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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1818:_First_Arctic_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>1818: First Arctic expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1818:_First_Arctic_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1829:_Second_Arctic_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1829:_Second_Arctic_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>1829: Second Arctic expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1829:_Second_Arctic_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1850:_Final_Arctic_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1850:_Final_Arctic_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>1850: Final Arctic expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1850:_Final_Arctic_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Джон Рос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Рос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(explorador_%C3%A0rtic)" title="John Ross (explorador àrtic) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Ross (explorador àrtic)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Ross" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(fforiwr)" title="John Ross (fforiwr) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Ross (fforiwr)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(polarforsker)" title="John Ross (polarforsker) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Ross (polarforsker)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(Polarforscher)" title="John Ross (Polarforscher) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Ross (Polarforscher)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(explorador_%C3%A1rtico)" title="John Ross (explorador ártico) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Ross (explorador ártico)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(esploratzailea)" title="John Ross (esploratzailea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Ross (esploratzailea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جان راس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان راس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(explorateur)" title="John Ross (explorateur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Ross (explorateur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Ross_CB" title="Sir John Ross CB – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sir John Ross CB" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_(%ED%83%90%ED%97%98%EA%B0%80)" title="존 로스 (탐험가) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 로스 (탐험가)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Ross" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(esploratore)" title="John Ross (esploratore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Ross (esploratore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1_(%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%99)" title="ג'ון רוס (קצין צי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון רוס (קצין צי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Ross" title="Džons Ross – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Ross" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Ross" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="جون روس (مستكشف من المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون روس (مستكشف من المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Ross" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9_(%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%8E%A2%E6%A4%9C%E5%AE%B6)" title="ジョン・ロス (北極探検家) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ロス (北極探検家)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Ross" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(odkrywca)" title="John Ross (odkrywca) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Ross (odkrywca)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(explorador)" title="John Ross (explorador) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Ross (explorador)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross_(cercet%C4%83tor_polar)" title="John Ross (cercetător polar) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Ross (cercetător polar)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Росс, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Росс, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Ross" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Ross" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ross" title="John Ross – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Ross" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81" title="Джон Росс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Росс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF_(%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%B0%E6%8E%A2%E9%9A%AA%E5%AE%B6)" title="約翰·羅斯 (極地探險家) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·羅斯 (極地探險家)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q456083#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish naval officer and polar explorer (1777–1856)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Ross (disambiguation)">John Ross (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22John+Ross%22+Royal+Navy+officer">"John Ross" Royal Navy officer</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22John+Ross%22+Royal+Navy+officer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22John+Ross%22+Royal+Navy+officer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22John+Ross%22+Royal+Navy+officer+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22John+Ross%22+Royal+Navy+officer">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22John+Ross%22+Royal+Navy+officer&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;">Sir</div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Ross</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:British_School_-_Sir_John_Ross_(1777%E2%80%931856)_-_BHC2983_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_School_-_Sir_John_Ross_%281777%E2%80%931856%29_-_BHC2983_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/220px-British_School_-_Sir_John_Ross_%281777%E2%80%931856%29_-_BHC2983_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_School_-_Sir_John_Ross_%281777%E2%80%931856%29_-_BHC2983_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/330px-British_School_-_Sir_John_Ross_%281777%E2%80%931856%29_-_BHC2983_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_School_-_Sir_John_Ross_%281777%E2%80%931856%29_-_BHC2983_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/440px-British_School_-_Sir_John_Ross_%281777%E2%80%931856%29_-_BHC2983_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Sweden" title="List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Sweden">British Consul at Stockholm</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 March 1839 – 10 February 1846<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1839-03-08</span> – <span class="dtend">1846-02-10</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George Foy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sir Norman Pringle</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1777-06-24</span>)</span>24 June 1777<br /><a href="/wiki/Kirkcolm" title="Kirkcolm">Kirkcolm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wigtownshire" title="Wigtownshire">Wigtown</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 August 1856<span