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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Indo-Aryan_to_Hindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Indo-Aryan_to_Hindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Indo-Aryan_to_Hindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindustani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindustani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hindustani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindustani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Independent India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Official status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Standard_Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Standard_Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison with Standard Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Standard_Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Script</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Script-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Script subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Romanisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prakrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prakrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Prakrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prakrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 182 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-182" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">182 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хиндубзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хиндубзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ህንዲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህንዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Hindisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hindisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الهندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিন্দী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Hindi ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hindi ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_dili" title="Hind dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hind dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هیند دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیند دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hindia" title="Basa Hindia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Hindia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-g%C3%AD" title="Hindi-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hindi-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Һинд теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һинд теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Хіндзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Гіндзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱ་གར་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་གར་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindeg" title="Hindeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hindeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Indi" title="Pinulongang Indi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Indi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C5%A1tina" title="Hindština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hindština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihindi" title="Chihindi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chihindi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="هندية (لغة) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هندية (لغة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindigiella" title="Hindigiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hindigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A9" title="ހިންދީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިންދީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Hindišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hindišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_keel" title="Hindi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hindi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Χίντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χίντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_lingvo" title="Hindia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان هندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان هندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindy" title="Hindy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hindy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Hiond%C3%BAis" title="An Hiondúis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Hiondúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindish" title="Hindish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hindish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua hindi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="印地語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印地語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="હિંદી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिंदी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हिंदी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-ng%C3%AE" title="Hindi-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hindi-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4" title="힌디어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌디어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Hindu" title="Harshen Hindu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Hindu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BB%C4%AAnia" title="ʻŌlelo ʻĪnia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻĪnia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Հինդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հինդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Hindišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hindišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-linguo" title="Hindi-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hindi-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হিন্দী ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হিন্দী ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%93%90%E1%91%8F" title="ᐦᐃᓐᑏ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐦᐃᓐᑏ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%AD" title="Hindí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hindí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hind%C4%AB" title="Lingua hindī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua hindī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="הינדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הינדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hindi" title="Basa Hindi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Hindi kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hindi kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰინდი ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰინდი ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہِندی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِندی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihindi" title="Kihindi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihindi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihindi" title="Kihindi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kihindi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_hind%C3%AE" title="Zimanê hindî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê hindî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хинди тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хинди тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indiana" title="Lingua indiana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua indiana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hindica" title="Lingua Hindica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hindica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_hindi" title="Lengua hindi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua hindi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_hindi" title="Lengua hindi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua hindi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_nyelv" title="Hindi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hindi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_hind%E1%BB%B3" title="Fiteny hindỳ – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny hindỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹിന്ദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_H%C4%ABni" title="Reo Hīni – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hīni" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰინდი ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰინდი ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="هندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="هندی زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هندی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хинди хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хинди хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟင်ဒီဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟင်ဒီဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ヒンディー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンディー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindjan" title="Hindjan – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Hindjan" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ХӀинди мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀинди мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi_(lenga)" title="Indi (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indi (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ହିନ୍ଦୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_tili" title="Hind tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hind tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ہندی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="هندي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indii" title="Indii – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Indii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសាហិណ្ឌី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាហិណ្ឌី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_hindi" title="Lenga hindi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga hindi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hindi" title="Język hindi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hindi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindi" title="Língua hindi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hindi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_tili" title="Hindi tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hindi tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_(Sprooch)" title="Hindi (Sprooch) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hindi (Sprooch)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_hindi" title="Limba hindi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba hindi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinri_simi" title="Hinri simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinri simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Гінді – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гінді" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ہندی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہندی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="හින්දි භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="ھندي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C4%8Dina" title="Hindčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hindčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Hindijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hindijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی ھیندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ھیندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хинди (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хинди (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Hindi" title="Wikang Hindi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Hindi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_tele" title="Hind tele – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hind tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80" title="హిందీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిందీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาฮินดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮินดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони ҳиндӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ҳиндӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hint%C3%A7e" title="Hintçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hintçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Гінді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гінді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہندی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ھىندى تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندى تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahyindi" title="Vahyindi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahyindi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hindi" title="Tiếng Hindi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hindi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiy" title="Hindiy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hindiy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="印地語 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印地語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_H%C3%ADnd%C3%AC" title="Èdè Híndì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Híndì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印地语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_zyvon" title="Hindi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hindi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standardised variety of Hindustani used in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Modern Standard Hindi. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hindi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hindi (disambiguation)">Hindi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sindhi (disambiguation)">Sindhi</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Hindi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">हिन्दी</span></span></span>, <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">Hindī</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hindi.svg/260px-Hindi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hindi.svg/390px-Hindi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hindi.svg/520px-Hindi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="283" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Hindi" in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈɦɪndiː]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Total speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 345 million speakers of Hindi and various related languages who reported their language as 'Hindi' (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e27|hin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27|hin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 264 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e27|hin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27|hin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hindi_languages" title="Western Hindi languages">Western Hindi</a><sup id="cite_ref-ELL2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELL2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a><sup id="cite_ref-ELL2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELL2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Hindi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a> (historical)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>, unofficial)<sup id="cite_ref-Palakodety_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palakodety-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari Braille</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Signed Hindi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (protected language)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (third official court language)<sup id="cite_ref-thehindu.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directorate" title="Central Hindi Directorate">Central Hindi Directorate</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=hi">hi</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=188">hin</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hin" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hin">hin</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1269">hind1269</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-qf">59-AAF-qf</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindi_2011_Indian_Census_by_district.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hindi_2011_Indian_Census_by_district.svg/320px-Hindi_2011_Indian_Census_by_district.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hindi_2011_Indian_Census_by_district.svg/480px-Hindi_2011_Indian_Census_by_district.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hindi_2011_Indian_Census_by_district.svg/640px-Hindi_2011_Indian_Census_by_district.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="764" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of L1 self-reported speakers of Hindi in India as per the 2011 Census</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist skin-invert-image" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindustani.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/100px-Hindustani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/150px-Hindustani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hindustani.svg/200px-Hindustani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindustani_language" title="Category:Hindustani language">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Regional or dialectal variants</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Hindi" title="Bihari Hindi">Bihari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Kauravi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravi">Kauravi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani_language" title="History of Hindustani language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani orthography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_numerals" title="Hindustani numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_declension" title="Hindustani declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Linguistic history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary" title="Hindustani vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_kinship_terms" title="Hindustani kinship terms">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Hindustani" title="Phonological history of Hindustani">Phonological history</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> Accessibility</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_transliteration" title="Hindi–Urdu transliteration">Hindi–Urdu transliteration</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Hindustani Braille</a></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Hindi Braille</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu Braille</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Hindi">Roman Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani Sign Language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindustani_language" title="Template:Hindustani language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Hindustani_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Hindustani language (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindustani_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindustani language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Modern Standard Hindi</b> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी</span></span></span>, <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">Ādhunik Mānak Hindī</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly referred to as <b>Hindi</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardised variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official language of India">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. Hindi is considered a <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(linguistics)" title="Sanskritisation (linguistics)">Sanskritised</a> <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a><sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_India_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_India-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>, which itself is based primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Khariboli</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and neighbouring areas.