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<span>Modern Conceptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Conceptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Conceptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Conceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gilroy_and_the_"Black_Atlantic"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilroy_and_the_"Black_Atlantic""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gilroy and the "Black Atlantic"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilroy_and_the_"Black_Atlantic"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frantz_Fanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frantz_Fanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Frantz Fanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frantz_Fanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triple_consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triple_consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Triple consciousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triple_consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiences_of_women_of_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiences_of_women_of_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Experiences of women of color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiences_of_women_of_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Black Power</span> </div> 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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Double consciousness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dual_consciousness" title="Dual consciousness">Dual consciousness</a>.</div> <p><b>Double consciousness</b> is the dual self-perception<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> experienced by <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">subordinated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonized groups</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppressive society</a>. The term and the idea were first published in <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois's</a> <a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">autoethnographic</a> work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk" title="The Souls of Black Folk">The Souls of Black Folk</a></i> in 1903, in which he described the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> experience of double consciousness, including his own.<sup id="cite_ref-db_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, double consciousness was specifically the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">psychological challenge</a> African Americans experienced of "always looking at one's self through the eyes" of a <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">racist white society</a> and "measuring oneself by the means of a nation that looked back in contempt".<sup id="cite_ref-db_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also referred to Du Bois's experiences of reconciling his African heritage with an upbringing in a European-dominated society.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Souls_of_Black_Folk_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk_title_page.jpg/220px-The_Souls_of_Black_Folk_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk_title_page.jpg/330px-The_Souls_of_Black_Folk_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Title page of a 1903 book in which Du Bois' essay about double-consciousness was re-published</figcaption></figure> <p>The term was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> in his 1842 essay "The Transcendentalist". Du Bois first used the term in an article titled "Strivings of the Negro People", published in the August 1897 issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later republished and slightly edited under the title "Of Our Spiritual Strivings" in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk" title="The Souls of Black Folk">The Souls of Black Folk</a></i>. Du Bois describes double consciousness as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife – this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He does not wish to Africanize America, for America has too much to teach the world and Africa. He wouldn't bleach his Negro blood in a flood of white Americanism, for he knows that Negro blood has a message for the world. He simply wishes to make it possible for a man to be both a Negro and an American without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows, without having the doors of opportunity closed roughly in his face.<sup id="cite_ref-db_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Conceptions">Modern Conceptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern Conceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of double consciousness has been expanded on by many different scholars in the 20th and early 21st centuries. Commentators have examined how the concept can be expanded to other aspects of the African American experience, or for other marginalized groups who experience a similar forms of oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilroy_and_the_"Black_Atlantic""><span id="Gilroy_and_the_.22Black_Atlantic.22"></span>Gilroy and the "Black Atlantic"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gilroy and the "Black Atlantic""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a> applied theories of culture and race to the study and construction of African American intellectual history. He is known especially for marking a turning point in the study of the African diasporas.<sup id="cite_ref-Chivallon239_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chivallon239-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book <i>The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness</i> (1993) introduces the "Black Atlantic" as a source for cultural construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Braziel_2006,_pp49_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braziel_2006,_pp49-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilroy pioneers a shift in contemporary black studies by arguing for a rejection of the notion of a homogeneous nation-state based nationality in favor of analyzing "the Atlantic as one single, complex unit of analysis in their discussions of the modern world and use it to produce an explicitly transnational and intercultural perspective".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He based this on the Atlantic slave trade and marked it as the foundation for the diaspora. He recognized the significance of European and African transnational travel as a foundation for double consciousness. Gilroy used Du Bois's theory of double consciousness to suggest there exists an internal struggle to reconcile being both European and Black, which was his main focus in his book.