CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Information management - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a3e8e0df-5122-4c3e-aba8-8fba8053bc35","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Information_management","wgTitle":"Information management","wgCurRevisionId":1252096655,"wgRevisionId":1252096655,"wgArticleId":464877,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from October 2011","Commons category link from Wikidata","Information management","Information","Information systems","Works about information"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Information_management","wgRelevantArticleId":464877,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q579488","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/1200px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="775"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/800px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="517"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/640px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="414"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Information management - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Information_management rootpage-Information_management skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Information+management" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Information+management" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Information+management" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Information+management" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergent_ideas_out_of_data_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergent_ideas_out_of_data_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emergent ideas out of data management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergent_ideas_out_of_data_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positioning_information_management_in_the_bigger_picture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positioning_information_management_in_the_bigger_picture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Positioning information management in the bigger picture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positioning_information_management_in_the_bigger_picture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theoretical background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theoretical_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theoretical background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Behavioural_and_organisational_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioural_and_organisational_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Behavioural and organisational theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioural_and_organisational_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Economic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_information_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_information_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Strategic information management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategic_information_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Strategic information management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Strategic_information_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aligning_technology_and_business_strategy_with_information_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aligning_technology_and_business_strategy_with_information_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aligning technology and business strategy with information management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aligning_technology_and_business_strategy_with_information_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_contemporary_portfolio_model_for_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_contemporary_portfolio_model_for_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>A contemporary portfolio model for information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_contemporary_portfolio_model_for_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competencies_to_manage_information_well" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competencies_to_manage_information_well"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Competencies to manage information well</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competencies_to_manage_information_well-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operationalising_information_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operationalising_information_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operationalising information management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operationalising_information_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operationalising information management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operationalising_information_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Managing_requisite_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Managing_requisite_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Managing requisite change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Managing_requisite_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galbraith's_early_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galbraith's_early_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Galbraith's early work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galbraith's_early_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrix_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrix_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Matrix organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrix_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Information management</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إدارة المعلومات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة المعلومات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nformasiya_menecmenti" title="İnformasiya menecmenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnformasiya menecmenti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Управление на информацията – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Управление на информацията" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3_de_la_informaci%C3%B3" title="Gestió de la informació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gestió de la informació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_management" title="Informační management – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Informační management" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Information management" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsmanagement" title="Informationsmanagement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informationsmanagement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teabehaldus" title="Teabehaldus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teabehaldus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3n_de_la_informaci%C3%B3n" title="Gestión de la información – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gestión de la información" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مدیریت اطلاعات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت اطلاعات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_strat%C3%A9gique_de_l%27information" title="Gestion stratégique de l'information – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestion stratégique de l'information" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC" title="정보 관리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정보 관리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տեղեկատվության կառավարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղեկատվության կառավարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajemen_informasi" title="Manajemen informasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manajemen informasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Маалыматты башкаруу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маалыматты башкаруу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengurusan_maklumat" title="Pengurusan maklumat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengurusan maklumat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatiemanagement" title="Informatiemanagement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Informatiemanagement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="情報管理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="情報管理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsforvaltning" title="Informasjonsforvaltning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjonsforvaltning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsforvaltning" title="Informasjonsforvaltning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Informasjonsforvaltning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarz%C4%85dzanie_informacj%C4%85" title="Zarządzanie informacją – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zarządzanie informacją" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gest%C3%A3o_da_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Gestão da informação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gestão da informação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementul_informa%C8%9Biilor" title="Managementul informațiilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Managementul informațiilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Информационный менеджмент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Информационный менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana%C5%BE%C3%A9rstvo_inform%C3%A1ci%C3%AD" title="Manažérstvo informácií – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Manažérstvo informácií" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enformasyon_y%C3%B6netimi" title="Enformasyon yönetimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enformasyon yönetimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Інформаційний менеджмент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інформаційний менеджмент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3n_l%C3%BD_th%C3%B4ng_tin" title="Quản lý thông tin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quản lý thông tin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="資訊管理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="資訊管理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="信息管理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信息管理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q579488#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Information_management" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Information_management"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Information_management"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Information_management" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Information_management" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&oldid=1252096655" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Information_management&id=1252096655&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInformation_management"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInformation_management"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Information_management&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Information_management" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q579488" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organisational activity concerning information lifecycle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the library science degree, see <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Information_Management" title="Master of Information Management">Master of Information Management</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding: 0.3em"><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_information_science" title="Outline of information science">General aspects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_access" title="Information access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_behavior" title="Information behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_seeking" title="Information seeking">Seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_organization" title="Knowledge organization">Knowledge organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> Related fields and subfields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Computer data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatics" title="Informatics">Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation (library and archival science)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Information_science" title="Template:Information science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Information_science" title="Template talk:Information science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Information_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Information science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LIS_SidebarPicture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/250px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/375px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/500px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_and_information_science" title="Outline of library and information science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_library_and_information_science" title="Glossary of library and information science">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">Libraries</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_history" title="Information history">Information</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Focus</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Archives_management" title="Archives management">Archives management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Information management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">cataloguing</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Curation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a> - <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> - <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">Documents</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Artefacts</a> - <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Interdisciplinary fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a> - <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Documentation_science" title="Documentation science">Documentation science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> - <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archival</a> - <a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Legal</a> - <a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Health</a> - <a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a> - <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> - <a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> - <a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Libraries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Libraries">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_information_science" title="Category:Library and information science">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Template talk:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Information management</b> (<b>IM</b>) is the appropriate and optimized capture, storage, retrieval, and use of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>. It may be <a href="/wiki/Personal_information_management" title="Personal information management">personal information management</a> or organizational. Information management for <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a> concerns a cycle of organizational activity: the acquisition of information from one or more sources, the custodianship and the distribution of that information to those who need it, and its ultimate disposal through <a href="/wiki/Archiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiving">archiving</a> or deletion and extraction. </p><p>This cycle of information organisation involves a variety of <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>, including those who are responsible for assuring the <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> of acquired information; those who are responsible for its safe <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">storage</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disposal" class="extiw" title="wikt:disposal">disposal</a>; and those who need it for <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decision making</a>. Stakeholders might have rights to originate, change, distribute or delete information according to organisational information management <a href="/wiki/Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Policies">policies</a>. </p><p>Information management embraces all the generic concepts of management, including the <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizing_(management)" title="Organizing (management)">organizing</a>, structuring, <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_control" title="Internal control">controlling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">evaluation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_reporting" title="Data reporting">reporting</a> of information activities, all of which is needed in order to meet the needs of those with organisational roles or functions that depend on information. These generic concepts allow the information to be presented to the audience or the correct group of people. After individuals are able to put that information to use, it then gains more value. </p><p>Information management is closely related to, and overlaps with, the management of <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>, <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">processes</a> and – where the availability of information is critical to organisational success – <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a>. This broad view of the realm of information management contrasts with the earlier, more traditional view, that the <a href="/wiki/Project_life_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Project life cycle">life cycle</a> of managing information is an operational matter that requires specific procedures, organisational capabilities and standards that deal with information as a <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a> or a service. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergent_ideas_out_of_data_management">Emergent ideas out of data management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergent ideas out of data management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, the management of information largely concerned matters closer to what would now be called <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">data management</a>: <a href="/wiki/Punched_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched cards">punched cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tapes</a> and other record-keeping <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">media</a>, involving a life cycle of such formats requiring origination, distribution, backup, maintenance and disposal. At this time the huge potential of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> began to be recognised: for example a single <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">chip</a> storing a whole <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mail">electronic mail</a> moving messages instantly around the world, remarkable ideas at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the proliferation of information technology and the extending reach of information systems in the 1980s and 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-Venkat0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkat0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> information management took on a new form. Progressive businesses such as <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> transformed the vocabulary of what was then "<a href="/wiki/IT_management" class="mw-redirect" title="IT management">IT management</a>", so that "<a href="/wiki/Systems_analyst" title="Systems analyst">systems analysts</a>" became "<a href="/wiki/Business_analyst" title="Business analyst">business analysts</a>", "monopoly supply" became a mixture of "<a href="/wiki/Insourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insourcing">insourcing</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a>", and the large IT function was transformed into "lean teams" that began to allow some agility in the processes that harness information for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_benefit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business benefit (page does not exist)">business benefit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross_and_Earl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross_and_Earl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of <a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">senior management</a> interest in information at BP extended from the creation of value through improved <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">business processes</a>, based upon the effective management of information, permitting the implementation of appropriate information systems (or "<a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>") that were operated on <a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">IT infrastructure</a> that was outsourced.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross_and_Earl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross_and_Earl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, information management was no longer a simple job that could be performed by anyone who had nothing else to do, it became highly strategic and a matter for <a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">senior management</a> attention. An understanding of the technologies involved, an ability to manage information systems <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">projects</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business change (page does not exist)">business change</a> well, and a willingness to align technology and business strategies all became necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Peppard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positioning_information_management_in_the_bigger_picture">Positioning information management in the bigger picture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Positioning information management in the bigger picture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the transitional period leading up to the strategic view of information management, Venkatraman, a strong advocate of this transition and transformation,<sup id="cite_ref-Venkat2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkat2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proffered a simple arrangement of ideas that succinctly brought together the <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">management of data</a>, information, and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge</a> (see the figure) argued that: </p> <ul><li>Data that is maintained in IT infrastructure has to be <i>interpreted</i> in order to render information.</li> <li>The information in our information systems has to be <i>understood</i> in order to emerge as knowledge.</li> <li>Knowledge allows managers to <i>take effective decisions</i>.</li> <li>Effective decisions have to lead to <i>appropriate actions</i>.</li> <li>Appropriate actions are expected to deliver <i>meaningful results</i>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIKAR_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DIKAR_model.jpg/310px-DIKAR_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DIKAR_model.jpg/465px-DIKAR_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DIKAR_model.jpg/620px-DIKAR_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>This simple model summarises a presentation by Venkatraman in 1996, as reported by Ward and Peppard (2002, page 207).<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Peppard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>This is often referred to as the DIKAR model: Data, Information, Knowledge, Action and Result,<sup id="cite_ref-Venkat1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkat1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it gives a strong clue as to the layers involved in aligning technology and organisational strategies, and it can be seen as a pivotal moment in changing attitudes to information management. The recognition that information management is an investment that must deliver meaningful results is important to all modern organisations that depend on information and good decision-making for their success.<sup id="cite_ref-Bytheway_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bytheway-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_background">Theoretical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theoretical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioural_and_organisational_theories">Behavioural and organisational theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behavioural and organisational theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is commonly believed that good information management is crucial to the smooth working of organisations, and although there is no commonly accepted <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> of information management <i>per se</i>, behavioural and organisational theories help. Following the <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioural science">behavioural science</a> theory of management, mainly developed at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> and prominently supported by March and Simon,<sup id="cite_ref-March_and_Simon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March_and_Simon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of what goes on in modern organizations is actually information handling and decision making. One crucial factor in information handling and decision making is an individual's ability to process information and to make decisions under limitations that might derive from the context: a person's age, the situational complexity, or a lack of requisite quality in the information that is at hand – all of which is exacerbated by the rapid advance of technology and the new kinds of <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> that it enables, especially as the <a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">social web</a> emerges as a phenomenon that business cannot ignore. And yet, well before there was any general recognition of the importance of information management in organisations, March and Simon <sup id="cite_ref-March_and_Simon_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March_and_Simon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that organizations have to be considered as <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative systems">cooperative systems</a>, with a high level of information processing and a vast need for decision making at various levels. Instead of using the model of the "<a href="/wiki/Economic_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic man">economic man</a>", as advocated in classical theory <sup id="cite_ref-Opp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they proposed "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative man (page does not exist)">administrative man</a>" as an alternative, based on their argumentation about the cognitive limits of rationality. Additionally they proposed the notion of <a href="/wiki/Satisficing" title="Satisficing">satisficing</a>, which entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met - another idea that still has currency.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_theory">Economic theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the organisational factors mentioned by March and Simon, there are other issues that stem from economic and environmental dynamics. There is the cost of collecting and evaluating the information needed to take a decision, including the time and effort required.