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class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT401360_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT401360_0"></i><p> Dans son sens le plus large, une serre désigne un dispositif établi pour modifier à moindres frais l'action des facteurs naturels et l'adapter au mieux aux besoins des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme « plantes » regroupe les organismes végétaux, majoritairement terrestres, constitués d’une tige feuillée aérienne et ancrée dans le sol. Cette définition aujourd’hui unanime est assez récente, datant de la fin du xx e siècle.. Historiquement et traditionnellement, les biologistes ont assimilé les plantes au « règne végétal », incluant également les c..." title="Article : PLANTES" href="/encyclopedie/plantes/">plantes</a>. Par sa présence, la serre crée, à partir du milieu naturel, un milieu semi-artificiel permettant de cultiver des végétaux qui, sans elle, ne pousseraient pas ou ne monteraient pas à fleurs et à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Lorsque le botaniste parle de fruit, il ne songe pas seulement aux produits de consommation, souvent très appréciés. Le fruit constitue l'aboutissement de la fonction reproductrice sexuée des végétaux supérieurs ; les fleurs, qui renferment les organes reproducteurs mâles et femelles (étamines et ovules), se transforment, après pollinisation et fécondation, en fruits de struct..." title="Article : FRUITS" href="/encyclopedie/fruits/">fruits</a>, ou pousseraient avec des rendements dérisoires. Bien que très éloignée de la serre, la simple haie brise-vent, pour un investissement minime, évite déjà efficacement le dessèchement à une certaine surface cultivée, et on la trouve souvent dans le midi de la France (équivalent dans l'ouest : le talus). Plus élaborés, les abris légers (tunnels plastiques, châssis ou abris vitrés), encore peu onéreux, permettent de monter de quelques degrés la température au niveau des plantes et les protègent des gelées, d'où un gain de deux à quatre semaines de précocité selon les espèces, sous les climats tempérés. Enfin, les serres classiques comprennent un bâti en dur, supportant une ossature en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le bois est un tissu végétal – xylème – dont le rôle a toujours été capital dans l'histoire de l'humanité. C'est, dans la plante vivante, un tissu conducteur de sève brute, dont les membranes incrustées de lignine jouent un rôle de soutien. La lignine est, de toutes les substances que crée la vie, la plus répandue sur le globe.. Le bois en tant que tissu conducteur ne se ..." title="Article : BOIS" href="/encyclopedie/bois/">bois</a> ou en métal, garnie de vitrages avec vasistas ; en cas d'usage hivernal, un chauffage est ajouté ; un éclairage artificiel peut être prévu en appoint.</p><p>Les principaux facteurs du milieu interne à une serre, qui sont modifiés par rapport à l'extérieur, sont : la température, la lumière, l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L’air est un mélange de gaz qui contient de la vapeur d’eau en quantité très variable dans l’espace et dans le temps. Alors qu’un linge, un mur ou un sol sont dits humides lorsqu’ils sont imbibés d’eau liquide, l’humidité de l’air ne fait référence qu’à la proportion de vapeur d’eau qu’il contient. Cette donnée est très utile en météorologie parce qu’elle d..." title="Article : HUMIDITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/humidite/">humidité</a>. Il est bien connu (« effet de serre ») que le sol et les plantes situés sous le vitrage recevant les rayons du soleil s'échauffent bien plus qu'à l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le globe terrestre est entouré d'une atmosphère constituée d'un mélange gazeux nommé air, qui s'étend de la surface du sol jusqu'à une altitude d'environ 150 kilomètres.. La pression de l'air au niveau de la mer a longtemps servi d'unité de pression (atmosphère) ; elle décroît si l'on s'élève et, vers 130 kilomètres, le vide est comparable à celui que l'on peut obtenir en labo..." title="Article : AIR" href="/encyclopedie/air/">air</a> libre : cela est dû à la suppression du vent et à la réduction de la convection de l'air, mais aussi aux propriétés physiques du verre (à peu près transparent pour le rayonnement solaire, mais tout à fait absorbant pour l'infrarouge émis par le sol placé à température ordinaire, d'où effet de « piégeage » des radiations solaires). En été, une surchauffe dangereuse est à craindre : l'ouverture manuelle des vasistas ou des portes ventile et refroidit la serre. En hiver, le chauffage s'impose en général, soit par couche (chaleur de fermentation du fumier ou des feuilles mortes), soit par l'électricité ou une autre source d'énergie. Quant au facteur lumière, la plupart des serres sont tributaires de la lumière solaire existant en chaque lieu, à chaque saison : seules des serres très perfectionnées, comme il en existe pour des cultures très rentables (orchidées, par exemple), ou encore dans les installations qui accompagnent les phytotrons, sont