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSU-Hindustani_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSU-Hindustani-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basu2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basu2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PeterDass2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterDass2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">official language</a> in nine states and three <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territories</a> and an additional official language in three other states.<sup id="cite_ref-fulllangdatacensus_2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fulllangdatacensus_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindi is also one of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled languages of the Republic of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, standard Hindi is <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with standard <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, another recognised register of Hindustani, as both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary base derived from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> (a descendant of Sanskrit).<sup id="cite_ref-GubeGao2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2024_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2024-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindi is also spoken, to a lesser extent, in other parts of India (usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-fulllangdatacensus_2011_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fulllangdatacensus_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other nearby languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>. Such languages include <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a>, which has an official status in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a>, which is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uniw_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mau_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mau-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindi is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">fourth most-spoken first language</a> in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If counted together with the mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambhir1995_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambhir1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to reports of <i>Ethnologue</i> (2022, 25th edition) Hindi is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers#Ethnologue_(2022,_25th_edition)" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">third most-spoken language</a> in the world including <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindi is the fastest growing <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">language of India</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 census of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The term <i>Hindī</i> originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>. It was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Classical_Persian" title="Persian language">Classical Persian</a> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">هندی</span></span> <i>Hindī</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a> pronunciation: <i>Hendi</i>), meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">of or belonging to <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hind</a></i> (India)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (hence, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Indian</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another name <i>Hindavī</i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हिन्दवी</span></span>) or <i>Hinduī</i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हिन्दुई</span></span>) (from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <i> هندوی</i> 'of or belonging to the Hindu/Indian people') was often used in the past, for example by <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> in his poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <i>Hindi</i> and <i>Hindu</i> trace back to Old Persian which derived these names from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> name <i>Sindhu</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">सिन्धु</span></span>), referring to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. The Greek cognates of the same terms are <i>Indus</i> (for the river) and <i>India</i> (for the land of the river).<sup id="cite_ref-Bose2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bose2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Modern Standard Hindi</i> is commonly used to specifically refer the modern literary Hindi language, as opposed to colloquial and regional varieties that are also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Hindi_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi belt"><i>Hindi</i> in a wider sense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kachru_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kachru-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindustani">History of Hindustani</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Indo-Aryan_to_Hindi">Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi</h3></div> <p>Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa</a> (from Sanskrit <i>apabhraṃśa</i> "corrupt"), which emerged in the 7th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-de_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sound changes that characterised the transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi are:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a> of vowels preceding <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> consonants, sometimes with spontaneous nasalisation: Skt. <i>hasta</i> "hand" > Pkt. <i>hattha</i> > <i>hāth</i></li> <li>Loss of all word-final vowels: <i>rātri</i> "night" > <i>rattī</i> > <i>rāt</i></li> <li>Formation of nasalised long vowels from nasal consonants (-VNC- > -V̄̃C-): <i>bandha</i> "bond" > <i>bā̃dh</i></li> <li>Loss of unaccented or unstressed short vowels (reflected in <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa deletion">schwa deletion</a>): <i>susthira</i> "firm" > <i>sutthira</i> > <i>suthrā</i></li> <li>Collapsing of adjacent vowels (including separated by a hiatus: <i>apara</i> "other" > <i>avara</i> > <i>aur</i></li> <li>Final <i>-m</i> to <i>-ṽ</i>: <i>grāma</i> "village" > <i>gāma</i> > <i>gāṽ</i></li> <li>Intervocalic <i>-ḍ-</i> to <i>-ṛ-</i> or <i>-l-</i>: <i>taḍāga</i> "pond" > <i>talāv</i>, <i>naḍa</i> "reed" > <i>nal</i>.</li> <li><i>v</i> > <i>b</i>: <i>vivāha</i> "marriage" > <i>byāh</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindustani">Hindustani</h3></div> <p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a>, which covered most of today's north India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> base of <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a> became enriched with loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, evolving into the present form of Hindustani.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekhta2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekhta2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MatthewsShackleHusain1985_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatthewsShackleHusain1985-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IJSW1943_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJSW1943-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mody2008_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mody2008-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kesavan1997_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kesavan1997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindi achieved prominence in India after it became the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">imperial court</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recorded that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> spoke in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindvi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hock1991_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hock1991-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent,<sup id="cite_ref-Ashmore1961_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashmore1961-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary" title="Hindustani vocabulary">Hindustani vocabulary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films and songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Tunstall2008_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tunstall2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hiro2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiro2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standard Hindi is based on the language that was spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Ganges-Yamuna Doab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a>) called <a href="/wiki/Khariboli" title="Khariboli">Khariboli</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-de_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2000_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2000-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vernacular of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and the surrounding region came to replace earlier prestige languages such as <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a>. Standard Hindi was developed by supplanting foreign loanwords from the Hindustani language and replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words, though Standard Hindi does continue to possess several Persian loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-JainCardona2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JainCardona2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gumperz1971_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gumperz1971-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Hindi became a literary language in the 19th century. Earliest examples could be found as <i>Prēm Sāgar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lallu_Lal" title="Lallu Lal">Lallu Lal</a>, <i>Batiyāl Pachīsī</i> of Sadal Misra, and <i>Rānī Kētakī Kī Kahānī</i> of <a href="/wiki/Insha_Allah_Khan" title="Insha Allah Khan">Insha Allah Khan</a> which were published in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari script</a> during the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Gilchrist_(linguist)" title="John Gilchrist (linguist)">John Gilchrist</a> was principally known for his study of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>, which was adopted as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of northern India (including what is now present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) by British colonists and indigenous people. He compiled and authored <i>An English-Hindustani Dictionary</i>, <i>A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language</i>, <i>The Oriental Linguist</i>, and many more. His <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> of Hindustani was published in the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī script</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Romanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation">Roman transliteration</a>.In the late 19th century, a movement to further develop Hindi as a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2014, Urdu was accorded second official language status in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_India">Independent India</h3></div> <p>After independence, the Government of India instituted the following conventions:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2011)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Standardisation of grammar: In 1954, the Government of India set up a committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi; The committee's report was released in 1958 as <i>A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Standardisation of the orthography, using the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script, by the Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture to bring about uniformity in writing, to improve the shape of some Devanagari characters, and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages.</li></ul> <p>On 14 September 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> adopted Hindi written in the Devanagari script as the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_Union_govt_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of Union govt of India">official language of the Republic of India</a> replacing the previous usage of Hindustani in the Perso-Arabic script in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favour of Hindi, most notably <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" class="extiw" title="hi:व्यौहार राजेन्द्र सिंह">Beohar Rajendra Simha</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Hazari_Prasad_Dwivedi" title="Hazari Prasad Dwivedi">Hazari Prasad Dwivedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_Sharan_Gupt" title="Maithili Sharan Gupt">Maithili Sharan Gupt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seth_Govind_Das" title="Seth Govind Das">Seth Govind Das</a> who even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the adoption of Hindi as the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, it is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Day" title="Hindi Day">Hindi Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <p>Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Union. Under Article 343, the official languages of the Union have been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English: </p> <blockquote><p>(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement: Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-NIC2008_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIC2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XVII" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part XVII">Article 351</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian constitution">Indian constitution</a> states: </p> <blockquote><p>It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.</p></blockquote> <p>It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351),<sup id="cite_ref-eighthschedule_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eighthschedule-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Imposition_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imposition of Hindi">imposition of Hindi</a> on non-native speakers, especially in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">those in Tamil Nadu</a>) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XVII" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part XVII">Article 344 (2b)</a> stipulates that the official language commission shall be constituted every ten years to recommend steps for the progressive use of Hindi language and impose restrictions on the use of the English language by the union government. In practice, the official language commissions are constantly endeavouring to promote Hindi but not imposing restrictions on English in official use by the union government. </p><p>At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langoff_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langoff-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindi is an official language of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedikter2009_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedikter2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It acts as an additional official language of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in blocks and sub-divisions with more than 10% of the population speaking Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indiatoday:1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indiatoday:1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following <a href="/wiki/Union_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territories">Union Territories</a>: <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a>. </p><p>Although there is no specification of a national language in the constitution, it is a widely held belief that Hindi is the national language of India. This is often a source of friction and contentious debate.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_High_Court" title="Gujarat High Court">Gujarat High Court</a> clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such.<sup id="cite_ref-National_TOI_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_TOI-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_PTI_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_PTI-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3></div> <p>Outside <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi language</a> (an Eastern Hindi dialect) with influence from <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is spoken in Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue.com_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an official language in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it referred to it as "Hindustani"; however, in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Constitution_of_Fiji" title="2013 Constitution of Fiji">2013 Constitution of Fiji</a>, it is simply called "<a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a>" as the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue.com_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3></div> <p>Hindi is spoken as a first language by about 77,569 people in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Nepal_census" title="2011 Nepal census">2011 Nepal census</a>, and further by 1,225,950 people as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Hindi proponent, Indian-born <a href="/wiki/Paramananda_Jha" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramananda Jha">Paramananda Jha</a>, was elected vice-president of Nepal. He took his oath of office in Hindi in July 2008. This created protests in the streets for 5 days; students burnt his effigies, and there was a general strike in 22 districts. Nepal Supreme Court ruled in 2009 that his oath in Hindi was invalid and he was kept "inactive" as vice-president. An "angry" Jha said, "I cannot be compelled to take the oath now in Nepali. I might rather take it in English."