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedberg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedberg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction cost</a> associated with information processes can be high. In particular, established organizational rules and procedures can prevent the taking of the most appropriate decision, leading to sub-optimum outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mullins_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an issue that has been presented as a major problem with bureaucratic organizations that lose the economies of strategic change because of entrenched attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigand_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_information_management">Strategic information management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Strategic information management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Carnegie Mellon School an organization's ability to process information is at the core of organizational and managerial <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competency</a>, and an organization's strategies must be designed to improve information processing capability <sup id="cite_ref-Cyert_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as information systems that provide that capability became formalised and automated, competencies were severely tested at many levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was recognised that organisations needed to be able to learn and adapt in ways that were never so evident before <sup id="cite_ref-Senge_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senge-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and academics began to organise and publish definitive works concerning the strategic management of information, and information systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Peppard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Earl_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earl-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concurrently, the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">business process</a> management<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_and_Champy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer_and_Champy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nonaka_and_Takeuchi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nonaka_and_Takeuchi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although much of the optimistic early thinking about <a href="/wiki/Business_process_redesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Business process redesign">business process redesign</a> has since been discredited in the information management literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Belmiro_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belmiro-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the strategic studies field, it is considered of the highest priority the understanding of the information environment, conceived as the aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information. This environment consists of three interrelated dimensions which continuously interact with individuals, organizations, and systems. These dimensions are the physical, informational, and cognitive.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aligning_technology_and_business_strategy_with_information_management">Aligning technology and business strategy with information management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aligning technology and business strategy with information management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Venkatraman has provided a simple view of the requisite capabilities of an organisation that wants to manage information well – the <a href="/w/index.php?title=DIKAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIKAR (page does not exist)">DIKAR</a> model (see above). He also worked with others to understand how technology and business strategies could be appropriately aligned in order to identify specific capabilities that are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_and_Venkat_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_and_Venkat-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work was paralleled by other writers in the world of consulting,<sup id="cite_ref-Zachman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> practice,<sup id="cite_ref-Cross_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and academia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_contemporary_portfolio_model_for_information">A contemporary portfolio model for information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A contemporary portfolio model for information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bytheway has collected and organised basic tools and techniques for information management in a single volume.<sup id="cite_ref-Bytheway_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bytheway-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the heart of his view of information management is a portfolio model that takes account of the surging interest in external sources of information and the need to organise un-structured information external so as to make it useful (see the figure). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Information_Portfolio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Information_Portfolio.jpg/290px-An_Information_Portfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Information_Portfolio.jpg/435px-An_Information_Portfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Information_Portfolio.jpg/580px-An_Information_Portfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>This portfolio model organizes issues of internal and external sourcing and management of information, that may be either structured or unstructured.</figcaption></figure> <p>Such an information portfolio as this shows how information can be gathered and usefully organised, in four stages: </p><p><b>Stage 1</b>: Taking advantage of <a href="/wiki/Public_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Public information">public information</a>: recognise and adopt well-structured external schemes of reference data, such as post codes, weather data, GPS positioning data and travel timetables, exemplified in the personal computing press.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashbrook_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashbrook-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Stage 2</b>: Tagging the noise on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>: use existing schemes such as <a href="/wiki/Post_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Post code">post codes</a> and <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> data or more typically by adding “tags”, or construct a formal <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a> that provides structure. Shirky provides an overview of these two approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirky_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirky-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Stage 3</b>: Sifting and analysing: in the wider world the generalised ontologies that are under development extend to hundreds of entities and hundreds of relations between them and provide the means to elicit meaning from large volumes of data. Structured data in databases works best when that structure reflects a higher-level information model – an ontology, or an <a href="/wiki/Entity-relationship_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Entity-relationship model">entity-relationship model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noy_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noy-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Stage 4</b>: Structuring and archiving: with the large volume of data available from sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">social web</a> and from the miniature <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> systems used in personal <a href="/wiki/Health_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Health management">health management</a>, new ways to archive and then trawl data for meaningful information. <a href="/wiki/Map-reduce" class="mw-redirect" title="Map-reduce">Map-reduce</a> methods, originating from <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>, are a more recent way of eliciting information from large archival <a href="/wiki/Dataset" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataset">datasets</a> that is becoming interesting to regular businesses that have very large data resources to work with, but it requires advanced multi-processor resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Chu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competencies_to_manage_information_well">Competencies to manage information well</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Competencies to manage information well"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, the management system "<a href="/wiki/Information_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Information Management Body of Knowledge">Information Management Body of Knowledge</a>" was first published on the World Wide Web<sup id="cite_ref-IMBOK_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMBOK-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and set out to show that the required management competencies to derive real benefits from an investment in information are complex and multi-layered. The framework model that is the basis for understanding competencies comprises six "knowledge" areas and four "process" areas: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMBOK_Framework.