CINXE.COM

GS-II: International Relations - GKToday

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><title> GS-II: International Relations - GKToday</title><meta name="distribution" content="global"><meta name="language" content="en"><meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /><style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style><meta name="google-site-verification" content="dvXSLvrGJWREiU33JbgEp-3VsopRrSVqGYaJGZcrxl8" /> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,d2luZG93Ll93Y2E9d2luZG93Ll93Y2F8fFtd" defer></script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com' /><link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /><style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style><style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: "Inter", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cardo: Cardo;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='gkt-upvotes-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/d973bf8ee7caed286cc5fe8cd40aee39.css?ver=aee39' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wgktoday_woo_addon-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/8bc548fd8d4a99f3e6393a8b4eecfe2b.css?ver=cfe2b' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-layout-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/41c3fe6a72fd7582c75b01eb1043026c.css?ver=3026c' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='woocommerce-layout-inline-css' type='text/css'>.infinite-scroll .woocommerce-pagination { display: none; }</style><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-smallscreen-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/680dfe992f8a3110606f52a9f8ebeaa2.css?ver=beaa2' type='text/css' media='only screen and (max-width: 768px)' /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-general-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/7778a5f45cdd12002441a47a32e75561.css?ver=75561' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='woocommerce-inline-inline-css' type='text/css'>.woocommerce form .form-row .required { visibility: visible; }</style><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wsl-widget-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/f68f87396ca1f037c387d858a74ab718.css?ver=ab718' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wp_basic_quiz_css-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/4a4e9f0e3faa4e46611cf18a92432909.css?ver=32909' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wp-pagenavi-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/e17723d05766e1bfaf33ad2c13d50c65.css?ver=50c65' type='text/css' media='all' /><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='my-style-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/332f40920c8763505ba8c10d5fd4c8fe.css?ver=4c8fe' type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css' href='https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7.0' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='akismet-widget-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.a-stats { --akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49; --akismet-color-white: #fff; --akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7; max-width: 350px; width: auto; } .a-stats * { all: unset; box-sizing: border-box; } .a-stats strong { font-weight: 600; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:active { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); border: none; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 8px; color: var(--akismet-color-white); cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen-Sans', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-weight: 500; padding: 12px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease; } /* Extra specificity to deal with TwentyTwentyOne focus style */ .widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); color: var(--akismet-color-white); text-decoration: none; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover { filter: brightness(110%); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16); } .a-stats .count { color: var(--akismet-color-white); display: block; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0 13px; white-space: nowrap; }</style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/js/8e696c82fdb4e77bc12254279462720d.js?ver=2720d" id="jquery-migrate-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/js/935c8091124e69d1a8661a065e65da2c.js?ver=5da2c" id="rcfwc-js-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?explicit&amp;hl=en_US" id="recaptcha-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/js/1bab3746c481e43241ed45976ced408e.js?ver=d408e" id="jquery-blockui-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wc-add-to-cart-js-extra" src="data:text/javascript;base64,dmFyIHdjX2FkZF90b19jYXJ0X3BhcmFtcz17ImFqYXhfdXJsIjoiXC93cC1hZG1pblwvYWRtaW4tYWpheC5waHAiLCJ3Y19hamF4X3VybCI6IlwvP3djLWFqYXg9JSVlbmRwb2ludCUlIiwiaTE4bl92aWV3X2NhcnQiOiJWaWV3IGNhcnQiLCJjYXJ0X3VybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cuZ2t0b2RheS5pblwvY2FydFwvIiwiaXNfY2FydCI6IiIsImNhcnRfcmVkaXJlY3RfYWZ0ZXJfYWRkIjoibm8ifQ==" defer