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <p>Hindi is a protected language in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a> must promote and ensure respect for Hindi along with other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a doctoral dissertation by Rajend Mesthrie in 1985, although Hindi and other Indian languages have existed in South Africa for the last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them – of their use in South Africa, their evolution and current decline.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3></div> <p>Hindi is adopted as the third official court language in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Emirate of Abu Dhabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thehindu.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this status, the Indian workforce in UAE can file their complaints to the labour courts in the country in their own mother-tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2></div> <p>Hindi is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a> (which contains the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a>), as well as an official language of the Government of India, along with English.<sup id="cite_ref-NIC2008_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIC2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> a pidgin known as <a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a> has developed as a <i>lingua franca</i> for the people living in <a href="/wiki/Haflong" title="Haflong">Haflong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> who speak other languages natively.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, Hindi emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 dialects natively.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindi is quite easy to understand for many <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistanis</a>, who speak Urdu, which, like Hindi, is a standard register of the Hindustani language; additionally, Indian media are widely viewed in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandapur2012_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandapur2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sizeable population in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films, songs and actors in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Hakala2012_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakala2012-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2013_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindi is also spoken by a large population of <a href="/wiki/Madheshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Madheshi">Madheshis</a> (people having roots in north-India but having migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years) of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. Apart from this, Hindi is spoken by the large <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a> which hails from, or has its origin from the "Hindi Belt" of India. A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries like the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>, the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Africa, Fiji and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, where it is natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani-speaking communities. Outside India, Hindi speakers are 8 million in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>; 863,077 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji;<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue.com_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 250,292 in South Africa; 150,000 in Suriname;<sup id="cite_ref-bookcitation_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookcitation-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 100,000 in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>; 45,800 in the United Kingdom;<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20,000 in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>; 20,000 in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>; 26,000 in Trinidad and Tobago;<sup id="cite_ref-bookcitation_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookcitation-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,000 in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Standard_Urdu">Comparison with Standard Urdu</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani grammar</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistically</a>, Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniyal2016_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniyal2016-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary of native Prakrit and Sanskrit-derived words.<sup id="cite_ref-GubeGao2019_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper2010_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and contains more direct <i>tatsama</i> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-derived words than Urdu, whereas Urdu is written in the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> script and uses more Arabic and Persian loanwords compared to Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-JainCardona2007_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JainCardona2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, as well as the fact that the two registers share an identical grammar,<sup id="cite_ref-PeterDass2019_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterDass2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GubeGao2019_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper2010_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a consensus of linguists consider them to be two standardised forms of the same language, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> or Hindi-Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniyal2016_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniyal2016-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PeterDass2019_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterDass2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GubeGao2019_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basu2017_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basu2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindi is the most commonly used scheduled language in India and is <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_india" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of india">one of the two official languages of the union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other being English. Urdu is the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan#Major_regional_languages" title="Languages of Pakistan">national language</a> and <i>lingua franca</i> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">one of 22 scheduled languages of India</a>, also having official status in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Script">Script</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></div> <p>Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>. Devanagari consists of 11 <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script#Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">vowels</a> and 33 <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script#Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">consonants</a> and is written from left to right. Unlike Sanskrit, Devanagari is not entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">schwa deletion</a> in spoken Standard Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanisation">Romanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari transliteration</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian transliteration</a> as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Romanised_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanised Hindi">Romanised Hindi</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>, is the dominant form of Hindi online. In an analysis of <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-Palakodety_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palakodety-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a></div> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="3">Examples </th> <th rowspan="2">Devanagari representation </th> <th rowspan="2">English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Hindi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">बीस</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بیس</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>b</b>īs</i></span> </td> <td>ब् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ca<b>bb</b>ie </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">भालू</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بھالو</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>bh</b>ālū</i></span> </td> <td>भ् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">clu<b>bh</b>ouse </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-coronal_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">दाल</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دال</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>d</b>āl</i></span> </td> <td>द् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>th</b>e </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-coronal_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">धूप</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دھوپ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>dh</b>ūp</i></span> </td> <td>ध् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">a<b>dh</b>ere (but dental) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">जान</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جان</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>j</b>ān</i></span> </td> <td>ज् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">bu<b>dg</b>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʒʱ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">झड़ना</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جھڑنا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>jh</b>aṛnā</i></span> </td> <td>झ् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">he<b>dgeh</b>og </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-coronal_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">डालना</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈالنا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>ḍ</b>ālnā</i></span> </td> <td>ड् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> bir<b>d</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-coronal_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ढक्कन</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈھکّن</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>ḍh</b>akkan</i></span> </td> <td>ढ् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">American bir<b>dh</b>ouse </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ख़िलाफ़</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خلاف</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">k͟hilā<b>f</b></i></span> </td> <td>फ़् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>f</b>uss </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">गोल</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گول</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>g</b>ol</i></span> </td> <td>ग् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">a<b>g</b>o </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">घर</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گھر</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>gh</b>ar</i></span> </td> <td>घ् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">lo<b>gh</b>ouse </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">एतबार</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اعتبار</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">i<b>ʻ</b>tibār</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">The pause in <i>"uh-oh!"</i>, bu<b>tt</b>er "bu<b>'</b>er" (<a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">t-glottalizing dialects</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-Urdu_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urdu-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">बाग़</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">باغ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">bā<b>ġ</b></i></span> </td> <td>ग़् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Similar to the French R </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हम</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہم</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>h</b>am</i></span> </td> <td>ह् </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;">a<b>h</b>ead </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हुक्म</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">حکم</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>h̤</b>ukm</i></span> </td> <td>ह् </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">याद</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">یاد</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>y</b>ād</i></span> </td> <td>य् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>y</b>uck </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कमज़ोर</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کمزور</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>k</b>amzor</i></span> </td> <td>क् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>c</b>ab </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">खाल</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کھال</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>kh</b>āl</i></span> </td> <td>ख् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>c</b>ab </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">लब</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لب</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>l</b>ab</i></span> </td> <td>ल् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>l</b>eaf </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">मगर</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">مگر</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>m</b>agar</i></span> </td> <td>म् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>m</b>uch </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">नहीं</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نہیں</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>n</b>ahī̃</i></span> </td> <td>न् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">pa<b>n</b>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-Hindi_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindi-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">किरण</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کرن</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">kira<b>ṇ</b></i></span> </td> <td>ण् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">American bur<b>n</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">रंग</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رن٘گ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ra<b>ṅ</b>g</i></span> </td> <td>ङ् or </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ba<b>ng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">पल</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پل</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>p</b>al</i></span> </td> <td>प् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>p</b>ot </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">फल</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پھل</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>ph</b>al</i></span> </td> <td>फ् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>p</b>ot </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-Urdu_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urdu-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">क़रीब</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">قریب</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>q</b>arīb</i></span> </td> <td>‌‌‌क़् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">somewhat like <b>c</b>aught </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-rhotic_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhotic-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">रस</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رس</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>r</b>as</i></span> </td> <td>र् </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Trilled <b>r</b>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ज़र्रा</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ذرّہ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">za<b>rr</b>a</i></span> </td> <td>र् </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-rhotic_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhotic-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ज़रा</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ذرا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">za<b>r</b>ā</i></span> </td> <td>र् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">American a<b>t</b>om </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">लड़ना</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لڑنا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">la<b>ṛ</b>nā</i></span> </td> <td>ड़ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">American ga<b>rt</b>er </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɽʱ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">पढ़ाई</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پڑھائی</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">pa<b>ṛh</b>āī</i></span> </td> <td>ढ़ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">no English equivalent </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">सब</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سب</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>s</b>ab</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">स् </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b>s</b>un </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">साफ़</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">صاف</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>s̤</b>āf</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">साबित</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ثابت</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>s̱</b>ābit</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-Hindi_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindi-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">नष्ट</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نشٹ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">na<b>ṣ</b>ṭ</i></span> </td> <td>ष् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>shr</b>ew </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">काश</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کاش</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">kā<b>ś</b></i></span> </td> <td>श् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>sh</b>oe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-coronal_106-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">तालाब</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تالاب</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>t</b>ālāb</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">त् </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;">similar to ou<b>t</b>think, Spanish <b>t</b>omar </td></tr> <tr> <td>लतीफ़ा </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لطیفہ</span> </td> <td><i>la<b>t̤</b>īfā</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-coronal_106-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">थैला</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تھیلا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>th</b>ailā</i></span> </td> <td>थ् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>t</b>ub (but dental) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">चोर</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چور</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>c</b>or</i></span> </td> <td>च् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ca<b>tch</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">छोड़ना</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چھوڑنا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>ch</b>oṛnā</i></span> </td> <td>छ् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">a<b>ch</b>oo </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-coronal_106-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">टमाटर</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹماٹر</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>ṭ</b>amā<b>ṭ</b>ar</i></span> </td> <td>‌‌‌ट् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>t</b>ub (but retroflex) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-coronal_106-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ठंड</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹھنڈ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>ṭh</b>anḍ</i></span> </td> <td>ठ् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>t</b>ub (but retroflex) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-V_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">वर्ज़िश</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ورزش</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>v</b>arziś</i></span> </td> <td>व् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>v</b>at </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-V_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">पकवान</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پكوان</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">pak<b>v</b>ān</i></span> </td> <td>व् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>w</b>ell </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-Urdu_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urdu-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ख़राब</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خراب</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>k͟h</b>arāb</i></span> </td> <td>ख़् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a> lo<b>ch</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Urdu_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urdu-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">काग़ज़</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کاغذ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">kāġa<b>z</b></i></span> </td> <td>ज़् </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>z</b>oo </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-Urdu_110-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urdu-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morelli2019_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morelli2019-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अझ़दहा</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Rekhta2023_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekhta2023-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اژدہا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">a<b>ž</b>dahā</i></span> </td> <td>झ़् </td> <td style="text-align:left;">plea<b>s</b>ure<sup id="cite_ref-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="3">Examples </th> <th rowspan="2">Devanagari representation </th> <th rowspan="2">English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Hindi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">काम</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کام</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">k<b>ā</b>m</i></span> </td> <td>आ or ा </td> <td style="text-align: left;">f<b>a</b>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">जेब</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جیب</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">j<b>e</b>b</i></span> </td> <td>ए or े </td> <td style="text-align: left;">m<b>ai</b>l </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">रहना</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رہنا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">r<b>ê</b>hnā</i></span> </td> <td>ऐ or ै </td> <td style="text-align: left;">p<b>e</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कैसा</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کیسا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">k<b>ai</b>sā</i></span> </td> <td>ऐ or ै </td> <td style="text-align: left;">f<b>ai</b>ry </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कल</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کَل</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">k<b>a</b>l</i></span> </td> <td>अ </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>a</b>bout </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">जितना</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جِتنا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">j<b>i</b>tnā</i></span> </td> <td>इ or ि </td> <td style="text-align: left;">s<b>i</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">जीतना</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جیتنا</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">j<b>ī</b>tnā</i></span> </td> <td>ई or ी </td> <td style="text-align: left;">s<b>ea</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">बोलो</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بولو</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">b<b>o</b>l<b>o</b></i></span> </td> <td>ओ or ो </td> <td style="text-align: left;">gr<b>ow</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कौन</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کَون</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">k<b>au</b>n</i></span> </td> <td>औ or ौ </td> <td style="text-align: left;">j<b>o</b>b </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">उन</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اُن</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>u</b>n</i></span> </td> <td>उ or ु </td> <td style="text-align: left;">b<b>oo</b>k </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऊन</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اُون</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn"><b>ū</b>n</i></span> </td> <td>ऊ or ू </td> <td style="text-align: left;">m<b>oo</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हँस</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہن٘س</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ha<b>m̐</b>s</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">ँ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;">nasal vowel fa<b>un</b><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ãː,<span class="wrap"> </span>õː]</span>, etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">मैं</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">مَیں</span></span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ma<b>ī̃</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Suprasegmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmental">Suprasegmentals</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">ˈ◌</a></span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈbaːɦər]</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">stress<br />(placed before stressed syllable) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">◌ː</a></span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʊtːəɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>pɾəˈdeːʃ]</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">doubled consonant<br />(placed after doubled consonant) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Hindustani etymology</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_and_Persian_roots_in_Hindi" title="List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi">List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi</a></div> <p>Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">Tatsam</a></b> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">तत्सम</span></span> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "same as that"</span>) words: These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit (except for the absence of final case inflections).<sup id="cite_ref-sirysq_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sirysq-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include words inherited from Sanskrit via <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> which have survived without modification (e.g. Hindi <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">नाम</span></span> <i>nām</i> / Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">नाम</span></span> <i>nāma</i>, "name",<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times (e.g. <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">प्रार्थना</span></span> <i>prārthanā</i>, "prayer").<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Amongst nouns, the <i>tatsam</i> word could be the Sanskrit non-inflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension.</li> <li><b>Ardhatatsam</b> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अर्धतत्सम</span></span> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "semi-tatsama"</span>) words: Such words are typically earlier loanwords from Sanskrit which have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed. (e.g. Hindi <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">सूरज</span></span> <i>sūraj</i> from Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">सूर्य</span></span> <i>sūrya</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tadbhava" title="Tadbhava">Tadbhav</a></b> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">तद्भव</span></span> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "born of that"</span>) words: These are native Hindi words derived from Sanskrit after undergoing phonological rules (e.g. Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कर्म</span></span> <i>karma</i>, "deed" becomes <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Prakrit</a> <span title="Shauraseni-language text"><span lang="psu-Deva">कम्म</span></span> <i>kamma</i>, and eventually Hindi <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">काम</span></span> <i>kām</i>, "work") and are spelled differently from Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-sirysq_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sirysq-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Deshaj</b> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">देशज</span></span> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "of the country"</span>) words: These are words that were not borrowings from non-indigenous languages but do not derive from attested Indo-Aryan words either. Belonging to this category are <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomatopoetic">onomatopoetic</a> words or ones borrowed from local non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>.</li> <li><b>Videshī</b> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">विदेशी</span></span> <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "foreign"</span>) words: These include all <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from non-indigenous languages. The most frequent source languages in this category are <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. Examples are <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">क़िला</span></span> <i>qila</i> "fort" from Persian, <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कमेटी</span></span> <i>kameṭī</i> from English <i>committee</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prakrit">Prakrit</h3></div> <p>Hindi has naturally inherited a large portion of its vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Prakrit</a>, in the form of <i>tadbhava</i> words.<sup id="cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process usually involves <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a> of vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit <i>tīkṣṇa</i> > Prakrit <i>tikkha</i> > Hindi <i>tīkhā</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</h3></div> <p>Much of Standard Hindi's vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit as <i>tatsam</i> borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> compounding <i>tatsam</i> words, is called <i>Śuddh Hindi</i> (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi. </p><p>Excessive use of <i>tatsam</i> words sometimes creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in Hindustani, causing difficulties in pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a>, new words are coined using Sanskrit components to be used as replacements for supposedly foreign vocabulary. Usually these neologisms are <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> of English words already adopted into spoken Hindi. Some terms such as <i>dūrbhāṣ</i> "telephone", literally "far-speech" and <i>dūrdarśan</i> "television", literally "far-sight" have even gained some currency in formal Hindi in the place of the English borrowings <i>(ṭeli)fon</i> and <i>ṭīvī</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian">Persian</h3></div> <p>Hindi also features significant <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> influence, standardised from spoken <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JainCardona2007_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JainCardona2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kachru_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kachru-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Early borrowings, beginning in the mid-12th century, were specific to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (e.g. <i>Muhammad</i>, <i>Islām</i>) and so Persian was simply an intermediary for Arabic. Later, under the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, Persian became the primary administrative language in the Hindi heartland. Persian borrowings reached a heyday in the 17th century, pervading all aspects of life. Even grammatical constructs, namely the <a href="/wiki/Izafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Izafat">izafat</a>, were assimilated into Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of Persian language then and thus its influence, is also visible in Hindi <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1143245455">.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>i,.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>span{line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:inline-block}@media only screen and (max-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:block}}</style> <table class="Verse_transliteration-translation" style="margin-left:2em !important;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="padding-right:1em"> <div style=""><div title="Hindi-language text"><div lang="hi"><div class="poem"> <p>हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या,<br /> पढ़े लिखे को फ़ारसी क्या। </p> </div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em"> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><div style="" class="poem"> <p>Hāth kaṅgan ko ārsī kyā,<br /> Paṛhe likhe ko Fārsī kyā. </p> </div></i></span> </td> <td><div style="" class="poem"> <p>What is mirror to a hand with bangles,<br /> What is Persian to a literate.<br /> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The emergence of Modern Standard Hindi in the 19th century went along with the Sanskritisation of its vocabulary,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to a marginalisation of Persian vocabulary in Hindi, which continued after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a> when the Indian government co-opted the policy of Sanskritisation. However, many Persian words (e.g. <i>bas</i> "enough", <i>khud</i> "self") have remained entrenched in Standard Hindi, and a larger amount are still used in <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</a> written in the Devanagari script. Many words borrowed from Persian in turn were loanwords from Arabic (e.g. <i>muśkil</i> "difficult", <i>havā</i> "air", <i>x(a)yāl</i> "thought", <i>kitāb</i> "book"). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Loanwords from Persian derived from Arabic<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Perso-Arabic word</th> <th>Hindi word</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وقت</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqt</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">वक़्त</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">vaqt</i></span></td> <td>time </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قميص</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qamīṣ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">क़मीज़</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">qamīz</i></span></td> <td>shirt </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kitāb</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">किताब</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">kitāb</i></span></td> <td>book </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نصيب</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">naṣīb</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">नसीब</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">nasīb</i></span></td> <td>destiny </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كرسي</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kursiyy</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कुर्सी</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">kursī</i></span></td> <td>chair </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حساب</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥisāb</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हिसाब</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">hisāb</i></span></td> <td>calculation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قانون</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qānūn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">क़ानून</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">qānūn</i></span></td> <td>law </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خبر</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḵabar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ख़बर</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">xabar</i></span></td> <td>news </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دنيا</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dunyā</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">दुनिया</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">duniyā</i></span></td> <td>world </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>क़ानून ultimately comes from the Greek κανών (kanōn).</li> <li>क़मीज़ ultimately comes from the Latin "camisia" pronunciation reinforced by Portuguese "camisa".