style="display:none">(1856-08-30)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> (nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Founder's Medal">Founder's Medal</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sword" title="Order of the Sword">Knight Commander of the Order of the Sword</a> (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>British Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg/20px-Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg/30px-Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg/40px-Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Royal Navy">Swedish Royal Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service years</th><td class="infobox-data">1786–1856</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Rear admiral (Royal Navy)">Rear admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Conflicts</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir John Ross</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a></span></span> (24 June 1777 – 30 August 1856) was a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officer and <a href="/wiki/Polar_explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar explorer">polar explorer</a>. He was the uncle of Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a>, who explored the Arctic with him, and later led expeditions to Antarctica. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Ross was born in Balsarroch, <a href="/wiki/West_Galloway" class="mw-redirect" title="West Galloway">West Galloway</a>, Scotland, on <span class="nowrap">24 June 1777</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming199836_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming199836-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of the Reverend Andrew Ross of Balsarroch, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Church of Scotland">Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inch,_Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Inch, Dumfries and Galloway">Inch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wigtownshire" title="Wigtownshire">Wigtownshire</a>, and Elizabeth Corsane, daughter of Robert Corsane, the <a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provost</a> of Dumfries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family home was on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ryan" title="Loch Ryan">Loch Ryan</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Stranraer" title="Stranraer">Stranraer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger20035_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger20035-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_career">Naval career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Naval career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1786, aged nine, Ross joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> as a first-class volunteer and was assigned to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pearl_(1762)" title="HMS Pearl (1762)">HMS <i>Pearl</i></a>. It soon sailed to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, where it remained until 1789. He then served aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Impregnable_(1786)" title="HMS Impregnable (1786)">HMS <i>Impregnable</i></a> for several months before a transfer to the merchant marine for eight years. In September 1799 he was recalled to the Navy and appointed midshipman on HMS <i>Weazel</i>, which shortly joined in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland">Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland</a>. </p><p>Short periods of service on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Clyde_(1796)" title="HMS Clyde (1796)">HMS <i>Clyde</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Diligence_(1795)" title="HMS Diligence (1795)">HMS <i>Diligence</i></a> followed, during which he acted as a lieutenant. </p><p>From 1803, he served on various vessels; mainly with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> station. This included a period on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Grampus_(1802)" title="HMS Grampus (1802)">HMS <i>Grampus</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS <i>Victory</i></a>, the flagship of the commander of the Baltic fleet, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his service, Ross was wounded several times, the most severe of these being in 1806 when boarding a Spanish vessel; he received wounds inflicted by a sabre and bayonet, and also suffered broken legs and a broken arm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger20035_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger20035-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1808, Ross was seconded to the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish Navy</a>. In 1812, he was promoted to commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arctic_expeditions">Arctic expeditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arctic expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1818:_First_Arctic_expedition">1818: First Arctic expedition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1818: First Arctic expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1818, Ross received the command of an Arctic expedition organised by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a>, the first of a new series of attempts to answer the question of a <a href="/wiki/North_West_Passage" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Passage">North West Passage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This entailed going around the extreme north-east coast of America and sailing to the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>. He was also to note the currents, tides, the state of ice and magnetism and to collect specimens he found on the way. </p><p>The expedition left London in April, with Ross commanding <a href="/wiki/Isabella_(1813_ship)" title="Isabella (1813 ship)"><i>Isabella</i></a>, a vessel that the Admiralty had hired, and accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_(1813_ship)" title="Alexander (1813 ship)"><i>Alexander</i></a>, another hired vessel, under Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">William Edward Parry</a>. Ross sailed anti-clockwise around <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a> repeating the observations made by <a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">William Baffin</a> two hundred years before. In August, he entered <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Sound" title="Lancaster Sound">Lancaster Sound</a> at the north end of <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>; this later proved to be the eastern gate of the Northwest Passage. He sailed a number of miles west but went no further, for he was misled by a <a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">mirage</a> that appeared to show mountains at the end of the strait. He named the apparent mountains "Croker Mountains", in honour of <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker" title="John Wilson Croker">John Wilson Croker</a>, then first secretary of the Admiralty. He then returned to England despite the protests of several of his officers, including Parry and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a>, who thought he should have more thoroughly examined the "mountains".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The account of his voyage published a year later, brought to light their disagreement, and the ensuing controversy over the existence of Croker Mountains ruined his reputation. This expedition failed to discover much that was new.