template talk:Moro conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moro_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moro conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moro_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in the Philippines">Gun cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Philippines" title="Racism in the Philippines">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rido" class="mw-redirect" title="Rido">Rido</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in the Sulu Sea">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili massacre</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacub_massacre" title="Tacub massacre">Tacub massacre</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang massacre</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebel groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-autonomy or independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNLF_Executive_Council_of_15" title="MNLF Executive Council of 15">MNLF Executive Council of 15</a> (MNLF EC-15)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Khalifa_Philippines" title="Ansar Khalifa Philippines">Ansar Khalifa Philippines</a> (AKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Islamic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters">Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters</a> (BIFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Islamiyah_Mindanao" title="Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao">Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao</a> (KIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maute_group" title="Maute group">Maute group</a> (MG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-autonomy or independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Misuari" title="Nur Misuari">Nur Misuari</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus_Sema" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus Sema">Mus Sema</a> (MNLF EC-15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Ebrahim" title="Murad Ebrahim">Murad Ebrahim</a> (MILF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isnilon_Hapilon" title="Isnilon Hapilon">Isnilon Hapilon</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadaffy_Janjalani" title="Khadaffy Janjalani">Khadaffy Janjalani</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameril_Umbra_Kato" title="Ameril Umbra Kato">Ameril Umbra Kato</a> (BIFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albader_Parad" title="Albader Parad">Albader Parad</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sabaya" title="Abu Sabaya">Abu Sabaya</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radullan_Sahiron" title="Radullan Sahiron">Radullan Sahiron</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainal_Antel_Sali_Jr." title="Jainal Antel Sali Jr.">Jainal Antel Sali Jr.</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Santos_(militant)" title="Ahmed Santos (militant)">Ahmed Santos</a> (RSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsiraji_Marusi_Sali" title="Hamsiraji Marusi Sali">Hamsiraji Marusi Sali</a> (ASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Maute" title="Omar Maute">Omar Maute</a> (MG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Maute" title="Abdullah Maute">Abdullah Maute</a> (MG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jolo_(1974)" title="Battle of Jolo (1974)">Battle of Jolo</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patikul_massacre" title="Patikul massacre">Patikul massacre</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pata_Island_massacre" title="Pata Island massacre">Pata Island massacre</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Ipil_massacre" title="1995 Ipil massacre">Ipil massacre</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Philippine_campaign_against_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camp_Abubakar" title="Battle of Camp Abubakar">Battle of Camp Abubakar</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Misuari_rebellion" title="2001 Misuari rebellion">Misuari rebellion</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines</a> (2002–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Basilan_beheading_incident" title="2007 Basilan beheading incident">Basilan beheading incident</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Cotabato_conflict" title="2008 Cotabato conflict">Cotabato conflict</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">Lahad Datu standoff</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City_crisis" title="Zamboanga City crisis">Zamboanga City crisis</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Darkhorse" title="Operation Darkhorse">Operation Darkhorse</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basilan_(2014)" title="Battle of Basilan (2014)">Battle of Basilan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasapano_clash" title="Mamasapano clash">Mamasapano clash</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipo-Tipo" title="Battle of Tipo-Tipo">Battle of Tipo-Tipo</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Butig_clashes" title="2016 Butig clashes">Butig clashes</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Bohol_clashes" title="2017 Bohol clashes">Bohol clashes</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Siege of Marawi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungkaya_Pukan_clash" title="Ungkaya Pukan clash">Ungkaya Pukan clash </a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents involving<br />civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">Lahad Datu ambush</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozamiz_Ferry_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozamiz Ferry Bombing">Ozamiz Ferry Bombing</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">Sipadan kidnappings</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day_bombings" title="Rizal Day bombings">Rizal Day bombings</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos_Palmas_kidnappings" title="Dos Palmas kidnappings">Dos Palmas kidnappings</a> (2000–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lamitan" title="Siege of Lamitan">Siege of Lamitan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Zamboanga_City_bombings" title="2002 Zamboanga City bombings">Zamboanga City bombings</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_SuperFerry_14" title="MV SuperFerry 14">SuperFerry 14 bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Central_Mindanao_bombings" title="2006 Central Mindanao bombings">Central Mindanao bombings</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Mindanao_bombings" title="2009 Mindanao bombings">Mindanao bombings</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_massacre" title="Maguindanao massacre">Maguindanao massacre</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Bukidnon_bus_bombing" title="2014 Bukidnon bus bombing">Bukidnon bus bombing</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Davao_City_bombing" title="2016 Davao City bombing">Davao City bombing</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jolo_Cathedral_bombings" title="2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings">Jolo Cathedral bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Jolo_bombings" title="2020 Jolo bombings">Jolo bombings</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu_Paglas_market_occupation" title="Datu Paglas market occupation">Datu Paglas market occupation</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University_bombing" title="Mindanao State University bombing">Mindanao State University bombing</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_peace_process" title="Bangsamoro peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tripoli_Agreement" title="1976 Tripoli Agreement">1976 Tripoli Agreement</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah_Accord" title="Jeddah Accord">1987 Jeddah Accord</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Final_Peace_Agreement" title="1996 Final Peace Agreement">1996 Final Peace Agreement</a> (MNLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro">2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro</a> (MILF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro">2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro</a> (MILF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security zones<br />and peace monitoring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFP_Western_Mindanao_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="AFP Western Mindanao Command">AFP Western Mindanao Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFP_Eastern_Mindanao_Command" title="AFP Eastern Mindanao Command">AFP Eastern Mindanao Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Command" title="Eastern Sabah Security Command">Eastern Sabah Security Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Zone" title="Eastern Sabah Security Zone">Eastern Sabah Security Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Team" title="International Monitoring Team">International Monitoring Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Peace_and_Security_Team" title="Joint Peace and Security Team">Joint Peace and Security Team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Organic_Law" title="Bangsamoro Organic Law">Bangsamoro Organic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro Autonomous Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Republik" title="Bangsamoro Republik">Bangsamoro Republik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaga" title="Ilaga">Ilaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._216" title="Proclamation No. 216">Proclamation No. 216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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