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Englishisation#South_Asia" title="Englishisation">Englishisation § South Asia</a></div> <p>Hindi also makes extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Loan_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan translation">loan translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calqueing" class="mw-redirect" title="Calqueing">calqueing</a>) and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">phono-semantic matching</a> of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h3></div> <p>Many Hindustani words were derived from Portuguese due to interaction with colonists and missionaries: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hindi</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Portuguese </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>anānās</i> (अनानास)</td> <td>pineapple</td> <td>ananás </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pādrī</i> (पाद्री)</td> <td>priest</td> <td>padre </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bālṭī</i> (बाल्टी)</td> <td>bucket</td> <td>balde </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>čābī</i> (चाबी)</td> <td>key</td> <td>chave </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>girjā</i> (गिर्जा)</td> <td>church</td> <td>igreja </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>almārī</i> (अलमारी)</td> <td>cupboard</td> <td>armário </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>botal</i> (बोतल)</td> <td>bottle</td> <td>botelha </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aspatāl</i> (अस्पताल)</td> <td>hospital</td> <td>Hospital </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>olandez</i> (ओलंदेज़)</td> <td>Dutch</td> <td>holandês </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi literature</a></div> <p>Hindi literature is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i> (devotional – <a href="/wiki/Kabirdas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabirdas">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raskhan" title="Raskhan">Raskhan</a>); <i>Śṛṇgār</i> (beauty – <a href="/wiki/Keshav" title="Keshav">Keshav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihari_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihari (poet)">Bihari</a>); <i>Vīgāthā</i> (epic); and <i>Ādhunik</i> (modern). </p><p>Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> and the composition of long, epic poems. It was primarily written in other <a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">varieties of Hindi</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Avadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Avadhi">Avadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a>, but to a degree also in Delhavi, the basis for Standard Hindi. During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, Hindustani became the prestige dialect. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chandrakanta_(novel)" title="Chandrakanta (novel)"><i>Chandrakanta</i></a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Devaki_Nandan_Khatri" title="Devaki Nandan Khatri">Devaki Nandan Khatri</a> in 1888, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person who brought realism in Hindi prose literature was <a href="/wiki/Munshi_Premchand" class="mw-redirect" title="Munshi Premchand">Munshi Premchand</a>, who is considered the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. Literary, or <i>Sāhityik</i>, Hindi was popularised by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Dayananda Saraswati">Swami Dayananda Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhartendu_Harishchandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartendu Harishchandra">Bhartendu Harishchandra</a> and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular with educated people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Dvivedī Yug</i> ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Prasad_Dwivedi" title="Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi">Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi</a>, who played a major role in establishing Standard Hindi in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love. </p><p>In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chhayavaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhayavaad">Chāyāvād</a></i> (<i>shadow-ism</i>) and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as <i>Chāyāvādī</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jaishankar_Prasad" title="Jaishankar Prasad">Jaishankar Prasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suryakant_Tripathi_%27Nirala%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'">Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumitranandan_Pant" title="Sumitranandan Pant">Sumitranandan Pant</a>, are the four major <i>Chāyāvādī</i> poets. </p><p><i>Uttar Ādhunik</i> is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the <i>Chāyāvādī</i> movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3></div> <p>Hindi literature, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">film</a> have all been disseminated via the internet. In 2015, Google reported a 94% increase in Hindi-content consumption year-on-year, adding that 21% of users in India prefer content in Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Hindi <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> also offer digital editions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Urdu#Sample_text" title="Urdu">Urdu § Sample text</a></div> <p>The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (by the United Nations): </p> <dl><dt>Hindi in Devanagari Script</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अनुच्छेद १(एक): सभी मनुष्य जन्म से स्वतन्त्र तथा मर्यादा और अधिकारों में समान होते हैं। वे तर्क और विवेक से सम्पन्न हैं तथा उन्हें भ्रातृत्व की भावना से परस्पर के प्रति कार्य करना चाहिए।</span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Transliteration (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>)</dt> <dd><dl><dt></dt></dl></dd> <dd><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">Anucchēd 1 (ēk): Sabhī manuṣya janma sē svatantra tathā maryādā aur adhikārō̃ mē̃ samān hōtē haĩ. Vē tark aur vivēk sē sampanna haĩ tathā unhē̃ bhrātr̥tva kī bhāvanā sē paraspar kē pratī kārya karnā cāhiē.</i></span></dd> <dt>Transcription (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>)</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ənʊtːʃʰeːd<span class="wrap"> </span>eːk<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>səbʰiː<span class="wrap"> </span>mənʊʂjə<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒənmə<span class="wrap"> </span>seː<span class="wrap"> </span>sʋət̪ənt̪ɾə<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ətʰaː<span class="wrap"> </span>məɾjaːd̪aː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>əd̪ʰɪkaːɾõː<span class="wrap"> </span>mẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>səmaːn<span class="wrap"> </span>hoːteː<span class="wrap"> </span>hɛ̃ː‖<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋeː<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪əɾk<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋɪʋeːk<span class="wrap"> </span>seː<span class="wrap"> </span>səmpənːə<span class="wrap"> </span>hɛ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ətʰaː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊnʰẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>bʰɾaːtɾɪt̪ʋə<span class="wrap"> </span>kiː<span class="wrap"> </span>bʰaːʋənaː<span class="wrap"> </span>seː<span class="wrap"> </span>pəɾəspəɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>keː<span class="wrap"> </span>pɾət̪iː<span class="wrap"> </span>kaːɾjə<span class="wrap"> </span>kəɾnaː<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃaːhɪeː‖]</span></dd> <dt>Gloss (word-to-word)</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Article 1 (one) <i>–</i> All humans birth from independent and dignity and rights in equal are. They logic and conscience from endowed are and they fraternity in the spirit of each other towards work should.</dd> <dt>Translation (grammatical)</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Article 1 <i>–</i> All humans are born independent and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with logic and conscience and they should work towards each other in the spirit of fraternity.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Divas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Divas">Hindi Divas</a> – the official day to celebrate Hindi as a language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Languages with official status in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Hindi_or_Urdu_origin" title="List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin">List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_channels_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi channels in Europe">List of Hindi channels in Europe</a> (by type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">List of languages by number of native speakers in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_and_Persian_roots_in_Hindi" title="List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi">List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Secretariat" title="World Hindi Secretariat">World Hindi Secretariat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">etbār</i></span>). <a href="/wiki/Rekhta_(website)" title="Rekhta (website)">Rekhta Dictionary</a> transliterates this term as ए'तिबार (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">e'tibār</i></span>) in Devanagari.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. 29 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scheduled+Languages+in+descending+order+of+speaker%27s+strength+-+2011&rft.pub=Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e27|hin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27|hin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27|hin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hin">Hindi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">the original</a> on 15 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Hindi-Urdu&rft.pub=North+Carolina+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsasw.chass.ncsu.edu%2Ffl%2Ffaculty%2Ftaj%2Fhindi%2Fabturdu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basu2017-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basu2017_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basu2017_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2017" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Manisha (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7gtDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Rhetoric of Hindutva</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14987-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14987-8"><bdi>978-1-107-14987-8</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Delhi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Hindutva&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14987-8&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Manisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7gtDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeterDass2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PeterDass2019_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterDass2019_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterDass2019_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter-Dass2019" class="citation book cs1">Peter-Dass, Rakesh (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxmvDwAAQBAJ"><i>Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-070224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-070224-8"><bdi>978-1-00-070224-8</bdi></a>. <q>Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+Christian+Literature+in+Contemporary+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-00-070224-8&rft.aulast=Peter-Dass&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxmvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fulllangdatacensus_2011-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fulllangdatacensus_2011_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fulllangdatacensus_2011_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawoosa2018" class="citation news cs1">Kawoosa, Vijdan Mohammad (22 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html">"How languages intersect in India"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015014438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=How+languages+intersect+in+India&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft.aulast=Kawoosa&rft.aufirst=Vijdan+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fhow-languagesintersect-in-india%2Fstory-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/iframes/language_probability_interactive/index.html">"How many Indians can you talk to?"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216113014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/iframes/language_probability_interactive/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=How+many+Indians+can+you+talk+to%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fstatic%2Fiframes%2Flanguage_probability_interactive%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaravanan2018" class="citation web cs1">Saravanan, Depak (9 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/hindi-and-north-south-divide-696931.html">"Hindi and the North-South divide"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123052133/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/hindi-and-north-south-divide-696931.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Hindi+and+the+North-South+divide&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Saravanan&rft.aufirst=Depak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fopinion%2Fperspective%2Fhindi-and-north-south-divide-696931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillalamarri" class="citation web cs1">Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/indias-evolving-linguistic-landscape/">"India's Evolving Linguistic Landscape"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601181209/https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/indias-evolving-linguistic-landscape/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=India%27s+Evolving+Linguistic+Landscape&rft.aulast=Pillalamarri&rft.aufirst=Akhilesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2018%2F07%2Findias-evolving-linguistic-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm">"PART A Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages)"</a>. <i>Census of India</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=PART+A+Languages+specified+in+the+Eighth+Schedule+%28Scheduled+Languages%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2FCensus_Data_2001%2FCensus_Data_Online%2FLanguage%2FStatement1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GubeGao2019-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubeGao2019" class="citation book cs1">Gube, Jan; Gao, Fang (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkWHDwAAQBAJ"><i>Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3125-1"><bdi>978-981-13-3125-1</bdi></a>. <q>The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology and grammar (Lust et al. 2000).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education%2C+Ethnicity+and+Equity+in+the+Multilingual+Asian+Context&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-981-13-3125-1&rft.aulast=Gube&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Gao%2C+Fang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkWHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Suniti Kumar; Siṃha, Udaẏa Nārāẏana; Padikkal, Shivarama (1997). <i>Suniti Kumar Chatterji: a centenary tribute</i>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0353-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0353-2"><bdi>978-81-260-0353-2</bdi></a>. <q>High Hindi written in Devanagari, having identical grammar with Urdu, employing the native Hindi or Hindustani (Prakrit) elements to the fullest, but for words of high culture, going to Sanskrit. Hindustani proper that represents the basic Khari Boli with vocabulary holding a balance between Urdu and High Hindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suniti+Kumar+Chatterji%3A+a+centenary+tribute&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0353-2&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Suniti+Kumar&rft.au=Si%E1%B9%83ha%2C+Uda%E1%BA%8Fa+N%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%BA%8Fana&rft.au=Padikkal%2C+Shivarama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoonPratt2023" class="citation book cs1">Yoon, Bogum; Pratt, Kristen L., eds. (15 January 2023). <i>Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning</i>. Lexington Books. p. 198. <q>In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table 12.1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Language+Impact+on+Second+Language+and+Literacy+Learning&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2023-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2024-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2024_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar/articleshow/108415962.cms">"Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 12 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ties+between+Urdu+%26+Sanskrit+deeply+rooted%3A+Scholar&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2Fties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar%2Farticleshow%2F108415962.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india/">"How Hindi travelled to these five countries from India"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 14 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229020952/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=How+Hindi+travelled+to+these+five+countries+from+India&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fhindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110802071514/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents">"Sequence of events with reference to official language of the Union"</a>. <i>Department of Official Language</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents8">the original</a> on 2 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Official+Language&rft.atitle=Sequence+of+events+with+reference+to+official+language+of+the+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frajbhasha.nic.in%2FIIContent.aspx%3Ft%3Denevents8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101180254/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/5912a2ce-0260-4df5-98b9-955360cd3aad/Click-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution-(Hind.aspx">"रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी का संविधान (Constitution of the Republic of Fiji, the Hindi version)"</a>. <i>Fiji Government</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/5912a2ce-0260-4df5-98b9-955360cd3aad/Click-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution-(Hind.aspx">the original</a> on 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fiji+Government&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%28Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Fiji%2C+the+Hindi+version%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiji.gov.fj%2Fgetattachment%2F5912a2ce-0260-4df5-98b9-955360cd3aad%2FClick-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution-%28Hind.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uniw-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uniw_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220080555/http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1">"Caribbean Languages and Caribbean Linguistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies_Press" title="University of the West Indies Press">University of the West Indies Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Languages+and+Caribbean+Linguistics&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuwispace.sta.uwi.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2139%2F41235%2FCaribbean%2520Heritage%2520Ferreira%25202012.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mau-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mau_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_K._Barz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Richard K. Barz (8 May 2007). "The cultural significance of Hindi in Mauritius". <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i>. <b>3</b>: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856408008722995">10.1080/00856408008722995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+cultural+significance+of+Hindi+in+Mauritius&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856408008722995&rft.au=Richard+K.