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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مبنى بلدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبنى بلدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_d%27a_Villa" title="Casa d'a Villa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Casa d'a Villa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAson_comena" title="Mêson comena – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mêson comena" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Conceyu" title="Casa Conceyu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Casa Conceyu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munisipyo" title="Munisipyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Munisipyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti-k%C3%AAr" title="Ti-kêr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ti-kêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeindehaus_(Kommune)" title="Gemeindehaus (Kommune) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeindehaus (Kommune)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallamaja" title="Vallamaja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vallamaja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Δημαρχείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημαρχείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_consistorial" title="Casa consistorial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Casa consistorial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbodomo" title="Urbodomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urbodomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaletxe" title="Udaletxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Udaletxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="تالار شهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تالار شهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairie" title="Mairie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mairie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeenteh%C3%BBs" title="Gemeentehûs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gemeentehûs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_do_concello" title="Casa do concello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Casa do concello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%80%EC%B2%AD" title="지방관청 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지방관청" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքապետարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքապետարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balai_kota" title="Balai kota – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Balai kota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_municipal" title="Casa municipal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Casa municipal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipio_(edificio)" title="Municipio (edificio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Municipio (edificio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="בניין עירייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בניין עירייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_municipalis" title="Curia municipalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Curia municipalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9" title="नगरगृह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नगरगृह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeentehuis" title="Gemeentehuis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemeentehuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B9%E6%89%80" title="役所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="役所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostal_de_comuna" title="Ostal de comuna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ostal de comuna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%A7os_do_concelho" title="Paços do concelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paços do concelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%C4%83rie" title="Primărie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primărie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_o_local_govrenment" title="Seat o local govrenment – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Seat o local govrenment" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Town hall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestna_hi%C5%A1a" title="Mestna hiša – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mestna hiša" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Градска кућа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Градска кућа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradska_vije%C4%87nica" title="Gradska vijećnica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gradska vijećnica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupungintalo" title="Kaupungintalo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupungintalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunhus" title="Kommunhus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kommunhus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நகர மண்டபம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நகர மண்டபம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belediye_binas%C4%B1" title="Belediye binası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belediye binası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ٹاؤن ہال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹاؤن ہال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2a_th%E1%BB%8B_ch%C3%ADnh" title="Tòa thị chính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tòa thị chính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C3%AAentuus" title="Gemêentuus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gemêentuus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC" title="地方政府大楼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地方政府大楼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E6%A8%93" title="地方政府大樓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地方政府大樓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedong_bicara" title="Gedong bicara – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gedong bicara" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25550691#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chief administrative building of a municipality</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Town Hall" redirects here. For the website, see <a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Town_Hall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Town Hall (disambiguation)">Town Hall (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"City Hall" and "Rathaus" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="City Hall (disambiguation)">City Hall (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rathaus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rathaus (disambiguation)">Rathaus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg/220px-Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg/330px-Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg/440px-Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Campidoglio" title="Piazza