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<span>Matrilineal surname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrilineal_surname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultural patterns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_patterns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural patterns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clan_names_vs._surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clan_names_vs._surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Clan names vs. surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clan_names_vs._surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Care_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Care of children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Care_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrilineality_in_specific_ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrilineality_in_specific_ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Matrilineality in specific ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Matrilineality_in_specific_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Matrilineality in specific ethnic groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Matrilineality_in_specific_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Akan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guanches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guanches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Guanches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guanches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Serer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuareg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuareg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Tuareg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuareg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bororo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bororo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Bororo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bororo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bribri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bribri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Bribri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bribri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabécar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabécar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Cabécar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabécar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Guna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Hopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iroquois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iroquois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Iroquois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iroquois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kogi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kogi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Kogi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kogi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>Lenape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.9</span> <span>Mandan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.10</span> <span>Naso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navajo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navajo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.11</span> <span>Navajo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navajo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanana_Athabaskan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanana_Athabaskan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.12</span> <span>Tanana Athabaskan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanana_Athabaskan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsenacommacah_(Powhatan_Confederacy)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsenacommacah_(Powhatan_Confederacy)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.13</span> <span>Tsenacommacah (Powhatan Confederacy)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsenacommacah_(Powhatan_Confederacy)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Kuskokwim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Kuskokwim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.14</span> <span>Upper Kuskokwim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Kuskokwim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wayuu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wayuu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.15</span> <span>Wayuu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wayuu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Kurds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Ancient Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrilineal_identification_within_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrilineal_identification_within_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Matrilineal identification within Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrilineal_identification_within_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exception_for_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exception_for_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exception for the enslaved in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exception_for_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Matrilineality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أمومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrillinatge" title="Matrillinatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matrillinatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinearita" title="Matrilinearita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matrilinearita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriline%C3%A6r" title="Matrilineær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Matrilineær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinearit%C3%A4t" title="Matrilinearität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Matrilinearität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinaje" title="Matrilinaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matrilinaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مادرتباری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادرتباری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_matrilin%C3%A9aire" title="Famille matrilinéaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Famille matrilinéaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginealach_m%C3%A1thairl%C3%ADneach" title="Ginealach máthairlíneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ginealach máthairlíneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%9C" title="모계제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모계제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मातृवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मातृवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinealitas" title="Matrilinealitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matrilinealitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinearit%C3%A0" title="Matrilinearità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matrilinearità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Матрилиналдуулук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Матрилиналдуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibaya" title="Sibaya – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Sibaya" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinia" title="Matrilinia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Matrilinia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineal" title="Matrilineal – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Matrilineal" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineaire_afstamming" title="Matrilineaire afstamming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Matrilineaire afstamming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%B6" title="母系制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="母系制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinnelinje" title="Kvinnelinje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvinnelinje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrylinearny_system_pokrewie%C5%84stwa" title="Matrylinearny system pokrewieństwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matrylinearny system pokrewieństwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinearidade" title="Matrilinearidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matrilinearidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Матрилинейность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Матрилинейность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Matrilineality" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineaarisuus" title="Matrilineaarisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matrilineaarisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinj%C3%A4r_h%C3%A4rstamning" title="Matrilinjär härstamning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matrilinjär härstamning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="தாய்வழி உறவு முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாய்வழி உறவு முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasoyluluk" title="Anasoyluluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anasoyluluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Матрилінійність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Матрилінійність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="مادرانہ نسب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مادرانہ نسب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_m%E1%BA%ABu_h%E1%BB%87" title="Chế độ mẫu hệ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế độ mẫu hệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="母系制度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="母系制度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tracing of kinship through the female line</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist template-anthropology-of-kinship"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kinship_and_descent" title="Category:Kinship and descent">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eg-filiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/100px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/150px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/200px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian <i>(debated)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template talk:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Matrilineality</b> is the tracing of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> through the female line. It may also correlate with a <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a> in which each person is identified with their matriline, their mother's <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a>, and which can involve the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> of property and titles. A matriline is a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of descent">line of descent</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestor</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">descendant</a> of either <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothers. In a matrilineal <a href="/wiki/Kinship_and_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship and descent">descent system</a>, an individual is considered to belong to the same <a href="/wiki/Descent_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent group">descent group</a> as their mother. This ancient matrilineal descent pattern is in contrast to the currently more popular pattern of <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal descent">patrilineal descent</a> from which a <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a> is usually derived. The <i>matriline</i> of historical nobility was also called their <b>enatic</b> or <b>uterine</b> ancestry, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> or "agnatic" ancestry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_human_kinship">Early human kinship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early human kinship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, almost all prehistorians and anthropologists believed, following <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a>'s influential book <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Society" title="Ancient Society">Ancient Society</a></i>, that early human kinship everywhere was matrilineal.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i>. The Morgan-Engels thesis that humanity's earliest domestic institution was not the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> but the matrilineal <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> soon became incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Communist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist theory">communist orthodoxy</a>. In reaction, most 20th century social anthropologists considered the theory of matrilineal priority untenable,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although during the 1970s and 1980s, a range of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> scholars often attempted to revive it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary biologist">evolutionary biologists</a>, geneticists and <a href="/wiki/Palaeoanthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoanthropologist">palaeoanthropologists</a> have been reassessing the issues, many citing genetic and other evidence that early human kinship may have been matrilineal after all.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One crucial piece of indirect evidence has been genetic data suggesting that over thousands of years, women among <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> hunter-gatherers have chosen to reside postmaritally not with their husbands' family but with their own mother and other natal kin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another line of argument is that when sisters and their mothers help each other with childcare, the descent line tends to be matrilineal rather than patrilineal.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biological anthropologists are now widely agreed that cooperative childcare was a development crucial in making possible the evolution of the unusually large human brain and characteristically human psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although others refute the claims of supporters of the universality of <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">matrilocality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">patrilocality</a>, pointing out that hunter-gatherer societies have a flexible <a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a> or practice multilocality, which in turn leads to a more egalitarian society, since both men and women have the right to choose with whom to live.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some data, pastoralists and farmers strongly gravitate towards patrilocality, so patrilocality is a common phenomenon among non-Pygmies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But among some hunter-gatherers, patrilocality is less common than among farmers. So for example, among the pygmies of Aka, which includes Biaka and Benzene, a young couple usually settles in her husband's camp after the birth of their first child.