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main effect was to open a route for whale ships to the northern Baffin Bay and provoke Parry to re-explore Lancaster Sound and find a major portion of the North West Passage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ross attained the rank of captain on his return to Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about this time built the house <a href="/wiki/North_West_Castle" title="North West Castle">North West Castle</a>, in Stranraer, south-west Scotland. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="1829–1833:_second_Arctic_expedition"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1829:_Second_Arctic_expedition">1829: Second Arctic expedition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1829: Second Arctic expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_in_Gulf_of_Boothia,_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Victory_in_Gulf_of_Boothia%2C_1832.jpg/310px-Victory_in_Gulf_of_Boothia%2C_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Victory_in_Gulf_of_Boothia%2C_1832.jpg/465px-Victory_in_Gulf_of_Boothia%2C_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Victory_in_Gulf_of_Boothia%2C_1832.jpg/620px-Victory_in_Gulf_of_Boothia%2C_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><i>Victory</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s last time under sail, in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada, 1832</figcaption></figure> <p>Parry, his lieutenant on the previous expedition, returned to the Arctic in 1819, and sailed 600 miles (970 km) west beyond the "Croker Hills", thereby discovering the <a href="/wiki/Parry_Channel" title="Parry Channel">Parry Channel</a> – the main axis of the North West Passage. Partly to redeem his reputation, Ross proposed to use a shallow-draft steamship to break through the ice. The <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> was not interested, but he was able to convince the <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> magnate <a href="/wiki/Felix_Booth" title="Felix Booth">Felix Booth</a> to finance this second Arctic expedition, which began in 1829. His ship was the <i>Victory</i>, a side-wheel steamer with paddles that could be lifted away from the ice and an experimental high-pressure boiler built by <a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a>. The <i>Victory</i> had been built in 1826 and previously had served as a ferry between Liverpool and the Isle of Man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandSavelle198766–77_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandSavelle198766–77-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine caused trouble and during the first winter, it was dumped on the shore. The ship carried four officers – John Ross, <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a>, William Thom, surgeon George McDiarmid – and 19 men. The goal was <a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent_Inlet" title="Prince Regent Inlet">Prince Regent Inlet</a> at the west end of <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a> where Parry had lost his ship, the <i>Fury</i>, in 1825. </p><p>Ross left the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> on 23 May 1829. <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a> was unusually ice-free and on 6 August, he passed the point where he had turned back 10 years before. On 11 August, he turned south into Prince Regent Inlet, and on 13 August, reached Fury Beach, where Parry had abandoned his ship. The hulk was gone but there were heaps of stores on the beach, some of which he took. Continuing south he became the first European in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a>, but by the end of September, he was blocked by ice 200 miles (320 km) south of Fury Beach. He took winter quarters at Felix Harbour at the eastern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Boothia_Peninsula" title="Boothia Peninsula">Boothia Peninsula</a>. In January 1830, a group of <a href="/wiki/Netsilik_Inuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Netsilik Inuit">Netsilik Inuit</a> arrived and provided food and information. For one of them, the ship's carpenter made a wooden leg. </p><p>In the spring of 1830, James Clark Ross made several trips west into the interior. On 9 April, he reached the west side of the Boothia Peninsula and in May crossed over ice to the north west shore of <a href="/wiki/King_William_Island" title="King William Island">King William Island</a>, assuming it was part of the mainland. It was mid-September before the ice broke part of its grip. The crew sawed through the shore ice and <a href="/wiki/Warping_(sailing)" title="Warping (sailing)">warped</a> the ship into open water, but it was soon caught in the ice. October was spent warping and sawing the ship into Sheriff Bay where they spent their second winter only three miles (4.8 km) from Felix Harbour. No Inuit arrived until the following April 1831. James Clark Ross crossed the Boothia Peninsula, and, on 1 June 1831, became the first European to reach the <a href="/wiki/North_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="North Magnetic Pole">North Magnetic Pole</a>. In August, the ship began to move but only managed to travel four miles (6.4 km) before it got trapped in Victoria Harbour. By January 1832, it was clear that the ship would never get out. Ross's plan was to drag the ship's boats north to Fury Beach, collect provisions there, find open water and hope to be rescued by a whaler. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Victory%27s_crew_sav%27d_by_the_Isabella_RMG_PU6091_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Victory%27s_crew_sav%27d_by_the_Isabella_RMG_PU6091_%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-The_Victory%27s_crew_sav%27d_by_the_Isabella_RMG_PU6091_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Victory%27s_crew_sav%27d_by_the_Isabella_RMG_PU6091_%28cropped%29.jpg/465px-The_Victory%27s_crew_sav%27d_by_the_Isabella_RMG_PU6091_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Victory%27s_crew_sav%27d_by_the_Isabella_RMG_PU6091_%28cropped%29.jpg/620px-The_Victory%27s_crew_sav%27d_by_the_Isabella_RMG_PU6091_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(1813_ship)" title="Isabella (1813 ship)"><i>Isabella</i></a> saves the crew of <i>Victory</i>, 1834</figcaption></figure> <p>They left <i>Victory</i> on 29 May 1832. Ten days later, James Clark Ross returned from Fury Beach and reported that <i>Fury</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s boats were repairable, which spared them the labour of dragging the boats. They reached Fury Beach on 1 July, left in three boats on 1 August, and reached <a href="/wiki/Barrow_Strait" title="Barrow Strait">Barrow Strait</a> at the end of August. Finding an unbroken field of ice, they waited four weeks for the ice to melt, gave up, returned south, left their boats at <a href="/wiki/Batty_Bay" title="Batty Bay">Batty Bay</a>, and walked to Fury Beach. On 8 July 1833, they left for Batty Bay and on 14 August, saw open water for the first time. They left the next day and reached the head of Prince Regent Inlet. On 26 August, they spotted a ship but it passed by. A few hours later, they were seen by another ship, which turned out to be <i>Isabella</i> which he had commanded in 1819. Had it not been for his 1819 discovery there would have been no whalers in the area. By October they were back in England. </p><p>The expedition had cost three lives. Ross was presented to <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">King William IV</a> and given a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighthood</a>. The crew were given double pay for the entire four years by the Admiralty even though they were not in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. This impressive experience, as well as the scientific and ethnological information gathered by Ross's team, brought him the renown that he had long sought. In comparison with other contemporary arctic explorers, this was a feat of heroic proportions and was probably due to the fact that Ross befriended and learned from the Inuit. