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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Boer republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Boer_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Anglo-Boer_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Anglo-Boer_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Anglo-Boer Wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Anglo-Boer_Wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Anglo-Boer Wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Anglo-Boer_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Anglo-Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Anglo-Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First Anglo-Boer War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Anglo-Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inter-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Anglo-Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Anglo-Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Second Anglo-Boer War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Anglo-Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roots_of_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_of_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roots of union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roots_of_union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roots of union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roots_of_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1910_Union_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1910_Union_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1910 Union of South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1910_Union_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Formation of the Nation of South Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the history of South Africa (1815–1910). 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_South_Africa" title="Category:History of South Africa">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History of <span class="fn org label">South Africa</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monomotapa_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/250px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/375px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/500px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1582" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa#Middle_Stone_Age" title="Early history of South Africa">Middle Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa#Late_Stone_Age" title="Early history of South Africa">Late Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">Dutch colonisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_kaSenzangakhona" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka kaSenzangakhona">Shaka kaSenzangakhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingane_kaSenzangakhona" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingane kaSenzangakhona">Dingane kaSenzangakhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpande_kaSenzangakhona" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpande kaSenzangakhona">Mpande kaSenzangakhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetshwayo_kaMpande" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetshwayo kaMpande">Cetshwayo kaMpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinuzulu_kaCetshwayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo">Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo</a></li> <li>1887 Annexation (British)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#British_colonization">British colonisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of South Africa during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">Apartheid referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post-apartheid</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Presidency of Nelson Mandela">Mandela presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki#Presidency_of_South_Africa" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe#Presidency_(2008–2009)" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Motlanthe presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#President_of_South_Africa_(2009–2018)" title="Jacob Zuma">Zuma presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa#Presidency_(2018–present)" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa presidency</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of South African inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in South Africa">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa#History" title="Religion in South Africa">Religious history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingShaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KingShaka.jpg/220px-KingShaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KingShaka.jpg/330px-KingShaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KingShaka.jpg/440px-KingShaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shaka_Zulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka Zulu">Shaka Zulu</a> in traditional <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> military garb.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> was annexed <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> and officially became their colony in 1815. Britain encouraged <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> settlers to the Cape, and in particular, sponsored the <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a> to farm in the disputed area between the colony and the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>. The changing image of the Cape from Dutch to British excluded the Dutch farmers in the area, the <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> who in the 1820s started their <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a> to the northern areas of modern South Africa. This period also marked the rise in power of the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> under their king <a href="/wiki/Shaka_Zulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka Zulu">Shaka Zulu</a>. Subsequently, several conflicts arose between the British, Boers and Zulus, which led to the Zulu defeat and the ultimate Boer defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Boer War">Second Anglo-Boer War</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a> established the framework of South African limited independence as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_colonization">British colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: British colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the tip of the continent, the British found an established colony with 25,000 slaves, 20,000 white colonists, 15,000 Khoisan, and 1,000 freed black slaves. Power resided solely with a white élite in Cape Town, and differentiation on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> was deeply entrenched. Outside Cape Town and the immediate hinterland, isolated black and white pastoralists populated the country. </p><p>Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. As one of their first tasks they tried to resolve a troublesome border dispute between the Boers and the Xhosa on the colony's eastern frontier. In 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle-class British immigrants (most of them "in trade") to leave England behind and settle on tracts of land between the feuding groups with the idea of providing a buffer zone. The plan was singularly unsuccessful. Within three years, almost half of these <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a> had retreated to the towns, notably <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>, to pursue the jobs they had held in Britain. </p><p>While doing nothing to resolve the border dispute, this influx of settlers solidified the British presence in the area, thus fracturing the relative unity of white South Africa. Where the Boers and their ideas had before gone largely unchallenged, European Southern Africa now had two language groups and two cultures. A pattern soon emerged whereby English-speakers became highly urbanised, and dominated