></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/js/27266f04b93a517cdf8ad6c0d8b78821.js?ver=78821" id="wc-add-to-cart-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/js/f7d41ae1fd2f21f544b0d1bf8ec98df0.js?ver=98df0" id="js-cookie-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="woocommerce-js-extra" src="data:text/javascript;base64,dmFyIHdvb2NvbW1lcmNlX3BhcmFtcz17ImFqYXhfdXJsIjoiXC93cC1hZG1pblwvYWRtaW4tYWpheC5waHAiLCJ3Y19hamF4X3VybCI6IlwvP3djLWFqYXg9JSVlbmRwb2ludCUlIn0=" defer></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/js/76f50ac02662466734acee7d0904341c.js?ver=4341c" id="woocommerce-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp_basic_quiz_takequiz-js-extra" src="data:text/javascript;base64,dmFyIHdwX2Jhc2ljX3F1aXo9eyJhZG1pbl9hamF4IjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5na3RvZGF5LmluXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC9wbHVnaW5zXC93cC1xdWl6LWJhc2ljXC9hamF4X3JlcXVlc3RzLnBocCIsInF1aXpfc3VibWl0X2FjdGlvbiI6InByb2Nlc3NfYWpheF9xdWl6X3N1Ym1pc3Npb24ifQ==" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/plugins/wp-quiz-basic/js/wp_basic_quiz.js" id="wp_basic_quiz_takequiz-js" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/s-202510.js" id="woocommerce-analytics-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-json/wp/v2/upsc_question_category/143232" /><style>.paytm_response{padding:15px; margin-bottom: 20px; border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 4px; text-align: center;} .paytm_response.error-box{color: #a94442; background-color: #f2dede; border-color: #ebccd1;} .paytm_response.success-box{color: #155724; background-color: #d4edda; border-color: #c3e6cb;}</style><style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.7/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML"></script> <noscript><style>.woocommerce-product-gallery{ opacity: 1 !important; }</style></noscript><style class='wp-fonts-local' type='text/css'>@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:300 900;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/Inter-VariableFont_slnt,wght.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:Cardo;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/cardo_normal_400.woff2') format('woff2');}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.gktoday.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/logopeg.jpg?fit=32%2C32&#038;ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /><link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.gktoday.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/logopeg.jpg?fit=192%2C192&#038;ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.gktoday.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/logopeg.jpg?fit=180%2C180&#038;ssl=1" /><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/www.gktoday.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/logopeg.jpg?fit=270%2C270&#038;ssl=1" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=5ab23421b33883001365509f&product=inline-share-buttons" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/js/4e20740d7549a3872aa67f54636e544b.js?ver=e544b" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script data-optimized="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/js/6ec4fc7ca66e1d7154784b88c13de00c.js?ver=de00c" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <style>.list-home ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; line-height: 35px; } .list-home > li { display: inline; } .list-home > li:not(:last-child)::after { content: " •"; } .list-home > li:not(:last-child)::before { content: " "; }</style> <script src="https://fundingchoicesmessages.google.com/i/pub-5276580860677940?ers=1" nonce="v5tA_uHize00ZC1GuWh35A" defer data-deferred="1"></script><script nonce="v5tA_uHize00ZC1GuWh35A" src="data:text/javascript;base64,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" defer></script> </head><body><div class="site-wrap newnav"><div class="header-wrap"><header class="site-header" style="padding: 0 10px 1px 10px;"><div class="row" style="padding: 5px 0px 8px 0px;"><div class="newnav_header_top"><div class="mobile_menu_btn"> <button class="mm_menu_btn" id="menu-toggler">&#9776;</button></div><div class="site-logo left new_nav"> <a href="https://www.gktoday.in"><img src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/themes/groovy/images/logo.png" width="200"></a></div><div class="mobile_yt_link"> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gktoday.academy" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/themes/groovy/images/new-icon.png"> </a></div></div><div class="header-right" style="color:blue;">Hello Guest ! <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/my-account/">Register or Login </a> &nbsp;|&nbsp; <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/cart/"><img src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/cart.jpg"><span class="woocommerce-Price-amount amount"><bdi><span class="woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol">&#8377;</span>0.00</bdi></span></a></div></div></header><div class="menu-overlay"></div><div