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the husband can stay in the wife's community, where one of his brothers or sisters can join him. This can happen in societies where the bride's service is practiced, or in any other societies. According to the data above, some scientists also say that kinship and residence in hunter-gatherer societies are complex and multifaceted. For example, when re-checking past data (which were not very reliable), the researchers note that about 40% of the groups were bilocal, 22.9% were matrilocal and 25% were patrilocal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of scientists also advocate multilocality, refuting the concepts of exceptional matrilocality (matrilineality) or patrilocality (patrilineality).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matrilineal_surname">Matrilineal surname</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Matrilineal surname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matriname</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Extinction_of_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinction of surnames">Extinction of surnames</a></div> <p><i>Matrilineal</i> <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surnames</a> are names transmitted from mother to daughter, in contrast to the more familiar <i>patrilineal surnames</i> transmitted from father to son, the pattern most common among <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a> today. For clarity and for brevity, the scientific terms <i>patrilineal surname</i> and <i>matrilineal surname</i> are usually abbreviated as <i>patriname</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">matriname</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sykes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sykes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_patterns">Cultural patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There appears to be some evidence for the presence of matrilineality in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, in a very limited number of the Arabian peoples (first of all among the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> of Yemen, and among some strata of <a href="/wiki/Nabateans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabateans">Nabateans</a> in Northern Arabia);<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modern example from South Africa is the order of succession to the position of the <a href="/wiki/Rain_Queen" title="Rain Queen">Rain Queen</a> in a culture of <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal_succession" title="Matrilineal succession">matrilineal primogeniture</a>: not only is <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic</a> descent reckoned through the female line, but only females are eligible to inherit.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some traditional societies and cultures, membership in their groups was – and, in the following list, still <i>is</i> if shown in <i>italics</i> – inherited matrilineally. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gitksan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitksan">Gitksan</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car_people" title="Cabécar people">Cabécar</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bribri_people" title="Bribri people">Bribri</a></i> of Costa Rica; the <i><a href="/wiki/Naso_people" title="Naso people">Naso</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuna people">Kuna people</a></i> of Panama; the <i><a href="/wiki/Kogi_people" title="Kogi people">Kogi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_people" title="Wayuu people">Wayuu</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Carib</a> of South America; the <i><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a></i> people of <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Trobrianders" class="mw-redirect" title="Trobrianders">Trobrianders</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dobu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobu">Dobu</a></i> and <i>Nagovisi</i> of Melanesia; the <a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Thiyyas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mogaveera" title="Mogaveera">Mogaveeras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billava" title="Billava">Billavas</a> & the <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in south <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Synteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Synteng">Jaintia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Garo_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garo (tribe)">Garo</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> in northeast India and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Ngalop_people" title="Ngalop people">Ngalops</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sharchops" title="Sharchops">Sharchops</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Kayah_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayah people">Kayah</a></i> of Southeast Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Picti" class="mw-redirect" title="Picti">Picti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a></i> including the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akwamu" title="Akwamu">Akwamu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>; most groups across the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Matrilineal_belt" title="Matrilineal belt">matrilineal belt</a>" of south-central Africa; the <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a> of Southern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></i> of west and north Africa; the <i><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clan_names_vs._surnames">Clan names vs. surnames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clan names vs. surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the example cultures in this article are based on (matrilineal) <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a>. Any clan might possibly contain from one to several or many <i><a href="/wiki/Descent_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent group">descent groups</a></i> or <i>family groups</i> – i.e., any matrilineal clan might be descended from one or several or many unrelated female ancestors. Also, each such descent group might have its own <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a> or <i>surname</i>, as one possible cultural pattern. The following two example cultures each follow a different pattern, however: </p><p>Example 1. Members of the (matrilineal) clan culture <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> do not even have a <i>surname</i> or <i>family name</i>, see <a href="#Indonesia">this culture's own section</a> below. In contrast, members do have a <i>clan name</i>, which is important in their lives although not included in the member's name. Instead, one's name is just one's <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>. </p><p>Example 2. Members of the (matrilineal) clan culture <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>, see <a href="#Akan">its own section</a> below, also do not have matrilineal <i>surnames</i> and likewise their important <i>clan name</i> is not included in their name. However, members' names do commonly include second names which <i>are called surnames</i> but which are <i>not</i> routinely passed down from either father or mother to all their children as a <i>family name</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Note well that if a culture did include one's <i>clan name</i> in one's name and routinely handed it down to all children in the <i>descent group</i> then it would automatically <b>be</b> the <i>family name</i> or <i>surname</i> for one's descent group (as well as for all other descent groups in one's clan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Care_of_children">Care of children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Care of children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a <i>mother</i> normally takes care of her own children in all cultures, in some matrilineal cultures an "uncle-father" will take care of his nieces and nephews instead: in other words <i>social fathers</i> here are uncles. There is not a necessary connection between the role of father and genitor. In many such matrilineal cultures, especially where residence is also <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocal">matrilocal</a>, a man will exercise guardianship rights not over the children he fathers but over his sisters' children, who are viewed as 'his own flesh'. These children's biological father – unlike an uncle who is their mother's brother and thus their caregiver – is in some sense a 'stranger' to them, even when affectionate and emotionally close.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, attributing to Kristen Hawkes, among foraging groups matrilocal societies are less likely to commit female infanticide than are patrilocal societies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matrilineality_in_specific_ethnic_groups">Matrilineality in specific ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Matrilineality in specific ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akan">Akan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Akan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abusua" title="Abusua">Abusua</a></div> <p>Some 20 million <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> live in Africa, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>. (See as well their subgroups, the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti</a>, also called Asante, <a href="/wiki/Akyem" title="Akyem">Akyem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akwamu" title="Akwamu">Akwamu</a>.) Many but not all of the Akan still (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-2001book_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001book-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> practice their traditional matrilineal customs, living in their traditional <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a> households, as follows. The traditional Akan economic, political and social organization is based on maternal lineages, which are the basis of inheritance and succession. A lineage is defined as all those related by <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal descent">matrilineal descent</a> from a particular ancestress. Several lineages are grouped into a <i>political unit</i> headed by a chief and a council of elders, each of whom is the elected head of a lineage – which itself may include multiple extended-family households. Public offices are thus vested in the lineage, as are land tenure and other lineage property. In other words, lineage property is inherited only by matrilineal kin.<sup id="cite_ref-2001book_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001book-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyBr_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyBr-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The principles governing inheritance stress sex, generation and age – that is to say, men come before women and seniors before juniors." When a woman's brothers are available, a consideration of generational seniority stipulates that the line of brothers be exhausted before the right to inherit lineage property passes down to the next senior genealogical generation of sisters' sons. Finally, "it is when all possible male heirs have been exhausted that the females" may inherit.<sup id="cite_ref-com.au_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com.au-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each lineage controls the lineage land farmed by its members, functions together in the veneration of its ancestors, supervises marriages of its members, and settles internal disputes among its members.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political units above are likewise grouped into eight larger groups called <i><a href="/wiki/Abusua" title="Abusua">abusua</a></i> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a>), named Aduana, Agona, Asakyiri, Asenie, Asona, Bretuo, Ekuona and Oyoko. The members of each <i>abusua</i> are united by their belief that they are all descended from the same ancient ancestress. Marriage between members of the same <i>abusua</i> is forbidden. One inherits or is a lifelong member of the lineage, the political unit, and the <i>abusua</i> of one's mother, regardless of one's gender and/or marriage. Note that members and their spouses thus belong to different <i>abusuas</i>, mother and children living and working in one household and their husband/father living and working in a different household.<sup id="cite_ref-2001book_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001book-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyBr_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyBr-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to this source<sup id="cite_ref-com.au_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com.au-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of further information about the Akan, "A man is strongly related to his mother's brother (wɔfa) but only weakly related to his father's brother. This must be viewed in the context of a <a href="/wiki/Polygamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamous">polygamous</a> society in which the mother/child bond is likely to be much stronger than the father/child bond. As a result, in inheritance, a man's nephew (sister's son) will have priority over his own son. Uncle-nephew relationships therefore assume a dominant position."<sup id="cite_ref-com.au_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com.au-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain other aspects of the Akan culture are determined <a href="/wiki/Patrilineally" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineally">patrilineally</a> rather than matrilineally. There are 12 patrilineal <a href="/wiki/Ntoro" title="Ntoro">Ntoro</a> (which means spirit) groups, and everyone belongs to their father's Ntoro group but not to his (matrilineal) family lineage and <i>abusua</i>. Each patrilineal Ntoro group has its own surnames,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taboos, ritual purifications, and etiquette.<sup id="cite_ref-encyBr_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyBr-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent (2001) book<sup id="cite_ref-2001book_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001book-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides this update on the Akan: Some families are changing from the above <i>abusua</i> structure to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Witte_2001,_p._53_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Witte_2001,_p._53-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Housing, childcare, education, daily work, and elder care etc. are then handled by that individual family rather than by the <i>abusua</i> or clan, especially in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The above taboo on marriage within one's abusua is sometimes ignored, but "clan membership" is still important,<sup id="cite_ref-de_Witte_2001,_p._53_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Witte_2001,_p._53-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many people still living in the <i>abusua</i> framework presented above.