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IMBOK_Framework.jpg/290px-IMBOK_Framework.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IMBOK_Framework.jpg/435px-IMBOK_Framework.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IMBOK_Framework.jpg/580px-IMBOK_Framework.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>This framework is the basis of organising the "Information Management Body of Knowledge" first made available in 2004. This version is adapted by the addition of "Business information" in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>The information management knowledge areas</dt></dl> <p>The IMBOK is based on the argument that there are six areas of required management competency, two of which ("business process management" and "business information management") are very closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-Bytheway2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bytheway2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Information technology</b>: The pace of change of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and the pressure to constantly acquire the newest technological products can undermine the stability of the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> that supports systems, and thereby optimises <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">business processes</a> and delivers benefits. It is necessary to manage the "<a href="/wiki/Supply_side" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply side">supply side</a>" and recognise that technology is, increasingly, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Information system</b>: While historically information systems were developed <a href="/wiki/In-house" class="mw-redirect" title="In-house">in-house</a>, over the years it has become possible to acquire most of the software systems that an organisation needs from the <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">software package</a> industry. However, there is still the potential for <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">competitive advantage</a> from the implementation of new systems ideas that deliver to the strategic intentions of organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Peppard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Business processes and Business information</b>: <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a> are applied to <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">business processes</a> in order to improve them, and they bring data to the business that becomes useful as <a href="/wiki/Business_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Business information">business information</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_process_management" title="Business process management">Business process management</a> is still seen as a relatively new idea because it is not universally adopted, and it has been difficult in many cases; business <i>information</i> management is even more of a challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Belmiro0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belmiro0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Business benefit</b>: What are the benefits that we are seeking? It is necessary not only to be brutally honest about what <i>can</i> be achieved, but also to ensure the active management and assessment of benefit delivery. Since the emergence and popularisation of the <a href="/wiki/Balanced_scorecard" title="Balanced scorecard">Balanced scorecard</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_and_Norton_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan_and_Norton-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there has been huge interest in business performance management but not much serious effort has been made to relate business performance management to the benefits of information technology investments and the introduction of new <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a> until the turn of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Business strategy</b>: Although a long way from the workaday issues of managing information in organisations, <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a> in most organisations simply has to be informed by information technology and information systems opportunities, whether to address poor performance or to improve differentiation and <a href="/wiki/Competition_(companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition (companies)">competitiveness</a>. Strategic analysis tools such as the <a href="/wiki/Value_chain" title="Value chain">value chain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_success_factor" title="Critical success factor">critical success factor</a> analysis are directly dependent on proper attention to the information that is (or could be) managed <sup id="cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_and_Peppard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>The information management processes</dt></dl> <p>Even with full capability and competency within the six knowledge areas, it is argued that things can still go wrong. The problem lies in the migration of ideas and information management value from one area of competency to another. Summarising what Bytheway explains in some detail (and supported by selected secondary references):<sup id="cite_ref-Bytheway3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bytheway3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Projects</b>: Information technology is without value until it is engineered into information systems that meet the needs of the business by means of good <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwalbe_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwalbe-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Business change</b>: The best information systems succeed in delivering benefits through the achievement of change within the business systems, but people do not appreciate change that makes new demands upon their skills in the ways that new information systems often do. Contrary to common expectations, there is some evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> has succeeded with information technology induced <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business change (page does not exist)">business change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholl_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholl-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Business operations</b>: With new systems in place, with <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">business processes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Business information">business information</a> improved, and with staff finally ready and able to work with new processes, then the business can get to work, even when new systems extend far beyond the boundaries of a single business.<sup id="cite_ref-Seed_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seed-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Performance management</b>: <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">Investments</a> are no longer solely about financial results, financial success must be balanced with internal efficiency, <a href="/wiki/Customer_satisfaction" title="Customer satisfaction">customer satisfaction</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Organisational_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisational learning">organisational learning</a> and development.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_and_Norton_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan_and_Norton-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are always many ways to see a business, and the information management viewpoint is only one way. Other areas of business activity will also contribute to strategy – it is not only good information management that moves a business forwards. <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">human resource management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">product development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> will all have an important role to play in strategic ways, and we must not see one domain of activity alone as the sole source of strategic success. On the other hand, corporate governance, human resource management, product development and marketing are all dependent on effective information management, and so in the final analysis our competency to manage information well, on the broad basis that is offered here, can be said to be predominant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operationalising_information_management">Operationalising information management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operationalising information management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Managing_requisite_change">Managing requisite change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Managing requisite change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organizations are often confronted with many information