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"My steady and faithful friend, Mr William Thom, of the royal navy, who was formerly with me in the Isabella, beside his duty as third in command, took charge of the meteorological journal, the distribution and economy of provisions, and to his judicious plans and suggestions must be attributed the uncommon degree of health which our crew enjoyed; and as two out of the three who died in the four years and a half were cut off early in the voyage by diseases not peculiar to the climate, only one man can be said to have perished. Mr M'Diarmid, the surgeon, who had been several voyages to these regions, did justice to the high recommendation I received of him; he was useful in every amputation and operation which he performed, and wonderfully so in his treatment of the sick; and I have no hesitation in adding that he would be an ornament to his Majesty's service. Commander Ross, Mr Thom, and myself, have indeed been serving without pay; but, in common with the crew, have lost our all, which I regret the more, because it puts it totally out of My power adequately to remunerate my, fellow sufferers, whose case I cannot but recommend for their lordship's considerations. We have, however, the consolation that the results of this expedition have been conclusive and to science highly important, and may be briefly comprehended in the following words. The discovery of the Gulf of Boothia, the continent and isthmus of Boothia Felix, and a vast number of islands, rivers, and lakes; the undeniable establishment that the north east point of America extends to the 74th degree of north latitude; valuable observations of every kind, but particularly on the magnet; and to crown all, have the honor of placing the illustrious name of our most gracious Sovereign William IV on the true position of the magnetic pole."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discoveries_in_the_Arctic_Regions,_Ross,_1834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Discoveries_in_the_Arctic_Regions%2C_Ross%2C_1834.jpg/310px-Discoveries_in_the_Arctic_Regions%2C_Ross%2C_1834.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Discoveries_in_the_Arctic_Regions%2C_Ross%2C_1834.jpg/465px-Discoveries_in_the_Arctic_Regions%2C_Ross%2C_1834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Discoveries_in_the_Arctic_Regions%2C_Ross%2C_1834.jpg/620px-Discoveries_in_the_Arctic_Regions%2C_Ross%2C_1834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Map delivered by Ross to King <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> in 1834, showing discoveries from the expedition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once again, however, Ross encountered controversy with his cartography. In 1830, during the expedition, James Clark Ross had charted three islands in <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_Strait" title="James Ross Strait">James Ross Strait</a> and named them the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaufort" title="Francis Beaufort">Beaufort Islands</a>. John Ross never saw the islands. Later, back in England, John Ross, using his authority as expedition leader, renamed the islands as the <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Islands" title="Clarence Islands">Clarence Islands</a>, and even added a number of fictional islands to the group, in an apparent attempt to impress the new king, <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossi19841571_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossi19841571-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1994195_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1994195-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833, Ross received the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Premium" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Premium">Royal Premium</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> and a gold medal from the French geographical society, and various foreign orders, including <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Royal Order of the Polar Star">Knight of the Royal Order of the Polar Star</a> of Sweden, and in the following year, received a knighthood and was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a> in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed as British consul at Stockholm in 1839, and remained at this post until 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1994226_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1994226-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1850:_Final_Arctic_expedition">1850: Final Arctic expedition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1850: Final Arctic expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="1850:_third_Arctic_expedition"></span> In 1850, at the age of 72, Ross undertook a third voyage to the Arctic regions, this time in search of <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">the expedition</a> party of Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> which had not been heard from for four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With financial support from <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">HBC</a>, he sailed a private vessel, the schooner <i>Felix</i>, to Lancaster Sound. His vessel was not particularly robust and other ships in the area had to provide food to help Ross combat scurvy which had set in amongst his crew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003247–248_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003247–248-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failing to find Franklin or any of his men, Ross returned to England in October 1851 by way of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, where he encountered rumours that Franklin and his party were all dead. Although most people disregarded these, Ross stood by them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003249_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003249-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While he had been searching for Franklin, Ross was promoted to rear admiral. Retiring to Stranraer, Scotland, he never sailed again. His knowledge of the Swedish and Danish languages saw him consulting for the government about the Baltic regions as tensions with Russia increased and his later years were spent writing. He published several pamphlets,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003249_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003249-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one critical of the efforts to rescue Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandler2006246_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler2006246-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also futilely hoped for a reconciliation with his wife<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> and pestered the Admiralty on various matters, one being the quality of its maps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming1998442_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming1998442-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on <span class="nowrap">30 August 1856</span> while visiting London, where he is buried at <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming1998443_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming1998443-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoss1819" class="citation book cs1"><i>A voyage of discovery, made under the orders of the Admiralty, in His Majesty's ships Isabella and Alexander, for the purpose of exploring Baffin's Bay, and inquiring into the probability of a north-west passage</i>. London: J. Murray. 