<sup id="cite_ref-2001book_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001book-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guanches">Guanches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Guanches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a> island had developed a matrilineal society by the time the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and their people, called <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a>, were conquered by the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serer">Serer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Serer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans" title="Serer maternal clans">Serer maternal clans</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> are patrilineal (<i>simanGol</i> in <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer language</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as well as matrilineal (<i>tim</i><sup id="cite_ref-Serer_1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer_1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). There are several <a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans" title="Serer maternal clans">Serer matriclans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_matriarchs" title="Category:Serer matriarchs">matriarchs</a>. Some of these matriarchs include <a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Fatim_Beye" title="Lingeer Fatim Beye">Fatim Beye</a> (1335) and <a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba" title="Lingeer Ndoye Demba">Ndoye Demba</a> (1367) – matriarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Joos_Maternal_Dynasty" title="Joos Maternal Dynasty">Joos matriclan</a> which also became a dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a> (Senegal). Some <a href="/wiki/Matriclan" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriclan">matriclans</a> or maternal clans form part of <a href="/wiki/Serer_history_(medieval_era_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serer history (medieval era to present)">Serer medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_royalty" title="Category:Serer royalty">dynastic</a> history, such as the <a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowars</a>. The most revered clans tend to be rather ancient and form part of <a href="/wiki/Serer_ancient_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Serer ancient history">Serer ancient history</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">proto-Serer</a> clans hold great significance in <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">mythology</a>. Some of these proto-Serer matriclans include the <i>Cegandum</i> and <i>Kagaw</i>, whose historical account is enshrined in Serer religion, mythology and <a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">traditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Serer culture, inheritance is both matrilineal and patrilineal.<sup id="cite_ref-Serer_2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer_2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It all depends on the asset being inherited – i.e. whether the asset is a paternal asset – requiring paternal inheritance (<i>kucarla</i><sup id="cite_ref-Serer_2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer_2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ) or a maternal asset – requiring maternal inheritance (<i>den yaay</i><sup id="cite_ref-Serer_1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer_1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>ƭeen yaay</i><sup id="cite_ref-Serer_2_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer_2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The actual handling of these maternal assets (such as jewelry, land, livestock, equipment or furniture, etc.) is discussed in the subsection <a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans#Role_of_the_Tokoor" title="Serer maternal clans">Role of the Tokoor</a> of one of the above-listed main articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuareg">Tuareg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tuareg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg people</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> (Arabic:طوارق, sometimes spelled Touareg in French, or Twareg in English) are a large <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> ethnic confederation found across several nations in north Africa, including <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. The Tuareg are <i>clan</i>-based,<sup id="cite_ref-Haven07_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haven07-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are (still, in 2007) "largely matrilineal".<sup id="cite_ref-Haven07_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haven07-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spain92_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Review66_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review66-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tuareg are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, but mixed with a "heavy dose" of their pre-existing beliefs including matrilineality.<sup id="cite_ref-Haven07_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haven07-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Review66_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review66-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuareg women enjoy high status within their society, compared with their <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> counterparts and with other Berber tribes: Tuareg social status is transmitted through women, with residence often <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">matrilocal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spain92_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most women could read and write, while most men were illiterate, concerning themselves mainly with herding livestock and other male activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Spain92_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The livestock and other movable property were owned by the women, whereas personal property is owned and inherited regardless of gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Spain92_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to most other Muslim cultural groups, men wear veils but women do not.<sup id="cite_ref-Haven07_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haven07-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Review66_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review66-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This custom is discussed in more detail in the Tuareg article's <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people#Clothing" title="Tuareg people">clothing section</a>, which mentions it may be the protection needed against the blowing sand while traversing the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bororo">Bororo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bororo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bororo" title="Bororo">Bororo</a></div> <p>The Bororo people of Brazil and Bolivia live in matrilineal clans, with husbands moving to live with their wives' extended families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bribri">Bribri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bribri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bribri_people" title="Bribri people">Bribri people</a></div> <p>The clan system of the Bribri people of Costa Rica and Panama is matrilineal; that is, a child's clan is determined by the clan his or her mother belongs to. Only women can inherit land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabécar"><span id="Cab.C3.A9car"></span>Cabécar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cabécar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car_people" title="Cabécar people">Cabécar people</a></div> <p>The social organization of the Cabécar people of Costa Rica is predicated on matrilineal clans in which the mother is the head of household. Each matrilineal clan controls marriage possibilities, regulates land tenure, and determines property inheritance for its members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guna">Guna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Guna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guna_people" title="Guna people">Guna people</a></div> <p>In the traditional culture of the <a href="/wiki/Guna_people" title="Guna people">Guna people</a> of Panama and Colombia, families are matrilinear and matrilocal, with the groom moving to become part of the bride's family. The groom also takes the last name of the bride. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hopi">Hopi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hopi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hopi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopi people">Hopi people</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hopi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopi people">Hopi</a> (in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Hopi_Reservation" title="Hopi Reservation">Hopi Reservation</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>), according to <a href="/wiki/Alice_Schlegel" title="Alice Schlegel">Alice Schlegel</a>, had as its "gender ideology ... one of female superiority, and it operated within a social actuality of sexual equality."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to LeBow (based on Schlegel's work), in the Hopi, "gender roles ... are egalitarian .... [and] [n]either sex is inferior."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LeBow concluded that Hopi women "participate fully in ... political decision-making."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Schlegel, "the Hopi no longer live as they are described here"<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the attitude of female superiority is fading".<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schlegel said the Hopi "were and still are matrilinial"<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the household ... was matrilocal".<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schlegel explains why there was female superiority as that the Hopi believed in "life as the highest good ... [with] the female principle ... activated in women and in Mother Earth ... as its source"<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Hopi "were not in a state of continual war with equally matched neighbors"<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "had no standing army"<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that "the Hopi lacked the spur to masculine superiority"<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, within that, as that women were central to institutions of clan and household and predominated "within the economic and social systems (in contrast to male predominance within the political and ceremonial systems)",<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee_Clan_Mother" title="Haudenosaunee Clan Mother">Clan Mother</a>, for example, being empowered to overturn land distribution by men if she felt it was unfair,<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since there was no "countervailing ... strongly centralized, male-centered political structure".<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iroquois">Iroquois</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Iroquois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Confederacy or League</a>, combining five to six Native American <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Haudenosaunee</a> nations or tribes before the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> became a nation, operated by <a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">The Great Binding Law of Peace</a>, a constitution by which women retained matrilineal-rights and participated in the League's political decision-making, including deciding whether to proceed to war,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through what may have been a matriarchy<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "gyneocracy".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dates of this constitution's operation are unknown: the League was formed in approximately 1000–1450, but the constitution was oral until written in about 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-IroquoisGreatLawUSConst-p498_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IroquoisGreatLawUSConst-p498-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League still exists. </p><p>Other Iroquoian-speaking peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meherrin" title="Meherrin">Meherrin</a>, that were never part of the Iroquois League, nevertheless have traditionally possessed a matrilineal family structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kogi">Kogi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kogi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kogi_people" title="Kogi people">Kogi people</a></div> <p>The Kogi people of northern Colombia practice bilateral inheritance, with certain rights, names or associations descending matrilineally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lenape">Lenape</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lenape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></div> <p>Occupied for 10,000 years by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, the land that is present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> was overseen by <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, who farmed, fished, and hunted upon it. The pattern of their culture was that of a matrilineal agricultural and mobile hunting society that was sustained with fixed, but not permanent, settlements in their <i>matrilineal clan</i> territories. Leadership by men was inherited through the maternal line, and the women elders held the power to remove leaders of whom they disapproved. </p><p>Villages were established and relocated as the clans farmed new sections of the land when soil fertility lessened and when they moved among their fishing and hunting grounds by seasons. The area was claimed as a part of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> province dating from 1614, where active trading in furs took advantage of the natural pass west, but the Lenape prevented permanent settlement beyond what is now Jersey City. </p><p>"Early Europeans who first wrote about these Indians found matrilineal social organization to be unfamiliar and perplexing. As a result, the early records are full of 'clues' about early Lenape society, but were usually written by observers who did not fully understand what they were seeing."