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Gwin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Gwin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William M. Gwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%85._%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ویلیام ام. گوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام ام. گوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William M. Gwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William M. Gwin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%85._%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ويليام ام. جوين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام ام. جوين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William M. Gwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William M. Gwin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5868980#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American medical doctor and politician (1805–1885)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Gwin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_McKendree_Gwin_Trim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/William_McKendree_Gwin_Trim.jpg/220px-William_McKendree_Gwin_Trim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/William_McKendree_Gwin_Trim.jpg/330px-William_McKendree_Gwin_Trim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/William_McKendree_Gwin_Trim.jpg/440px-William_McKendree_Gwin_Trim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2440" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 13, 1857 – March 3, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (1855)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_A._McDougall" title="James A. McDougall">James A. McDougall</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 10, 1850 – March 3, 1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (<a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow Senator</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (1857)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">United States Shadow Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 20, 1849 – September 10, 1850</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Seat established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>'s <span data-sort-value="MississippiAL !"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Mississippi's at-large congressional district">at-large</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Brown" title="Albert G. Brown">Albert G. Brown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hammett" title="William H. Hammett">William H. Hammett</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William McKendree Gwin</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1805-10-09</span>)</span>October 9, 1805<br />near <a href="/wiki/Gallatin,_Tennessee" title="Gallatin, Tennessee">Gallatin, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 3, 1885<span style="display:none">(1885-09-03)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_University" title="Transylvania University">Transylvania University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William McKendree Gwin</b> (October 9, 1805 – September 3, 1885) was an American medical doctor and politician who served in elected office in Mississippi and California. In California he shared the distinction, along with <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>, of being the state's first U.S. senators. Before, during, and after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Gwin was well known in California, Washington, D.C., and the Southern United States as a determined Confederate sympathizer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Gwin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gwin was born near <a href="/wiki/Gallatin,_Tennessee" title="Gallatin, Tennessee">Gallatin, Tennessee</a>. His father was Reverend James Gwin, a pioneer <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> minister, who served under the prominent Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_McKendree" title="William McKendree">William McKendree</a>, America's first native-born Methodist bishop and namesake of the younger Gwin. James Gwin served as a soldier on the frontier under General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. William Gwin pursued classical studies and graduated from the medical department of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_University" title="Transylvania University">Transylvania University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>, in 1828. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Given_-_NARA_-_528394.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mr._Given_-_NARA_-_528394.jpg/220px-Mr._Given_-_NARA_-_528394.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mr._Given_-_NARA_-_528394.jpg/330px-Mr._Given_-_NARA_-_528394.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mr._Given_-_NARA_-_528394.jpg/440px-Mr._Given_-_NARA_-_528394.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>William M. Gwin, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Gwin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the son of a chaplain who was at the Battle of New Orleans, the young Gwin served as a personal secretary to President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> during the latter's second term. Gwin then practiced medicine in <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Mississippi" title="Clinton, Mississippi">Clinton, Mississippi</a>, until 1833, when he became the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marshal">United States Marshal</a> for Mississippi, serving for one year. He was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> from Mississippi to the <a href="/wiki/27th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Congress">27th Congress</a> of 1841 to 1843. Declining a renomination for Congress on account of financial embarrassment, he was appointed, on the accession of <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> to the Presidency, to superintend the building of the new custom-house at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>. He moved to California in 1849 and participated in the <a href="/wiki/1849_California_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1849 California Constitutional Convention">1849 California Constitutional Convention</a>. He also purchased property in <a href="/wiki/Paloma,_California" title="Paloma, California">Paloma, California</a>, where a gold mine was established. The Gwin Mine would eventually yield millions of dollars, providing him with a fortune. He also organized the <i>Chivalry</i> wing of the Democratic Party. </p><p>Before the admission of California as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a>, Gwin was <a href="/wiki/1849_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1849 United States Senate elections in California">elected</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. He served from September 10, 1850, to March 3, 1855. He was a strong advocate of Pacific expansion and in 1852 advocated a survey of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>. Gwin presented a bill that was approved by the Senate and the House and became the Act of March 3, 1851, which established a three-member Board of Land Commissioners to be appointed by the President for three-year terms (the period was twice extended by Congress, resulting in a five-year term).