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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عمارة المعلومات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة المعلومات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nformasiya_arxitekturas%C4%B1" title="İnformasiya arxitekturası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnformasiya arxitekturası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_de_la_informaci%C3%B3" title="Arquitectura de la informació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura de la informació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_architektura" title="Informační architektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Informační architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsarkitektur" title="Informationsarkitektur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Informationsarkitektur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsarchitektur" title="Informationsarchitektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informationsarchitektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infoarhitektuur" title="Infoarhitektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Infoarhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_de_la_informaci%C3%B3n" title="Arquitectura de la información – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura de la información" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informazioaren_arkitektura" title="Informazioaren arkitektura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Informazioaren arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معماری اطلاعات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری اطلاعات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_de_l%27information" title="Architecture de l'information – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture de l'information" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4_%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%ED%85%8D%EC%B2%98" title="정보 아키텍처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정보 아키텍처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturiranje_informacija" title="Strukturiranje informacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Strukturiranje informacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_informasi" title="Arsitektur informasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur informasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_dell%27informazione" title="Architettura dell'informazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura dell'informazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2" title="ארכיטקטורת מידע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארכיטקטורת מידע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="သတင်းအချက်အလက် တည်ဆောက်ပုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတင်းအချက်အလက် တည်ဆောက်ပုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatie-architectuur" title="Informatie-architectuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Informatie-architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3" title="情報アーキテクチャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="情報アーキテクチャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsarkitektur" title="Informasjonsarkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjonsarkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura_informacji" title="Architektura informacji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura informacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_de_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Arquitetura de informação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura de informação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectura_informa%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Arhitectura informațională – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectura informațională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_architekt%C3%BAra" title="Informačná architektúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Informačná architektúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaatioarkkitehtuuri" title="Informaatioarkkitehtuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Informaatioarkkitehtuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsarkitektur" title="Informationsarkitektur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Informationsarkitektur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_mimarisi" title="Bilgi mimarisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgi mimarisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інформаційна архітектура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інформаційна архітектура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_th%C3%B4ng_tin" title="Kiến trúc thông tin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc thông tin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="資訊架構 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="資訊架構" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="資訊架構 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="資訊架構" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q845921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_seeking" title="Information seeking">Seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_organization" title="Knowledge organization">Knowledge organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> Related fields and subfields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Computer data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatics" title="Informatics">Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation (library and archival science)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Information_science" title="Template:Information science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Information_science" title="Template talk:Information science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Information_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Information science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Information architecture</b> (<b>IA</b>) is the structural design of shared <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> environments; the <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of organizing and labelling <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Online communities">online communities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> to support usability and findability; and an emerging <a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">community of practice</a> focused on bringing principles of <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a> to the digital landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-What_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, it involves a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">model</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> that is used and applied to activities which require explicit details of complex <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>. These activities include <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> development. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Information architecture</i> has somewhat different meanings in different branches of <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a> or <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>: </p> <ol><li>The structural design of shared information environments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup></li> <li>The art and science of organizing and labeling web sites, intranets, online communities, and software to support <a href="/wiki/Findability" title="Findability">findability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-What_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An emerging <a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">community of practice</a> focused on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The combination of organization, labeling, search and navigation systems within websites and intranets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup></li> <li>Extracting required parameters/data of Engineering Designs in the process of creating a knowledge-base linking different systems and standards.