del Campidoglio">Palazzo Senatorio</a>, seat of the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy. It has been a town hall since 1144, making it the oldest town hall in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/New_York_City_Hall.jpg/220px-New_York_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/New_York_City_Hall.jpg/330px-New_York_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/New_York_City_Hall.jpg/440px-New_York_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" title="New York City Hall">New York City Hall</a>, the oldest continuous seat of local government in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, completed in 1812<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a>, a <b>city hall</b>, <b>town hall</b>, <b>civic centre</b> (in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> or <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>), <b>guildhall</b>, or <b>municipal building</b> (in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>) is the chief <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrative</a> building of a city,<sup id="cite_ref-mw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> town, or other <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a>. It usually houses the <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city</a> or <a href="/wiki/Town_council" title="Town council">town council</a> and at least some other arms of the local government. It also often functions as the office of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> (or other executive), if the relevant municipality has such an officer. In large cities, the local government is often administratively expansive, and the city hall may bear more resemblance to a municipal <a href="/wiki/Capitol" class="mw-disambig" title="Capitol">capitol</a> building. </p><p>By convention, until the middle of the 19th century, a single large open chamber (or "hall") formed an integral part of the building housing the council and such other organs of government as supported it. The hall may be used for council meetings and other significant events. This large chamber, the "town hall" (and its later variant "city hall") became synonymous with the whole building, and, <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdochically</a>, the municipal government headquartered there. The terms "council chambers", "municipal building" or variants may be used locally in preference to "town hall" if no such large hall is present within the building. </p><p>The local government may endeavor to use the building to promote and enhance the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> of the community. In many cases, "town halls" serve not only as buildings for government functions, but also have facilities for various civic and cultural activities. These may include art shows, stage performances, exhibits, and festivals. Modern town halls or "civic centres" are often designed with a great variety and flexibility of purpose in mind. In some European countries, the town hall is the venue for the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As symbols of local government, city, and town halls have distinctive architecture, and the buildings may have great historical significance –  for example the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall, London</a>. City hall buildings may also serve as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icons</a> that symbolize their cities. City Hall buildings often serve citizens in accessing government functions as well as providing vital symbolic roles for their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Palm_Beach_FL_town_hall_front_with_Jeep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/South_Palm_Beach_FL_town_hall_front_with_Jeep.jpg/220px-South_Palm_Beach_FL_town_hall_front_with_Jeep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/South_Palm_Beach_FL_town_hall_front_with_Jeep.jpg/330px-South_Palm_Beach_FL_town_hall_front_with_Jeep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/South_Palm_Beach_FL_town_hall_front_with_Jeep.jpg/440px-South_Palm_Beach_FL_town_hall_front_with_Jeep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A consolidated town hall, police, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire station</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="South Palm Beach, Florida">South Palm Beach, Florida</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth countries">Commonwealth countries</a>, the term "town hall" may be used even in a city.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often the case in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (examples being <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Town_Hall" title="Liverpool Town Hall">Liverpool Town Hall</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall" title="Sydney Town Hall">Sydney Town Hall</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and elsewhere. </p><p>People in some regions use the term "city hall" to designate the council offices of a <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> of <a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">city status</a>. This is the case in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, where a distinction is made between city halls and town halls. The term is also sometimes (but more rarely) used as a name in Commonwealth countries: for example, for the City Halls of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_City_Hall" title="Brisbane City Hall">Brisbane</a> in Australia, and of <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Cardiff" title="City Hall, Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Norwich" title="City Hall, Norwich">Norwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Bristol" title="City Hall, Bristol">Bristol</a> in the UK. <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Dublin" title="City Hall, Dublin">City Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, is another example. <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Southwark" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall, Southwark">City Hall</a> in London, opened in 2002, is an exceptional case, being the seat not of a conventional municipal authority, but of a regional strategic authority. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> sums up the generic terms: </p> <ul><li>town hall: "A building used for the administration of local government, the holding of court sessions, public meetings, entertainments, etc.; (in early use also) a large hall used for such purposes within a larger building or set of buildings. ... By <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>: the government or administration of a town; the town authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>city hall: "(The name of) the chief administrative building or offices of a municipal government. ... Originally and chiefly <i>North American</i>. Municipal officers collectively; city government."