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Semantic network - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basics of semantic networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basics_of_semantic_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In linguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_linguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In linguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In the brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Lisp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Lisp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In Lisp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Lisp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WordNet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WordNet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>WordNet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WordNet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Software tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_examples_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Semantic network</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantiese_netwerk" title="Semantiese netwerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Semantiese netwerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبكة دلالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبكة دلالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="আর্থিক জালতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্থিক জালতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarxa_sem%C3%A0ntica" title="Xarxa semàntica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xarxa semàntica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantisches_Netz" title="Semantisches Netz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Semantisches Netz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_sem%C3%A1ntica" title="Red semántica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Red semántica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شبکه معنایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکه معنایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_s%C3%A9mantique" title="Réseau sémantique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réseau sémantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" title="시맨틱 네트워크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시맨틱 네트워크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_semantica" title="Rete semantica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rete semantica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Семантикалық желі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Семантикалық желі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantisch_netwerk" title="Semantisch netwerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Semantisch netwerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%91%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="意味ネットワーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="意味ネットワーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_sem%C3%A2ntica" title="Rede semântica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rede semântica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C8%9Bea_semantic%C4%83" title="Rețea semantică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rețea semantică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Семантическая сеть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семантическая сеть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanti%C4%8Dna_mre%C5%BEa" title="Semantična mreža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Semantična mreža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanti%C4%8Dka_mre%C5%BEa" title="Semantička mreža – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Semantička mreža" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanttinen_verkko" title="Semanttinen verkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Semanttinen verkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Семантична мережа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семантична мережа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義網絡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語義網絡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="语义网络 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语义网络" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1045785#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Network_science" title="Category:Network science">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">Network science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 250px; height: 250px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 250px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Internet_map_1024.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/250px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/375px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/500px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">Theory</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_network" title="Complex network">Complex network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_contagion" title="Complex contagion">Contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale-free_network" title="Scale-free network">Scale-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_structure" title="Community structure">Community structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percolation_theory" title="Percolation theory">Percolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolving_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolving networks">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_controllability" title="Network controllability">Controllability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_analysis" title="Link analysis">Link analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_optimization" title="Combinatorial optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(network_science)" title="Reciprocity (network science)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_closure" title="Triadic closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_relation" title="Transitive relation">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferential_attachment" title="Preferential attachment">Preferential attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_theory" title="Balance theory">Balance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Network types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Informational (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport network">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_collaboration_network" title="Scientific collaboration network">Scientific collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_network" title="Biological network">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdependent_networks" title="Interdependent networks">Interdependent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_network" title="Spatial network">Spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_network" title="Dependency network">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_network" title="Flow network">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">on-Chip</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">Graphs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clique_(graph_theory)" title="Clique (graph theory)">Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_component_(graph_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected component (graph theory)">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(graph_theory)" title="Cut (graph theory)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory)" title="Cycle (graph theory)">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_(abstract_data_type)" title="Graph (abstract data type)">Data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_(graph_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge (graph theory)">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_(graph_theory)" title="Loop (graph theory)">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_(graph_theory)" title="Neighbourhood (graph theory)">Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(graph_theory)" title="Path (graph