</li> <li>A blueprint and navigational aid to the content of information-rich systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A subset of <a href="/wiki/Data_architecture" title="Data architecture">data architecture</a> where usable data (a.k.a. information) is constructed in and designed or arranged in a fashion most useful or empirically holistic to the users of this data.</li> <li>The practice of organizing the information / content / functionality of a web site so that it presents the best user experience it can, with information and services being easily usable and findable (as applied to web design and development).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The conceptual framework surrounding information, providing context, awareness of location and sustainable structure.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate">Debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difficulty in establishing a common definition for "information architecture" arises partly from the term's existence in multiple fields. In the field of <a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">systems design</a>, for example, information architecture is a component of <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">enterprise architecture</a> that deals with the information component when describing the structure of an enterprise. </p><p>While the definition of information architecture is relatively well-established in the field of systems design, it is much more debatable within the context of online information (i.e., websites). Andrew Dillon refers to the latter as the "big IA–little IA debate".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the little IA view, information architecture is essentially the application of <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a> to <a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">web design</a> which considers, for example, issues of classification and information retrieval. In the big IA view, information architecture involves more than just the organization of a website; it also factors in <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a>, thereby considering <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> issues of <a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">information design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_in_information_architecture">Notable people in information architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable people in information architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Saul_Wurman" title="Richard Saul Wurman">Richard Saul Wurman</a>, credited with coining the term information architecture in relation to the design of information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Morville" title="Peter Morville">Peter Morville</a>, president of Semantic Studios and co-author of <i>Information Architecture for the World Wide Web</i> (1998, 2002, 2006, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rosenfeld" title="Louis Rosenfeld">Louis Rosenfeld</a>, founder of Rosenfeld Media and co-author of <i>Information Architecture for the World Wide Web</i> (1998, 2002, 2006, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_Garrett" title="Jesse James Garrett">Jesse James Garrett</a>, co-founder of Adaptive Path and author of <i>The Elements of User Experience</i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Wodtke" title="Christina Wodtke">Christina Wodtke</a>, author of <i>Information Architecture: Blueprints for the Web</i> (2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_architecture" title="Applications architecture">Applications architecture</a> – type of architecture domain within enterprise architecture<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_sorting" title="Card sorting">Card sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_experience_officer" title="Chief experience officer">Chief experience officer</a> – Corporate officer responsible for overall user experience</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content management</a> – Process of managing information or experiences built with an audience in mind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_strategy" title="Content strategy">Content strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a> – Method of organizing knowledge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a> – Disciplines related to managing data as a resource</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_presentation_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Data presentation architecture">Data presentation architecture</a> – Visual representation of data<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a> – Area of scholarly activity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_interface_design" title="Ecological interface design">Ecological interface design</a> – Approach to interface design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_security_architecture" title="Enterprise information security architecture">Enterprise information security architecture</a> – enterprise architecture focusing on information security throughout the enterprise<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceted_classification" title="Faceted classification">Faceted classification</a> – classification scheme used in organizing knowledge into a systematic order<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a> – Designing systems to suit their users</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatics" title="Informatics">Informatics</a> – Concept in computer science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a> – Specialization of design focused on the experience users have of a product or service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_architecture" title="Process architecture">Process architecture</a> – Structural design of general process systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_map" title="Site map">Site map</a> – List of pages of a web site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_information_architecture" title="Social information architecture">Social information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_testing" title="Tree testing">Tree testing</a> – method of evaluating topic trees for findability<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a> – Field of design focusing on the creation of user-centered products and websites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge visualization">Knowledge visualization</a> – Set of techniques for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayfinding" title="Wayfinding">Wayfinding</a> – Ways in which people navigate from place to place</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Web graph">Web graph</a> – Graph of connected web pages<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_literacy" title="Web literacy">Web literacy</a> – Ability to produce, consume or evaluate web content.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-What-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728174722/https://www.iainstitute.org/sites/default/files/what_is_ia.pdf">"What is IA?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Information Architecture Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iainstitute.org/sites/default/files/what_is_ia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+IA%3F&rft.pub=Information+Architecture+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iainstitute.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwhat_is_ia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorvilleRosenfeld2007_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorvilleRosenfeld2007">Morville & Rosenfeld 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morville & Rosenfeld (2000). p. 4. "The art and science of shaping information products and experienced to support usability and findability."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resmini, A. & Rosati, L. (2012). A Brief History of Information Architecture. <i>Journal of Information Architecture</i>. Vol. 3, No. 2. [Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journalofia.org/volume3/issue2/03-resmini/">http://journalofia.org/volume3/issue2/03-resmini/</a>]. Originally published in Resmini, A. & Rosati L. (2011). <i>Pervasive Information Architecture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a>. (Edited by the authors).