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandan">Mandan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mandan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></div> <p>The Mandan people of the northern Great Plains of the United States historically lived in matrilineal extended family lodges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naso">Naso</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Naso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naso_people" title="Naso people">Naso people</a></div> <p>The Naso (Teribe or Térraba) people of Panama and Costa Rica describe themselves as a matriarchal community, although their monarchy has traditionally been inherited in the male line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Navajo">Navajo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Navajo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></div> <p>The Navajo people of the American southwest are a matrilineal society in which kinship, children, livestock and family histories are passed down through the female. In marriage the groom moved to live with the brides family. Children also came from their mother's clan living in hogans of the females family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanana_Athabaskan">Tanana Athabaskan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tanana Athabaskan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanana_Athabaskans" title="Tanana Athabaskans">Tanana Athabaskans</a></div> <p>The Tanana Athabaskan people, the original inhabitants of the Tanana River basin in Alaska and Canada, traditionally lived in matrilineal semi-nomadic bands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tsenacommacah_(Powhatan_Confederacy)"><span id="Tsenacommacah_.28Powhatan_Confederacy.29"></span>Tsenacommacah (Powhatan Confederacy)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tsenacommacah (Powhatan Confederacy)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tsenacommacah" title="Tsenacommacah">Tsenacommacah</a></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a> and other tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Tsenacommacah" title="Tsenacommacah">Tsenacommacah</a>, also known as the Powhatan Confederacy, practiced a version of male-preference matrilineal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession#Seniority" title="Order of succession">seniority</a>, favoring brothers over sisters in the current generation (but allowing sisters to inherit if no brothers remained), but passing to the next generation through the eldest female line. In <i>A Map of Virginia</i> <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_of_Jamestown" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith of Jamestown">John Smith of Jamestown</a> explains:</p><blockquote><p>His [<a href="/wiki/Chief_Powhatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Powhatan">Chief Powhatan</a>'s] kingdome descendeth not to his sonnes nor children: but first to his brethren, whereof he hath 3 namely Opitchapan, <a href="/wiki/Opechancanough" title="Opechancanough">Opechancanough</a>, and Catataugh; and after their decease to his sisters. First to the eldest sister, then to the rest: and after them to the heires male and female of the eldest sister; but never to the heires of the males.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_Kuskokwim">Upper Kuskokwim</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Upper Kuskokwim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_people" title="Upper Kuskokwim people">Upper Kuskokwim people</a></div> <p>The Upper Kuskokwim people are the original inhabitants of the Upper Kuskokwim River basin. They speak an Athabaskan language more closely related to Tanana than to the language of the Lower Kuskokkwim River basin. They were traditionally hunter-gatherers who lived in matrilineal semi-nomadic bands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wayuu">Wayuu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Wayuu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wayuu_people" title="Wayuu people">Wayuu people</a></div> <p>The Wayuu people of Colombia and Venezuela live in matrilineal clans, with paternal relationships in the background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surnames</a> were derived matrilineally,<sup id="cite_ref-naming_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1600 to 1046 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>) they had become patrilineal.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhimin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhimin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological data supports the theory that during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period (7000 to 2000 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>) in China, Chinese matrilineal clans evolved into the usual patrilineal families by passing through a transitional patrilineal clan phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhimin_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhimin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence includes some "richly furnished" tombs for young women in the early Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Yangshao" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangshao">Yangshao</a> culture, whose multiple other collective burials imply a matrilineal clan culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhimin_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhimin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the late Neolithic period, when burials were apparently of couples, "a reflection of patriarchy", an increasing elaboration of presumed chiefs' burials is reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhimin_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhimin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatively isolated ethnic minorities such as the <a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a> (Na) in southwestern China are highly matrilineal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marumakkathayam" title="Marumakkathayam">Marumakkathayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aliyasantana" title="Aliyasantana">Aliyasantana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya#Social_institutions" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya § Social_institutions</a></div> <p>Of communities recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">national Constitution</a> as Scheduled Tribes, "some ... [are] matriarchal and matrilineal"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "and thus have been known to be more egalitarian."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Hindu communities in South India practiced matrilineality, especially the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or <i>Nayar</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Tiyyas</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billava" title="Billava">Billava</a> in the states of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. The system of inheritance was known as <a href="/wiki/Marumakkathayam" title="Marumakkathayam">Marumakkathayam</a> in the <i>Nair</i> community or <a href="/wiki/Aliyasantana" title="Aliyasantana">Aliyasantana</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunt</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Billava" title="Billava">Billava</a></i> community, and both communities were subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a>. This system was exceptional in the sense that it was one of the few traditional systems in western historical records of India that gave women some liberty and the right to property. </p><p>In the matrilineal system, the family lived together in a <a href="/wiki/Tharavadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharavadu">tharavadu</a> which was composed of a mother, her brothers and younger sisters, and her children. The oldest male member was known as the <i>karanavar</i> and was the head of the household, managing the family estate. Lineage was traced through the mother, and the children belonged to the mother's family. In earlier days, <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surnames</a> would be of the maternal side. All family property was jointly owned. In the event of a partition, the shares of the children were clubbed with that of the mother. The karanavar's property was inherited by his sisters' sons rather than his own sons. (For further information see the articles <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">ambalavasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billava" title="Billava">Billava</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Amitav Ghosh</a> has stated that, although there were numerous other matrilineal succession systems in communities of the south Indian coast, the Nairs "achieved an unparalleled eminence in the anthropological literature on matrilineality".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeast Indian</a> state <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pnar_people" title="Pnar people">Jaintia people</a> have a long tradition of a largely matrilinear system in which the youngest daughter inherits the wealth of the parents and takes over their care.<sup id="cite_ref-Choudhury2016_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhury2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Minangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minangs">Minangkabau</a> matrilineal <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, a person's <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> name is important in their marriage and their other cultural-related events.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanday_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanday-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SandayBk_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandayBk-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caitlin_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caitlin-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two totally unrelated people who share the same clan name can never be married because they are considered to be from the same clan mother (unless they come from distant villages). Likewise, when <a href="/wiki/Minangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minangs">Minangs</a> meet total strangers who share the same clan name, anywhere in Indonesia, they could theoretically expect to feel that they are distant relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minang people do not have a family name or surname; neither is one's important clan name included in one's name; instead one's <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> is the only name one has.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minangs">Minangs</a> are one of the world's largest matrilineal societies/cultures/ethnic groups, with a population of 4 million in their home province <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> in Indonesia and about 4 million elsewhere, mostly in Indonesia. The Minang people are well known within their country for their tradition of matrilineality and for their "dedication to Islam" – despite Islam being "supposedly patrilineal".<sup id="cite_ref-Sanday_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanday-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This well-known accommodation, between their traditional complex of customs, called <a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">adat</a>, and their religion, was actually worked out to help end the Minangkabau 1821–37 <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanday_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanday-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> are a prime example of a matrilineal culture with female inheritance. With Islamic religious background of <a href="/wiki/Complementarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementarian">complementarianism</a> and places a greater number of men than women in positions of religious and political power. Inheritance and proprietorship pass from mother to daughter. <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides Minangkabau, several other ethnics in Indonesia are also matrilineal and have similar culture as the Minangkabau. They are Suku Melayu Bebilang, Suku Kubu and Kerinci people. Suku Melayu Bebilang live in Kota Teluk Kuantan, Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi (also known as Kuansing), Riau. They have similar culture as the Minang. Suku Kubu people live in Jambi and South Sumatera. They are around 200 000 people. Suku Kerinci people mostly live in Kabupaten Kerinci, Jambi. They are around 300 000 people <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurds">Kurds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kurds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mangur_(Kurdish_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangur (Kurdish tribe)">Mangur (Kurdish tribe)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mokryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokryan">Mokryan</a></div> <p>Matrilineality was occasionally practiced by mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feyli_(Kurdish_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feyli (Kurdish tribe)">Feyli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, though the practice was much rarer among non-<a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mangur_(Kurdish_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangur (Kurdish tribe)">Mangur</a> clan of the, Culturally, <a href="/wiki/Mokri_(surname)" title="Mokri (surname)">Mokri</a> tribal confederation and, politically, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolbas_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolbas Federation (page does not exist)">Bolbas Federation</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an enatic clan, meaning members of the clan can only inherit their mothers last name and are considered to be a part of the mothers family. The entire Mokri tribe may have also practiced this form of enaticy before the collapse of their emirate and its direct rule from the Iranian or Ottoman state, or perhaps the tradition started because of depopulation in the area due to raids.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adat_perpatih" title="Adat perpatih">Adat perpatih</a></div> <p>A culture similar to lareh bodi caniago, practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, is the basis for <i><a href="/wiki/Adat_perpatih" title="Adat perpatih">adat perpatih</a></i> practices in the state of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> as a product of West Sumatran migration into the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> <p>Matrilineality among the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> in the Eastern Province of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India via Muslim traders before 1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matrilineality here includes <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> and social organization, inheritance and property rights.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agarwal1996_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agarwal1996-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "the mother's <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> property and/or house is passed on to the eldest daughter."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a> are the third ethnic group in eastern Sri Lanka,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have a kinship system which is "intermediate" between that of matrilineality and that of <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with "bilateral inheritance", intermediate between matrilineal and patrilineal inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-Agarwal1996_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agarwal1996-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the first two groups speak the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, the third group speaks the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala language</a>. The Tamils largely identify with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the Sinhalese being primarily <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three groups are about equal in population size.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">Patriarchal</a> social structures apply to all of Sri Lanka, but in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a> are mixed with the matrilineal features summarized in the paragraph above and described more completely in the following subsection: </p><p>According to Kanchana N. Ruwanpura, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Sri Lanka</a> "is highly regarded even among" <a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">feminist economists</a> "for the relatively favourable position of its women, reflected" in women's equal achievements in <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Indices</a> "(HDIs) as well as matrilineal and" <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">bilateral</a> "inheritance patterns and property rights".