management challenges and issues at the <a href="/wiki/Operational_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational level">operational level</a>, especially when <a href="/wiki/Organisational_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisational change">organisational change</a> is engendered. The novelty of new <a href="/wiki/Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">systems architectures</a> and a lack of experience with new styles of information management requires a level of organisational <a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">change management</a> that is notoriously difficult to deliver. As a result of a general organisational reluctance to change, to enable new forms of information management, there might be (for example): a shortfall in the requisite resources, a failure to acknowledge new classes of information and the new procedures that use them, a lack of support from senior management leading to a loss of strategic vision, and even political manoeuvring that undermines the operation of the whole organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Knights_and_Murray_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knights_and_Murray-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the implementation of new forms of information management should normally lead to operational benefits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galbraith's_early_work"><span id="Galbraith.27s_early_work"></span>Galbraith's early work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Galbraith's early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early work, taking an information processing view of organisation design, Jay <a href="/wiki/Galbraith" title="Galbraith">Galbraith</a> has identified five tactical areas to increase information processing capacity and reduce the need for information processing.<sup id="cite_ref-Galbraith_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbraith-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Developing, implementing, and monitoring all aspects of the "environment" of an organization.</li> <li>Creation of slack resources so as to decrease the load on the overall <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> of resources and to reduce information processing relating to overload.</li> <li>Creation of self-contained tasks with defined boundaries and that can achieve proper closure, and with all the <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a> at hand required to perform the task.</li> <li>Recognition of lateral relations that cut across functional units, so as to move decision power to the <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">process</a> instead of fragmenting it within the hierarchy.</li> <li>Investment in vertical information systems that route <a href="/wiki/Information_flow" title="Information flow">information flows</a> for a specific task (or set of tasks) in accordance to the applied <a href="/wiki/Business_logic" title="Business logic">business logic</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrix_organisation">Matrix organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Matrix organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lateral relations concept leads to an organizational form that is different from the simple hierarchy, the "<a href="/wiki/Matrix_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix organization">matrix organization</a>". This brings together the vertical (hierarchical) view of an organisation and the horizontal (product or project) view of the work that it does visible to the outside world. The creation of a matrix organization is one management response to a persistent fluidity of external demand, avoiding multifarious and spurious responses to episodic demands that tend to be dealt with individually. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_scorecard" title="Balanced scorecard">Balanced scorecard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_excellence" title="Information excellence">Information excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Information Management Body of Knowledge">Information Management Body of Knowledge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Information_Resources_Management_Journal" title="Information Resources Management Journal">Information Resources Management Journal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Global_Information_Management" title="Journal of Global Information Management">Journal of Global Information Management</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Information_Management" title="Master of Information Management">Master of Information Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Evans-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, C., 1979. <i>The Mighty Micro</i>, London: Victor Gollancz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venkat0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venkat0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venkatraman, N., 1994. IT-enabled business transformation: from automation to business scope redefinition. <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_Management_Review" title="MIT Sloan Management Review">MIT Sloan Management Review</a></i>, 35(2), pp.73–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross_and_Earl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_and_Earl_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_and_Earl_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, J. & Earl, M., 1997. Transformation of the IT function at British Petroleum. <i>MIS Quarterly</i>, 21(4), page 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_and_Peppard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_and_Peppard_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, J. & Peppard, J., 2002. <i>Strategic Planning for Information Systems</i> (3rd Edition), Chichester: Wiley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venkat2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venkat2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venkatraman, N., 1994. IT-enabled business transformation: from automation to business scope redefinition. <i>Sloan Management Review</i>, 35(2), pp.73–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venkat1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venkat1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venkatraman, N., 1996. Managing IT resources as a value center, <i>IS Executive Seminar Series, Cranfield School of Management</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bytheway-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bytheway_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bytheway_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bytheway, A., 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319119083">Investing in Information: the Information Management Body of Knowledge</a>, Geneva: Springer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-March_and_Simon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-March_and_Simon_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-March_and_Simon_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">March, J.G. & Simon, H.A., 1958. <i>Organizations</i>, Wiley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Opp_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Opp, K.-D., 1985. Sociology and economic man. <i>Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft/Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics</i>, pp.213–243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winter_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winter, S.G., 2000. The satisficing principle in capability learning. <i>Strategic Management Journal</i>, 21(10-11), pp.981–996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hedberg-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hedberg_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hedberg, Bo (1981), "How organizations learn and unlearn", in: Nyström, P.C. & Starbuck, W.H., <i>Handbook of Organizational Design</i>, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackenzie-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackenzie K.D. (1978), <i>Organizational Structures</i>, AHM Publishing Corporation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullins-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mullins_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullins, L.J (1993), <i>Management and Organizational Behaviours</i>, 3rd ed., Pitman Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigand-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wigand_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wigand, Rolf T., Picot, Arnold and Reichwald, Ralf (1997), <i>Information, Organization and Management: Expanding Markets and Corporate Boundaries</i>, Wiley & Sons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyert-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyert_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyert, R.M. & March, J.G., 1959. A behavioural theory of organizational objectives. <i>Modern Organization Theory</i>, Wiley, New York, pp.76–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morton_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, M.S.S., 1991. <i>The corporation of the 1990s: Information technology and organizational transformation</i>, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senge-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Senge_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senge, P.M., 