class="scrollmenu"> <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/">Home</a> <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/current-affairs/">Current Affairs</a> <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/gk-current-affairs-quiz-questions-answers/">Current Affairs Quiz</a> <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/gk-questions/">SSC GK</a> <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/banking-awareness/">Banking GK</a> <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/">UPSC GS</a> <a href="https://www.gktoday.in/ebooks/">E-Books</a> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gktoday.academy" target=_blank">Download App</a> <a href="https://gktbooks.com" target=_blank">Printed Books</a></div></div><div class="main-content"><div class="row" style="padding-top:6px;"><div class="left_middle_content"><div style="margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5276580860677940" data-ad-slot="1350486881" data-ad-format="horizontal"></ins> <script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div><div class="inside_post column content_width"><h1 id="section""> <span style="text-transform:capitalize;"> GS-II: International Relations</span></h1><div class="applewrap"></div><div class="posts-listing"><div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons"></div><h1 id="list"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc-questions/in-light-of-the-external-affairs-ministers-recent/">In light of the External Affairs Minister’s recent visit to Russia, examine the role of India in the Russia-Ukraine crisis. How can India help improve the situation?</a></h1><div class="postmeta-primary"> <span class="meta_date"> April 29, 2024</span></div><p>&nbsp; The visit of India&#8217;s external affairs minister, S Jaishankar, to Russia has sparked considerable international interest in the possibility of an intervention to end the nine-month-long war in Ukraine. The minister for external affairs of India expressed strong support ..</p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><h1 id="list"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc-questions/in-view-of-the-recent-invasion-of-ukraine-how-has/">In view of the recent invasion of Ukraine, how has Russia&#8217;s position in Asia changed? How are its actions altering Asian geopolitics?</a></h1><div class="postmeta-primary"> <span class="meta_date"> April 21, 2024</span></div><p>&nbsp; The &#8220;season of summits&#8221; in Asia is being skipped by the Russian President. The fallout from his aggressiveness toward Ukraine will undoubtedly alter Asian geopolitics. Consequences for Asia: The relationship between Russia, China, and the US will be significantly ..</p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><h1 id="list"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc-questions/comment-on-the-renewed-focus-to-strengthen-india-u/">Comment on the renewed focus to strengthen India-USA ties? What are the challenges and opportunities?</a></h1><div class="postmeta-primary"> <span class="meta_date"> April 12, 2024</span></div><p>The India-US Economic and Financial Partnership just conducted its ninth ministerial summit. The improvement of the global supply chain is something that both the US and India are interested in. Some nations such as China have exploited trade as a ..</p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><h1 id="list"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc-questions/one-earth-one-family-one-future-has-been-given-as/">One Earth, One Family, One Future” has been given as the theme of India’s upcoming G20 presidency. Comment on the significance and opportunities associated with it.</a></h1><div class="postmeta-primary"> <span class="meta_date"> April 5, 2024</span></div><p>The G20 presidency of India will begin on December 1st, 2022, and Prime Minister Narendra Modi has already unveiled the logo, website, and theme for the presidency. The theme of G20 &#8220;one earth, one family, one future&#8221; is in sync ..</p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><h1 id="list"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc-questions/what-is-the-significance-of-the-governments-recent/">What is the significance of the government’s recent push to facilitate international trade in Rupee, as opposed to the Dollar? What more needs to be done to conserve forex reserves?</a></h1><div class="postmeta-primary"> <span class="meta_date"> April 3, 2024</span></div><p>&nbsp; Except for countries like Nepal and Bhutan, a company&#8217;s exports and imports are currently always made in foreign currency, particularly the dollar. International trade in domestic currency: By establishing a Vostro account in India, bilateral transactions will now be ..</p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><h1 id="list"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc-questions/what-repercussions-do-the-growing-tensions-between/">What repercussions do the growing tensions between Iran and the US hold for India?