politics, trade, finance, mining, and manufacturing, while the largely uneducated Boers remained on their farms. </p><p>The gap between the British settlers and the Boers further widened with the abolition of slavery in 1833, not because the slaves were freed, but the way in which they were freed (compensation for freed slaves, for example, had to be fetched personally in London). Yet the British settlers' conservatism and sense of racial superiority stopped any radical social reforms, and in 1841 the authorities passed a Masters and Servants Ordinance, which perpetuated white control. Meanwhile, British numbers increased rapidly in Cape Town, in the area east of the Cape Colony (present-day <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> Province), in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">Natal</a> and, after the discovery of gold and diamonds, in parts of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a>, mainly around present-day <a href="/wiki/Gauteng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauteng Province">Gauteng</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difaqane_and_destruction">Difaqane and destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Difaqane and destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Difaqane" class="mw-redirect" title="Difaqane">Difaqane</a></div> <p>The early 19th century saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>-speakers know this period as the <i><a href="/wiki/Difaqane" class="mw-redirect" title="Difaqane">difaqane</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">forced migration</a>"); while <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>-speakers call it the <i>mfecane</i> ("crushing"). </p><p>The full causes of the <i>difaqane</i> remain in dispute, although certain factors stand out. The rise of a unified Zulu kingdom had particular significance. In the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a> tribes in KwaZulu-Natal began to shift from a loosely organised collection of kingdoms into a centralised, militaristic state. <a href="/wiki/Shaka_Zulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka Zulu">Shaka Zulu</a>, son of the chief of the small Zulu clan, became the driving force behind this shift. At first something of an outcast, Shaka proved himself in battle and gradually succeeded in consolidating power in his own hands. He built large armies, breaking from clan tradition by placing the armies under the control of his own officers rather than of the hereditary chiefs. Shaka then set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. His <i><a href="/wiki/Impis" class="mw-redirect" title="Impis">impis</a></i> (warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death. </p><p>Peoples in the path of Shaka's armies moved out of his way, becoming in their turn aggressors against their neighbours. This wave of displacement spread throughout Southern Africa and beyond. It also accelerated the formation of several states, notably those of the Sotho (present-day <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) and of the <a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a>). </p><p>In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half-brothers <a href="/wiki/Dingane" title="Dingane">Dingaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umthlangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Umthlangana">Umthlangana</a>. The weaker and less-skilled Dingaan became king, relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism. Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast, but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Trek">The Great Trek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Great Trek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></div> <p>Meanwhile, the Boers had started to grow increasingly dissatisfied with British rule in the Cape Colony. Various factors contributed to the migration, summarised in the Voortrekker leader, Piet Retief's manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1835, several groups of Boers, together with large numbers of Khoikhoi and black servants, decided to trek off into the interior in search of greater independence. North and east of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> (which formed the Cape Colony's frontier) these Boers or <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">Pioneers</a>") found vast tracts of apparently uninhabited grazing lands. They had, it seemed, entered their promised land, with space enough for their cattle to graze and their culture of anti-urban independence to flourish. Little did they know that what they found – deserted pasture lands, disorganised bands of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, and tales of brutality – resulted from the <i>difaqane</i>, rather than representing the normal state of affairs. </p><p>With the exception of the more powerful <a href="/wiki/Ndebele_people_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele people (South Africa)">Ndebele</a>, the Voortrekkers encountered little resistance among the scattered peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>. The <i>difaqane</i> had dispersed them, and the remnants lacked horses and <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>. Their weakened condition also solidified the Boers' belief that European occupation meant the coming of civilization to a savage land. However, the mountains where <a href="/wiki/Moshoeshoe_I_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshoeshoe I of Lesotho">King Moshoeshoe I</a> had started to forge the Basotho nation that would later become Lesotho and the wooded valleys of <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> proved a more difficult proposition. Here the Boers met strong resistance, and their incursions set off a series of skirmishes, squabbles, and flimsy treaties that would litter the next 50 years of increasing white domination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_vs._Boers_vs._Zulus">British vs. Boers vs. Zulus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British vs. Boers vs. Zulus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indians_arriving_in_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Indians_arriving_in_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Indians_arriving_in_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Indians_arriving_in_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Indians_arriving_in_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Indians_arriving_in_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Indians_arriving_in_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indians</a> arriving in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> for the first time.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a> first halted at <a href="/wiki/Thaba_Nchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaba Nchu">Thaba Nchu</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, where the trekkers established a republic. Following disagreements among their <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>, the various Voortrekker groups split apart. While some headed north, most crossed the <a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a> into Natal with the idea of establishing a republic there. Since the Zulus controlled this territory, the Voortrekker leader <a href="/wiki/Piet_Retief" title="Piet Retief">Piet Retief</a> paid a visit to King <a href="/wiki/Dingane" title="Dingane">Dingaan</a>, negotiating a contract by which certain regions of land would be awarded to the Voortrekkers in exchange for the reclaim of cattle that was allegedly stolen from the Zulu by the Tlokwa of Chief Sekonyela who lived west of the Drakensberg. However, once the cattle was retrieved and brought to Dingaan, he <a href="/wiki/Piet_Retief_Delegation_massacre" title="Piet Retief Delegation massacre">ordered the killing of all present (and unarmed) Voortrekkers</a> under the guise of a farewell party. This killing triggered other attacks by Zulus on the Boer population, and a revenge attack by the Boers. The culmination came on 16 December 1838, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a>, fought at the <a href="/wiki/Ncome_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ncome River">Ncome River</a> in Natal. Though several Boers suffered injuries, they managed to overcome the Zulu attack, in which they were vastly outnumbered (464 Boere to an estimated 30 000 Zulus), without suffering a single death. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZuluWarriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ZuluWarriors.jpg/220px-ZuluWarriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ZuluWarriors.jpg/330px-ZuluWarriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ZuluWarriors.jpg/440px-ZuluWarriors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> warriors, late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Following this victory, however, the Boers' hopes for establishing a Natal republic was short lived. The British annexed the area in 1843, and founded their new Natal colony at present-day Durban. The British set about establishing large sugar plantations in Natal, but found few inhabitants of the neighbouring Zulu areas willing to provide labour. The British confronted stiff resistance to their encroachments from the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulus</a>, a nation with well-established traditions of waging war, who inflicted one of the most humiliating defeats on the British army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana" title="Battle of Isandlwana">Battle of Isandlwana</a> in 1879, where over 1400 British soldiers were killed. During the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu Wars</a>, the British eventually established their control over what was then named <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a>, and is today known as <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>. </p><p>The British turned to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to resolve their labour shortage, as Zulu men refused to adopt the servile position of labourers and in 1860 the <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">SS</a> <i>Truro</i> arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 people on board. Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured</a> Indians arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians", building the base for what would become the largest Indian community outside of India. As early as 1893, when <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. (See <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_of_independent_South_Africa">Growth of independent South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth of independent South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Boer_republics">The Boer republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Boer republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langlaagte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Langlaagte.jpg/220px-Langlaagte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Langlaagte.jpg/330px-Langlaagte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Langlaagte.jpg/440px-Langlaagte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The farm outside of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> – site of the first discovery of gold in 1886.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Boers meanwhile persevered with their search for land and freedom, ultimately establishing themselves in various <a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a>, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a> or South African Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>. For a while it seemed that these republics would develop into stable states, despite having thinly spread populations of fiercely independent Boers, no industry, and minimal agriculture. The discovery of diamonds near <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley, South Africa">Kimberley</a> turned the Boers' world on its head (1869). The first diamonds came from land belonging to the Griqua, but to which both the Transvaal and Orange Free State laid claim. Britain quickly stepped in and annexed the area for itself. </p><p>The discovery of the Kimberley diamond-mines unleashed a flood of European and black labourers into the area. Towns sprang up in which the inhabitants ignored the "proper" separation of whites and blacks, and the Boers expressed anger that their impoverished republics had missed out on the economic benefits of the mines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Anglo-Boer_Wars">The Anglo-Boer Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Anglo-Boer Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boer_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Wars">Boer Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/220px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/330px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/440px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Ladysmith" title="Relief of Ladysmith">Relief of Ladysmith</a>. Sir <a href="/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)" title="George White (British Army officer)">George Stuart White</a> greets Major <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Gough" title="Hubert Gough">Hubert Gough</a> on 28 February. Painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon" title="John Henry Frederick Bacon">John Henry Frederick Bacon</a> (1868–1914)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boercamp1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boercamp1.jpg/220px-Boercamp1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boercamp1.jpg/330px-Boercamp1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boercamp1.jpg/440px-Boercamp1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Boer women and children in a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Anglo-Boer_War">First Anglo-Boer War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First Anglo-Boer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></div> <p>Long-standing Boer resentment turned into full-blown rebellion in the Transvaal (under British control from 1877), and the first <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">Anglo-Boer War</a>, known to <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a> as the "War of Independence", broke out in 1880. The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a crushing Boer victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill" title="Battle of Majuba Hill">Battle of Majuba Hill</a> (27 February 1881). The republic regained its independence as the <i>Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek</i> ("<a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>"), or ZAR. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>, one of the leaders of the uprising, became President of the ZAR in 1883. Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federate</a> the Southern African colonies and republics. They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority, as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inter-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1879, Zululand came under British control. Then in 1886, an Australian prospector <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">discovered gold</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a>, accelerating the federation process and dealing the Boers yet another blow. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>'s population exploded to about 100,000 by the mid-1890s, and the ZAR suddenly found itself hosting thousands of <i><a href="/wiki/Uitlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Uitlanders">uitlanders</a></i>, both black and white, with the Boers squeezed to the sidelines. The influx of English labour in particular worried the Boers, many of whom resented the English miners. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Map_of_South_Africa_drawn_1897_reprint_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Political_Map_of_South_Africa_drawn_1897_reprint_1899.jpg/220px-Political_Map_of_South_Africa_drawn_1897_reprint_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Political_Map_of_South_Africa_drawn_1897_reprint_1899.jpg/330px-Political_Map_of_South_Africa_drawn_1897_reprint_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Political_Map_of_South_Africa_drawn_1897_reprint_1899.jpg/440px-Political_Map_of_South_Africa_drawn_1897_reprint_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Political Map of South Africa drawn 1897, reprint 1899 from "Impressions of South Africa" by James Bryce</figcaption></figure> <p>The enormous wealth of the mines, soon became irresistible for British <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialists</a>. In 1895, a group of renegades led by Captain <a href="/wiki/Leander_Starr_Jameson" title="Leander Starr Jameson">Leander Starr Jameson</a> entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration. This incursion became known as the <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a>. The scheme ended in fiasco, but it seemed obvious to Kruger that it had at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government, and that his republic faced danger. He reacted by forming an alliance with Orange Free State. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Anglo-Boer_War">Second Anglo-Boer War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Anglo-Boer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></div> <p>The situation peaked in 1899 with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Anglo-Boer War</a>. Unable to defeat the Boers with traditional war tactics, the British employed the controversial <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics, which included the capturing of hundreds of thousands of Boer women and children, and uncounted natives, in <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. By 1902, 26,000 Boers (mainly women and children) had died of disease, hunger and neglect in the camps, the brutal conditions documented by the British humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Emily_Hobhouse" title="Emily Hobhouse">Emily Hobhouse</a>. On 31 May 1902 a superficial peace came with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a>. Under its terms, the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty, while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roots_of_union">Roots of union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roots of union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(1896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%281896%29.jpg/220px-Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%281896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%281896%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> around 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>During the immediate post-war years the British focussed their attention on rebuilding the country, in particular the mining industry. By 1907 the mines of the Witwatersrand produced almost one-third of the world's annual gold production. But the peace brought by the treaty remained fragile and challenged on all sides. The Afrikaners found themselves in the position of poor farmers in a country where big mining ventures and foreign <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> rendered them irrelevant. Britain's unsuccessful attempts to anglicise them, and to impose English as the official language in schools and the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Workplace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Workplace">workplace</a> particularly incensed them. Partly as a backlash to this, the Boers came to see <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> as the <i>volkstaal</i> ("people's language") and as a symbol of Afrikaner nationhood. Several nationalist organisations sprang up. </p><p>Blacks and Coloureds remained marginalised in society. After much negotiation with the Boers a form of "segregation" was introduced. The authorities imposed unpopular taxes, while the British caretaker administrator encouraged the immigration of thousands of Chinese that undercut wages. Resentment exploded in the <a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> of 1906, in which 4,000 Zulus lost their lives after rebelling due to onerous tax legislation. </p><p>The British meanwhile moved ahead with their plans for union. After several years of negotiations, the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> brought the colonies and republics – Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State – together as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. Under the provisions of the act, the Union remained British territory, but with <a href="/wiki/Home-rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-rule">home-rule</a> for Afrikaners. The <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner#British_Colonial_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">British High Commission territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechuanaland">Bechuanaland</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>) continued under direct rule from Britain. </p><p>English and Dutch became the official languages. Afrikaans did not gain recognition as an official language until 1925. Despite a major campaign by Blacks and Coloureds, the voter franchise remained as in the pre-Union republics and colonies, and only whites could gain election to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1910_Union_of_South_Africa">1910 Union of South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1910 Union of South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a></div> <p>In 1910 the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was created by the unification of four areas, by joining the two former independent Boer republics of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (<i>Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (<i>Oranje Vrystaat</i>)with the British dominated <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Province">Natal</a>. Most significantly, the new self-governing Union of South Africa gained international respect with British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status putting it on par with three other important British dominions and allies: Canada, Australia, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/piet-retiefs-great-trek-manifesto-completed">"Piet Retief's Great Trek manifesto is completed | South African History Online"</a>. <i>www.sahistory.org.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sahistory.org.za&rft.atitle=Piet+Retief%27s+Great+Trek+manifesto+is+completed+%7C+South+African+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fdated-event%2Fpiet-retiefs-great-trek-manifesto-completed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+South+Africa+%281815%E2%80%931910%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2212266">"The South Africa Act, 1909"</a>. <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. 1 January 1910 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+South+Africa+Act%2C+1909&rft.date=1910-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2212266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+South+Africa+%281815%E2%80%931910%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elizabeth Elbourne. <i>Empire, kinship and violence: family histories, indigenous rights and the making of settler colonialism, 1770-1842</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagden1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Yeatman_Lagden" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Yeatman Lagden">Lagden, Godfrey</a> (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Empire and the century/The Native Question in South Africa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Native_Question_in_South_Africa">"The Native Question in South Africa" </a></span>. <i>The Empire and the century</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 539–556.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Native+Question+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=539-556&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Lagden&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+South+Africa+%281815%E2%80%931910%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5866585#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85125478">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560979505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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