<sup id="cite_ref-Braziel_2006,_pp49_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braziel_2006,_pp49-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He even characterized the Black Atlantic by the influence of slave trade "routes" on black identity. He aimed to unify black culture with the connection to the homeland as well as the cultural exchanges that occurred afterward. Gilroy's work became popular with the Black diaspora in Europe, and his theories became the foundation for several <a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">black power</a> movements throughout the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilroy argues that occupying the space between these two dialectal subjectivities is "viewed as a provocative and even oppositional act of political insubordination".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that for black people across diaspora, thinking of the duality in their identity as one is almost paradoxical, and conceptualizing and actualizing this is a move of symbolic resistance in modernity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frantz_Fanon">Frantz Fanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frantz Fanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very similarly to Du Bois, <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> touched upon the term of double consciousness in his life. In his first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Skin,_White_Masks" title="Black Skin, White Masks">Black Skin, White Masks</a></i>, where he expressed his hopelessness at being neither white nor black. Fanon identifies the double consciousness that African Americans face and its source; he claimed the cultural and social confusions of African Americans were caused by European culture.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave examples of things that he has encountered that demonstrate the double consciousness. He talks about people who preach about completely conforming to being white and says that they are wrong. He also says that the people who believe that complete rejection of whites are also wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanon,_Frantz_2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanon,_Frantz_2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then proceeds to talk about why black people adopt cultures that are so strange to him. He talks about how when a Black Caribbean leaves for Europe, they come back speaking a language different from their own. He also talks about how Africans, mostly the wealthiest, tend to have insecurities of not being European enough because they are African. This manifests in buying European furniture and buying European clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanon,_Frantz_2008_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanon,_Frantz_2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to this he talks about the way white men talk to African Americans and how it contributes to this problem of double consciousness. He says that when a white man talks to an African American man he is changing his language to a way in which a stereotypical black man would talk, similarly to how one would talk to a child, with different language sophistication and slang. He says that this angers the African American because he feels as though he has been categorized and imprisoned into a box from which he cannot escape due to this judgement. He gives an example of a film where this stereotype is portrayed and then talks about how African Americans need to be educated to not follow the stereotypes displayed by white culture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Stephen Greenblatt</a> also uses it to describe the peculiar quality of Shakespeare's consciousness in his biography of the bard, <i>Will in the World</i> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triple_consciousness">Triple consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Triple consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, Du Bois's theory of double consciousness has been revisited to develop a more inclusive concept of <b>triple consciousness</b>. This triple consciousness may include another <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersecting identity</a> that impacts a person's social experiences. Additional identities that may affect the already present double consciousness experience might include ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, etc. For example, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Flores_(professor)" title="Juan Flores (professor)">Juan Flores</a> identified ethnicity as a potential aspect that influences double consciousness by speculating Afro-Latinos in the U.S. experienced an added layer of discrimination that combined skin color with ethnicity and nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anna_J._Cooper" title="Anna J. Cooper">Anna Julia Cooper</a> similarly references the intersectionality of race and gender within her work <i>A Voice from the South</i> where she states: "Only the black woman can say 'when and where I enter, in the quiet, undisputed dignity of my womanhood, without violence and without suing or special patronage, then and there the whole ... race enters with me".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Jossianna Arroyo explains that triple consciousness brings "spaces, culture, and skin ... [to] re-contextualize blackness"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the case of black Puerto Ricans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiences_of_women_of_color">Experiences of women of color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Experiences of women of color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just like any other thought in critical race analysis, double consciousness theory cannot be divorced from gender. This is where black feminists have introduced their concept of the triple consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black women not only have to see themselves through the lens of blackness and whiteness, but also through the lens of patriarchy. Whenever they are in black spaces, women still have to situate themselves in the context of patriarchy. Whenever that they are in fem spaces, they must still situate themselves in the context of their blackness. <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Gray_White" title="Deborah Gray White">Deborah Gray White</a> writes, "African American women are confronted with an impossible task. If she is rescued from the myth of the negro, the myth of the woman traps her. If she escapes the myth of the women, the myth of the negro still ensnares her".