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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn"><i>Feldman v. Google, Inc.</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania-eastern.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Pennsylvania-eastern.gif" decoding="async" width="173" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">March 29, 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">513 F.Supp.2d 229</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">An online <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a> license is an enforceable contact if both sides have been given reasonable opportunity to review and agree to the terms.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Giles" title="James T. Giles">James T. Giles</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Keywords</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States contract law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">Forum selection clause</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Feldman v. Google, Inc.</b></i>, 513 F.Supp.2d 229 (E.D. Pa. 2007), was a ruling at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case has become a defining precedent on the enforceability of <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a> agreements for Internet services. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldman_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence E. Feldman, a lawyer, bought advertising services from <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> via that company's <a href="/wiki/Google_Ads" title="Google Ads">AdWords</a> program. Each time an Internet user searched for a word that had been purchased by Feldman, they would receive his ad and Feldman would be charged whenever someone clicked on his ad. When setting up the service, Feldman agreed to Google's <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a> license, and acknowledged that the first few paragraphs of the agreement had been visible on his computer screen, while the rest could be seen by scrolling down.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After using the AdWords service for a time, Feldman claimed that he was the victim of <a href="/wiki/Click_fraud" title="Click fraud">click fraud</a> when pranksters clicked on his ads repeatedly, causing him to incur charges when they were not potential customers of his law practice. Feldman believed that this caused his advertising efforts to become unexpectedly expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feldman filed suit at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania</a>, claiming that 20-30% of the clicks for which he was charged were fraudulent, and that Google had failed to <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">prevent that fraud</a>. Also, Feldman claimed that he had not been given an opportunity to negotiate any of the terms in the agreement, and that the pricing information was inaccurate and insufficient. Thus, Feldman argued that the clickwrap license was not a <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_person" title="Reasonable person">reasonable</a> contract per <a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">American contract law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Google sought to have the case moved to a California court, due to the <a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">forum selection clause</a> in the same agreement to which Feldman agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_court_proceedings">District court proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldman_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: District court proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2007, Judge <a href="/wiki/James_T._Giles" title="James T. Giles">James T. Giles</a> of the Eastern Pennsylvania District Court had to determine whether the <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a> license at issue was an enforceable contract, and whether Google's motion to move the case to California per the <a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">forum selection clause</a> was valid. Feldman's arguments were rejected and the license agreement was found to be <a href="/wiki/Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">conscionable</a> under <a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">American contract law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giles ruled in favor of Google on both counts. Giles held that Feldman has been given ample opportunity to agree to the license terms before clicking his agreement, and that Google had explained "a practicable process by which price is determined" without the need for more precise pricing information. Thus, Feldman was bound by the agreement and he had no valid argument for being deceived or <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">defrauded</a>, because a <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_person" title="Reasonable person">reasonable computer user</a> would find that the contract's terms were visible and the pricing plan was described appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Giles held that Google's forum selection clause was a valid and enforceable provision in the license agreement. Per federal law, a clearly-stated forum selection clause within a contract is valid and enforceable, and the clause in the AdWords agreement would not "shock the conscience" of a typical consumer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, Giles denied Feldman's claims of contract law violations and ordered that any further trial on his fraud allegations and other matters take place in Google's selected court in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feldman did not proceed with the case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_subsequent_developments">Impact and subsequent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldman_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact and subsequent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Feldman v. Google, Inc.</i> is widely cited as an important and defining early precedent on the enforceability of <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a> licenses in American contract law, as long as the user has sufficient opportunity to read the terms before clicking their agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling has also served as a precedent for the more specific matter of <a href="/wiki/Click_fraud" title="Click fraud">click fraud</a> and other types of fraud in Internet advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feldman_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Feldman v. Google, Inc.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12924449127890724535&q=513+F.Supp.2d+229&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39">513 F. Supp. 2d 229</a> (E.D. Pa., 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrehm2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brehm, Allison S. (Winter 2015). "Click Here to Accept the Terms of Service". <i>Communications Lawyer</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 4–7 – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Lawyer&rft.atitle=Click+Here+to+Accept+the+Terms+of+Service&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-7&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Brehm&rft.aufirst=Allison+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldman+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Noonan, Brad (October 2009). "Modernized, Streamlined Contract - Electronic Contracts and Signatures - Redux". <i>New York State Bar Association Journal</i>. <b>81</b> (8): 10–17 – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Modernized%2C+Streamlined+Contract+-+Electronic+Contracts+and+Signatures+-+Redux&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldman+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2014" class="citation journal cs1">O'Sullivan, Trish (2014). "Online Shopping Terms and Conditions in Practice: Validity of Incorporation and Unfairness". <i>Canterbury Law Review</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 1–20 – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canterbury+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Online+Shopping+Terms+and+Conditions+in+Practice%3A+Validity+of+Incorporation+and+Unfairness&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Trish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldman+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tracy, Amy (2010). "Great Google-y Moogley: The Effect and Enforcement of Click Fraud and Online Advertising". <i>University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 347–374 – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Arkansas+at+Little+Rock+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Great+Google-y+Moogley%3A+The+Effect+and+Enforcement+of+Click+Fraud+and+Online+Advertising&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=347-374&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeldman+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc." title="Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.">Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc." title="Goddard v. Google, Inc.">Goddard v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.">Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc." title="Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.">Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedi_Blue" title="Jedi Blue">Jedi Blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antitrust</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union" title="Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union">European Union</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors." title="Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.">Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a> and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc.</i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i>(2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos" title="Frank v. Gaos">Frank v. Gaos</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. Google LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Google_litigation" title="Category:Google litigation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_contract_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Template:United States contract case law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Template talk:United States contract case law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States contract case law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_contract_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States contract law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contract formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance" title="Offer and acceptance">Offer and acceptance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonard_v._Pepsico,_Inc." title="Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.">Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_v._Tropicana_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel & Casino">Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel & Casino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Wholesale_Grocery_Co._v._Weber_Packing_Corp." title="Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp.">Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ever-Tite_Roofing_Corp._v._Green" title="Ever-Tite Roofing Corp. v. Green">Ever-Tite Roofing Corp. v. Green</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lefkowitz_v._Great_Minneapolis_Surplus_Store,_Inc" title="Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc">Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Implied-in-fact_contract" title="Implied-in-fact contract">Implied-in-fact contract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad_Co._v._United_States" title="Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. United States">Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mailbox rule">Mailbox rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ellefson_v._Megadeth,_Inc." title="Ellefson v. Megadeth, Inc.">Ellefson v. Megadeth, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink wrap contract">Shrinkwrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">Clickwrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Browsewrap" title="Browsewrap">Browsewrap</a> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Specht_v._Netscape_Communications_Corp." title="Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.">Specht v. Netscape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster_Corp._v._Tickets.com,_Inc." title="Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.">Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nguyen_v._Barnes_%26_Noble,_Inc." title="Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.">Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCD,_Inc._v._Zeidenberg" title="ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg">ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Zappos.com,_Inc.,_Customer_Data_Security_Breach_Litigation" title="In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation">In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cartridge_Remanufacturers_Ass%27n_Inc._v._Lexmark_International_Inc." title="Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.">Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Step-Saver_Data_Systems,_Inc._v._Wyse_Technology" title="Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology">Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Baystate_Technologies,_Inc." title="Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.">Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bragg_v._Linden_Research,_Inc." title="Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.">Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consideration_under_American_law" title="Consideration under American law">Consideration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamer_v._Sidway" title="Hamer v. Sidway">Hamer v. Sidway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirksey_v._Kirksey" title="Kirksey v. Kirksey">Kirksey v. Kirksey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_v._Murray" title="Angel v. Murray">Angel v. Murray</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_v._Trustees_of_Boston_Univ." title="King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.">King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Marine_Construction_Co._v._United_States_District_Court" title="Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court">Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salsbury_v._Northwestern_Bell_Telephone_Co." title="Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.">Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substantial_performance" title="Substantial performance">Substantial performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Zehmer" title="Lucy v. Zehmer">Lucy v. Zehmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_%26_Youngs,_Inc._v._Kent" title="Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent">Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity</a> & <a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">3rd parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Cicco_v._Schweizer" title="De Cicco v. Schweizer">De Cicco v. Schweizer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_v._Buick_Motor_Co." title="MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.">MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Implied_warranty" title="Implied warranty">Implied warranty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caveat_emptor" title="Caveat emptor">caveat emptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_v._McGee" title="Hawkins v. McGee">Hawkins v. McGee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seixas_and_Seixas_v._Woods" title="Seixas and Seixas v. Woods">Seixas and Seixas v. Woods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henningsen_v._Bloomfield_Motors,_Inc." title="Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.">Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._L._Christian_and_Associates_v._United_States" title="G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States">G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Bridge_Co._v._Hamilton" title="Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton">Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense against formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Amway_Corp." title="Morrison v. Amway Corp.">Morrison v. Amway Corp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Blockbuster,_Inc." title="Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.">Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_v._U.S._District_Court_ex_rel_Talk_America" title="Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America">Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McMichael_v._Price" title="McMichael v. Price">McMichael v. Price</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a> (written) & <a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence</a> (unwritten & informal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffaloe_v._Hart" title="Buffaloe v. Hart">Buffaloe v. Hart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foman_v._Davis" title="Foman v. Davis">Foman v. Davis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscionable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconscionable">Unconscionable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Walker-Thomas_Furniture_Co." title="Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.">Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchwald_v._Paramount" title="Buchwald v. Paramount">Buchwald v. Paramount</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelling Contract</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_v._Walker" title="Sherwood v. Walker">Sherwood v. Walker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenawee_County_Board_of_Health_v._Messerly" title="Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly">Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illegality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_v._Martin" title="Stoddard v. Martin">Stoddard v. Martin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SCO_Group,_Inc._v._DaimlerChrysler_Corp." title="SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.">SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Spearin" title="United States v. Spearin">United States v. Spearin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helene_Curtis_Industries,_Inc._v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States">Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States </a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laidlaw_v._Organ" title="Laidlaw v. Organ">Laidlaw v. Organ</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Bolles" title="Smith v. Bolles">Smith v. Bolles</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contract</a> obligation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Promissory_estoppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Promissory estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drennan_v._Star_Paving_Co." title="Drennan v. Star Paving Co.">Drennan v. Star Paving Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">Unjust enrichment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Britton_v._Turner" title="Britton v. Turner">Britton v. 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