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Land Commission">Public Land Commission</a> was to determine the validity of Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grants</a> in California. </p><p><a href="/wiki/California_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="California Governor">California Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bigler" title="John Bigler">John Bigler</a> turned to Gwin's rival, <a href="/wiki/David_Broderick" class="mw-redirect" title="David Broderick">David Broderick</a>, when Gwin failed to help Bigler obtain the ambassadorship to <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. Broderick was appointed Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California Democratic Party</a>, which split as a result. Gwin had a duel with Representative <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCorkle" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph McCorkle">Joseph McCorkle</a> with rifles at thirty yards following an argument over his alleged mismanagement of federal patronage. Shots were fired by both men, but only a donkey died. The split added turmoil to California's political scene, including bribery, physical intimidation, and nonstop political maneuvering. Although weaker than Gwin's faction, the Broderick faction was able to block Gwin from being re-elected senator in 1855. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothings" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothings">Know Nothings</a> exploited the weakness, Broderick accepted Gwin's candidacy, and Gwin was <a href="/wiki/1857_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1857 United States Senate special election in California">re-elected</a> to the United States Senate and served from January 13, 1857, to March 3, 1861. He took <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Heco" title="Joseph Heco">Joseph Heco</a> with him to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, to meet President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. In 1858, Gwin challenged Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> to a duel, but they resolved their differences through a senatorial arbitration committee. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_McKendree_Gwin_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/William_McKendree_Gwin_full.jpg/220px-William_McKendree_Gwin_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/William_McKendree_Gwin_full.jpg/330px-William_McKendree_Gwin_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/William_McKendree_Gwin_full.jpg/440px-William_McKendree_Gwin_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Gwin in later years</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/32nd_United_States_Congress" title="32nd United States Congress">32nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/33rd_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="33rd Congress">33rd Congresses</a> he was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services#Chairmen" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">U.S. Senate Committee on Naval Affairs</a>. During his second term he was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Finance">U.S. Senate Committee on Finance</a>. While in the Senate, he secured the establishment of a mint in California, a survey of the Pacific coast, a navy yard, and station and carried through the senate a bill providing for a line of steamers between San Francisco, China, and Japan by way of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Sandwich Islands</a>. By 1860, he was advocating the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Tsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Tsar">Russian Tsar</a>. </p><p>Although the new <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> won several important urban contests in California, Gwin's wing of the Democratic Party did very well in the California elections of 1859. After the election of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1860, Gwin helped to organize abortive secret discussions between Lincoln's new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, and some southern leaders to find a compromise that would avoid dissolution of the Union. Before hostilities broke out between the states, Gwin toured the South but returned to California. Here Gwin's <i>Chivalry</i> faction spoke on the South's behalf. Gwin even considered that it might be possible for a Republic of the Pacific, centered on California, to secede from the Union, but when his party suffered badly in the elections of 1861, he saw that there was little more that he could do in California to promote that cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Gwin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gwin returned east to New York on the same ship as <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Vose_Sumner" title="Edwin Vose Sumner">Edwin Vose Sumner</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Pacific" title="Department of the Pacific">Department of the Pacific</a>. Sumner organized Gwin's arrest along with two other secessionists, <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a> (soon after involved in the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>) and J.L. Brent. However, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> intervened for their release, wishing to avoid an international incident, as Gwin had friends in Panama. Gwin sent his wife and one of his daughters to Europe, while he returned to his plantation in Mississippi. The plantation was destroyed in the war and Gwin, a daughter, and son fled to Paris. </p><p>In 1864, he attempted to interest <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in a project to settle American slave owners in <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, Mexico. Despite a positive response from Napoleon, the idea was rejected by his protégé, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I</a>, who feared that Gwin and his southerners would take Sonora for themselves. After the war, he returned to the United States and gave himself up to <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Sheridan granted his original request for release to rejoin his family, which had also returned, but was countermanded by President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>. </p><p>Gwin retired to California and engaged in agricultural pursuits until his death in New York City in 1885. He was interred at <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_Cemetery_(Oakland,_California)" title="Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)">Mountain View Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Gwin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrobits2014" class="citation book cs1">Trobits, Monika (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXaACQAAQBAJ&pg=PT144"><i>Antebellum and Civil War San Francisco</i></a>. Charleston, SC: The History Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6258-4960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6258-4960-1"><bdi>978-1-6258-4960-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antebellum+and+Civil+War+San+Francisco&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-6258-4960-1&rft.aulast=Trobits&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXaACQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Gwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Gwin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressG000540" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000540">"William M. Gwin (id: G000540)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=William+M.