+Barz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i>. Asterisks mark the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010">2010 estimates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051518/http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010">Archived</a> 11 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for the top dozen languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gambhir1995-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gambhir1995_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambhir1995" class="citation book cs1">Gambhir, Vijay (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mB7TQc_OpdcC"><i>The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3328-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3328-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-3328-5</bdi></a>. <q>The position of Hindi-Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps Spanish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teaching+and+Acquisition+of+South+Asian+Languages&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3328-5&rft.aulast=Gambhir&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmB7TQc_OpdcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani">"Hindustani"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729004822/http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017 – via encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindustani&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Flanguage-linguistics-and-literary-terms%2Flanguage-and-linguistics%2Fhindustani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/">"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"</a>. <i>Ethnologue (Free All)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+%28Free+All%29&rft.atitle=What+are+the+top+200+most+spoken+languages%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Finsights%2Fethnologue200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR2019" class="citation news cs1">R, Aishwaryaa (6 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html">"What census data reveals about use of Indian languages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=What+census+data+reveals+about+use+of+Indian+languages&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft.aulast=R&rft.aufirst=Aishwaryaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Findia%2Fwhat-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallapothu2018" class="citation news cs1">Pallapothu, Sravan (28 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/">"Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language"</a>. <i>Indiaspend.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiaspend.com&rft.atitle=Hindi+Added+100Mn+Speakers+In+A+Decade%3B+Kashmiri+2nd+Fast+Growing+Language&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Pallapothu&rft.aufirst=Sravan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiaspend.com%2Fhindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndiaSpend2018" class="citation news cs1">IndiaSpend (2 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html">"Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Hindi+fastest+growing+language+in+India%2C+finds+100+million+new+speakers&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft.au=IndiaSpend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fhindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishraAggarwal2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Mishra, Mayank; Aggarwal, Piyush (11 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11">"Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate"</a>. <i>India Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Hindi+grew+rapidly+in+non-Hindi+states+even+without+official+mandate&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Mayank&rft.au=Aggarwal%2C+Piyush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fdiu%2Fstory%2Fhindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteingass1892" class="citation book cs1">Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621060529/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:6823.steingass"><i>A comprehensive Persian-English dictionary</i></a>. London: Routledge & K. Paul. p. 1514. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:6823.steingass">the original</a> on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+comprehensive+Persian-English+dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1514&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Steingass&rft.aufirst=Francis+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv02.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.7%3A1%3A6823.steingass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Rajak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/print.php?id=11660">"Indo-Persian Literature and Amir Khusro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Delhi_University" title="Delhi University">Delhi University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-Persian+Literature+and+Amir+Khusro&rft.pub=Delhi+University&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Rajak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvle.du.ac.in%2Fmod%2Fbook%2Fprint.php%3Fid%3D11660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosensky2013" class="citation book cs1">Losensky, Paul E. (15 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yexgmTQIYhUC"><i>In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amir Khusrau</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184755220" title="Special:BookSources/9788184755220"><bdi>9788184755220</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Bazaar+of+Love%3A+The+Selected+Poetry+of+Amir+Khusrau&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft.isbn=9788184755220&rft.aulast=Losensky&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyexgmTQIYhUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bose2006-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bose2006_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihir_Bose2006" class="citation book cs1">Mihir Bose (18 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gyAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24924-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24924-4"><bdi>978-1-134-24924-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+of+Indian+Cricket%3A+Cricket+and+Society+in+India&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-134-24924-4&rft.au=Mihir+Bose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6gyAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/india">"India"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Findia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kachru-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kachru_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kachru_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachru2006" class="citation book cs1">Kachru, Yamuna (2006). <i>Hindi</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027238122" title="Special:BookSources/9789027238122"><bdi>9789027238122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789027238122&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306085510/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/hindi_orgin/briefhistory.html">"Brief History of Hindi"</a>. <i>Central Hindi Directorate</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/hindi_orgin/briefhistory.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Hindi+Directorate&rft.atitle=Brief+History+of+Hindi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindinideshalaya.nic.in%2Fenglish%2Fhindi_orgin%2Fbriefhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masica, pp. 187–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman, Graham. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire." Shared space: Divided space. Essays on conflict and territorial organization (1990): 106–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rekhta2020-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rekhta2020_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation/dwJy7qboNi3fIg?hl=en">"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture – Rekhta Foundation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Google Arts & Culture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Indian+Sub-Continent%3A+Makings+of+a+Culture+%E2%80%93+Rekhta+Foundation&rft.pub=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fexhibit%2Fwomen-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation%2FdwJy7qboNi3fIg%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatthewsShackleHusain1985-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MatthewsShackleHusain1985_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsShackleHusain1985" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985). <i>Urdu literature</i>. Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907962-30-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907962-30-4"><bdi>978-0-907962-30-4</bdi></a>. <q>But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+literature&rft.pub=Urdu+Markaz%3B+Third+World+Foundation+for+Social+and+Economic+Studies&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-907962-30-4&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=David+John&rft.au=Shackle%2C+C.&rft.au=Husain%2C+Shahanara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala2000-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhulipala2000" class="citation book cs1">Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). <i>The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. p. 27. <q>Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Secularism%3A+Medieval+Indian+Historiography+and+the+Sufis&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dhulipala&rft.aufirst=Venkat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJSW1943-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IJSW1943_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences" title="Tata Institute of Social Sciences">Tata Institute of Social Sciences</a>. 1943. p. 264. <q>... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Journal+of+Social+Work%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Tata+Institute+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mody2008-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mody2008_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMody2008" class="citation book cs1">Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). <i>Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900–1920</i>. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7. <q>...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature%2C+Language%2C+and+Nation+Formation%3A+The+Story+of+a+Modern+Hindi+Journal+1900%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mody&rft.aufirst=Sujata+Sudhakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavan1997-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan1997_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesavan1997" class="citation book cs1">Kesavan, B. S. (1997). <i>History Of Printing And Publishing In India</i>. National Book Trust, India. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0"><bdi>978-81-237-2120-0</bdi></a>. <q>It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Printing+And+Publishing+In+India&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-237-2120-0&rft.aulast=Kesavan&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Uday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5QlWmycTKh0C"><i>Status of Hindi in India</i></a>. Readworthy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5018-149-2"><bdi>978-93-5018-149-2</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"During the period of Mughal Empire, Hindi was used as an additional official language" (Kansal 1991:48).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+of+Hindi+in+India&rft.pub=Readworthy&rft.isbn=978-93-5018-149-2&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Uday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5QlWmycTKh0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOGJAAAAMAAJ&q=aurangzeb+hindi+language"><i>Language Problem in India</i></a>. Institute of Objective Studies. 1997. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185220413" title="Special:BookSources/9788185220413"><bdi>9788185220413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Problem+in+India&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Institute+of+Objective+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788185220413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxOGJAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Daurangzeb%2Bhindi%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hock1991-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hock1991_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Henrich_Hock1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Henrich_Hock" title="Hans Henrich Hock">Hans Henrich Hock</a> (1991). <i>Principles of Historical Linguistics</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012962-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012962-5"><bdi>978-3-11-012962-5</bdi></a>. <q>During the time of British rule, Hindi (in its religiously neutral, 'Hindustani' variety) increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the English of the foreign oppressor. And Hindustani was learned widely throughout India, even in Bengal and the Dravidian south. ... Independence had been accompanied by the division of former British India into two countries, Pakistan and India. The former had been established as a Muslim state and had made Urdu, the Muslim variety of Hindi–Urdu or Hindustani, its national language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012962-5&rft.au=Hans+Henrich+Hock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1993" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=masica"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 430 (Appendix I). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>. <q>Hindustani - term referring to common colloquial base of HINDI and URDU and to its function as lingua franca over much of India, much in vogue during Independence movement as expression of national unity; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86–98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it their mother tongue (the majority of HINDI speakers and many URDU speakers had done so in previous censuses); trend continued in subsequent censuses: only 11,053 returned it in 1971...mostly from S India; [see Khubchandani 1983: 90–1].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=430+%28Appendix+I%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC%26q%3Dmasica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashmore1961-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashmore1961_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshmore1961" class="citation book cs1">Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. p. 579. <q>The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+a+new+survey+of+universal+knowledge%2C+Volume+11&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Ashmore&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tunstall2008-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tunstall2008_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunstall2008" class="citation book cs1">Tunstall, Jeremy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediawereamerica0000tuns/page/160"><i>The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediawereamerica0000tuns/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518146-3"><bdi>978-0-19-518146-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+media+were+American%3A+U.S.+mass+media+in+decline&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518146-3&rft.aulast=Tunstall&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmediawereamerica0000tuns%2Fpage%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiro2015-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hiro2015_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2015" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2015). <i>The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1"><bdi>978-1-56858-503-1</bdi></a>. <q>Spoken Hindi is akin to spoken Urdu, and that language is often called Hindustani. Bollywood's screenplays are written in Hindustani.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+August%3A+The+Unflinching+Rivalry+Between+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-503-1&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2000-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2000_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Students' Britannica India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. 2000. p. 299. <q>Hindustani developed as lingua franca in the medieval ages in and around Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur because of the interaction between the speakers of <i>Khariboli</i> (a dialect developed in this region out of Shauraseni Prakrit) and the speakers of Persian , Turkish , and various dialects of Arabic who migrated to North India. Initially it was known by various names such as <i>Rekhta</i> (mixed), <i>Urdu</i> (language of the camp) and <i>Hindvi</i> or <i>Hindustani</i> (language of Hindustan). Though <i>Khariboli</i> supplied its basic vocabulary and grammar, it borrowed quite a lot of words from Persian and Arabic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JainCardona2007-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JainCardona2007_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JainCardona2007_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JainCardona2007_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>. <q>The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by <i>tatsama</i> forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_C._Shapiro" class="citation book cs1">Michael C. Shapiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsis.washington.edu/southasia/publication/a-primer-of-modern-standard-hindi/"><i>A PRIMER OF MODERN STANDARD HINDI</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+PRIMER+OF+MODERN+STANDARD+HINDI&rft.au=Michael+C.+Shapiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsis.washington.edu%2Fsouthasia%2Fpublication%2Fa-primer-of-modern-standard-hindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gumperz1971-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gumperz1971_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Joseph_Gumperz1971" class="citation book cs1">John Joseph Gumperz (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageinsocial0000gump"><i>Language in Social Groups</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageinsocial0000gump/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0798-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0798-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-0798-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Social+Groups&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0798-5&rft.au=John+Joseph+Gumperz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguageinsocial0000gump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAHMAN2011" class="citation book cs1">RAHMAN, TARIQ (2011). <i>From Hindi to Urdu A Social and Political History</i>. Karachi, Pakistan.: Oxford University Press. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hindi+to+Urdu+A+Social+and+Political+History&rft.place=Karachi%2C+Pakistan.