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the double burdens that feminists faced was fighting for women's rights as well as rights for people of color. <a href="/wiki/Frances_M._Beale" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances M. Beale">Frances M. Beale</a> wrote that the situation of black women was full of misconceptions and distortions of the truth. In her pamphlet <i>Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female</i>, she claimed that capitalism was the direct forebear of racism because the system was indirectly a way to destroy the humanity of black people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In any society where men are not yet free, women are less free because we are further enslaved because we [African American women] are enslaved by our sex." Many African American women turned towards feminism in their fight against oppression because "there was an awareness that they were being treated as second-class citizens within the Civil Rights movement of the 60's." Due to this, many women felt that they were being asked to choose between "a Black movement that primarily served the interest of Black male patriarchs, and a women's movement which primarily served the interests of racist white women." </p><p>The theory of double consciousness is also heavily present for female diasporic artists. These artists are faced with the task of remaining authentic to their roots while still branding themselves in a way to allow international and mainstream popularity. In the music industry, women of color are often stereotyped as being hyper-sexual and aggressive; which in some cases helps their branding, and in other cases, it hurts their branding and the identity they have attempted to create for themselves. Due to this, diasporic female artists are often forced to privilege certain self markers and conceal others depending on the situation; often making them feel as if they can never create one true identity for themselves but must rather change depending on the circumstances present.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Power">Black Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Black Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first portion of <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Power:_The_Politics_of_Liberation" title="Black Power: The Politics of Liberation">Black Power: The Politics of Liberation</a></i>, labeled "White Power", by <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Ture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwame Ture">Kwame Ture</a> (formerly known as Stokely Carmichael) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Hamilton" title="Charles V. Hamilton">Charles V. Hamilton</a>, provides evidence backing up the ideology of double consciousness in regards to black people in the United States. The book opens up by defining racism as "the predication of decisions and policies on considerations of race for the purpose of subordinating a racial group and maintaining control over that group" (Hamilton & Ture, 3). Therefore, the subordinate group, black people, must think of themselves in terms of the oppressive population, white. Individual racism and institutional racism both contribute to double consciousness. On an individual level, double consciousness is practiced within every day interactions, and on an institutional level, it impacts how black people function throughout society. "Black People are legal citizens of the United States with, for the most part, the same legal rights as other citizens. Yet they stand as colonial subjects in relation to the white society."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, while the Black population in the United States are essentially equal to whites under written law, there remain deeply rooted inequities between the races that reinforce double consciousness. Because these differences are not evident under the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights, they are an experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Afro-German_paradigm">In the Afro-German paradigm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the Afro-German paradigm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though the framework of double consciousness can be applied to an African Diaspora and Transnationality, the nuances of racial dynamics differ from nation to nation. In Germany, for example, the political exigencies enforced by the Third Reich created a more nuanced situation. <a href="/wiki/Tina_Campt" title="Tina Campt">Tina Campt</a> notes in <i>Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich,</i> the tension for Afro-Germans who "came of age during the totalitarian regime of the Third Reich ... was not necessarily experienced as one of absolute duality or 'twoness.' Rather, it was a contradictory and complexly textured form of identity".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the absence of a Black community in Germany, "most Afro-Germans did not have the option of choosing between a Black community or identity and a German identity".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were essentially forced to "occupy a position between a conception of German identity that excluded blackness and a conception of blackness that precluded any identification with Germanness".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that for Black Germans during the Third Reich, the psychological dilemmas of "two-ness" did not necessarily map onto the double consciousness dynamic W. E. B. Du Bois first identified in 1897. For Black Germans in the early 20th century, there was no stable idea or community of blackness with which they could fully, or even partly, identify. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_consciousness" title="Dual consciousness">Dual consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Beale" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Beale">Frances Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_other" title="Generalized other">Generalized other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">Mixed race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference group">Reference group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Du+Bois%2C+William+Edward+Burghardt+%7C+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fweb-dubois%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-db-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-db_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-db_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-db_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York, Avenel, NJ: Gramercy Books; 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWamba1999" class="citation book cs1">Wamba, Philippe (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinshipfamilysjo00wamb/page/82"><i>Kinship</i></a>. New York, New York: Penguin Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinshipfamilysjo00wamb/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-94387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-94387-7"><bdi>978-0-525-94387-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-525-94387-7&rft.aulast=Wamba&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkinshipfamilysjo00wamb%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+consciousness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1897" class="citation web cs1">Du Bois, W. 