theory)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)" title="Vertex (graph theory)">Vertex</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adjacency_list" title="Adjacency list">Adjacency list</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adjacency_matrix" title="Adjacency matrix">matrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incidence_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidence list">Incidence list</a> / <a href="/wiki/Incidence_matrix" title="Incidence matrix">matrix</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipartite_graph" title="Bipartite graph">Bipartite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_graph" title="Complete graph">Complete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">Directed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergraph" title="Hypergraph">Hyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeled_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Labeled graph">Labeled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigraph" title="Multigraph">Multi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_graph" title="Random graph">Random</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighted_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighted graph">Weighted</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metrics_(networking)" title="Metrics (networking)">Metrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_algorithms#Networking" title="List of algorithms">Algorithms</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">Centrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)" title="Degree (graph theory)">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_motif" title="Network motif">Motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustering_coefficient" title="Clustering coefficient">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_distribution" title="Degree distribution">Degree distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortativity" title="Assortativity">Assortativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_(graph_theory)" title="Distance (graph theory)">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(networks)" title="Modularity (networks)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_(network_science)" title="Efficiency (network science)">Efficiency</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Models</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Topology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random_graph" title="Random graph">Random graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93R%C3%A9nyi_model" title="Erdős–Rényi model">Erdős–Rényi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barab%C3%A1si%E2%80%93Albert_model" title="Barabási–Albert model">Barabási–Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianconi%E2%80%93Barab%C3%A1si_model" title="Bianconi–Barabási model">Bianconi–Barabási</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_model_(network_theory)" title="Fitness model (network theory)">Fitness model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts%E2%80%93Strogatz_model" title="Watts–Strogatz model">Watts–Strogatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_random_graph_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponential random graph models">Exponential random (ERGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_geometric_graph" title="Random geometric graph">Random geometric (RGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometric_graph" title="Hyperbolic geometric graph">Hyperbolic (HGN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_network_model" title="Hierarchical network model">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_block_model" title="Stochastic block model">Stochastic block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum-entropy_random_graph_model" title="Maximum-entropy random graph model">Maximum entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_configuration_model" title="Soft configuration model">Soft configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancichinetti%E2%80%93Fortunato%E2%80%93Radicchi_benchmark" title="Lancichinetti–Fortunato–Radicchi benchmark">LFR Benchmark</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Dynamics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_network" title="Boolean network">Boolean network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">agent based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemic model">Epidemic</a>/<a href="/wiki/SIR_model" class="mw-redirect" title="SIR model">SIR</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Categories</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_theory_topics" title="List of network theory topics">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_scientists" title="List of network scientists">Network scientists</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Network_theory" title="Category:Network theory">Category:Network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Graph_theory" title="Category:Graph theory">Category:Graph theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die,_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="detail of a Tree of Knowledge after Diderot & d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, by Chrétien Frédéric Guillaume Roth"><img alt="detail of a Tree of Knowledge after Diderot & d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, by Chrétien Frédéric Guillaume Roth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg/250px-Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Business_decision_mapping" title="Business decision mapping">Business decision mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_communication" title="Graphic communication">Graphic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Infographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge visualization">Knowledge visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)" title="Morphological analysis (problem-solving)">Morphological analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schema (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_language" title="Visual language">Visual language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Node–link approaches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_map" title="Argument map">Argument map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_map" title="Cognitive map">Cognitive map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept lattice">Concept lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_map" title="Concept map">Concept map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_graph" title="Conceptual graph">Conceptual graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">Decision tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrogram" title="Dendrogram">Dendrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_tree" title="Hyperbolic tree">Hyperbolic tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue-based_information_system" title="Issue-based information system">Issue map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_tree" title="Issue tree">Issue tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layered_graph_drawing" title="Layered graph drawing">Layered graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-role_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-role modeling">Object-role modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_chart" title="Organizational chart">Organizational chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_network" title="Pathfinder network">Pathfinder network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tree" title="Radial tree">Radial tree</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociogram" title="Sociogram">Sociogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">Tree structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZigZag_(software)" title="ZigZag (software)">ZigZag</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">Design rationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrammatic_reasoning" title="Diagrammatic reasoning">Diagrammatic reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software" title="List of concept- and mind-mapping software">List of concept- and mind-mapping