</a></h1><div class="postmeta-primary"> <span class="meta_date"> March 31, 2024</span></div><p>Iran and US are locked in an intensifying situation especially as the US has withdrawn its waivers it had granted to 8 countries including India to continue to buy Iranian oil till they are able to set terms with an ..</p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><h1 id="list"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc-questions/usa-terminated-preferential-trade-status-for-india/">USA terminated preferential trade status for India under GSP. How the termination will affect India and how India can prepare for this?</a></h1><div class="postmeta-primary"> <span class="meta_date"> March 30, 2024</span></div><p>The Generalized System of Preferences is a U.S. trade program. It was designed to promote economic growth in the developing world by providing preferential duty-free entry. The objective of GSP was to give development support to poor countries by promoting ..</p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><h1 id="list"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc-questions/discuss-various-factors-that-influence-the-foreign/">Discuss various factors that influence the Foreign Investment Decisions.</a></h1><div class="postmeta-primary"> <span class="meta_date"> March 30, 2024</span></div><p>Model Answer: Factors affecting Foreign Investments: Trade barriers Government may impose tariffs, quotas, embargo and other restrictions on export and imports goods and services hindering the free flow of these products across national boundaries. Discovery of resources: Discovery of new ..</p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p><p class="small-font"></p></div><div style="clear:both;"></div><div class='wp-pagenavi' role='navigation'> <span aria-current='page' class='current'>1</span><a class="page larger" title="Page 2" href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-international-relations/page/2/">2</a><a class="page larger" title="Page 3" href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-international-relations/page/3/">3</a><span class='extend'>...</span><a class="larger page" title="Page 10" href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-international-relations/page/10/">10</a><a class="larger page" title="Page 20" href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-international-relations/page/20/">20</a><a class="larger page" title="Page 30" href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-international-relations/page/30/">30</a><span class='extend'>...</span><a class="nextpostslink" rel="next" aria-label="Next Page" href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-international-relations/page/2/">»</a><a class="last" aria-label="Last Page" href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-international-relations/page/39/">50</a></div><div style="clear:both;"></div><div style="margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5276580860677940" data-ad-slot="9019539285" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div><div style="clear:both;"></div></div><aside class="sidebar column left_sidebar last"><div class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">Current Affairs Section</h3><ul class="sidebar"><h5 id="widget-subtitle">Daily MCQs</h5><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/gk-current-affairs-quiz-questions-answers/">&#x1F4DD; Daily Current Affairs Quiz</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/section/current-affairs-quiz-upsc/">&#x1F4DD; Daily Current Affairs Quiz [UPSC]</a></li><h5 id="widget-subtitle">Monthly MCQs</h5><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/current-affairs-quiz-february-2025">Current Affairs Quiz &#8211; February 2025</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/current-affairs-quiz-january-2025">Current Affairs Quiz &#8211; January, 2025</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/current-affairs-quiz-december-2024">Current Affairs Quiz &#8211; December, 2024 </a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/current-affairs-quiz-november-2024">Current Affairs Quiz &#8211; November, 2024 </a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/current-affairs-quiz-october-2024">Current Affairs Quiz &#8211; October, 2024</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/current-affairs-quiz-september-2024">Current Affairs Quiz &#8211; September, 2024</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/current-affairs-monthly-quiz-archive/">&#x1F4C1; Previous Months Quiz - 2017 - 2024</a></li><h5 id="widget-subtitle">Topic Wise CA MCQs</h5><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/india-government-politics-current-affairs">&#x1F30D; India Current Affairs MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/government-schemes-current-affairs">&#x1F3DB; Government Schemes MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/business-economy-banking-current-affairs">&#x1F4BC; Business, Economy & Banking MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/defence-current-affairs">&#x1F680; Defence MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/reports-and-indices-current-affairs">&#x1F4C8; Reports and Indices MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/environment-biodiversity-current-affairs">&#x1F33F; Environment &amp; Biodiversity MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/awards-honours-persons-in-news-current-affairs">&#x1F3C6; Awards, Honours &amp; Persons MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/places-in-news-current-affairs">&#x1F4CD; Places in News MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/important-days-and-events-current-affairs">&#x1F389; Important Days and Events MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/sports-current-affairs">&#x1F3C0; Sports Current Affairs MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/science-technology-current-affairs">&#x1F52C; Science &amp; Technology MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/summits-and-conferences-in-current-affairs">&#x1F3A4; Summits and Conferences in MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/international-current-affairs">&#x1F310; International MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/art-culture-current-affairs">&#x1F5BC; Art &amp; Culture MCQs</a></li><h5 id="widget-subtitle">Current Affairs Articles</h5><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/current-affairs/">&#x1F5DE; Current Affairs Today</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/current-affairs/month/current-affairs-march-2025/">&#x1F4CB; Current Affairs - March, 2025</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/current-affairs/month/current-affairs-february-2025/">&#x1F4CB; Current Affairs - February, 2025</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/current-affairs/month/">&#x1F4C1; Previous Months Articles</a></li><h5 id="widget-subtitle">CA MCQs in Other Languages</h5><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/hindi-current-affairs"> &#x1F4DD; &#2361;&#2367;&#2344;&#2381;&#2342;&#2368;&#32;&#2325;&#2352;&#2375;&#2306;&#2335;&#32;&#2309;&#2347;&#2375;&#2351;&#2352;&#2381;&#2360;</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/kannada-current-affairs/">&#x1F4DD; ಪ್ರಚಲಿತ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನಗಳು </a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/marathi-current-affairs">&#x1F4DD; मराठी चालू घडामोडी</a></li></ul></div><div class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">GK MCQs Section</h3><ul class="sidebar"><h5 id="widget-subtitle">SSC/RRB/States Level MCQs</h5><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/ancient-indian-history-multiple-choice-questions">📜 Ancient Indian History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/medieval-indian-history">🗡️ Medieval Indian History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/modern-indian-history-freedom-struggle">🏛️ Modern Indian History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/indian-geography-mcqs">🗺️ Indian Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/world-geography">🌏 World Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/indian-polity-constitution-mcqs">⚖️ Indian Polity &amp; Constitution</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/environment-ecology-biodiversity-mcqs">🐾 Environment &amp; Biodiversity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/indian-culture-general-studies-mcqs">🕉️ Indian Art &amp; Culture</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/sports-gk">🏆 Sports GK</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/indian-economy-mcqs">💰 Indian Economy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/general-science-for-competitive-examinations">🔬 General Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/general-science-biology-mcqs">🧬 General Science - Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/general-science-physics-mcqs">💡 General Science - Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/general-science-chemistry">🧪 General Science - Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/world-history-quiz-questions">🗿 World History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/books-and-authors-gk-questions">✍️ Books & Authors</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/gk-questions/">🔍 All GK Questions Categories</a></li></ul></div></aside></div><aside class="sidebar column fourcol_sidebar last"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-5276580860677940" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5276580860677940" data-ad-slot="3256905532"></ins> <script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> <div class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">PDF Ebooks Store</h3><ul class="sidebar"><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/module-category/daily-current-affairs-quiz-pdf-compilations/"><i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o" style="color:red;" aria-hidden="true"></i> Current Affairs Monthly 240 MCQs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/module-category/current-affairs-e-books/"><i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o" style="color:red;" aria-hidden="true"></i> CA Articles+MCQs [Fortnightly PDF]</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/module-category/gktoday-monthly-current-affairs-pdf-articles/"><i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o" style="color:red;" aria-hidden="true"></i> CA