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/County_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="County Council">County Council</a> administrations in parts of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> generally operate from a base in a building called, by analogy, a "<a href="/wiki/County_hall" title="County hall">county hall</a>" or "shire hall". Conversely, cities that have subdivisions with their councils may have <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> halls. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish local government">Scottish local government</a> in larger cities operates from the "City Chambers".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other names are occasionally used. The administrative headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> retains its Anglo-Saxon name, the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a>, signifying a place where taxes were paid. In a few English cities (including <a href="/wiki/Council_House,_Birmingham" title="Council House, Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_House,_Coventry" title="Council House, Coventry">Coventry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Council_House" title="Nottingham Council House">Nottingham</a>) the preferred term is "Council House": this was also true in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> until 2012, when the building was renamed "<a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Bristol" title="City Hall, Bristol">City Hall</a>". In Birmingham, there is a distinction between the Council House and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Town Hall</a>, a concert and meeting venue that pre-dates it. In <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, the distinction is between the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Town_Hall" title="Sheffield Town Hall">Town Hall</a>, the seat of local government, and the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Hall" title="Sheffield City Hall">City Hall</a>, a concert and ballroom venue. In <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Town_Hall" title="Leeds Town Hall">Town Hall</a>, built in the 1850s as a seat of local government, now functions primarily as a concert, conference, and wedding venue, many of its municipal functions having moved in 1933 to the new <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Civic_Hall" title="Leeds Civic Hall">Civic Hall</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/220px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/330px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/440px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>13th-century <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">Old Town Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Large halls called <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a> were used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> for the administration of justice, as meeting places, and for trade. </p><p>The development of the town hall as a setting for local governance meetings and decisions is historically related to the early cities in medieval Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective was to have engagement with the citizens in a public space by a representative civic authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest town hall in the world is <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Campidoglio" title="Piazza del Campidoglio">Palazzo Senatorio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy, which is established in AD 1144.<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">great hall</a>, a single large open chamber, was the main, and sometimes <i>only</i> room of the home of a <a href="/wiki/Feudal_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal lord">feudal lord</a>. A great variety of activities took place in the hall, which was an all-purpose space. The lord would host <a href="/wiki/Banquets" class="mw-redirect" title="Banquets">banquets</a> and other grand ceremonies in the hall, but most of the time it would be occupied by routine administrative and judicial functions. In a smaller manor, a lord might even live in the hall with his family and retainers. Inasmuch as the manor was the primary local jurisdiction of medieval society, the hall was a place of great local importance. </p><p>In the later Middle Ages or <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, many European <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market towns</a> erected communal <a href="/wiki/Market_house" title="Market house">market halls</a>, comprising a covered space to function as a <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplace</a> at street level, and one or more rooms used for public or civic purposes above it. These buildings were frequently the precursors of dedicated town halls. </p><p>The modern concept of the town hall developed with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">medieval communes</a>. Much as a lord was based in his hall, the new <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">councils</a> which formed to rule the cities required a headquarters. This building needed a <a href="/wiki/Debate_chamber" title="Debate chamber">debating chamber</a> for council meetings, office space for city employees, an archive room for official documents, and some degree of fortification lest the city be attacked. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Campidoglio" title="Piazza del Campidoglio">Palazzo Senatorio</a> has been the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/City_Council_of_Rome" title="City Council of Rome">municipal government of Rome</a> since 1144, making it the oldest city hall in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_City_Hall" title="Cologne City Hall">Cologne City Hall</a> of 1135 is another early example. The <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pubblico" title="Palazzo Pubblico">Palazzo Pubblico</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>, both late-medieval town halls, date from 1297 and 1299 respectively. In each case, the large, fortified building comprises a large meeting hall and numerous administrative chambers. Both buildings are topped by tall towers, have ancient clocks against which townsfolk measured time, and have space for local <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archives</a> of official documents. These features became standard for town halls across Europe. The 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall" title="Brussels Town Hall">Brussels Town Hall</a>, with its 96-meter (315 ft) tower, is one of the grandest examples of the medieval era, serving as a model for 19th-century town halls such as the <a href="/wiki/Rathaus,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathaus, Vienna">Rathaus, Vienna</a>. </p><p>Over centuries, the idea of civic representation along with notions of urbanism and public space evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the building form grew in size and the town hall concept expanded beyond Europe to become an established institution