&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=RAHMAN&rft.aufirst=TARIQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Brass2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Brass (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC"><i>Language, Religion and Politics in North India</i></a>. iUniverse, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595343942" title="Special:BookSources/9780595343942"><bdi>9780595343942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion+and+Politics+in+North+India&rft.pub=iUniverse%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780595343942&rft.au=Paul+R.+Brass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSylBHS8IJAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parthasarathy, Kumar, p.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220616083954/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800731-decision-to-make-urdu-second-official-language-in-bihar-provokes-furore-from-maithil-brahmins-821314-2014-01-17">"Bihar: The language tussle – Indiascope News – Issue Date: Jul 31, 19…"</a>. 16 June 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800731-decision-to-make-urdu-second-official-language-in-bihar-provokes-furore-from-maithil-brahmins-821314-2014-01-17">the original</a> on 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar%3A+The+language+tussle+%E2%80%93+Indiascope+News+%E2%80%93+Issue+Date%3A+Jul+31%2C+19%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19800731-decision-to-make-urdu-second-official-language-in-bihar-provokes-furore-from-maithil-brahmins-821314-2014-01-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Hindi_Directorate2011" class="citation book cs1">Central Hindi Directorate (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/page1-converted-compressed"><i>A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Basic+Grammar+of+Modern+Hindi&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Central+Hindi+Directorate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpage1-converted-compressed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne2012" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ"><i>Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110888140" title="Special:BookSources/9783110888140"><bdi>9783110888140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=9783110888140&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieMgAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhryKhoslaMehta2016" class="citation book cs1">Choudhry, Sujit; Khosla, Madhav; Mehta, Pratap Bhanu (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QuEmDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191058615" title="Special:BookSources/9780191058615"><bdi>9780191058615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Indian+Constitution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.isbn=9780191058615&rft.aulast=Choudhry&rft.aufirst=Sujit&rft.au=Khosla%2C+Madhav&rft.au=Mehta%2C+Pratap+Bhanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQuEmDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1998" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (8 October 1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521637640" title="Special:BookSources/9780521637640"><bdi>9780521637640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-10-08&rft.isbn=9780521637640&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrika.com/news/jabalpur/know-hindi-had-the-status-of-national-language-1398330">"हिन्दी दिवस विशेष: इनके प्रयास से मिला था हिन्दी को राजभाषा का दर्जा"</a>. 8 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204803/https://www.patrika.com/news/jabalpur/know-hindi-had-the-status-of-national-language-1398330/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%3A+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrika.com%2Fnews%2Fjabalpur%2Fknow-hindi-had-the-status-of-national-language-1398330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-celebration-how-it-all-began/">"Hindi Diwas celebration: How it all began"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 14 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208134226/http://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-celebration-how-it-all-began/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Hindi+Diwas+celebration%3A+How+it+all+began&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fhindi-diwas-celebration-how-it-all-began%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIC2008-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIC2008_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIC2008_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf">"The Constitution of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/govt/documents/hindi/PARTXVII.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rajbhasha&rft.pub=india.gov.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fgovt%2Fdocuments%2Fhindi%2FPARTXVII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/official-languages-act-1963">"The Official Languages Act, 1963 (as Amended, 1967) (Act No. 19 of 1963)"</a>. <i>Department of Official Language</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216142842/http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/official-languages-act-1963">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/13807/has-hindi-become-our-national-language">the original</a> on 31 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans—mostly Pashtun—fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Languages+as+a+Key+to+Understanding+Afghanistan%27s+Cultures&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hakala&rft.aufirst=Walter+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalgeographic.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fasia_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2013_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthy2013" class="citation web cs1">Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewayhouse.in/kabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection/">"Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kabul+Diary%3A+Discovering+the+Indian+connection&rft.pub=Gateway+House%3A+Indian+Council+on+Global+Relations&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewayhouse.in%2Fkabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindi-most-spoken-indian-language-in-us-telugu-speakers-up-86-in-8-years/articleshow/65893224.cms">"Hindi most spoken Indian language in US, Telugu speakers up 86% in 8 years"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 21 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Hindi+most+spoken+Indian+language+in+US%2C+Telugu+speakers+up+86%25+in+8+years&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fhindi-most-spoken-indian-language-in-us-telugu-speakers-up-86-in-8-years%2Farticleshow%2F65893224.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/us">"United States- Languages"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075837/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/us">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=United+States-+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2Fus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookcitation-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bookcitation_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bookcitation_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frawley, p. 481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB">"United Kingdom- Languages"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201044623/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom-+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FGB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniyal2016-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniyal2016_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniyal2016_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602104222/http://scroll.in/article/809102/the-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving">"Hindi and Urdu are classified as literary registers of the same language"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Decision+to+make+Urdu+second+official+language+in+Bihar+provokes+furore+from+Maithil+Brahmins&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Farzand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19800731-decision-to-make-urdu-second-official-language-in-bihar-provokes-furore-from-maithil-brahmins-821314-2014-01-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1987" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej K. (1987). <i>A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition: Hindi-Hindustani Grammar, Grammarians, History and Problems</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004079243" title="Special:BookSources/9789004079243"><bdi>9789004079243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hindi+Grammatical+Tradition%3A+Hindi-Hindustani+Grammar%2C+Grammarians%2C+History+and+Problems&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789004079243&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coronal-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coronal_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coronal_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coronal_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coronal_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coronal_106-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coronal_106-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coronal_106-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coronal_106-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindi and Urdu contrast dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a>]</span> with apical postalveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>]</span> (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span></span>/</a></span></span> for some speakers with <a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">th-stopping</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a number of words, the <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a></span> and/or <span style="font-size:120%"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a></span></span> is sometimes pronounced as <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-etibaar">"Meaning of etibar in English"</a>. <i>Rekhta Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rekhta+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+etibar+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rekhtadictionary.com%2Fmeaning-of-etibaar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urdu-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urdu_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urdu_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urdu_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urdu_110-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urdu_110-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindi-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindi_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindi_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhotic-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhotic_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhotic_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> can surface as a trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾː/</span> is always a trill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> occurs as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span> when /<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">व</span></span> <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">و</span></span></span>/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span>, which may phonetically be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span>, occurs otherwise.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morelli2019-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morelli2019_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelli2019" class="citation book cs1">Morelli, Sarah (20 December 2019). <i>A Guru’s Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-05172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-05172-2"><bdi>978-0-252-05172-2</bdi></a>. <q>Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to the <i>n</i> in the English sa<i>n</i>g, transliterated here as <i>ṅ</i> or <i>ṁ</i>, and has two slightly differing <i>sh</i> sounds, transliterated as <i>ś</i> and <i>ṣ</i>. ... A few words contain consonants…from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) as <u>kh</u>, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guru%E2%80%99s+Journey%3A+Pandit+Chitresh+Das+and+Indian+Classical+Dance+in+Diaspora&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-252-05172-2&rft.aulast=Morelli&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rekhta2023-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rekhta2023_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-azhdahaa?lang=en">"Meaning of azhdaha in English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rekhta_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rekhta Dictionary">Rekhta Dictionary</a>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning+of+azhdaha+in+English&rft.pub=Rekhta+Dictionary&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rekhtadictionary.com%2Fmeaning-of-azhdahaa%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Dipti; Mondal, Tapabrata; Agrawal, S. S.; Bangalore, Srinivas (2013). "Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system". <i>2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE)</i>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSDA.2013.6709861">10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-2378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-2378-6"><bdi>978-1-4799-2378-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26461938">26461938</a>. <q>Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+and+suitability+of+Indian+languages+speech+database+for+building+watson+based+ASR+system&rft.btitle=2013+International+Conference+Oriental+COCOSDA+held+jointly+with+2013+Conference+on+Asian+Spoken+Language+Research+and+Evaluation+%28O-COCOSDA%2FCASLRE%29&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26461938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICSDA.2013.6709861&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Dipti&rft.au=Mondal%2C+Tapabrata&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Bangalore%2C+Srinivas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> occurs as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> near an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> preceding an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sirysq-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sirysq_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sirysq_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masica, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masica, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masica, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhala1983" class="citation book cs1">Ohala, Manjari (1983). <i>Aspects of Hindi Phonology</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895816702" title="Special:BookSources/9780895816702"><bdi>9780895816702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Hindi+Phonology&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780895816702&rft.aulast=Ohala&rft.aufirst=Manjari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldRobb2013" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, David; Robb, Peter (2013). <i>Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader</i>. Routledge. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136102349" title="Special:BookSources/9781136102349"><bdi>9781136102349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions+and+Ideologies%3A+A+SOAS+South+Asia+Reader&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136102349&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Robb%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatiaRitchie2006" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej K.; Ritchie, William C. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookbilingua00bhat_489"><i>The Handbook of Bilingualism</i></a></span>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookbilingua00bhat_489/page/n797">789</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631227359" title="Special:BookSources/9780631227359"><bdi>9780631227359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Bilingualism&rft.pages=789&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780631227359&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej+K.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookbilingua00bhat_489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Christopher R. (1994). <i>One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalife2016" class="citation web cs1">Khalife, Leyal (25 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stepfeed.com/9-hindi-words-that-sound-just-like-arabic-6921">"9 Hindi words that sound just like Arabic"</a>. <i>Stepfeed.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136102349" title="Special:BookSources/9781136102349"><bdi>9781136102349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions+and+Ideologies%3A+A+SOAS+South+Asia+Reader&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136102349&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Robb%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtN0rBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/756105/stop-outraging-over-marathi-hindi-and-english-chauvinism-is-much-worse-in-india">"Stop outraging over Marathi – Hindi and English chauvinism is much worse in India"</a>. 18 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919230723/http://scroll.in/article/756105/stop-outraging-over-marathi-hindi-and-english-chauvinism-is-much-worse-in-india">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stop+outraging+over+Marathi+%E2%80%93+Hindi+and+English+chauvinism+is+much+worse+in+India&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F756105%2Fstop-outraging-over-marathi-hindi-and-english-chauvinism-is-much-worse-in-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/hindi-content-consumption-on-internet-growing-at-94-google/articleshow/48528347.cms">"Hindi content consumption on internet growing at 94%: Google"</a>. The Economic Times. 18 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215085102/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/hindi-content-consumption-on-internet-growing-at-94-google/articleshow/48528347.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hindi+content+consumption+on+internet+growing+at+94%25%3A+Google&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Ftech%2Finternet%2Fhindi-content-consumption-on-internet-growing-at-94-google%2Farticleshow%2F48528347.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2002" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej K. 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Routledge. pp. 250–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=250-285&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUHfBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnellWeightman1989" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Rupert; Weightman, Simon (1989). <a href="/wiki/Teach_Yourself" title="Teach Yourself"><i>Teach Yourself Hindi</i></a> (2003 ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142012-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142012-9"><bdi>978-0-07-142012-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Hindi&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142012-9&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft.au=Weightman%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaj2002" class="citation book cs1">Taj, Afroz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taj.chass.ncsu.edu/"><i>A door into Hindi</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+door+into+Hindi&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Taj&rft.aufirst=Afroz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaj.chass.ncsu.