munies de batteries de tubes fluorescents s'allumant automatiquement quand l'éclairage céleste baisse. Comme une partie appréciable de la lumière disponible est occultée par la charpente de la serre, on a cherché à en réduire l'ombre portée en remplaçant le bois par le métal profilé, ou même en supprimant l'ossature : cela est réalisé par des serres gonflables constituées d'un film souple en plastique, maintenu en forme par une légère surpression d'air. Ce dernier système peut recevoir une régulation automatique de la température par ventilation forcée, et, autre avantage sur les serres classiques, peut facilement être démonté et remonté ailleurs. Pour uniformiser l'éclairement moyen reçu par les plantes en une journée, on a inventé aussi des serres rotatives qui tournent avec le soleil, et qui sont plus satisfaisantes pour la culture expérimentale de grandes plantes (tropicales notamment), quoique plus économiques à l'usage que les phytotrons ou enceintes à éclairage artificiel. L'humidité, enfin, est augmentée, dans les serres, par l'absence de vent et par l'évaporation de l'eau d'arrosage en enceinte relativement close. Laissée excessive, l'humidité favorise la croissance des moisissures et autres champignons : elle doit donc être contrôlée, ce qui se fait même automatiquement dans les serres perfectionnées. De toute façon, dans les serres, les facteurs climatiques ne sont pas maintenus<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T401360_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="DAUTA, Jacques"><a title="Auteur : Jacques DAUTA" rel="author" href="/auteurs/jacques-dauta/"><strong>Jacques DAUTA</strong></a> : assistant à l'université de Paris-VI </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : SERRE" href="/carte-mentale/serre/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT401360_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Techniques" href="/classification/techniques/"> Techniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Agriculture et élevage" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/"> Agriculture et élevage </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Agriculture" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/agriculture/"> Agriculture </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Techniques en agriculture" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/agriculture/techniques-en-agriculture/"> Techniques en agriculture </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Culture sous serre"> <a title="Classification : Culture sous serre" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/agriculture/techniques-en-agriculture/culture-sous-serre/"> Culture sous serre </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT401360_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-urbaine/#c28894"> <span class="rg">AGRICULTURE URBAINE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Paul CHARVET</span> et <span rel="author">Xavier LAUREAU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 274 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AGRICULTURE URBAINE" href="/encyclopedie/agriculture-urbaine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Jardins potagers sur les toits à Boston (États-Unis) - crédits : Brian Crawford/ Flickr ; CC-BY 2.0" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/5/csm_ph190558_da330e8603.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...des techniques<strong></strong><strong>« </strong>high-tech » – mobilisant des technologies de pointe –<em>, </em>de plus en plus sophistiquées et qui utilisent très peu d’espace ( serres urbaines implantées en ville, voire intégrées dans des bâtis urbains, sur les toits d’immeuble par exemple). Conduites en milieux clos et en atmosphère... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/horticulture/"> <span class="rg">HORTICULTURE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Robert BOSSARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">737 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Nombreux sont ceux pour qui l'horticulture se borne à la production des plantes ornementales. Pourtant les activités horticoles ne sont pas aussi restreintes ; dans l'« Hortus » du Moyen Âge voisinaient déjà arbres fruitiers et cultures vivrières ; de nos jours, vergers, cultures légumières et carrés...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/horticulture-ornementale/#c28894"> <span class="rg">HORTICULTURE ORNEMENTALE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Robert BOSSARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 946 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : HORTICULTURE ORNEMENTALE" href="/encyclopedie/horticulture-ornementale/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Horticulture : greffage - crédits : Planeta Actimedia S.A.© Encyclopædia Universalis France pour la version française." width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/8/csm_vi000023_d083571591.