1819. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4559652">4559652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+voyage+of+discovery%2C+made+under+the+orders+of+the+Admiralty%2C+in+His+Majesty%27s+ships+Isabella+and+Alexander%2C+for+the+purpose+of+exploring+Baffin%27s+Bay%2C+and+inquiring+into+the+probability+of+a+north-west+passage&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray.&rft.date=1819&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4559652&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossRoss1835" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeofsecon01ross"><i>Narrative of a second voyage in search of a north-west passage, and of a residence in the Arctic regions during the years 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833</i></a>. London: A.W. Webster. 1835. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1113450">1113450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+a+second+voyage+in+search+of+a+north-west+passage%2C+and+of+a+residence+in+the+Arctic+regions+during+the+years+1829%2C+1830%2C+1831%2C+1832%2C+1833&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.W.+Webster&rft.date=1835&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1113450&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Ross%2C+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeofsecon01ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming199836-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming199836_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming1998">Fleming 1998</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Byrne18491006–1007_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Byrne1849">O'Byrne 1849</a>, pp. 1006–1007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger20035-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger20035_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger20035_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdinger2003">Edinger 2003</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911740_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 740.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/lac-bac/explorers/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/explorers/h24-1810-e.html">"John Ross: The discovery of the magnetic pole"</a>. <i>Library and Archives Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.atitle=John+Ross%3A+The+discovery+of+the+magnetic+pole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepe.lac-bac.gc.ca%2F100%2F206%2F301%2Flac-bac%2Fexplorers%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fexplorers%2Fh24-1810-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandSavelle198766–77-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandSavelle198766–77_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandSavelle1987">Holland & Savelle 1987</a>, pp. 66–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennett1838" class="citation web cs1">Dennett, John Frederick (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RkFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA878">"The Voyages and Travels of Captains Ross, Parry, Franklin, and Mr. Belzoni: Forming an Interesting History of the Manners, Customs, and Characters of Various Nations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Voyages+and+Travels+of+Captains+Ross%2C+Parry%2C+Franklin%2C+and+Mr.+Belzoni%3A+Forming+an+Interesting+History+of+the+Manners%2C+Customs%2C+and+Characters+of+Various+Nations&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RkFAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/library/files/special/exhibns/month/sep2006.html">"North-West Passage"</a>. <i>gla.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gla.ac.uk&rft.atitle=North-West+Passage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fmyglasgow%2Flibrary%2Ffiles%2Fspecial%2Fexhibns%2Fmonth%2Fsep2006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steam-packet.com/information/aboutus">"About Us | Isle of Man Steam Packet Company"</a>. <i>steam-packet.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=steam-packet.com&rft.atitle=About+Us+%26%23124%3B+Isle+of+Man+Steam+Packet+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steam-packet.com%2Finformation%2Faboutus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowat1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farley_Mowat" title="Farley Mowat">Mowat, F.</a> (1993). <i>Ordeal by Ice: the search for the Northwest Passage</i>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1391959">1391959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordeal+by+Ice%3A+the+search+for+the+Northwest+Passage&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1391959&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossi19841571-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossi19841571_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBossi1984">Bossi 1984</a>, p. 1571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1994195-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1994195_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1994">Ross 1994</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette19224" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19224/page/2327">"No. 19224"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 26 December 1834. p. 2327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+19224&rft.pages=2327&rft.date=1834-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F19224%2Fpage%2F2327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette19224" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19224/page/2328">"No. 19224"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 26 December 1834. p. 2328.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+19224&rft.pages=2328&rft.date=1834-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F19224%2Fpage%2F2328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1994226-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1994226_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1994">Ross 1994</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003247–248-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003247–248_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdinger2003">Edinger 2003</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003249-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003249_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger2003249_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdinger2003">Edinger 2003</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler2006246-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandler2006246_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandler2006">Sandler 2006</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming1998442-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming1998442_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming1998">Fleming 1998</a>, p. 