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also conversely argues that "<i>feminist economists</i> need to be cautious in applauding Sri Lanka's gender-based achievements and/or matrilineal communities",<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because these matrilineal communities coexist with "<i>patriarchal</i> structures and ideologies" and the two "can be strange but ultimately compatible bedfellows",<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as follows: </p><p>She "positions Sri Lankan women within gradations of <i>patriarchy</i> by beginning with a brief overview of the main religious traditions," <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, "and the ways in which patriarchal interests are promoted through religious practice" in Eastern Sri Lanka (but without being as repressive as classical patriarchy).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, "feminists have claimed that Sri Lankan women are relatively well positioned in the" <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agarwal1996_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agarwal1996-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite "patriarchal institutional laws that ... are likely to work against the interests of women," which is a "co-operative conflict" between women and these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Clearly "female-heads have no legal recourse" from these laws which state "patriarchal interests".)<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "the economic welfare of female-heads [heads of households] depends upon networks" ("of kin and [matrilineal] community"), "networks that mediate the patriarchal-ideological nexus."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote that "some female heads possessed" "feminist consciousness"<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, at the same time, that "in many cases female-heads are not vociferous feminists ... but rather 'victims' of patriarchal relations and structures that place them in precarious positions.... [while] they have held their ground ... [and] provided for their children".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, she also wrote that feminists including <a href="/wiki/Malathi_de_Alwis" title="Malathi de Alwis">Malathi de Alwis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumari_Jayawardena" title="Kumari Jayawardena">Kumari Jayawardena</a> have criticized a romanticized view of women's lives in Sri Lanka put forward by Yalman, and mentioned the Sri Lankan case "where young women raped (usually by a man) are married-off/required to cohabit with the rapists!"<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most ethnic groups classified as "(<a href="/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)" title="Montagnard (Vietnam)">Montagnards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Malayo-Polynesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austroasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasian">Austroasian</a>)" are matrilineal.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, according to Alessandra Chiricosta, the legend of <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_C%C6%A1" title="Âu Cơ">Âu Cơ</a> is said to be evidence of "the presence of an original 'matriarchy' ... and [it] led to the double kinship system, which developed there .... [and which] combined matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of family structure and assigned equal importance to both lines."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While men held positions of religious and political power, the Spartan constitution mandated that inheritance and proprietorship pass from mother to daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Scotland">Ancient Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ancient Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pictish society, succession in leadership (later kingship) was matrilineal (through the mother's side), with the reigning chief succeeded by either his brother or perhaps a nephew but not through patrilineal succession of father to son.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some oceanic societies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese people">Marshallese</a> and the Trobrianders,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Palauans" class="mw-redirect" title="Palauans">Palauans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Yapese_people" title="Yapese people">Yapese</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Siuai,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are characterized by matrilineal descent. The sister's sons or the brothers of the decedent are commonly the successors in these societies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matrilineal_identification_within_Judaism">Matrilineal identification within Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Matrilineal identification within Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism" title="Matrilineality in Judaism">Matrilineality in Judaism</a></div> <p>Matrilineality in Judaism or matrilineal descent in Judaism is the tracing of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> descent through the maternal line. Close to all Jewish communities have followed matrilineal descent from at least early <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a> (c. 10–70 CE) times through modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated14_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated14-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins and date-of-origin of matrilineal descent in Judaism are uncertain. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> maintains that matrilineal descent is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral Law">Oral Law</a> from at least the time of the Receiving of the Torah on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> (c. 1310 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some modern academic opinions, it was likely instituted in either the early <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic period</a> (c. 10–70 CE) or the time of <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> (c. 460 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated14_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated14-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, Jewish denominations define "<a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a>" via descent in different ways. All denominations of Judaism have protocols for <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion</a> for those who are not Jewish by descent. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated14_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated14-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still practice matrilineal descent. <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>, which rejects the Oral Law, generally practices patrilineal descent. <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> has recognized Jews of patrilineal descent since 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> passed a resolution waiving the need for formal conversion for anyone with at least one Jewish parent, provided that either (a) one is raised as a Jew, by Reform standards, or (b) one engages in an appropriate act of public identification, formalizing a practice that had been common in Reform synagogues for at least a generation. This 1983 resolution departed from the Reform Movement's previous position requiring formal conversion to Judaism for children without a Jewish mother.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the closely associated <a href="/wiki/Israel_Movement_for_Reform_and_Progressive_Judaism" title="Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism">Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism</a> has rejected this resolution and requires formal conversion for anyone without a Jewish mother.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exception_for_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States">Exception for the enslaved in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Exception for the enslaved in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the offspring of enslaved women inherited their mother's status. A significant consequence of this is that children resulting from rape or unions between enslaved women and their owners did not have any of the rights of the father as they would have had under the patrilineal succession that applied to everyone but the enslaved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mythology">In mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: In mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain ancient myths have been argued to expose ancient traces of matrilineal customs that existed before historical records. </p><p>The ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> is cited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> in his translations of Greek myths as attesting that the <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycians</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of their times "still reckoned" by matrilineal descent, or were matrilineal, as were the <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Carians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greek mythology, while the royal function was a <a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male privilege</a>, power devolution often came through women, and the future king inherited power through marrying the queen heiress. This is illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> myths where all the noblest men in Greece vie for the hand of <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> (and the throne of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>), as well as the Oedipian cycle where <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> weds the recently widowed queen at the same time he assumes the Theban kingship. </p><p>This trend also is evident in many <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic myths</a>, such as the (Welsh) <a href="/wiki/Mabinogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabinogi">mabinogi</a> stories of <a href="/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen" title="Culhwch and Olwen">Culhwch and Olwen</a>, or the (Irish) <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a>, most notably the key facts to the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAchulainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúchulainn">Cúchulainn</a> cycle that Cúchulainn gets his final secret training with a <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a> woman, <a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A1thach" title="Scáthach">Scáthach</a>, and becomes the lover of her daughter; and the root of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_Cuailnge" class="mw-redirect" title="Táin Bó Cuailnge">Táin Bó Cuailnge</a>, that while <a href="/wiki/Ailill_mac_M%C3%A1ta" title="Ailill mac Máta">Ailill</a> may wear the crown of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, it is his wife <a href="/wiki/Medb" title="Medb">Medb</a> who is the real power, and she needs to affirm her equality to her husband by owning chattels as great as he does. </p><p>The Picts are widely cited as being matrilineal.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of other <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton</a> stories also illustrate the motif. Even the <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> legends have been interpreted in this light by some. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_(Camelot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Round Table (Camelot)">Round Table</a>, both as a piece of furniture and as concerns the majority of knights belonging to it, was a gift to Arthur from <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a>'s father <a href="/wiki/Leodegrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodegrance">Leodegrance</a>. </p><p>Arguments also have been made that matrilineality lay behind various <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a> plots which may contain the vestiges of folk traditions not recorded. </p><p>For instance, the widespread motif of a father who wishes to marry his own daughter—appearing in such tales as <i><a href="/wiki/Allerleirauh" title="Allerleirauh">Allerleirauh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Donkeyskin" title="Donkeyskin">Donkeyskin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_who_Wished_to_Marry_His_Daughter" class="mw-redirect" title="The King who Wished to Marry His Daughter">The King who Wished to Marry His Daughter</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_She-Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="The She-Bear">The She-Bear</a></i>—has been explained as his wish to prolong his reign, which he would lose after his wife's death to his son-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More mildly, the hostility of kings to their daughter's suitors is explained by hostility to their successors. In such tales as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_May_Peaches" title="The Three May Peaches">The Three May Peaches</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Who_Herded_the_Hares" title="Jesper Who Herded the Hares">Jesper Who Herded the Hares</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Griffin_(fairy_tale)" title="The Griffin (fairy tale)">The Griffin</a></i>, kings set dangerous tasks in an attempt to prevent the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fairy tales with hostility between the mother-in-law and the heroine—such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mary%27s_Child" title="Mary's Child">Mary's Child</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Swans" title="The Six Swans">The Six Swans</a></i>, and Perrault's <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a>—have been held to reflect a transition between a matrilineal society, where a man's loyalty was to his mother, and a patrilineal one, where his wife could claim it, although this interpretation is predicated on such a transition being a normal development in societies.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Br%C3%A9" title="Ruth Bré">Ruth Bré</a>, advocate for matrilineality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Married_and_maiden_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Married and maiden names">Married and maiden names</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_semper_certa_est" title="Mater semper certa est">Mater semper certa est</a></i>, "the mother is always certain" – until 1978 and <i>in vitro</i> pregnancies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehali" title="Wehali">Wehali</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feminist <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">consciousness raising</a>, a means of raising awareness of a feminist perspective or subject</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>, belonging to the father's lineage, generally for inheritance</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murdock, G. P. 1949. <i>Social Structure</i>. London and New York: Macmillan, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malinowski, B. 1956. <i>Marriage: Past and Present. A debate between Robert Briffault and Bronislaw Malinowski,</i> ed. M. F. Ashley Montagu. Boston: Porter Sargent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. 1969. <i>The Rise of Anthropological Theory.