1990. <i>The fifth discipline</i>, Doubleday</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earl-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earl_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl, M.J., 1989. <i>Management Strategies for Information Technology</i>, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer_and_Champy-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_and_Champy_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, M. & Champy, J., 2009. <i>Reengineering the Corporation: Manifesto for Business Revolution</i>, A, Zondervan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nonaka_and_Takeuchi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nonaka_and_Takeuchi_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H., 1995. <i>The knowledge creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation</i>, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belmiro-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belmiro_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belmiro, T., Gardiner, P. & Simmons, J., 1997. Business process re-engineering—A discredited vocabulary? <i>International Journal of Information Management</i>, 17(1), pp.21–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S. Army (2012). Information Operations. Joint Publication 3-13. Joint Doctrine Support Division, 116 Lake View Parkway, Suffolk, VA., p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson_and_Venkat-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_and_Venkat_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, J.C. & Venkatraman, N., 1993. Strategic alignment: leveraging information technology for transforming organizations. <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>, 32(1), pp.4–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zachman-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zachman_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zachman, J. A. (1987). A framework for information systems architecture. <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>, 26(3), 590–616</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cross_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, J., 1995. IT outsourcing : British Petroleum's competitive approach. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>, 73(3), p.94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, J. & Daniel, E., 2005. <i>Benefits Management: Delivering Value from IS and IT Investments</i>, Chichester: Wiley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashbrook-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashbrook_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashbrook, D. & Starner, T., 2003. Using GPS to learn significant locations and predict movement across multiple users. <i>Personal and Ubiquitous Computing</i>, 7(5), pp.275–286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirky-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirky_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirky, C., 2005. Shirky: Ontology is Overrated -- Categories, Links, and Tags. <i>Clay Shirky's Writings About the Internet</i>. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://shirky.com/writings/ontology_overrated.html">http://shirky.com/writings/ontology_overrated.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220122714/http://www.shirky.com/writings/ontology_overrated.html">Archived</a> December 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Accessed May 23, 2013]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noy-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noy_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noy, N.F., McGuinness, D.L. & others, 2001. Ontology development 101: A guide to creating your first ontology, <i>Stanford knowledge systems laboratory technical report KSL-01-05 and Stanford medical informatics technical report SMI-2001-0880</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chu-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chu_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chu, C. et al., 2007. Map-reduce for machine learning on multicore. <i>Advances in neural information processing systems</i>, 19, p.281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMBOK-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMBOK_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMBOK, 2004. <i>The Information Management Body of Knowledge</i>. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.imbok.org">http://www.imbok.org</a> [Accessed May 12, 2015]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bytheway2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bytheway2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bytheway, A., 2015. <i>Investing in Information: the Information Management Body of Knowledge</i>, Geneva: Springer, p29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carr_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, N., 2003. IT doesn't matter. In <i>Wringing real value from IT</i>. HBR OnPoint, pp. 3–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belmiro0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belmiro0_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belmiro, T.R. et al., 2000. Are BPR practitioners really addressing business processes? <i>International Journal of Operations & Production Management</i>, 20(10), pp.1183–1203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davenport-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davenport, T.H. & Short, J., 2003. Information technology and business process redesign. <i>Operations management: critical perspectives on business and management</i>, 1, p.97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan_and_Norton-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_and_Norton_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_and_Norton_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, R. & Norton, D., 1996. <i>The balanced scorecard - translating strategy into action</i>, Boston MA: Harvard University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bytheway3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bytheway3_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bytheway, A., 2015. <i>Investing in Information: the Information Management Body of Knowledge</i>, Geneva: Springer, p31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwalbe-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwalbe_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwalbe, K., 2013. <i>Information technology project management</i>, Cengage Learning</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholl-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scholl_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholl, H.J., 2005. E-government-induced business process change (BPC): An empirical study of current practices. <i>International Journal of Electronic Government Research</i> (IJEGR), 1(2), pp.27–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seed-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seed_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saeed, K.A., Malhotra, M.K. & Grover, V., 2005. Examining the Impact of Interorganizational Systems on Process Efficiency and Sourcing Leverage in Buyer–Supplier Dyads. <i>Decision Sciences</i>, 36(3), pp.365–396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knights_and_Murray-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knights_and_Murray_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knights, D. & Murray, F., 1994. <i>Managers Divided</i>, Chichester: John Wiley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galbraith-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galbraith_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galbraith, J.R., 1977. <i>Organization design</i>, Addison Wesley</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_management" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Information management">Information management</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Information_management" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Information management">Information management</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Information_processing141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Informatics" title="Template:Informatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Informatics" title="Template talk:Informatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Informatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Informatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Information_processing141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">information processes by function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Information storage">storing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">information processing abstractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Event_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Event processing">event processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">sign processesing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">stream processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">agent processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">state processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_computing#Nature_as_information_processing" title="Natural computing">nature as information processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_processing_theory#Humans_as_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Information processing theory">humans as information processing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_information_processing" title="Social information processing">society as information processing system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_computing" title="Physical computing">physical computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-inspired_computing" title="Bio-inspired computing">bio-inspired computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_brain" title="Artificial brain">artificial brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information processing <br />theories and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">computational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome_informatics" title="Genome informatics">genetic informatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular computing">cellular computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurocomputing" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurocomputing">neurocomputing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in cognitive psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_processing_theory" title="Information processing theory">information processing theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive informatics">cognitive informatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">behavior informatics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in computer science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_computation" title="Neural computation">neural computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">computation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_structure" title="Information structure">information structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">computational circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">in philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infosphere" title="Infosphere">infosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inforg" title="Inforg">inforg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decoding_the_Universe" title="Decoding the Universe">Decoding the Universe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">information overload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Management363" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Management" title="Template:Management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Management" title="Template talk:Management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Management363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_management_articles" title="Index of management articles">Index of management articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By type<br />of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic</a></li> <li>Association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_management" title="Restaurant management">Restaurant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Court management">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By focus,<br />within an<br />organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a><br />(top-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management" title="Capability management">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On component</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facility_management" title="Facility management">Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">Product lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On activity or<br />department<br />managed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Line_management" title="Line management">Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management" title="Manufacturing process management">production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_management" title="Staff management">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting management">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On aspect or<br />relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">On resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resources</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods,<br />approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">Collaborative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_range_leadership_model" title="Full range leadership model">Full range leadership model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">Management by objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_style" title="Management style">Management style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">Macromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_management" title="Virtual management">Virtual management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Skills,<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers,<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_M._Goldratt" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Business_Manager" title="Certified Business Manager">Certified Business Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Management_Institute" title="Chartered Management Institute">Chartered Management Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">Critical management studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhD_in_management" title="PhD in management">PhD in management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_compensation" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_(management)" title="Control (management)">Management control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_development" title="Management development">Management development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_fad" title="Management fad">Management fad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_system" title="Management system">Management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_psychology" title="Managerial psychology">Managerial psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerialism" title="Managerialism">Managerialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management" title="Organizational behavior management">Organizational behavior management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointy-haired_Boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointy-haired Boss">Pointy-haired Boss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox864" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579488#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114012-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85066147">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="informační management"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114770&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550724005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_management&oldid=1252096655">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_management&oldid=1252096655</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Information_management" title="Category:Information management">Information management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Information" title="Category:Information">Information</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Information_systems" title="Category:Information systems">Information systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_information" title="Category:Works about information">Works about information</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2011">Use mdy dates from October 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 19:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_management&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Information management</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>30 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-m8swl","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.541","walltime":"0.690","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2114,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":101449,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3554,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":73507,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 536.235 1 -total"," 24.71% 132.497 1 Template:Information_science"," 24.34% 130.536 1 Template:Sidebar"," 14.59% 78.240 1 Template:Commons_category"," 14.40% 77.232 1 Template:Short_description"," 14.28% 76.586 2 Template:Sister_project"," 13.85% 74.273 2 Template:Side_box"," 12.45% 66.762 8 Template:Navbox"," 8.99% 48.220 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.58% 46.021 2 Template:Flatlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.232","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3784879,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-fbjvs","timestamp":"20250211202438","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Information management","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_management","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q579488","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q579488","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-11T14:41:06Z","dateModified":"2024-10-19T19:29:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3a\/LIS_SidebarPicture.png","headline":"organisational activity concerning information lifecycle"}</script> </body> </html>