across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chattopadhyay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the functions of government generally and municipal government in particular expanded in the 19th and 20th centuries, the role of town and city halls became broader. Many cities established a reading room in their city hall, which later grew into a <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a>, typically in its own building. The central room in a town hall (the "hall" proper) began to be used for a variety of other functions; some cities installed a large <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> to facilitate public entertainment. </p><p>In the 20th century, town halls served the public as places for voting, examinations, <a href="/wiki/Vaccinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinations">vaccinations</a>, disaster relief, and disseminating information through noticeboards, as well as for the more usual civil functions, festivities, and entertainments. Local councils have increasingly tended to move administrative functions into modern offices. Where new premises are designed and constructed to house local governments, the functions of an administrative office and a civic town hall have become separated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <p>Particularly in North America, "city hall" can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> to mean <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">municipal government</a>, or government in general, as in the <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axiom</a> "You can't fight city hall".<sup id="cite_ref-mw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Town hall" tends to have less formal connotations (cf. <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_and_town_halls" title="List of city and town halls">List of city and town halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratusz" title="Ratusz">Ratusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay_hall" title="Barangay hall">Barangay hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_hall" title="Market hall">Market hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hall" title="Moot hall">Moot hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative centre</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Falconi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falconi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falconi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falconi_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFalconi2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Falconi, Fabrizio (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgrkCgAAQBAJ"><i>Roma segreta e misteriosa</i></a> (in Italian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>. <q><br />1: the chief administrative building of a city<br />2 a: a municipal government<br />   b: city officialdom or bureaucracy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+-+city+hall+%28noun%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcity%2520hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929170211/https://www.visitporvoo.fi/christmas-in-porvoo">"Christmas in Porvoo"</a>. <i>visitporvoo.fi</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+town+hall+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ftown-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-town_hall" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=town+hall">"town hall"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=town+hall&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dtown%2Bhall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-City_Hall" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=City+Hall">"City Hall"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=City+Hall&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DCity%2BHall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.usnews.com/Glasgow_Scotland/Things_To_Do/City_Chambers_29591/">"City Chambers: #4 in Best Things To Do in Glasgow"</a>. <i>travel.usnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=travel.usnews.com&rft.atitle=City+Chambers%3A+%234+in+Best+Things+To+Do+in+Glasgow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.usnews.com%2FGlasgow_Scotland%2FThings_To_Do%2FCity_Chambers_29591%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medievalheritage.eu/en/main-page/heritage/poland/wroclaw-town-hall/">"Wrocław – Old Town Hall"</a>. <i>medievalheritage.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medievalheritage.eu&rft.atitle=Wroc%C5%82aw+%E2%80%93+Old+Town+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedievalheritage.eu%2Fen%2Fmain-page%2Fheritage%2Fpoland%2Fwroclaw-town-hall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chattopadhyay-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chattopadhyay_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyayWhite2014" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyay, Swati; White, Jeremy, eds. (2014). <i>City Halls and Civic Materialism Towards a Global History of Urban Public Space</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415819008" title="Special:BookSources/9780415819008"><bdi>9780415819008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Halls+and+Civic+Materialism+Towards+a+Global+History+of+Urban+Public+Space&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780415819008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1981" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Colin (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorianedwardi0000cunn"><i>Victorian and Edwardian Town Halls</i></a></span>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/071000723X" title="Special:BookSources/071000723X"><bdi>071000723X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+and+Edwardian+Town+Halls&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=071000723X&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictorianedwardi0000cunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTittler1991" class="citation book cs1">Tittler, Robert (1991). <i>Architecture and power: the town hall and the English urban community, c.1500–1640</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820230-1"><bdi>978-0-19-820230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+power%3A+the+town+hall+and+the+English+urban+community%2C+c.1500%E2%80%931640&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820230-1&rft.aulast=Tittler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrooker2021" class="citation book cs1">Drooker, Arthur (2021). <i>City Hall: Masterpieces of American Civic Architecture</i>. Schiffer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76-436049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76-436049-7"><bdi>978-0-76-436049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Hall%3A+Masterpieces+of+American+Civic+Architecture&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-76-436049-7&rft.aulast=Drooker&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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