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2004" class="citation book cs1">Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [1966]. <i>हिन्दी भाषा</i> [<i>Hindī Bhasha</i>]. Allahabad: Kitab Pustika. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-225-0017-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-225-0017-X"><bdi>81-225-0017-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pub=Kitab+Pustika&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-225-0017-X&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Bholanath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor1993" class="citation cs2">McGregor, R.S. (1993), <i>Oxford Hindi–English Dictionary</i> (2004 ed.), Oxford University Press, USA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Hindi%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2004&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardev_Bahri1989" class="citation cs2">Hardev Bahri (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/bahri/"><i>Learners' Hindi-English dictionary</i></a>, Delhi: Rajapala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learners%27+Hindi-English+dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Rajapala&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Hardev+Bahri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Fbahri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahendra_Caturvedi1970" class="citation cs2">Mahendra Caturvedi (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/caturvedi/"><i>A practical Hindi-English dictionary</i></a>, Delhi: National Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+Hindi-English+dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=National+Publishing+House&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Mahendra+Caturvedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Fcaturvedi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Academic Room Hindi Dictionary Mobile App developed in the Harvard Innovation Lab (iOS, Android and Blackberry)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Thompson_Platts1884" class="citation cs2">John Thompson Platts (1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDtbAAAAQAAJ"><i>A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English</i></a> (reprint ed.), LONDON: H. Milford, p. 1259<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Urd%C5%AB%2C+classical+Hind%C4%AB%2C+and+English&rft.place=LONDON&rft.pages=1259&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=H.+Milford&rft.date=1884&rft.au=John+Thompson+Platts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDtbAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangha2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bangha, Imre (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hindi-COM_30475?s.num=4&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=dynasty+india">"Hindi"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Bangha&rft.aufirst=Imre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fhindi-COM_30475%3Fs.num%3D4%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3Ddynasty%2Bindia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bhatia, Tej K. (1987). <i>A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition</i>. Leiden, Netherlands & New YorkY: E.J. Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07924-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07924-6">90-04-07924-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hi:"> Hindi edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Hindi_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Hindi language">Category:Hindi language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hindi_phrasebook#Q1568" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Hindi phrasebook">Hindi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308231234/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=33">The Union: Official Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901145421/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf">Official Unicode Chart for Devanagari (PDF)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindi_topics" title="Template:Hindi topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindi_topics" title="Template talk:Hindi topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_pronouns" title="Hindi pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_numerals" title="Hindustani numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_kinship_terms" title="Hindustani kinship terms">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansiboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansiboli">Sansi Boli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Eastern_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Karnataka" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka">Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_West_Bengal" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal">Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_imposition" title="Hindi imposition">Hindi imposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Hindi_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva boycott of Hindi films">Hindutva boycott of Hindi films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Official_Language" title="Department of Official Language">Department of Official Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Secretariat" title="World Hindi Secretariat">World Hindi Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Conference" title="World Hindi Conference">World Hindi Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language authors">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uttarakhand" title="Template talk:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capitals</a>: legislative: <b><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></b> (winter); <b><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a></b> (summer); judicial: <b><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttarakhand" title="Government of Uttarakhand">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_state_symbols" title="List of Uttarakhand state symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Day" title="Uttarakhand Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttarakhand" title="Emblem of Uttarakhand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Devabhumi_Matribhumi" title="Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of governors of Uttarakhand">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Council_of_Ministers" title="Uttarakhand Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Uttarakhand ministries">Cabinets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_secretaries_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gazette" title="Uttarakhand Gazette">Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of agencies of the government of Uttarakhand">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departments_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand">Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Disaster_Response_Force_(Uttarakhand)" title="State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)">Disaster Response Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Fire_and_Emergency_Services" title="Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services">Fire and Emergency Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Provincial_Armed_Constabulary" title="Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary">Provincial Armed Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Forest_Department" title="Uttarakhand Forest Department">Forest Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Police" title="Uttarakhand Police">Police Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Public Service Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Police_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Forest Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="History of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="Uttarakhand High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bar Council of Uttarakhand">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lok_Adalat" title="Uttarakhand Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lokayukta" title="Uttarakhand Lokayukta">Lokayukta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttarakhand" title="History of Uttarakhand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa Janapada kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom#Rulers_of_Garhwal" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Panwar dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Raika Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Presidency" title="Agra Presidency">Agra Presidency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Crown<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_Tiraha_firing_case" title="Rampur Tiraha firing case">Rampur Tiraha firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Geography of Uttarakhand">Geography<br />and<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Himalayas" title="Garhwal Himalayas">Garhwal Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand">Mountain peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugyals" title="Bugyals">Bugyals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Kumaon_hills" title="Lakes of Kumaon hills">Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabar" title="Bhabar">Bhabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical pine forests">Himalayan subtropical pine forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Western Himalayan broadleaf forests">Western Himalayan broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai%E2%80%93Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of people from Uttarakhand">Ethnic<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_people" title="Kumaoni people">Kumaonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_people" title="Jaunsari people">Jaunsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoksa_people" title="Bhoksa people">Buksas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">Tibeto-Burmans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhotiyas_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand">Bhotiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukas" title="Shaukas">Shaukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_people" title="Raji people">Rajis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_people" title="Jad people">Jads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banrawats" title="Banrawats">Banrawats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes<br />and<br /> Scheduled Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Castes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangani" title="Bangani">Bangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawat_language" title="Rawat language">Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_language" title="Jad language">Jad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttarakhand" title="Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand">Administrative<br /> divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of tehsils of Uttarakhand">Tehsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand">Urban Local Bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand">Municipal Corporations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parganas_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of parganas of Uttarakhand">Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_development_blocks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand">Community Development Blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_movement" title="Uttarakhand movement">Statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uttarakhand_political_crisis" title="2016 Uttarakhand political crisis">2016 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Elections in Uttarakhand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Local elections in Uttarakhand">Local elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of former constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Former constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Uttarakhand">Parliamentary constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Rajya Sabha members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lok_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Lok Sabha members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttarakhand" title="Tourism in Uttarakhand">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Parks" title="Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asan_Barrage" title="Asan Barrage">Asan Barrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand">Monuments of National Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand">State Protected Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Hindu temples in Uttarakhand">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Dehradun" title="List of tourist attractions in Dehradun">Tourist attractions in Dehradun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chardham<br />circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri_Temple" title="Yamunotri Temple">Yamunotri Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapta_Badri" title="Sapta Badri">Sapta Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Prayag" title="Panch Prayag">Panch Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukh" title="Gomukh">Gomukh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National<br />parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_National_Park" title="Gangotri National Park">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Pashu_Vihar_National_Park" title="Govind Pashu Vihar National Park">Govind Pashu Vihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Uttarakhand" title="Cricket Association of Uttarakhand">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand cricket team">Men's cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand women's cricket team">Women's cricket team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_State_Football_Association" title="Uttarakhand State Football Association">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_football_team" title="Uttarakhand football team">Men's football team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium,_Dehradun" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun">Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Sports_Stadium" title="Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sports_College" title="Maharana Pratap Sports College">Sports College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uttarakhand" title="Outline of Uttarakhand">Other<br />topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of airports in Uttarakhand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Highway" title="Char Dham Highway">Char Dham Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Railway" title="Char Dham Railway">Char Dham Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Metro" title="Uttarakhand Metro">Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Uttarakhand">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_cuisine" title="Kumaoni cuisine">Kumaoni cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttarakhand" title="Education in Uttarakhand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Board_of_School_Education" title="Uttarakhand Board of School Education">School Education Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand">Institutes of higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Ratna" title="Uttarakhand Ratna">Uttarakhand Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gaurav_Samman" title="Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman">Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almora_district" title="Almora district">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageshwar_district" title="Bageshwar district">Bageshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champawat_district" title="Champawat district">Champawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital_district" title="Nainital district">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_district" title="Pithoragarh district">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham Singh Nagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamoli_district" title="Chamoli district">Chamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun_district" title="Dehradun district">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_district" title="Haridwar district">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Garhwal_district" title="Pauri Garhwal district">Pauri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraprayag_district" title="Rudraprayag district">Rudraprayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehri_Garhwal_district" title="Tehri Garhwal district">Tehri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarkashi_district" title="Uttarkashi district">Uttarkashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttarakhand_by_population" title="List of cities in Uttarakhand by population">Major<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldwani" title="Haldwani">Haldwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roorkee" title="Roorkee">Roorkee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashipur,_Uttarakhand" title="Kashipur, Uttarakhand">Kashipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrapur,_Uttarakhand" title="Rudrapur, Uttarakhand">Rudrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotdwar" title="Kotdwar">Kotdwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnagar,_Nainital" title="Ramnagar, Nainital">Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh" title="Pithoragarh">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar,_Uttarakhand" title="Srinagar, Uttarakhand">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tehri" title="New Tehri">New Tehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri" title="Pauri">Pauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/17px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/26px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/34px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Hindi</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Hindi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:About Hindi">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindi_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hindi language">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hindi" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Hindi">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hindi" class="extiw" title="q:Hindi">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hindi" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Hindi">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hindi" class="extiw" title="b:Hindi">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hindi" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hindi">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hindi_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Hindi phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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