+Gwin+%28id%3A+G000540%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DG000540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Gwin" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 2009-5-11</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1994" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Arthur (1994). <i>The Rivals: William Gwin, David Broderick, and the Birth of California</i>. Crown Publishers: The Library of the American West, New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rivals%3A+William+Gwin%2C+David+Broderick%2C+and+the+Birth+of+California&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers%3A+The+Library+of+the+American+West%2C+New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Gwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1948" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, W.W. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landincalifornia00robirich"><i>Land in California</i></a>. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+in+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press%2C+Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=W.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandincalifornia00robirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Gwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, James Grant</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, John</a>, eds. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_RCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography</i></a>. Vol. III. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclopaedia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_RCAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+M.+Gwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8d5nb3f2/">Guide to the William McKendree Gwin Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohlone.edu/instr/english/elc/engl163/williamgwin.html">Senator William Gwin and the Politics of Prejudice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110407074611/http://www.ohlone.edu/instr/english/elc/engl163/williamgwin.html">Archived</a> April 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Howard A. DeWitt.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Brown" title="Albert G. Brown">Albert G. Brown</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Mississippi">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Mississippi's at-large congressional district">Mississippi's at-large congressional district</a> </b><br />1841–1843 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thompson" title="Jacob Thompson">Jacob Thompson</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hammett" title="William H. Hammett">William H. Hammett</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New seat</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">U.S. Shadow Senator (Class 3) from California</a> </b><br />1849–1850 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow Senator</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from California">U.S. Senator (Class 3) from California</a> </b><br />1850–1855 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">John B. Weller</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b>Himself<br />1857 </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">David Yulee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Naval Affairs Committee</a> </b><br />1851–1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen Mallory</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b>Himself<br />1855 </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from California">U.S. Senator (Class 3) from California</a> </b><br />1857–1861 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">John B. Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_C._Broderick" title="David C. Broderick">David C. Broderick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Haun" title="Henry P. Haun">Henry P. Haun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Latham" title="Milton Latham">Milton Latham</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_A._McDougall" title="James A. McDougall">James A. McDougall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">David Yulee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Civil_Service" title="United States Senate Committee on Civil Service">Senate Post Office Committee</a> </b><br />1860–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Collamer" title="Jacob Collamer">Jacob Collamer</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Template:United States senators from California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Template talk:United States senators from California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">United States senators from California</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators#Class_1" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Broderick" title="David C. Broderick">Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Haun" title="Henry P. Haun">Haun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Latham" title="Milton Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conness" title="John Conness">Conness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Casserly" title="Eugene Casserly">Casserly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Hager" title="John S. Hager">Hager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Booth" title="Newton Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Williams" title="Abram Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Felton" title="Charles N. Felton">Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._White" title="Stephen M. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Bard" title="Thomas R. Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Flint" title="Frank Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Works" title="John D. Works">Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Salinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V._Tunney" title="John V. Tunney">Tunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa" title="S. I. Hayakawa">Hayakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seymour_(California_politician)" title="John Seymour (California politician)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laphonza_Butler" title="Laphonza Butler">Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McDougall" title="James A. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cole" title="Cornelius Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farley" title="James T. Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Shortridge" title="Samuel M. Shortridge">Shortridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Storke" title="Thomas M. Storke">Storke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Kuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">United States Senate Committee on Armed Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military Affairs Committee <br /> (1816–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">J. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Troup" title="George Troup">Troup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">J. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson" title="Robert Ward Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Spencer" title="George E. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Randolph" title="Theodore F. Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Sewell" title="William J. Sewell">Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Walthall" title="Edward C. Walthall">Walthall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._du_Pont" title="Henry A. du Pont">du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Johnston" title="Joseph F. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Chamberlain" title="George E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Sheppard" title="Morris Sheppard">Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Reynolds" title="Robert R. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval Affairs Committee <br /> (1816–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tait_(politician)" title="Charles Tait (politician)">Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuel_Williams" title="Reuel Williams">R. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Bayard" title="Richard H. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">Yulee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Grimes" title="James W. Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_H._Cragin" title="Aaron H. Cragin">Cragin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._McPherson" title="John R. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._McPherson" title="John R. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_S._Page" title="Carroll S. Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hale_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hale (U.S. senator)">F. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Trammell" title="Park Trammell">Trammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed Services Committee <br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Gurney" title="Chan Gurney">Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Tydings" title="Millard Tydings">Tydings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Nunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Inhofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Civil_Service" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Post_Office_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Post Office chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Post_Office_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Post Office chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Post_Office_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Post Office chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Civil_Service" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Civil_Service" title="United States Senate Committee on Civil Service">United States Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil Service</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post Office and Post Roads<br />(1816–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Wilson" title="James J. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Stokes" title="Montfort Stokes">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lanman" title="James Lanman">Lanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Robinson_(Illinois_politician)" title="John M. Robinson (Illinois politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henderson_(Mississippi_politician)" title="John Henderson (Mississippi politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duhurst_Merrick" title="William Duhurst Merrick">Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Niles" title="John Milton Niles">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">Yulee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Collamer" title="Jacob Collamer">Collamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dixon" title="James Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_B._Maxey" title="Samuel B. Maxey">Maxey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Hill" title="Nathaniel P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_Sawyer" title="Philetus Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">Vilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O._Wolcott" title="Edward O. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Mason_(American_politician)" title="William E. Mason (American politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bourne_Jr._(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Bourne Jr. (politician)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Bankhead" title="John H. Bankhead">Bankhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Townsend" title="Charles E. Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterling" title="Thomas Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_C._Phipps" title="Lawrence C. Phipps">Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_Oddie" title="Tasker Oddie">Oddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Dennis Chávez">Chávez</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service and Retrenchment<br />(1873–1921)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Wright" title="George G. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Clayton" title="Powell Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chace" title="Jonathan Chace">Chace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O._Wolcott" title="Edward O. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Call" title="Wilkinson Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Jarvis" title="Thomas J. Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeter_C._Pritchard" title="Jeter C. Pritchard">Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Baker" title="Lucien Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterling" title="Thomas Sterling">Sterling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service<br />(1921–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterling" title="Thomas Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Stanfield" title="Robert N. Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Couzens" title="James Couzens">Couzens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_H._Dale" title="Porter H. Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bulow" title="William J. Bulow">Bulow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Downey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post Office and Civil Service<br />(1947–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Langer" title="William Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Monroney" title="Mike Monroney">Monroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_W._McGee" title="Gale W. McGee">McGee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5868980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5868980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5868980#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066993835">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60558305">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/195656/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxXfWWcRm6QVTtyXpHG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86025509">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12345411r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12345411r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810642380105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262112805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14161639">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000540">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032420889">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w95trp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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