</i> London: Routledge, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leacock, E. B. 1981. <i>Myths of Male Dominance. Collected articles on women cross-culturally.</i> New York: Monthly Review Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrdy, S. B. 2009. <i>Mothers and others. The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding.</i> London and Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, C. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radicalanthropologygroup.org/old/class_text_105.pdf">Early human kinship was matrilineal.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063411/http://www.radicalanthropologygroup.org/old/class_text_105.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), Early Human Kinship. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opie, K. and C. Power, 2009. <i>Grandmothering and Female Coalitions. A basis for matrilineal priority?</i> In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), <i>Early Human Kinship</i>. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 168–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Knight, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/history/engels-was-right-early-human-kinship-was-matrilineal">Engels was Right: Early Human Kinship was Matriliineal.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlebusch, C.M. 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Dissertation, University of Witwatersrand this is available online, see pages following p.68, Fig 3.18 and p.180-81, fig 4.23 and p.243, p.287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWuHeDengWang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, J-J; He, Q-Q; Deng, L-L; Wang, S–C; Mace, R; Ji, T; Tao, Y (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3619460">"Communal breeding promotes a matrilineal social system where husband and wife live apart"</a>. <i>Proc R Soc B</i>. <b>280</b> (1758): 20130010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.0010">10.1098/rspb.2013.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3619460">3619460</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23486437">23486437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+R+Soc+B&rft.atitle=Communal+breeding+promotes+a+matrilineal+social+system+where+husband+and+wife+live+apart&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1758&rft.pages=20130010&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3619460%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23486437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2013.0010&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=J-J&rft.au=He%2C+Q-Q&rft.au=Deng%2C+L-L&rft.au=Wang%2C+S%E2%80%93C&rft.au=Mace%2C+R&rft.au=Ji%2C+T&rft.au=Tao%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3619460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkartHrdyvan_Schaik2009" class="citation journal cs1">Burkart, J. 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(2016). "The behavioural ecology and evolutionary implications of hunter-gatherer social organisation". <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202198539">202198539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+behavioural+ecology+and+evolutionary+implications+of+hunter-gatherer+social+organisation&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202198539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dyble&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlowe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marlowe, Frank W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=P00035606">"Marital Residence among Foragers"</a>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 277–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F382256">10.1086/382256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145129698">145129698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Marital+Residence+among+Foragers&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-283&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F382256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145129698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marlowe&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3DP00035606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sykes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sykes_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sykes, Bryan (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Daughters_of_Eve" title="The Seven Daughters of Eve">The Seven Daughters of Eve</a></i>. W.W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02018-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02018-5">0-393-02018-5</a>; pp. 291–2. <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Sykes" title="Bryan Sykes">Bryan Sykes</a> uses "matriname" and states that women adding their own matriname to men's patriname (or "surname" as Sykes calls it) would really help in future genealogy work and historical record searches. Sykes also states (p. 292) that a woman's matriname will be handed down with her <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a>, the main topic of his book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorotayev1995" class="citation journal cs1">Korotayev, A. V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cooperative+Governance+and+Traditional+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Balobedu+Queenship+Recognised+and+Dignity+Restored&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogta.gov.za%2F%3Fp%3D867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte2001" class="citation book cs1">Witte, Marleen de (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fmf5UqZzbvoC&q=%22Adwoa+Dufie%22"><i>Long Live the Dead!: Changing Funeral Celebrations in Asante, Ghana</i></a>. Aksant Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5260-003-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5260-003-1"><bdi>978-90-5260-003-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Live+the+Dead%21%3A+Changing+Funeral+Celebrations+in+Asante%2C+Ghana&rft.pub=Aksant+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-5260-003-1&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Marleen+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmf5UqZzbvoC%26q%3D%2522Adwoa%2BDufie%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider, D. M. 1961. The distinctive features of matrilineal descent groups. Introduction. In Schneider, D. M. and K. Gough (eds) <i>Matrilineal Kinship.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinker, Steven, <i>The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined</i> (N.Y.: Viking, hardback 2011 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02295-3">978-0-670-02295-3</a>)), p. 421 (author prof. psychology, Harvard Univ.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001book-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001book_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001book_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001book_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001book_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001book_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte2001" class="citation book cs1">Witte, Marleen de (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fmf5UqZzbvoC&dq=Abusua&pg=PA52"><i>Long Live the Dead!: Changing Funeral Celebrations in Asante, Ghana</i></a>. Aksant Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5260-003-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5260-003-1"><bdi>978-90-5260-003-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Live+the+Dead%21%3A+Changing+Funeral+Celebrations+in+Asante%2C+Ghana&rft.pub=Aksant+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-5260-003-1&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Marleen+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmf5UqZzbvoC%26dq%3DAbusua%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudies1988" class="citation book cs1">Studies, University of Ghana Institute of African (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4FuWXpYixYUC&q=akan+matrilineal+inheritance"><i>Research Review - Institute of African Studies</i></a>. Institute of African Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Review+-+Institute+of+African+Studies&rft.pub=Institute+of+African+Studies.&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Studies&rft.aufirst=University+of+Ghana+Institute+of+African&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4FuWXpYixYUC%26q%3Dakan%2Bmatrilineal%2Binheritance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyBr-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyBr_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyBr_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyBr_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Busia, Kofi Abrefa (1970). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 1970. William Benton, publisher, The University of Chicago. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-135-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-135-3">0-85229-135-3</a>, Vol. 1, p. 477. (This Akan article was written by Kofi Abrefa Busia, formerly professor of Sociology and Culture of Africa at the University of Leiden, Netherlands.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-com.au-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-com.au_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-com.au_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-com.au_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ashanti.com.au (before 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html">http://ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html</a>, "Ashanti Home Page: The Ashanti Family unit" Archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626101235/http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20070626101235/http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html</a> on 26 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owusu-Ansah, David (November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+gh0048%29">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+gh0048%29</a>, "Ghana: The Akan Group". This source, "Ghana", is one of the Country Studies available from the US Library of Congress. Archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.today/20120710173040/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+gh0048)">https://archive.today/20120710173040/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+gh0048)</a> on 10 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Witte (2001), p. 55 shows such surnames in a <a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">family tree</a>, which provides a useful example of names.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Witte_2001,_p._53-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Witte_2001,_p._53_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Witte_2001,_p._53_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Witte (2001), p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Witte (2001), p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose_Farrujia_de_la_Rosa2014" class="citation book cs1">Jose Farrujia de la Rosa, Augusto (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK28BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>An Archaeology of the Margins: Colonialism, Amazighity and Heritage Management in the Canary Islands</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461493969" title="Special:BookSources/9781461493969"><bdi>9781461493969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeology+of+the+Margins%3A+Colonialism%2C+Amazighity+and+Heritage+Management+in+the+Canary+Islands&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781461493969&rft.aulast=Jose+Farrujia+de+la+Rosa&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK28BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simone_Kalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simone Kalis (page does not exist)">Kalis, Simone</a>, "Médecine traditionnelle religion et divination chez les Seereer <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a> du <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>", La connaissance de la nuit, L'Harmattan (1997), p 299, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9">2-7384-5196-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serer_1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Serer_1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serer_1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Dupire" title="Marguerite Dupire">Dupire, Marguerite</a>, "Sagesse <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">sereer</a> : Essais sur la pensée <a href="/wiki/Ndut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndut people">sereer ndut</a>, KARTHALA Editions (1994). For <i>tim</i> and <i>den yaay</i> (see p. 116). The book also deals in depth about the Serer matriclans and means of succession through the matrilineal line. See also pages : 38, 95–99, 104, 119–20, 123, 160, 172–4 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fag2wuiV7t8C&q=Sagesse+sereer:essais+sur+la+pense+sereer+ndut">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2865374874" title="Special:BookSources/2865374874">2865374874</a> (Retrieved : 4 August 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a>, "La Civilisation Sereer – Cosaan", p 200, Nouvelles Editions africaines (1983), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2723608778" title="Special:BookSources/2723608778">2723608778</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serer_2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Serer_2_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serer_2_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serer_2_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer", Dakar (1993), CNRS – ORS TO M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_01/010014636.pdf">Excerpt</a> (Retrieved : 4 August 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haven07-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haven07_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haven07_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haven07_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haven07_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haven, Cynthia (23 May 07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2007/pr-tuareg-052307.html">http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2007/pr-tuareg-052307.html</a>, "New exhibition highlights the 'artful' Tuareg of the Sahara," Stanford University. Archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.today/20121210143001/http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2007/pr-tuareg-052307.html">https://archive.today/20121210143001/http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2007/pr-tuareg-052307.html</a> on 10 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain92-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spain92_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain92_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain92_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain92_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spain, Daphne (1992). <i>Gendered Spaces</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2012-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2012-1">0-8078-2012-1</a>; p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review66-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Review66_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review66_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review66_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1966" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Robert F. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1966.68.2.02a00540">"Review of Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg, with Particular Reference to the Tuareg of Ahaggar and Ayr"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 554–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1966.68.2.02a00540">10.1525/aa.1966.68.2.02a00540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/669389">669389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Review+of+Ecology+and+Culture+of+the+Pastoral+Tuareg%2C+with+Particular+Reference+to+the+Tuareg+of+Ahaggar+and+Ayr&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=554-556&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1966.68.2.02a00540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F669389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1966.68.2.02a00540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradshaw Foundation (2007 or later). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/tuareg/index.php">http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/tuareg/index.php</a>, "The Tuareg of the Sahara". Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.today/20120720193456/http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/tuareg/index.php">https://archive.today/20120720193456/http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/tuareg/index.php</a> on 20 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Schlegel" title="Alice Schlegel">Schlegel, Alice</a>, <i>Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority</i>, in <i>Quarterly Journal of Ideology: "A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom"</i>, vol. VIII, no. 4, 1984, p. 44 and see pp. 44–52 (essay based partly on "seventeen years of fieldwork among the Hopi", per p. 44 n. 1) (author of Dep't of Anthropology, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeBow, Diana, <i>Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. [8].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeBow, Diana, <i>Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p44n1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlegel, Alice, <i>Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 44 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p45_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlegel, Alice, <i>Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p50_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlegel, Alice, <i>Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegel-HopiGenderIdeoFemaleSuper-p49_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlegel, Alice, <i>Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Renée E., <i>Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution: How the Founding Fathers Ignored the Clan Mothers</i>, in <i>American Indian Law Review</i>, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 497–531, esp. pp. 498–509 (© author 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Renée, <i>Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution</i>, in <i>American Indian Law Review</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 506–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Renée, <i>Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution</i>, in <i>American Indian Law Review</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 505 & p. 506 n. 38, quoting Carr, L., <i>The Social and Political Position of Women Among the Huron-Iroquois Tribes, Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology</i>, p. 223 (1884).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IroquoisGreatLawUSConst-p498-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IroquoisGreatLawUSConst-p498_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Renée, <i>Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution</i>, in <i>American Indian Law Review</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 498 & n. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This quote is from <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lenni-Lenape#Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenni-Lenape">Society</a> section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, John. <i>A Map of Virginia.</i> Oxford: Joseph Barnes, 1612. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1008">http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404050733/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1008">Archived</a> 4 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, also Repr. in <i>The Complete Works of John Smith (1580–1631)</i>. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Vol. 1, pp. 305–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naming-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naming_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">linguistics.berkeley.edu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-2004-names.pdf">http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-2004-names.pdf</a>, "Naming practices". A PDF file with a section on "Chinese naming practices (Mak et al., 2003)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhimin-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhimin_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhimin_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhimin_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhimin_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhimin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Zhimin, An (1988). "Archaeological Research on Neolithic China". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>29</b> (5): 753–759. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203698">10.1086/203698</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2743616">2743616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144920735">144920735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Research+on+Neolithic+China&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=753-759&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144920735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2743616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203698&rft.aulast=Zhimin&rft.aufirst=An&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha_Mukherjee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha Mukherjee, Sucharita (2013). "Women's Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India". <i>Feminist Economics</i>. <b>19</b>: 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13545701.2012.752312">10.1080/13545701.2012.752312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155056803">155056803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Economics&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Empowerment+and+Gender+Bias+in+the+Birth+and+Survival+of+Girls+in+Urban+India&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13545701.2012.752312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155056803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sinha+Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sucharita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 9, citing Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar, <i>The Cohesive Role of Sanskritization and Other Essays</i> (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989), & Agarwal, Bina, <i>A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mukherjee, Sucharita Sinha, <i>Women's Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India</i>, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Panikkar1918" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kavalam_Madhava_Panikkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalam Madhava Panikkar">Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava</a> (July–December 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SomeAspectsOfNayarLife/SomeAspectsOfNayarLifeCopy#page/n0/mode/2up">"Some Aspects of Nayar Life"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>48</b>: 254–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843423">10.2307/2843423</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423">2843423</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+Nayar+Life&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=254-293&rft.date=1918-07%2F1918-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2843423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2843423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=Kavalam+Madhava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FSomeAspectsOfNayarLife%2FSomeAspectsOfNayarLifeCopy%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider1961" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, David Murray, and Gough, Kathleen (Editors) (1961). <i>Matrilineal Kinship</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 298–384 is the whole "Nayar: Central Kerala" chapter, for example. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520025295" title="Special:BookSources/9780520025295"><bdi>9780520025295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matrilineal+Kinship&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=298-384+is+the+whole+%22Nayar%3A+Central+Kerala%22+chapter%2C+for+example&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780520025295&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=David+Murray%2C+and+Gough%2C+Kathleen+%28Editors%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfdvTbfilYAC">Accessible here, via GoogleBooks.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nossiter" title="Thomas Nossiter">Nossiter, Thomas Johnson</a> (1982). <i>Kerala's Identity: Unity and Diversity</i>. In <i>Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04667-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04667-2">978-0-520-04667-2</a>. Retrieved 2011-06-09. P. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2003" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Amitav (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC"><i>The Imam and the Indian: prose pieces</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175300477" title="Special:BookSources/9788175300477"><bdi>9788175300477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imam+and+the+Indian%3A+prose+pieces.&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788175300477&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Amitav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQHp9wsWaZcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span> To access it via GoogleBooks, click on book title.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choudhury2016-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Choudhury2016_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanghamitra_Choudhury2016" class="citation book cs1">Sanghamitra Choudhury (5 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWyFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92"><i>Women and Conflict in India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55361-8"><bdi>978-1-317-55361-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Conflict+in+India&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.isbn=978-1-317-55361-8&rft.au=Sanghamitra+Choudhury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWyFCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanday-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanday_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanday_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanday_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanday2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sanday, Peggy Reeves (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.sas.upenn.edu/psanday/reports/matriarchy-and-islam-post-911-a-report-from-indonesia/">"Commentary: Matriarchy and Islam Post-9/11: A Report from Indonesia"</a>. <i>Anthropology News</i>. <b>43</b> (9): 7–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fan.2002.43.9.7">10.1111/an.2002.43.9.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+News&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Matriarchy+and+Islam+Post-9%2F11%3A+A+Report+from+Indonesia&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=7-7&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fan.2002.43.9.7&rft.aulast=Sanday&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Reeves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.sas.upenn.edu%2Fpsanday%2Freports%2Fmatriarchy-and-islam-post-911-a-report-from-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SandayBk-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SandayBk_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2004). <i>Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy</i>. Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8906-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8906-7">0-8014-8906-7</a>. Parts of this book are available online at books.google.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caitlin-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caitlin_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (21Oct09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.roamingtales.com/2009/10/21/a-matrilineal-islamic-society-in-sumatra/">http://www.roamingtales.com/2009/10/21/a-matrilineal-islamic-society-in-sumatra/</a>, "A matrilineal, Islamic society in Sumatra". Archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.today/20130202004556/http://www.roamingtales.com/2009/10/21/a-matrilineal-islamic-society-in-sumatra/">https://archive.today/20130202004556/http://www.roamingtales.com/2009/10/21/a-matrilineal-islamic-society-in-sumatra/</a> on 2 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanday 2004, p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanday 2004, p.241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeletz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Peletz, Michael G. (2005). "The King Is Dead; Long Live the Queen!". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 39–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.2005.32.1.39">10.1525/ae.2005.32.1.39</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3805147">3805147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=The+King+Is+Dead%3B+Long+Live+the+Queen%21&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-41&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.2005.32.1.39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3805147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peletz&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_McKiernan2006" class="citation book cs1">Kevin McKiernan (7 March 2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdspeopleinsea00mcki"><i>The Kurds</i></a></span>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312325466" title="Special:BookSources/9780312325466"><bdi>9780312325466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006-03-07&rft.isbn=9780312325466&rft.au=Kevin+McKiernan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurdspeopleinsea00mcki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1957" class="citation journal cs1">Minorsky, V. (1957). "Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan". <i>Mongolica</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 75. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/609632">609632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongolica&rft.atitle=Mongol+Place-Names+in+Mukri+Kurdistan&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F609632%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdurrahman_Sharafkandi" class="citation book cs1">Abdurrahman Sharafkandi. <i>Çêştî Micêvir</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%87%C3%AA%C5%9Ft%C3%AE+Mic%C3%AAvir&rft.au=Abdurrahman+Sharafkandi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728154442/http://go2travelmalaysia.com/tour_malaysia/ns_historical.htm">"Negeri Sembilan – History and Culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go2travelmalaysia.com/tour_malaysia/ns_historical.htm">the original</a> on 28 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negeri+Sembilan+%E2%80%93+History+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo2travelmalaysia.com%2Ftour_malaysia%2Fns_historical.