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Print.</li> <li>Ture, Kwame. "Black Power The Politics of Liberation." New York, New York.: Random House, 1967. Print.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011020852/http://www.umass.edu/afroam/downloads/allen.riddles.pdf">Ernest Allen Jr.'s "On the Reading of Riddles: Rethinking DuBoisian Double Consciousness from Existence in Black"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 11, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/">"The Two Nations of Black America"</a> with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a> – <a href="/wiki/PBS_Frontline" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Frontline">PBS Frontline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/give-me-liberty4/docs/WEBDuBois-Souls_of_Black_Folk-1903.pdf">W. E. B. Du Bois. "The Souls of Black Folk"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/196.html">Francis M. Beale "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="W._E._B._Du_Bois" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="Template:W. E. B. Du Bois"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="Template talk:W. E. B. Du Bois"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="Special:EditPage/Template:W. E. B. Du Bois"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="W._E._B._Du_Bois" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois_Boyhood_Homesite" title="W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite">W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Conference_of_Negro_Problems" title="Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems">Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory" title="Atlanta Sociological Laboratory">Atlanta Sociological Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exhibit_of_American_Negroes" title="The Exhibit of American Negroes">The Exhibit of American Negroes</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis"><i>The Crisis</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brownies%27_Book" title="The Brownies' Book"><i>The Brownies' Book</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(American_newspaper)" title="Freedom (American newspaper)"><i>Freedom</i> newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University_protest" title="Fisk University protest">Fisk University protest</a> (1924–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Memorial_Centre_for_Pan_African_Culture" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture">W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture</a> (home, burial site, and memorial)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talented_tenth" title="Talented tenth">Talented Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_line_(racism)" title="Color line (racism)">Color line</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Double consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suppression_of_the_African_Slave-trade_to_the_United_States_of_America" title="The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America">The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Study_of_the_Negro_Problems" title="The Study of the Negro Problems">The Study of the Negro Problems</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Negro" title="The Philadelphia Negro">The Philadelphia Negro</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk" title="The Souls of Black Folk">The Souls of Black Folk</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_in_the_South" title="The Negro in the South">The Negro in the South</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(biography)" title="John Brown (biography)">John Brown</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro" title="The Negro">The Negro</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkwater:_Voices_from_Within_the_Veil" title="Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil">Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dusk_of_Dawn" title="Dusk of Dawn">Dusk of Dawn</a></i> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Comet_(short_story)" title="The Comet (short story)">The Comet</a>" (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Princess" title="Dark Princess">Dark Princess</a></i> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Library" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Library">W. E. B. Du Bois Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois_Career_of_Distinguished_Scholarship_Award" title="W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award">W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Research_Institute" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute">W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Graham_Du_Bois" title="Shirley Graham Du Bois">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_Du_Bois" title="Yolande Du Bois">Yolande Du Bois</a> (daughter)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Africana" title="Encyclopedia Africana">Encyclopedia Africana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Problem_(book)" title="The Negro Problem (book)">The Negro Problem</a></i> (1903 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois_Clubs_of_America" title="W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America">W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&oldid=1254422327">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_consciousness&oldid=1254422327</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_studies" title="Category:Black studies">Black studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Africana_philosophy" title="Category:Africana philosophy">Africana philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critical_race_theory" title="Category:Critical race theory">Critical race theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_terminology" title="Category:Feminist terminology">Feminist terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_theory" title="Category:Feminist theory">Feminist theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 22:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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