software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olog" title="Olog">Olog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_structuring_methods" title="Problem structuring methods">Problem structuring methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Treemapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:InfoMaps" title="Template:InfoMaps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:InfoMaps" title="Template talk:InfoMaps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:InfoMaps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:InfoMaps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>semantic network</b>, or <b>frame network</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a> that represents <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> relations between <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a> in a network. This is often used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">knowledge representation</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Undirected_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Undirected graph">undirected graph</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)" title="Vertex (graph theory)">vertices</a>, which represent <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">edges</a>, which represent <a href="/wiki/Semantic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic relationship">semantic relations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sowa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mapping or connecting <a href="/wiki/Semantic_field" title="Semantic field">semantic fields</a>. A semantic network may be instantiated as, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Concept_map" title="Concept map">concept map</a>. Typical standardized semantic networks are expressed as <a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">semantic triples</a>. </p><p>Semantic networks are used in <a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">neurolinguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> applications such as <a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">semantic parsing</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">word-sense disambiguation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semantic networks can also be used as a method to analyze large texts and identify the main themes and topics (e.g., of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> posts), to reveal biases (e.g., in news coverage), or even to map an entire research field.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of the use of semantic networks in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph" title="Directed acyclic graph">directed acyclic graphs</a> as a mnemonic tool, dates back centuries. The earliest documented use being the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>'s commentary on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">categories</a> in the third century AD. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing" title="History of computing">computing history</a>, "Semantic Nets" for the <a href="/wiki/Propositional_calculus" title="Propositional calculus">propositional calculus</a> were first <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implemented</a> for <a href="/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Richens" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard H. Richens">Richard H. Richens</a> of the Cambridge Language Research Unit in 1956 as an "<a href="/wiki/Pivot_language" title="Pivot language">interlingua</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the importance of this work and the Cambridge Language Research Unit was only belatedly realized. </p><p>Semantic networks were also independently implemented by Robert F. Simmons<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons1963_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons1963-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sheldon Klein, using the <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order predicate calculus</a> as a base, after being inspired by a demonstration of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Yngve" title="Victor Yngve">Victor Yngve</a>. The "line of research was originated by the first President of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computational_Linguistics" title="Association for Computational Linguistics">Association for Computational Linguistics</a>, Victor Yngve, who in 1960 had published descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> for using a <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">phrase structure grammar</a> to generate syntactically well-formed nonsense sentences. Sheldon Klein and I about 1962–1964 were fascinated by the technique and generalized it to a method for controlling the sense of what was generated by respecting the semantic dependencies of words as they occurred in text."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers, most notably <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Ross_Quillian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Ross Quillian (page does not exist)">M. Ross Quillian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Quillian1963_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quillian1963-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others at <a href="/wiki/System_Development_Corporation" title="System Development Corporation">System Development Corporation</a> helped contribute to their work in the early 1960s as part of the SYNTHEX project. It's these publications at System Development Corporation that most modern derivatives of the term "semantic network" cite as their background. Later prominent works were done by <a href="/wiki/Allan_M._Collins" title="Allan M. Collins">Allan M. Collins</a> and Quillian (e.g., Collins and Quillian;<sup id="cite_ref-Collins1969_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins1969-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins1970_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collins and Loftus<sup id="cite_ref-Collins1975_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins1975-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quillian<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Still later in 2006, Hermann Helbig fully described <a href="/wiki/MultiNet" title="MultiNet">MultiNet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s, two universities in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">Groningen</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Twente" title="University of Twente">Twente</a>, jointly began a project called <i>Knowledge Graphs</i>, which are semantic networks but with the added constraint that edges are restricted to be from a limited set of possible relations, to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Graph_algebra" title="Graph algebra">algebras on the graph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent decades, the distinction between semantic networks and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_graph" title="Knowledge graph">knowledge graphs</a> was blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> gave their knowledge graph the name <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge Graph">Knowledge Graph</a>. </p><p>The semantic link network was systematically studied as a <a href="/wiki/Semantic_social_network" title="Semantic social network">semantic social networking</a> method. Its basic model consists of semantic nodes, semantic links between nodes, and a semantic space that defines the semantics of nodes and links and reasoning rules on semantic links. The systematic theory and model was published in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research direction can trace to the definition of inheritance rules for efficient model retrieval in 1998<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Active Document Framework ADF.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2003, research has developed toward social semantic networking.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work is a systematic innovation at the age of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and global social networking rather than an application or simple extension of the Semantic Net (Network). Its purpose and scope are different from that of the Semantic Net (or network).