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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #00B0F0; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#00B0F0"><b>Poetry of reality</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science"><font size="5" color="white"><b>Science</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#CCEFFC;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science" title="Category:Science"><img alt="Icon science.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/a/ab/Icon_science.svg/100px-Icon_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/ab/Icon_science.svg/150px-Icon_science.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/ab/Icon_science.svg/200px-Icon_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#00B0F0; text-align:center;"><b>We must know. <br /> We will know.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#CCEFFC;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; 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He is often erroneously credited with developing the world's first <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> His work on <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> was a major step forward in combating what was arguably the most deadly disease in human history. In a 2002 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> poll, <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">he was ranked the 78<sup>th</sup> greatest Briton of all time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Smallpox"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Smallpox</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Variolation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Variolation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Jenner.27s_contribution"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Jenner's contribution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Later_life_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Later life and legacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley, Gloucestershire. At age 8, he was inoculated with cowpox for prevention of smallpox infection.<sup id="cite_ref-gross_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross-4">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[note 2]</a></sup> He received a basic primary education before beginning an apprenticeship with a surgeon at the age of 14. In his early 20s, he began another apprenticeship at St George's, University of London to continue his study of surgery and general human anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup> In 1772 he earned his M.D. from the University of St Andrews and went on to become a successful general practitioner and surgeon. He later became a member of the Royal Society in 1788 where he published groundbreaking new research on the behavior of the cuckoo bird and its life history strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Smallpox">Smallpox</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Smallpox">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Smallpox's origins are unclear. Reports of smallpox appear in ancient texts of China India and and was likely found on the mummy of pharaoh Ramses V in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, all about 3000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-riedel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riedel-8">[6]</a></sup> Since then, it repeatedly ravaged different parts of the world in devastating outbreaks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> During the 20<sup>th</sup> century as many as 300 million people were killed by it. After 1492, when first introduced to the Americas, it contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">deaths</a> of about 54 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 3]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, it killed hundreds of thousands of people every year, leaving many of its survivors blind, scarred, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-riedel_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riedel-8">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:23</sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Variolation">Variolation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variolation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG/250px-Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG/330px-Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="3727" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Smallpox viruses magnified 370,000 times.</div></div></div> <p>Before modern vaccines there was variolation, which seems to date back to around the year 1000 CE in China, although precise references to smallpox immunization don't appear until a few hundred years later.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:134</sup> The terms 'variolation' and 'smallpox vaccination' are synonymous because the word 'variolation' is derived from the synonym for smallpox, 'variola'; 'variolation' is only used in reference to smallpox, whereas 'vaccination' can apply to a wide range of diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>Variolation was a practice in which people were intentionally exposed to a mild form of the disease. Scabs were taken from a cow with cowpox or a person with smallpox, powdered into dust and then inhaled through the nose of uninfected people. Occasionally, more direct contact was made by rubbing the powdered scabs or even pustule fluids into a shallow cut. Over time, the practice spread West across Eurasia into <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and eventually Europe. Those inoculated had lower rates of death than the untreated but there were some serious deficiencies. People who were treated often still carried a live virus, meaning they became a potential walking biohazard who could infect others if not quarantined for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Jenner's_contribution"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Jenner.27s_contribution">Jenner's contribution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jenner's contribution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jenner.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/7/75/Jenner.gif/300px-Jenner.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/7/75/Jenner.gif/450px-Jenner.gif 1.5x, /w/images/7/75/Jenner.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="426" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jenner.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cartoon satirizing early <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaccination">anti-vaccination</a> concern.</div></div></div> <p>Jenner had actually been variolated in his youth<sup id="cite_ref-gross_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross-4">[3]</a></sup> before going on to study medicine himself. The practice was first introduced to Europe in the early 18<sup>th</sup> century<sup id="cite_ref-gross_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross-4">[3]</a></sup> where it was met with <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> but was eventually practiced. In 1706, an enslaved African named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesimus_(Bostonian)" class="extiw" title="wp:Onesimus (Bostonian)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Onesimus (Bostonian)">Onesimus</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> informed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather" class="extiw" title="wp:Cotton Mather" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> his slave owner in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, about the method of variolation for smallpox that he had received when he lived in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-gross_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross-4">[3]</a></sup> Mather later convinced a physician, Zabdiel Boylston, to conduct a variolation experiment during a 1721 smallpox outbreak in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-gross_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross-4">[3]</a></sup> Mather and Boylston then used a <a href="/wiki/Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a> analysis to demonstrate the efficacy of variolation at preventing smallpox deaths: the fatality rate among non-variolated people who contracted smallpox was 14% vs. variolated people at 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-gross_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross-4">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>By 1768, English physician John Fewster had noticed that people who had been struck with cowpox were immune to smallpox. This fact had been known in several countries by people tending cattle, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jesty" class="extiw" title="wp:Edward Jesty" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Edward Jesty">Edward Jesty</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in England,<sup id="cite_ref-gross_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross-4">[3]</a></sup> and indigenous people of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup> </p><p>Noting the common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox, Jenner theorized that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox immunized them to smallpox. Jenner <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesized</a> that exposure to cowpox would protect people from smallpox.