Articles [Monthly Datewise PDF]</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/module-category/monthly-current-affairs-articles-pdf-category-wise/"><i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o" style="color:red;" aria-hidden="true"></i> CA Articles [Monthly Topic Wise PDF]</a></a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/module-category/current-affairs-subject-wise-compilations/"><i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o" style="color:red;" aria-hidden="true"></i> CA Articles [Yearly PDF]</a></li></ul></div><div class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">UPSC Exams</h3><ul class="sidebar"><h5 id="widget-subtitle">UPSC Prelims Exams</h5><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/">✅ UPSC Prelims 100 Mocks</a></li><h5 id="widget-subtitle">UPSC Mains Questions & Answers</h5><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-i-indian-culture/">🛕 GS-I: Indian Culture</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-i-modern-indian-history/">👑 GS-I: Modern Indian History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-i-modern-world-history/">✈️ GS-I: Modern World History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-i-indian-society/">👫 GS-I: Indian Society</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-i-world-geography/">🏔️ GS-I: World &amp; Physical Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-constitution-of-india-polity/">🧑‍⚖️ GS-II: Indian Constitution &amp; Polity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-social-justice/">🏠 GS-II: Social Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-governance/">🏢 GS-II: Governance</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-ii-international-relations/">🌐 GS-II: International Relations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-iii-economy-economic-development/">💹 GS-III: Economic Development</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-iii-science-technology/">📡 GS-III: Science &amp; Technology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-iii-environment-disaster-management/">🌱 GS-III: Environment &amp; DM</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-iii-internal-external-security/">🪖 GS-III: Internal &amp; External Security</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/upsc/category/gs-iv-ethics-integrity-and-aptitude/">🎭 GS-IV: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude</a></li></ul></div><div class="widget widget_archive" style="margin-bottom:50px;"><h3 class="widget-title">Banking Exams</h3><ul class="sidebar"><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/banking-awareness/">Banking Awareness</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/quizbase/computer-awareness-for-ibps-banking-examinations">Computer Awareness</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/content/marketing-aptitude-for-bank-examinations/">Marketing Aptitude</a></li></ul></div> <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gktoday.academy"><img src="https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/3-1-300x200.jpg"></a></aside></div></div><div class="footer"> <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-JV3PXCKQ3W" defer data-deferred="1"></script> <script src="data:text/javascript;base64,d2luZG93LmRhdGFMYXllcj13aW5kb3cuZGF0YUxheWVyfHxbXTtmdW5jdGlvbiBndGFnKCl7ZGF0YUxheWVyLnB1c2goYXJndW1lbnRzKX0KZ3RhZygnanMnLG5ldyBEYXRlKCkpO2d0YWcoJ2NvbmZpZycsJ0ctSlYzUFhDS1EzVycp" defer></script> <div class="copyright"><a href="https://www.gktoday.in/about-us/">About Us | </a><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gktoday.academy">GKToday Mobile App</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gktoday.in/terms-conditions/"> Terms & Conditions</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gktoday.in/contact-us/">Contact Us</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gktoday.in/privacy-policy/"> Privacy Policy</a> &nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gktoday.in/cancellation-and-refund-policy/"> Shipping, Cancellation & Refund Policy</a> &nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gktoday.in/work-for-gktoday/">Work4GKToday</a><div class="credits">© 2025 GKToday&nbsp;|&nbsp;All Rights Reserved</div></div></div></div><link data-optimized="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-style-css' href='https://www.gktoday.in/wp-content/litespeed/css/b7ace638ed02a7f8c113c93076d4257a.css?ver=4257a' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202510.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after">/* */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"22999961\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"5.5\",\"srv\":\"www.gktoday.in\",\"j\":\"1:14.3\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "22999961", "0" ]); /* */</script> </body></html> <!-- Page optimized by LiteSpeed Cache @2025-03-03 19:19:10 --> <!-- Page cached by LiteSpeed Cache 6.5.4 on 2025-03-03 19:19:10 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10