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...d'obtenir la régulation de la température (à 1 <sup>0</sup>C près) et de l'aération. Le contrôle hygrométrique, quoique moins aisé, est réalisé dans les cultures de rosiers, d'œillets, par un rideau de fibres de bois humidifiées constituant l'un des piédroits de la serre (<em>cooling system</em>). </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/jardins-sciences-et-techniques/#c28894"> <span class="rg">JARDINS - </span><span class="rm">Sciences et techniques</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Hervé BRUNON</span> et <span rel="author">Monique MOSSER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 897 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Cette diversification du patrimoine floristique passe par la mise au point de procédés de transport – commela serre scellée portative que Nathaniel Ward inventa vers 1830 – et le développement d'espaces abrités pour acclimater ou conserver les spécimens précieux et fragiles. Les orangeries de l'âge... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/serre/"> Afficher les 7 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT401360_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VÉGÉTALE BIOLOGIE" href="/index/vie-vegetale/"> <span class="rg">VÉGÉTALE </span><span class="pc">BIOLOGIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PHYTOTRONIQUE" href="/index/phytotronique/"> <span class="rg">PHYTOTRONIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EFFET DE SERRE" href="/index/effet-de-serre/"> <span class="rg">EFFET DE SERRE</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_fd5f912304.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. Tous droits de propriété industrielle et intellectuelle réservés.</p> </footer> <a href="javascript:" class="btn btn-primary" id="back-to-top" title="Retour en haut de page"><i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <script> // noinspection ES6ConvertVarToLetConst,JSUnusedGlobalSymbols var subscription_uri = 'https://www.universalis.fr/abonnement/' bodyLoaded = true; loaded(); </script> <div class="modal" id="wd-help" tabindex="-1" style="display:none"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-xl"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title">Aide</h5> <button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p>L'outil Données Pays met à disposition un très grand nombre de données. Aussi, pour des raisons de performances et pour conserver une bonne expérience utilisateur, des règles de comparaison en nombre et en durée ont été mises en place :</p> <table class="table table-vcenter table-bordered table-sm"> <thead> <tr> <th>Pays</th> <th>Indicateurs</th> <th>Années</th> <th>Graphe</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Jusqu'à 12 pays</td> <td>Toutes les données</td> <td>De 1960 à nos jours</td> <td> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check text-success" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Affiché</span> en courbe </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check text-success" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Affiché</span> en barre </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>De 13 à 50 pays</td> <td>5 données simultanées</td> <td>De 1960 à nos jours</td> <td> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li> <i class="fa fa-times text-danger" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Masqué</span> en courbe </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check text-success" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Affiché</span> en barre </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>51 pays et plus</td> <td>1 seule donnée</td> <td>Sur une durée de 25 ans maximum</td> <td> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li> <i class="fa fa-times text-danger" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Masqué</span> en courbe </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-times text-danger" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Masqué</span> en barre </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Lorsque la recherche porte sur <strong>une seule année</strong>, les résultats s’affichent sous forme de <strong>graphe en barre</strong>.</p> <p>Lorsque la recherche porte sur <strong>une période</strong>, les résultats s’affichent sous forme de <strong>graphe en courbe</strong>.</p> <p>Lorsque la recherche contient uniquement des données <strong>Informations générales</strong>, le champ <strong>Année ou période est désactivé</strong>, ces données ne possédant pas d'historique.</p> <p class="mb-0 text-sm text-muted text-end">v2.0</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script>(()=>{var e,a,r,_,c,d={},b={};function __webpack_require__(e){var a=b[e];if(void 0!==a)return a.exports;var r=b[e]={id:e,loaded:!1,exports:{}};return d[e].call(r.exports,r,r.exports,__webpack_require__),r.loaded=!0,r.exports}__webpack_require__.m=d,__webpack_require__.n=e=>{var a=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return __webpack_require__.d(a,),a},__webpack_require__.d=(e,a)=>{for(var r in 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