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules for reasoning and evolution and automatic discovery of implicit links play an important role in the Semantic Link Network.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently it has been developed to support Cyber-Physical-Social Intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used for creating a general summarization method.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The self-organised Semantic Link Network was integrated with a multi-dimensional category space to form a semantic space to support advanced applications with multi-dimensional abstractions and self-organised semantic links<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been verified that Semantic Link Network play an important role in understanding and representation through <a href="/wiki/Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">text summarisation</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semantic Link Network has been extended from cyberspace to cyber-physical-social space. Competition relation and symbiosis relation as well as their roles in evolving society were studied in the emerging topic: Cyber-Physical-Social Intelligence<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More specialized forms of semantic networks has been created for specific use. For example, in 2008, Fawsy Bendeck's PhD thesis formalized the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity_network" title="Semantic similarity network">Semantic Similarity Network</a> (SSN) that contains specialized relationships and propagation algorithms to simplify the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">semantic similarity</a> representation and calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basics_of_semantic_networks">Basics of semantic networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basics of semantic networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A semantic network is used when one has knowledge that is best understood as a set of concepts that are related to one another. </p><p>Most semantic networks are cognitively based. They consist of arcs (spokes) and nodes (hubs) which can be organized into a taxonomic hierarchy. Different semantic networks can also be connected by bridge nodes. Semantic networks contributed to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Spreading_activation" title="Spreading activation">spreading activation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, and nodes as proto-objects. </p><p>One process of constructing semantic networks, known also as <a href="/wiki/Co-occurrence_network" title="Co-occurrence network">co-occurrence networks</a>, includes identifying keywords in the text, calculating the frequencies of co-occurrences, and analyzing the networks to find central words and clusters of themes in the network.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_linguistics">In linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, semantic networks represent how the human mind handles associated concepts. Typically, concepts in a semantic network can have one of two different relationships: either semantic or associative. </p><p>If semantic in relation, the two concepts are linked by any of the following semantic relationships: <a href="/wiki/Synonymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonymy">synonymy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonymy">antonymy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypernymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernymy">hypernymy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyponymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponymy">hyponymy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holonymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holonymy">holonymy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meronymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Meronymy">meronymy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">polysemy</a>. These are not the only semantic relationships, but some of the most common. </p><p>If associative in relation, the two concepts are linked based on their frequency to occur together. These associations are accidental, meaning that nothing about their individual meanings requires them to be associated with one another, only that they typically are. Examples of this would be pig and farm, pig and trough, or pig and mud. While nothing about the meaning of pig forces it to be associated with farms, as pigs can be wild, the fact that pigs are so frequently found on farms creates an accidental associated relationship. These thematic relationships are common within semantic networks and are notable results in <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">free association</a> tests. </p><p>As the initial word is given, activation of the most closely related concepts begin, spreading outward to the lesser associated concepts. An example of this would be the initial word pig prompting mammal, then animal, and then breathes. This example shows that taxonomic relationships are inherent within semantic networks. The most closely related concepts typically share <a href="/wiki/Semantic_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic features">semantic features</a>, which are determinants of semantic similarity scores. Words with higher similarity scores are more closely related, thus have higher probability of being a close word in the semantic network. </p><p>These relationships can be suggested into the brain through <a href="/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">priming</a>, where previous examples of the same relationship are shown before the target word is shown. The effect of priming on a semantic network linking can be seen through the speed of the reaction time to the word. Priming can help to reveal the structure of a semantic network and which words are most closely associated with the original word. </p><p>Disruption of a semantic network can lead to a semantic deficit, not the same as <a href="/wiki/Semantic_dementia" title="Semantic dementia">semantic dementia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_brain">In the brain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exists physical manifestation of semantic relationships in the brain as well. Category-specific semantic circuits show that words belonging to different categories are processed in circuits differently located throughout the brain. For example, the semantic circuits for a word associated with the face or mouth (such as lick) is located in a different place of the brain than a word associated with the leg or foot (such as kick). This is a primary result of a 2013 study published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedemann_Pulverm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedemann Pulvermüller (page does not exist)">Friedemann Pulvermüller</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These semantic circuits are directly tied to their sensorimotor areas of the brain. This is known as embodied semantics, a subtopic of <a href="/wiki/Embodied_language_processing" title="Embodied language processing">embodied language processing</a>. </p><p>If brain damage occurs, the normal processing of semantic networks could be disrupted, leading to preference into what kind of relationships dominate the semantic network in the mind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Lisp">In Lisp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Lisp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following code shows an example of a semantic network in the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp programming language</a> using an <a href="/wiki/Association_list" title="Association list">association list</a>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lisp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">setq</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">*database*</span> <span class="o">'</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nv">canary</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">is-a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">bird</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">color</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">yellow</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">small</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">penguin</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">is-a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">bird</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">movement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">swim</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">bird</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">is-a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">vertebrate</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">has-part</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">wings</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">reproduction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">egg-laying</span><span class="p">))))</span> </pre></div> <p>To extract all the information about the "canary" type, one would use the <code>assoc</code> function with a key of "canary".