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museumvolunteersjmm.com/2016/04/04/the-minangkabau-of-negeri-sembilan/">"The Minangkabau of Negeri Sembilan"</a>. 4 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Minangkabau+of+Negeri+Sembilan&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseumvolunteersjmm.com%2F2016%2F04%2F04%2Fthe-minangkabau-of-negeri-sembilan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, Kanchana N. (2006). <i>Matrilineal Communities, Patriarchal Realities: A Feminist Nirvana Uncovered</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, paperback (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06977-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06977-4">978-0-472-06977-4</a>)(fieldwork in 1998–'99 during the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a>, per p. 45); see p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This page 51 of the Ruwanpura book is accessible online via Google Books (books.google.com). The book's TOC and pages 1–11 and 50–62 are currently accessible.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_B._McGilvray" title="Dennis B. McGilvray">McGilvray, Dennis B.</a> (1989). "Households in Akkaraipattu: Dowry and Domestic Organization among Matrilineal Tamils and Moors of Sri Lanka," in J. N. Gray and D. J. Mearns (eds.) <i>Society From the Inside Out: Anthropological Perspectives on the South Asian Household</i>, pp. 192–235. London: Sage Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphries, Jane (1993). "Gender Inequality and Economic Development," in Dieter Bos (ed) <i>Economics in a Changing World, Volume 3: Public Policy and Economic Organization.</i> New York: St. Martin's Press; pp. 218–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agarwal1996-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agarwal1996_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agarwal1996_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agarwal1996_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Agarwal, Bina (1996). <i>A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia.</i> New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. (First edition was 1994.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 1. Accessible online as above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 53. Accessible online as above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGilvray, 1989, pp. 201–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, pp. 3–4(accessible online as above) and p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yalman, Nur (1971). <i>Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Caste, Kinship, and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, pp. 3–4. Accessible online as above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, (2006), p.1. Accessible online as above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphries, 1993, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 3. Accessible online as above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 10 and see p. 6 ("prevalence of patriarchal structures and ideologies"). Accessible online as above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, pp. 4–5. Accessible online as above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 4. Accessible online as above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 182 (both quotations).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 142 (both quotations).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 76 n. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2f9a2,49749c7e16,0.html">"UNHCR – Document Not Found"</a>. <i>UNHCR</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNHCR&rft.atitle=UNHCR+%E2%80%93+Document+Not+Found&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Ftopic%2C463af2212%2C469f2f9a2%2C49749c7e16%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiricosta, Alessandra, <i>Following the Trail of the Fairy-Bird: The Search For a Uniquely Vietnamese Women's Movement</i>, in Roces, Mina, & Louise P. Edwards, eds., <i>Women's Movements in Asia: Feminisms and Transnational Activism</i> (London or Oxon: Routledge, pbk. 2010 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48703-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48703-0">978-0-415-48703-0</a>)), p. 125 and see p. 126 (single quotation marks so in original) (author Chiricosta philosopher & historian of religions, esp. intercultural philosophy, religious & cultural dialogue, gender, & anthropology, & taught at La Sapienza (univ.), Urbaniana (univ.), & Roma Tre (univ.), all in Italy, School of Oriental & African Studies, & Univ. of Ha Noi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ppGCbh8ggUs">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911155752/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppGCbh8ggUs">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoria_Civilis" class="citation web cs1">Historia Civilis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppGCbh8ggUs">"The Constitution of the Spartans"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Spartans&rft.au=Historia+Civilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DppGCbh8ggUs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/picts/">"Picts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Picts&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fpicts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/argonautsofthewe032976mbp/argonautsofthewe032976mbp_djvu.txt">Malinowski, Bronisław. <i>Argonauts Of The Western Pacific</i></a>, esp. or only chaps. I, II, & VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Palau.html">The Palauan culture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/Oceania/Yap-Kinship.html">The Yapese kinship</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogbin1950" class="citation journal cs1">Hogbin, H. Ian (1950). "Studies in the Anthropology of Bougainville, Solomon Islands. Douglas L. Oliver". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 250–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1950.52.2.02a00140">10.1525/aa.1950.52.2.02a00140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Studies+in+the+Anthropology+of+Bougainville%2C+Solomon+Islands.+Douglas+L.+Oliver.&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=250-251&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1950.52.2.02a00140&rft.aulast=Hogbin&rft.aufirst=H.+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated14-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated14_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated14_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated14_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reviewed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Louis Jacobs</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://louisjacobs.org/articles/there-is-no-problem-of-descent/">[2]</a> Originally published in Judaism 34.1 (Winter 1985), 55–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabbah</a> 19:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rabbi Moses Feinstein's re-affirmation of matrilineal descent, Elberg, Rabbi S., September, 1984, HaPardes Rabbinical Journal, Hebrew, vol.59, Is.1, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbis_Joel_Roth_and_Akiba_Lubow1988" class="citation web cs1">Rabbis Joel Roth and Akiba Lubow (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/assets/public/halakhah/teshuvot/20012004/31.pdf">"A Standard of Rabbinic Practice Regarding Determinati·on of Jewish Identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>rabbinicalassembly.org</i>. The Rabbinical Assembly<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rabbinicalassembly.org&rft.atitle=A+Standard+of+Rabbinic+Practice+Regarding+Determinati%C2%B7on+of+Jewish+Identity&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Rabbis+Joel+Roth+and+Akiba+Lubow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fpublic%2Fhalakhah%2Fteshuvot%2F20012004%2F31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaub2001" class="citation web cs1">Staub, Jacob J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/c__c/Staub-%20Reconstructionist%20view%20on%20patrlineal%20descent.pdf">"A Reconstructionist View on Patrilineal Descent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bjpa.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bjpa.org&rft.atitle=A+Reconstructionist+View+on+Patrilineal+Descent&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Staub&rft.aufirst=Jacob+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjpa.org%2Fcontent%2Fupload%2Fbjpa%2Fc__c%2FStaub-%2520Reconstructionist%2520view%2520on%2520patrlineal%2520descent.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/reform-movement-s-resolution-on-patrilineal-descent-march-1983">"Reform Movement's Resolution on Patrilineal Descent (March 1983)"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Reform+Movement%27s+Resolution+on+Patrilineal+Descent+%28March+1983%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Freform-movement-s-resolution-on-patrilineal-descent-march-1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=840313&ct=1051515">Reform Judaism in Israel: Progress and Prospects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114546/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=840313&ct=1051515">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, before 425 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Herodotus/Book_1">http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Herodotus/Book_1</a>, "History of Herodotus". Graves's notation is "i.173" meaning in Book 1 – Scroll down to paragraph 173 to find the (matrilineal) Lycians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Graves,_Robert" class="mw-redirect" title="Graves, Robert">Graves, Robert</a> (1955, 1960). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Myths" title="The Greek Myths">The Greek Myths</a>, Vol. 1</i>. Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020508-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020508-X">0-14-020508-X</a>; p. 296 (myth #88, comment #2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves 1955,1960; p. 256 (myth #75, comment #5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/GaelsPictland.htm">http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/GaelsPictland.htm</a> "thanks to the practise of matrilineal descent followed by the Picts, and a large number of eligible would-be kings"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandMercia.htm">http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandMercia.htm</a> "the Picts are known as strong adherents to the concept of matrilineal descent"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Schlauch" title="Margaret Schlauch">Schlauch, Margaret</a> (1969). <i>Chaucer's Constance and Accused Queens</i>. New York: Gordian Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87752-097-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87752-097-6">0-87752-097-6</a>; p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlauch 1969, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlauch 1969, p. 34.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrilineality&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cameron, Anne (1981) <i>Daughters of Copper Woman</i>. Press Gang Publishers.</li> <li>Freud, Sigmund: <a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo</a>, Leipzig, 1913 (and translations in many languages) gives a counter-position, insisting on patrilineality as the "natural" way.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1973" class="citation journal cs1">Goldberg, Stephen (1973). "Review of Male Dominance and Female Autonomy: Domestic Authority in Martrilineal Societies". <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 630–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2062470">10.2307/2062470</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2062470">2062470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Sociology&rft.atitle=Review+of+Male+Dominance+and+Female+Autonomy%3A+Domestic+Authority+in+Martrilineal+Societies.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=630-632&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2062470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2062470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holden, C. J. & Mace, R. (2003). Spread of cattle led to the loss of matrilineal descent in Africa: a coevolutionary analysis. <i>The Royal Society</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.washington.edu/evpsych/Holden%20&%20Mace%20-%20matriliny%20and%20cattle%20-%20PRSL%202003.pdf">Full text</a></li> <li>Holden, C.J., Sear, R. & Mace, R. (2003) Matriliny as daughter-biased investment. <i>Evolution & Human Behavior 24:</i> 99–112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610123102/http://personal.lse.ac.uk/sear/pdfs/holden%20EHB.pdf">Full text</a></li> <li>Knight, C. 2008. Early human kinship was matrilineal. In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), Early Human Kinship. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radicalanthropologygroup.org/old/class_text_105.pdf">Full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063411/http://www.radicalanthropologygroup.org/old/class_text_105.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Reed, Evelyn (1975) <i>Woman's Evolution, from matriarchal clan to patriarchal family</i>. Pathfinder Press, New York, 1975. ISBN cloth 0-87348-421-5; paper 0-87348-422-3 (also available in Spanish, Farsi, and Indonesian)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSear2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sear, R (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225787815">"Kin and child survival in rural Malawi: Are matrilineal kin always beneficial in a matrilineal society?"</a>. <i>Human Nature</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 277–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-008-9042-4">10.1007/s12110-008-9042-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26181618">26181618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40826492">40826492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Nature&rft.atitle=Kin+and+child+survival+in+rural+Malawi%3A+Are+matrilineal+kin+always+beneficial+in+a+matrilineal+society%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-293&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40826492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26181618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12110-008-9042-4&rft.aulast=Sear&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225787815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrilineality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattison2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mattison, S.M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/SiobhanMattison/Papers/865962/Evolutionary_Contributions_to_Solving_the_Matrilineal_Puzzle_A_Test_of_Holden_Sear_and_Maces_Model_">"Evolutionary contributions to solving the "Matrilineal Puzzle": A test of Holden, Sear, and Mace's model"</a>. <i>Human Nature</i>. <b>22</b> (1–2): 64–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-011-9107-7">10.1007/s12110-011-9107-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22388801">22388801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32332130">32332130</a>.</cite><span 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title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" 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href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" 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