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating one James Phipps, the eight-year son of his gardener.<sup id="cite_ref-gross_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gross-4">[3]</a></sup> He acquired pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a></sup> Phipps was the 17<sup>th</sup> case described in Jenner's first paper on vaccination.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day, resulting in a fever and some uneasiness, but no full-blown infection.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> Later, he injected Phipps with variolous material, the routine method of immunization at that time.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> No disease followed.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> The boy was later challenged with variolous material and again showed no sign of infection. Jenner went on to successfully test his hypothesis on 23 additional subjects.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>Jenner continued his research and reported it to the Royal Society, which did not publish the initial paper. After revisions and further investigations, he published his findings on the 23 cases, including his own infant son Robert. Eventually, vaccination was accepted, and in 1840, the British government fully banned variolation with smallpox and began providing vaccination using cowpox free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>The success of his discovery soon spread around Europe after some initial hesitancy. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_life_and_legacy">Later life and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life and legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>I avail myself of this occasion of rendering you a portion of the tribute of gratitude due to you from the whole human family. Medicine has never before produced any single improvement of such utility.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Jenner continued to pursue and encourage research and experimentation to study and improve his vaccine for the remainder of his life. He died at age 73 due to complications from internal bleeding and eventually a stroke. His keen use of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>; observation, experimentation, inquisitiveness, cross-disciplinary learning, served as a major breakthrough in modern medicine. In many ways he represents the best of the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" title="Scientific revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, helping pave the way for later scientists like <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> while simultaneously helping untold numbers of people by making breakthroughs in applied science. Smallpox was officially declared to have been fully eradicated in 1980; Jenner helped take some of the earliest steps toward making that happen. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/Chp%2006.pdf">Early Efforts at Control: Variolation, Vaccination, and Isolation and Quarantine</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; -webkit-column-count:1; column-count:1; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Though some pop stars, a footie player, a <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">cult leader</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">flaming white nationalist</a> are far greater according to that poll.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-2">[2]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">If he had been the inventor of the vaccine, did he do that <i>in utero</i>?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smallpox was one of the most notorious diseases in ravaging the populations of the New World. It was not, however, the only one. <a href="/wiki/American_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indians">American Indians</a> had no immunity to any Old World diseases including <a href="/wiki/Plague" title="Plague">bubonic plague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, and yellow fever.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213151852/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAaAzBjioms">Vaccines | Dr Edward Jenner</a> by Department of Health and Social Care (Nov 25, 2020) <i>YouTube</i>. "Edward Jenner developed the world's first vaccine in Gloucestershire during the late 1700s."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030401083737/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml">The Top 100 Great Britons</a> (2002) <i>BBC</i> (archived From April 1, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gross-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gross_4-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gross_4-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gross_4-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gross_4-3">3.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gross_4-4">3.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gross_4-5">3.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gross_4-6">3.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gross_4-7">3.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(98)90096-0/pdf">The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered</a> by C. P. Gross & K. A. Sepkowitz (1998) <i> Int. J. Infect. Dis.</i> 3(1):54-60. doi:10.1016/s1201-9712(98)90096-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jenner.ac.uk/about/edward-jenner">About Edward Jenner</a> <i>Jenner Institute]. www.jenner.ac.uk.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/edward-jenner">Jenner, Edward</a> (Updated May 17 2018) <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riedel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-riedel_8-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-riedel_8-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696/">Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination</a> by Stefan Riedel (2005) <i>Proc. (Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent/)</i> 18(1):21–25. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html">History of Smallpox</a> (Page last reviewed: February 20, 2021) <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492" by Alexander Koch et al. (2019) <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i> 207:13-36. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Microbe Hunters: Then and Now</i> by Hilary Koprowski & Michael B. A. Oldstone (1996) Medi-Ed Press. ISBN 0936741112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Angel of Death: The Story of Smallpox</i> by Williams, Gareth (2010) Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0230274714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine</i> by Joseph Needham (2000) Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation" class="extiw" title="wp:Variolation" rel="nofollow">Variolation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html">Smallpox: Variolation</a> <i>U.S. National Library of Medicine: History of Medicine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jd94psxa/items?canvas=16"><i>Medical Discoveries by the Non-medical</i></a> by George M. Gould (1903) Press of American Medical Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Thurston and G. Williams (2015) "An examination of John Fewster's role in the discovery of smallpox vaccination," Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 45 : 173–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Jenner">Edward Jenner | English surgeon</a>". <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627134041/https://historyofvaccines.org/content/jenner">Edward Jenner</a> <i>The History of Vaccines, The College of Physicians of Philadelphia</i> (archived from June 27, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123944/pdf/430.pdf">Anti-vaccinationists past and present</a> by Robert M. Wolfe & Lisa K. Sharp (2002) <i>BMJ</i> 325(7361):430-432. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122194126/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/thomas-jefferson/letters-of-thomas-jefferson/jefl172.php">To Dr. Edward Jenner Monticello, May 14, 1806</a> by Thomas Jefferson, <i>American History from Revolution to Reconstruction</i> (archived from January 22, 2019).</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&oldid=2710466">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Jenner&oldid=2710466</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: 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