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WordNet">WordNet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: WordNet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a></div> <p>An example of a semantic network is <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> database of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. It groups English words into sets of synonyms called <a href="/wiki/Synsets" class="mw-redirect" title="Synsets">synsets</a>, provides short, general definitions, and records the various semantic relations between these synonym sets. Some of the most common semantic relations defined are <a href="/wiki/Meronymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Meronymy">meronymy</a> (A is a meronym of B if A is part of B), <a href="/wiki/Holonymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holonymy">holonymy</a> (B is a holonym of A if B contains A), <a href="/wiki/Hyponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponym">hyponymy</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Troponymy" title="Troponymy">troponymy</a>) (A is subordinate of B; A is kind of B), <a href="/wiki/Hypernym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernym">hypernymy</a> (A is superordinate of B), <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymy</a> (A denotes the same as B) and <a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonymy</a> (A denotes the opposite of B). </p><p>WordNet properties have been studied from a <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">network theory</a> perspective and compared to other semantic networks created from <a href="/wiki/Roget%27s_Thesaurus" title="Roget's Thesaurus">Roget's Thesaurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Word_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Word association">word association</a> tasks. From this perspective the three of them are a <a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">small world structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steyvers2005_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steyvers2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also possible to represent logical descriptions using semantic networks such as the <a href="/wiki/Existential_graph" title="Existential graph">existential graphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> or the related <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_graph" title="Conceptual graph">conceptual graphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Sowa" title="John F. Sowa">John F. Sowa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sowa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have expressive power equal to or exceeding standard <a href="/wiki/First-order_predicate_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="First-order predicate calculus">first-order predicate logic</a>. Unlike WordNet or other lexical or browsing networks, semantic networks using these representations can be used for reliable automated logical deduction. Some automated reasoners exploit the graph-theoretic features of the networks during processing. </p><p>Other examples of semantic networks are <a href="/wiki/Gellish" title="Gellish">Gellish</a> models. <a href="/wiki/Gellish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Gellish English">Gellish English</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Gellish_English_dictionary" title="Gellish English dictionary">Gellish English dictionary</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">formal language</a> that is defined as a network of relations between concepts and names of concepts. Gellish English is a formal subset of natural English, just as Gellish Dutch is a formal subset of Dutch, whereas multiple languages share the same concepts. Other Gellish networks consist of knowledge models and information models that are expressed in the Gellish language. A Gellish network is a network of (binary) relations between things. Each relation in the network is an expression of a fact that is classified by a relation type. Each relation type itself is a concept that is defined in the Gellish language dictionary. Each related thing is either a concept or an individual thing that is classified by a concept. The definitions of concepts are created in the form of definition models (definition networks) that together form a Gellish Dictionary. A Gellish network can be documented in a Gellish database and is computer interpretable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/SciCrunch" title="SciCrunch">SciCrunch</a> is a collaboratively edited knowledge base for scientific resources. It provides unambiguous identifiers (Research Resource IDentifiers or RRIDs) for software, lab tools etc. and it also provides options to create links between RRIDs and from communities. </p><p>Another example of semantic networks, based on <a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">category theory</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Olog" title="Olog">ologs</a>. Here each type is an object, representing a set of things, and each arrow is a morphism, representing a function. <a href="/wiki/Commutative_diagrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutative diagrams">Commutative diagrams</a> also are prescribed to constrain the semantics. </p><p>In the social sciences people sometimes use the term semantic network to refer to <a href="/wiki/Co-occurrence_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-occurrence networks">co-occurrence networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atteveldt_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atteveldt-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic idea is that words that co-occur in a unit of text, e.g. a sentence, are semantically related to one another. Ties based on co-occurrence can then be used to construct semantic networks. This process includes identifying keywords in the text, constructing co-occurrence networks, and analyzing the networks to find central words and clusters of themes in the network. It is a particularly useful method to analyze large text and <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_tools">Software tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Software tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also elaborate types of semantic networks connected with corresponding sets of software tools used for <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">knowledge engineering</a>, like the Semantic Network Processing System (<a href="/wiki/SNePS" title="SNePS">SNePS</a>) of Stuart C. Shapiro<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/MultiNet" title="MultiNet">MultiNet</a> paradigm of Hermann Helbig,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially suited for the semantic representation of natural language expressions and used in several <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">NLP</a> applications. </p><p>Semantic networks are used in specialized information retrieval tasks, such as <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiarism detection">plagiarism detection</a>. They provide information on hierarchical relations in order to employ <a href="/wiki/Semantic_compression" title="Semantic compression">semantic compression</a> to reduce language diversity and enable the system to match word meanings, independently from sets of words used. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google_Knowledge_Graph" title="Google Knowledge Graph">The Knowledge Graph</a> proposed by Google in 2012 is actually an application of semantic network in search engine. </p><p>Modeling multi-relational data like semantic networks in low-dimensional spaces through forms of <a href="/wiki/Embedding" title="Embedding">embedding</a> has benefits in expressing entity relationships as well as extracting relations from mediums like text. There are many approaches to learning these embeddings, notably using Bayesian clustering frameworks or energy-based frameworks, and more recently, TransE<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems" title="Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems">NeurIPS</a> 2013). Applications of embedding knowledge base data include <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relationship_extraction" title="Relationship extraction">Relationship extraction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_semantic_graph" title="Abstract semantic graph">Abstract semantic graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)" title="Chunking (psychology)">Chunking (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CmapTools" title="CmapTools">CmapTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_map" title="Concept map">Concept map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Network diagram">Network diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repertory_grid" title="Repertory grid">Repertory grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_lexicon" title="Semantic lexicon">Semantic lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity_network" title="Semantic similarity network">Semantic similarity network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_neural_network" title="Semantic neural network">Semantic neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SemEval" title="SemEval">SemEval</a> – an ongoing series of evaluations of <a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(computational)" title="Semantic analysis (computational)">computational semantic analysis</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparse_distributed_memory" title="Sparse distributed memory">Sparse distributed memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">Taxonomy (general)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Medical_Language_System" title="Unified Medical Language System">Unified Medical Language System</a> (UMLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">Word-sense disambiguation</a> (WSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples_2">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognition_Network_Technology" title="Cognition Network Technology">Cognition Network Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexipedia" title="Lexipedia">Lexipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCog" title="OpenCog">OpenCog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Mind_Common_Sense" title="Open Mind Common Sense">Open Mind Common Sense</a> (OMCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Networking_Language" title="Universal Networking Language">Universal Networking Language</a> (UNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sowa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sowa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Sowa1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Sowa" title="John F. Sowa">John F. Sowa</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/semnet.htm">"Semantic Networks"</a>. In Stuart C Shapiro (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008185537/http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/semnet.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semantic+Networks&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=1987&rft.au=John+F.+Sowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfsowa.com%2Fpubs%2Fsemnet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poon, Hoifung, and Pedro Domingos. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.info/pdf/D/D09/D09-1001.pdf">Unsupervised semantic parsing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015717/https://aclanthology.info/pdf/D/D09/D09-1001.pdf">Archived</a> 7 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 1-Volume 1. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sussna, Michael. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.ualberta.ca/~golmoham/SW/ontology%20based%20similarity/Word%20sense%20disambiguation%20for%20free-text%20indexing%20using%20a%20massive%20semantic%20network.pdf">Word sense disambiguation for free-text indexing using a massive semantic network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921093053/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~golmoham/SW/ontology%20based%20similarity/Word%20sense%20disambiguation%20for%20free-text%20indexing%20using%20a%20massive%20semantic%20network.pdf">Archived</a> 21 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Proceedings of the second international conference on Information and knowledge management. ACM, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2022" class="citation book cs1">Segev, Elad (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Semantic-Network-Analysis-in-Social-Sciences/Segev/p/book/9780367636524"><i>Semantic Network Analysis in Social Sciences</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367636524" title="Special:BookSources/9780367636524"><bdi>9780367636524</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205140726/https://www.routledge.com/Semantic-Network-Analysis-in-Social-Sciences/Segev/p/book/9780367636524">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantic+Network+Analysis+in+Social+Sciences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780367636524&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Elad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FSemantic-Network-Analysis-in-Social-Sciences%2FSegev%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367636524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannRodin1992" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Fritz; Rodin, Ervin Y., eds. (1992). <i>Semantic networks in artificial intelligence</i>. International series in modern applied mathematics and computer science. Vol. 24. Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080420127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080420127"><bdi>978-0080420127</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26391254">26391254</a>. <q>The first semantic network for computers was Nude, created by R. H. Richens of the Cambridge Language Research Unit in 1956 as an interlingua for machine translation of natural languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantic+networks+in+artificial+intelligence&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=International+series+in+modern+applied+mathematics+and+computer+science&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26391254&rft.isbn=978-0080420127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons1963-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simmons1963_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_F._Simmons1963" class="citation journal cs1">Robert F. Simmons (1963). "Synthetic language behavior". <i>Data Processing Management</i>. <b>5</b> (12): 11–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Data+Processing+Management&rft.atitle=Synthetic+language+behavior&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=11-18&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Robert+F.+Simmons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmons, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1022">"Themes From 1972"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901171738/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1022">Archived</a> 1 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>ACL Anthology</i>, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quillian1963-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quillian1963_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quillian, R. A notation for representing conceptual information: An application to semantics and mechanical English para- phrasing. SP-1395, System Development Corporation, Santa Monica, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins1969-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins1969_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_M._CollinsM._R._Quillian1969" class="citation journal cs1">Allan M. Collins; M. R. Quillian (1969). "Retrieval time from semantic memory". <i>Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 240–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5371%2869%2980069-1">10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80069-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Verbal+Learning+and+Verbal+Behavior&rft.atitle=Retrieval+time+from+semantic+memory&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-247&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-5371%2869%2980069-1&rft.au=Allan+M.