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming1998443-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming1998443_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming1998">Fleming 1998</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossi1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bossi, M., ed. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1izJwICQ2kC&pg=PA571"><i>Notizie di viaggi lontani: l'esplorazione extraeuropea nei periodici del primo Ottocento, 1815–1845</i></a> (in Italian). Naples: Guida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8870423999" title="Special:BookSources/8870423999"><bdi>8870423999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notizie+di+viaggi+lontani%3A+l%27esplorazione+extraeuropea+nei+periodici+del+primo+Ottocento%2C+1815%E2%80%931845&rft.place=Naples&rft.pub=Guida&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=8870423999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1izJwICQ2kC%26pg%3DPA571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdinger2003" class="citation book cs1">Edinger, R. (2003). <i>Fury Beach: The Four-Year Odyssey of Captain John Ross and the Victory</i>. New York: Berkley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0425188450" title="Special:BookSources/0425188450"><bdi>0425188450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fury+Beach%3A+The+Four-Year+Odyssey+of+Captain+John+Ross+and+the+Victory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berkley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0425188450&rft.aulast=Edinger&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1998" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Fergus (1998). <i>Barrow's Boys</i>. London, United Kingdom: Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-173-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-173-5"><bdi>978-1-86207-173-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barrow%27s+Boys&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-173-5&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandSavelle1987" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, Clive; Savelle, James M. (March 1987). "My Dear Beaufort: A Personal Letter from John Ross's Arctic Expedition of 1829-33". <i>Arctic</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 66–77. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.509.4658">10.1.1.509.4658</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic1748">10.14430/arctic1748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic&rft.atitle=My+Dear+Beaufort%3A+A+Personal+Letter+from+John+Ross%27s+Arctic+Expedition+of+1829-33&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-77&rft.date=1987-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.509.4658%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14430%2Farctic1748&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Savelle%2C+James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Byrne1849" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_O%27Byrne" title="William Richard O'Byrne">O'Byrne, William R.</a> (1849). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Ross, John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Ross,_John">"Ross, John" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="A Naval Biographical Dictionary">A Naval Biographical Dictionary</a></i>. London: John Murray. pp. 1006–1007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ross%2C+John&rft.btitle=A+Naval+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1006-1007&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=O%27Byrne&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1994" class="citation book cs1">Ross, M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPf2RzV-PkC"><i>Polar Pioneers: John Ross and James Clark Ross</i></a>. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">MQUP</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773565036" title="Special:BookSources/9780773565036"><bdi>9780773565036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polar+Pioneers%3A+John+Ross+and+James+Clark+Ross&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=MQUP&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780773565036&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZPf2RzV-PkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2006" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, M. W. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/resoluteepicsear00sand"><i>Resolute: The Epic Search for the Northwest Passage and John Franklin</i></a></span>. New York: Sterling Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402740855" title="Special:BookSources/9781402740855"><bdi>9781402740855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resolute%3A+The+Epic+Search+for+the+Northwest+Passage+and+John+Franklin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781402740855&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresoluteepicsear00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ross,_Sir_John" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ross, Sir John">Ross, Sir John</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 740.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ross%2C+Sir+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=740&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2006" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, E. C. (2006). <i>The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration from Frobisher to Ross</i>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0752436600" title="Special:BookSources/0752436600"><bdi>0752436600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+in+Polar+Exploration+from+Frobisher+to+Ross&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0752436600&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ross+%28Royal+Navy+officer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Ross_(1777-1856)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Ross (1777-1856)">Sir John Ross</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/9460">Works by John Ross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456083#P4081" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL165665A">Works by John Ross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456083#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31748">Works by John Ross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Template:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Template talk:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Navy Arctic exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_Navy_Arctic_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal Navy Arctic exploration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1773_Phipps_expedition_towards_the_North_Pole" title="1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole">Phipps expedition (1773)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine (1819)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River_expedition" title="Mackenzie River expedition">Mackenzie River (1825)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin (1845)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson (1848)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure (1850)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/McClintock_Arctic_expedition" title="McClintock Arctic expedition">McClintock (1857)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British (1875)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Adams_(surgeon)" title="Edward Adams (surgeon)">Edward Adams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Armstrong_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Alexander Armstrong (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Alexander Armstrong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Aldrich" title="Pelham Aldrich">Pelham Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Sir Horatio Austin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Sir George Back</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Barrow,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet">Sir John Barrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Frederick Beechey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Sir Edward Belcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Buchan" title="David Buchan">David Buchan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Sir Richard Collinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gurney_Cresswell" title="Samuel Gurney Cresswell">Samuel Cresswell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Francis Crozier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames" title="James Fitzjames">James Fitzjames</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Sir John Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hulme_Hooper" title="William Hulme Hooper">William Hulme Hooper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Henry Hoppner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Sir Edward Inglefield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Sir Henry Kellett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skeffington_Lutwidge" title="Skeffington Lutwidge">Skeffington Lutwidge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">George Francis Lyon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rochfort_Maguire" title="Rochfort Maguire">Rochfort Maguire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Sir Albert Markham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">Sir Leopold McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">Sir Robert McClure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Mecham" title="George Mecham">George Mecham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fleming_Morrell" title="Arthur Fleming Morrell">Arthur Morrell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Sir George Nares</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Ommanney" title="Erasmus Ommanney">Sir Erasmus Ommanney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherard_Osborn" title="Sherard Osborn">Sherard Osborn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Sir Edward Parry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_2nd_Baron_Mulgrave" title="Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave">Constantine Phipps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Pim" title="Bedford Pim">Bedford Pim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">Sir John Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">Sir James Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir John Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Sir Edward Sabine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Sir Henry Stephenson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)"><i>Alert</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Assistance_(1850)" title="HMS Assistance (1850)"><i>Assistance</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)"><i>Blossom</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Carcass_(1759)" title="HMS Carcass (1759)"><i>Carcass</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)"><i>Discovery</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Enterprise_(1848)" title="HMS Enterprise (1848)"><i>Enterprise</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)"><i>Erebus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)"><i>Fury</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)"><i>Griper</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)"><i>Hecla</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Herald_(1824)" title="HMS Herald (1824)"><i>Herald</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)"><i>Investigator</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Racehorse_(1757)" title="HMS Racehorse (1757)"><i>Racehorse</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)"><i>Resolute</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)"><i>Terror</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456083#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456083#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456083#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110862438">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120176126">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/146129/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdgMmhrwgq7Wpbg4TvHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11935439X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84177316">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153423026">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153423026">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ross, John <1777-1856>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V674065">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35463399">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ross, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0269733&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000014183&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1530770">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1407582">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070245762">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p153394447">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99007342">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000421483&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000386660">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=237409">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnk1js2vlqr5b">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576870505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429982705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14321706">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00772965?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Ross">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500018415">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/68321">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=10314">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/962045">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11935439X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11935439X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/057689199">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62z1qzq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&oldid=1251069543">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)&oldid=1251069543</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_explorers" title="Category:19th-century British explorers">19th-century British explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Scottish_people" title="Category:19th-century 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