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToms2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_G._Toms" title="Elaine G. Toms">Toms, Elaine</a> (17 May 2012). "Information interaction: Providing a framework for information architecture". <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology</i>. <b>53</b> (10.1002/asi.10094): 855–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.10094">10.1002/asi.10094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Information+interaction%3A+Providing+a+framework+for+information+architecture&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=10.1002%2Fasi.10094&rft.pages=855-862&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasi.10094&rft.aulast=Toms&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Information_architecture">"Information Architecture"</a>. Mozilla Developer Network. 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Architecture&rft.pub=Mozilla+Developer+Network&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FGlossary%2FInformation_architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dillon, A (2002). "Information Architecture in JASIST: Just where did we come from?". <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology</i>. <b>53</b> (10): 821–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.10090">10.1002/asi.10090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Information+Architecture+in+JASIST%3A+Just+where+did+we+come+from%3F&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=821-23&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasi.10090&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurman1997" class="citation book cs1">Wurman, Richard Saul (1997). <i>Information Architects</i> (1st ed.). Graphis Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888-00138-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-888-00138-0"><bdi>1-888-00138-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Architects&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Graphis+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-888-00138-0&rft.aulast=Wurman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorvilleRosenfeld2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Morville" title="Peter Morville">Morville, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lou_Rosenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Rosenfeld">Rosenfeld, Louis</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/informationarchi00morv"><i>Information architecture for the World Wide Web</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52734-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52734-1"><bdi>978-0-596-52734-1</bdi></a>. <q>information architecture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+architecture+for+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52734-1&rft.aulast=Morville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finformationarchi00morv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodtke2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Wodtke" title="Christina Wodtke">Wodtke, Christina</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp40QFGCU2sC"><i>Information Architecture - Blueprints for the Web</i></a> (2nd ed.). New Riders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-60080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-60080-6"><bdi>978-0-321-60080-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Architecture+-+Blueprints+for+the+Web&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-321-60080-6&rft.aulast=Wodtke&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTp40QFGCU2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResminiRosati2011" class="citation book cs1">Resmini, Andrea; Rosati, Luca (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntWc13nSiNkC"><i>Pervasive Information Architecture - Designing Cross-channel User Experiences</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-123-82094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-123-82094-5"><bdi>978-0-123-82094-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pervasive+Information+Architecture+-+Designing+Cross-channel+User+Experiences&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-123-82094-5&rft.aulast=Resmini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Rosati%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntWc13nSiNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dijck2003" class="citation book cs1">Van Dijck, Peter (August 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy2sb0r_udYC"><i>Information Architecture for Designers: Structuring Websites for Business Success</i></a>. Rotovision. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782880467319" title="Special:BookSources/9782880467319"><bdi>9782880467319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Architecture+for+Designers%3A+Structuring+Websites+for+Business+Success&rft.pub=Rotovision&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.isbn=9782880467319&rft.aulast=Van+Dijck&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWy2sb0r_udYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSue_Batley2007" class="citation book cs1">Sue Batley (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6g0PAQAAMAAJ"><i>Information Architecture for Information Professionals</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84334-233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84334-233-5"><bdi>978-1-84334-233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Architecture+for+Information+Professionals&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2007-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84334-233-5&rft.au=Sue+Batley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6g0PAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWei_DingXia_Lin2009" class="citation book cs1">Wei Ding; Xia Lin (15 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wy3RhKoWWQC"><i>Information Architecture: The Design and Integration of Information Spaces</i></a>. Morgan & Claypool. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59829-959-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59829-959-5"><bdi>978-1-59829-959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Architecture%3A+The+Design+and+Integration+of+Information+Spaces&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-59829-959-5&rft.au=Wei+Ding&rft.au=Xia+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wy3RhKoWWQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl_Morrogh2003" class="citation book cs1">Earl Morrogh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzlmQgAACAAJ"><i>Information Architecture: An Emerging 21st Century Profession</i></a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780130967466" title="Special:BookSources/9780130967466"><bdi>9780130967466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Architecture%3A+An+Emerging+21st+Century+Profession&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780130967466&rft.au=Earl+Morrogh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzlmQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_GilchristBarry_Mahon2004" class="citation book cs1">Alan Gilchrist; Barry Mahon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akxqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Information Architecture: Designing Information Environments for Purpose</i></a>. Facet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856044875" title="Special:BookSources/9781856044875"><bdi>9781856044875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Architecture%3A+Designing+Information+Environments+for+Purpose&rft.pub=Facet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781856044875&rft.au=Alan+Gilchrist&rft.au=Barry+Mahon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakxqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Semantic_Web" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semantic_Web" title="Template talk:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semantic_Web" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a 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