+Collins&rft.au=M.+R.+Quillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins1970-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins1970_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_M._CollinsM._Ross_Quillian1970" class="citation journal cs1">Allan M. Collins; M. Ross Quillian (1970). "Does category size affect categorization time?". <i>Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 432–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5371%2870%2980084-6">10.1016/S0022-5371(70)80084-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Verbal+Learning+and+Verbal+Behavior&rft.atitle=Does+category+size+affect+categorization+time%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=432-438&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-5371%2870%2980084-6&rft.au=Allan+M.+Collins&rft.au=M.+Ross+Quillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins1975-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins1975_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_M._CollinsElizabeth_F._Loftus1975" class="citation journal cs1">Allan M. Collins; Elizabeth F. Loftus (1975). "A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>82</b> (6): 407–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.82.6.407">10.1037/0033-295x.82.6.407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14217893">14217893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=A+spreading-activation+theory+of+semantic+processing&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=407-428&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.82.6.407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14217893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Allan+M.+Collins&rft.au=Elizabeth+F.+Loftus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quillian, M. R. (1967). Word concepts: A theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities. Behavioral Science, 12(5), 410–430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quillian, M. R. (1968). Semantic memory. Semantic information processing, 227–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuillian1969" class="citation journal cs1">Quillian, M. R. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F363196.363214">"The teachable language comprehender: a simulation program and theory of language"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>12</b> (8): 459–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F363196.363214">10.1145/363196.363214</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15304609">15304609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+teachable+language+comprehender%3A+a+simulation+program+and+theory+of+language&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=459-476&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F363196.363214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15304609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Quillian&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F363196.363214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quillian, R. Semantic Memory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelbig2006" class="citation book cs1">Helbig, H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/2412/1/Helbig,%20Hermann%20-%20Knowledge%20Representation%20and%20the%20Semantics%20of%20Natural%20Language.pdf"><i>Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540244615" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540244615"><bdi>978-3540244615</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830103805/http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/2412/1/Helbig,%20Hermann%20-%20Knowledge%20Representation%20and%20the%20Semantics%20of%20Natural%20Language.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+Representation+and+the+Semantics+of+Natural+Language&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3540244615&rft.aulast=Helbig&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F14.139.206.50%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F1%2F2412%2F1%2FHelbig%2C%2520Hermann%2520-%2520Knowledge%2520Representation%2520and%2520the%2520Semantics%2520of%2520Natural%2520Language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1992" class="citation book cs1">James, P. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811111559if_/http://stokman.org/artikel/92Jame.KnowGraphs.LIKE.pdf">"Knowledge Graphs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Van de Riet, R. P. (ed.). <i>Linguistic Instruments in Knowledge Engineering</i>. Elsevier Science Publishers. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0444883940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0444883940"><bdi>978-0444883940</bdi></a>. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367636524" title="Special:BookSources/9780367636524"><bdi>9780367636524</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205140726/https://www.routledge.com/Semantic-Network-Analysis-in-Social-Sciences/Segev/p/book/9780367636524">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantic+Network+Analysis+in+Social+Sciences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780367636524&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Elad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FSemantic-Network-Analysis-in-Social-Sciences%2FSegev%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367636524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/">"Stuart C. Shapiro"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827101751/http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stuart+C.+Shapiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cse.buffalo.edu%2F~shapiro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/helbig/index_en.html">"Hermann Helbig"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060504090936/http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/helbig/index_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermann+Helbig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpi7.fernuni-hagen.de%2Fhelbig%2Findex_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordesUsunierGarcia-DuranWeston2013" class="citation cs2">Bordes, Antoine; Usunier, Nicolas; Garcia-Duran, Alberto; Weston, Jason; Yakhnenko, Oksana (2013), Burges, C. J. C.; Bottou, L.; Welling, M.; Ghahramani, Z. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5071-translating-embeddings-for-modeling-multi-relational-data.pdf">"Translating Embeddings for Modeling Multi-relational Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 26</i>, Curran Associates, Inc., pp. 2787–2795, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220220123/http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5071-translating-embeddings-for-modeling-multi-relational-data.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Neural+Information+Processing+Systems+26&rft.atitle=Translating+Embeddings+for+Modeling+Multi-relational+Data&rft.pages=2787-2795&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bordes&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft.au=Usunier%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Garcia-Duran%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Weston%2C+Jason&rft.au=Yakhnenko%2C+Oksana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.nips.cc%2Fpaper%2F5071-translating-embeddings-for-modeling-multi-relational-data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, J. and A. Frisch (1982). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P82-1004">What's in a Semantic Network</a>". In: <i>Proceedings of the 20th. annual meeting of ACL</i>, Toronto, pp. 19–27.</li> <li>John F. Sowa, Alexander Borgida (1991). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTKnCQAAQBAJ">Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge</a></i>.</li> <li>Segev, E. (Ed.) (2022). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://routledge.pub/SemanticNetworkAnalysis">Semantic Network Analysis in Social Sciences</a></i>. New York: Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_network&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Semantic_networks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Semantic networks">Semantic networks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/semnet.htm">"Semantic Networks"</a> by John F. 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class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semantic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application-Level_Profile_Semantics_(ALPS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) (page does not exist)">ALPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_RDF" title="Embedded RDF">eRDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Bigram" title="Bigram">Bigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigram" title="Trigram">Trigram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">Natural language understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_word" title="Stop word">Stop words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_mining" title="Argument mining">Argument mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collocation_extraction" title="Collocation extraction">Collocation extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_mining" title="Concept mining">Concept mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreference#Coreference_resolution" title="Coreference">Coreference resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_linguistic_processing" title="Deep linguistic processing">Deep linguistic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">Named-entity recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)" title="Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)">Syntactic parsing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">Part-of-speech tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_role_labeling" title="Semantic role labeling">Semantic role labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_decomposition_(natural_language_processing)" title="Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)">Semantic decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">Semantic similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_extraction" title="Terminology extraction">Terminology extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_entailment" title="Textual entailment">Textual entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truecasing" title="Truecasing">Truecasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">Word-sense disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_induction" title="Word-sense induction">Word-sense induction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Text_segmentation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">Text segmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound-term_processing" title="Compound-term processing">Compound-term processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmatisation">Lemmatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_parsing" title="Shallow parsing">Text chunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemming" title="Stemming">Stemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_boundary_disambiguation" title="Sentence boundary disambiguation">Sentence segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word#Word_boundaries" title="Word">Word segmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">Automatic summarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-document_summarization" title="Multi-document summarization">Multi-document summarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_extraction" title="Sentence extraction">Sentence extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_simplification" title="Text simplification">Text simplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">Computer-assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Example-based_machine_translation" title="Example-based machine translation">Example-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_translation" title="Rule-based machine translation">Rule-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer-based_machine_translation" title="Transfer-based machine translation">Transfer-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">Neural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a> models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document-term_matrix" title="Document-term matrix">Document-term matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_semantic_analysis" title="Explicit semantic analysis">Explicit semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastText" title="FastText">fastText</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> (<a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_resource" title="Language resource">Language resources</a>,<br />datasets and corpora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_resource" title="Lexical resource">Lexical resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" title="Linguistic Linked Open Data">Linguistic Linked Open Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">Parallel text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PropBank" title="PropBank">PropBank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_corpus" title="Speech corpus">Speech corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">Text corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">Thesaurus (information retrieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Dependencies" title="Universal Dependencies">Universal Dependencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabelNet" title="BabelNet">BabelNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_English" title="Bank of English">Bank of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrameNet" title="FrameNet">FrameNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBY" title="UBY">UBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification<br />and data capture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_segmentation" title="Speech segmentation">Speech segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_generation" title="Natural language generation">Natural language generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">Optical character recognition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topic_model" title="Topic model">Topic model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document_classification" title="Document classification">Document classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_Dirichlet_allocation" title="Latent Dirichlet allocation">Latent Dirichlet allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachinko_allocation" title="Pachinko allocation">Pachinko allocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_reviewing" title="Computer-assisted reviewing">Computer-assisted<br />reviewing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring" title="Automated essay scoring">Automated essay scoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordancer" title="Concordancer">Concordancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_checker" title="Grammar checker">Grammar checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_text" title="Predictive text">Predictive text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_assessment" title="Pronunciation assessment">Pronunciation assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">Natural language<br />user interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a> (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Syntax_guessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax guessing">Syntax guessing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_answering" title="Question answering">Question answering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit" title="Natural Language Toolkit">Natural Language Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaCy" title="SpaCy">spaCy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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