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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Clickwrap" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Clickwrap" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&oldid=1239481100" title="Permanent link to this revision of this 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Clickwrap&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5132463" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>clickwrap</b> or <b>clickthrough</b> <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">agreement</a> is a prompt that offers individuals the opportunity to accept or decline a digitally-mediated policy.<sup id="cite_ref-SMS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">Privacy policies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms of service</a> and other user policies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> policies commonly employ the clickwrap prompt. Clickwraps are common in signup processes for <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> services like <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>, connections to wireless networks operated in corporate spaces, as part of the installation processes of many software packages, and in other circumstances where agreement is sought using digital media. The name "clickwrap" is derived from the use of "<a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap_contracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink wrap contracts">shrink wrap contracts</a>" commonly used in boxed software purchases, which "contain a notice that by tearing open the <a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">shrinkwrap</a>, the user assents to the software terms enclosed within".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The content and form of clickwrap agreements vary widely. Most clickwrap agreements require the <a href="/wiki/End-user" class="mw-redirect" title="End-user">end-user</a> to indicate their assent by clicking an "ok" or "agree" <a href="/wiki/Button_(computing)" title="Button (computing)">button</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog box</a> or pop-up window. A user indicates rejection by clicking cancel or closing the window. If the user opts to reject the terms, they cannot use or purchase the <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a> or <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">service</a>. Classically, such a take-it-or-leave-it contract is described as a "<a href="/wiki/Contract_of_adhesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract of adhesion">contract of adhesion</a>, which is a contract that lacks bargaining power, forcing one party to be favored over the other." </p><p>The terms of service or license do not always appear on the same <a href="/wiki/Webpage" class="mw-redirect" title="Webpage">webpage</a> or window, but are always accessible before acceptance, such as through a <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> embedded in the product's webpage or a pop-up screen prior to installation. In order to be deemed to have accepted the terms of service, the purchaser must be put on notice that certain terms of service may apply. If the terms of service are not visible and/or accessible, courts have found the notice requirement to be lacking and as such, the purchaser may not be bound to the terms of the agreement. An analysis of the terms of service of major consumer websites has found that they frequently contain clauses that impede consumer rights in substantial and often unexpected ways.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_consequences">Legal consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/In_the_Matter_of_Sears_Holdings_Management_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="In the Matter of Sears Holdings Management Corporation">In the Matter of Sears Holdings Management Corporation</a></div> <p>Few cases have considered the validity of clickwrap licenses. Still, in the cases that have challenged their validity, the terms of the contract have usually been upheld: </p> <ul><li><i>Feldman v. Google, Inc.</i>, 513 F.Supp.2d 229 (E.D.Pa. 2007) (upholding forum-selection clause)</li> <li><i>In re RealNetworks, Inc. Privacy Litigation</i>, No. No. 00-1366, 2000 WL 631341 (D. Ill. May 8, 2000) (upholding an arbitration clause)</li> <li><i>Hotmail Corp. v. Van$ Money Pie</i>, No. 98-20064, 1998 WL 388389 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 16, 1998) (granting <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_injunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliminary injunction">preliminary injunction</a> for alleged breach of <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> for violating the <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms of service</a> by using a <a href="/wiki/Hotmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotmail">Hotmail</a> account to send <a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">spam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>). The court said that clicking the clickwrap button after notice gave consent.</li> <li><i>I. Lan Sys., Inc. v. Netscout Serv. Level Corp.</i>, 183 F. Supp. 2d 328, 336 (D. Mass. 2002) (upholding a clickwrap agreement on two grounds: first, clickwrap is simply "Money now, terms later" contract formation; second, the court found that the "additional terms" of the clickwrap license was not material under <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">UCC</a> (§207(2)(b)).</li> <li><i>Caspi v. Microsoft, LLC</i>, held a forum selection clause in an online membership agreement was consented to when the user clicked the "I agree" symbol of the agreement in order to proceed with registration.</li> <li>In <i>A.V., et al. v iParadigms, LLC</i>, Judge Claude M. Hilton granted summary judgment on the students' complaint in favor of iParadigms/<a href="/wiki/Turnitin" title="Turnitin">Turnitin</a>, because they had accepted the click-wrap agreement on the Turnitin website.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Even though courts have ruled some clickwrap licenses to be enforceable contracts, it does not follow that every term of every clickwrap license is enforceable. Clickwrap licenses must still meet the criteria for enforceability of a unilateral form contract. For example, see <i><a href="/wiki/Bragg_v._Linden_Research,_Inc." title="Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.">Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.</a></i>, 487 F.Supp.2d 593 (E.D. Pa. 2007), in which the judge found certain aspects of the <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i> clickwrap agreement "<a href="/wiki/Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">unconscionable</a>, and therefore unenforceable".<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pub.bna.com/eclr/064925_053007.pdf">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases_in_detail">Cases in detail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cases in detail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Register.com,_Inc._v._Verio,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Register.com, Inc. v. Verio, Inc.">Register.com, Inc. v. Verio, Inc.</a></i>, 356 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> 393 (<a href="/wiki/2d._Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="2d. Cir.">2d. Cir.</a> 2004), the court described a clickwrap license, even though the license in question was distinguished from a clickwrap license </p> <blockquote><p>Essentially, under a clickwrap arrangement, potential licensees are presented with the proposed license terms and forced to expressly and unambiguously manifest either assent or rejection prior to being given access to the product.</p></blockquote> <p>An earlier case, <i><a href="/wiki/Specht_v._Netscape_Communications_Corp." title="Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.">Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.</a></i>, 150 <a href="/wiki/F.Supp.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.Supp.2d">F.Supp.2d</a> 585 (<a href="/wiki/S.D.N.Y." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D.N.Y.">S.D.N.Y.</a> 2001), <i>aff'd</i>, 306 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> 17 (<a href="/wiki/2d._Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="2d. Cir.">2d. Cir.</a> 2002), gave perhaps the clearest definition of a clickwrap license. </p> <blockquote><p>A click-wrap license presents the user with a message on his or her <a href="/wiki/Computer_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer screen">computer screen</a>, requiring that the user manifest his or her assent to the terms of the license agreement by clicking on an <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icon</a>. n12 The product cannot be obtained or used unless and until the icon is clicked. For example, when a user attempts to obtain <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a>'s Communicator or Navigator, a web page appears containing the full text of the Communicator / Navigator license agreement. Plainly visible on the screen is the query, "Do you accept all the terms of the preceding license agreement? If so, click on the Yes button. If you select No, Setup will close." Below this text are three button or icons: one labeled "Back" and used to return to an earlier step of the <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">download</a> preparation; one labeled "No," which if clicked, terminates the download; and one labeled "Yes," which if clicked, allows the download to proceed. Unless the user clicks "Yes," indicating his or her assent to the license agreement, the user cannot obtain the <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>The clickwrap method was presented to the court in <i><a href="/wiki/ProCD_v._Zeidenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="ProCD v. Zeidenberg">ProCD v. Zeidenberg</a></i>, 86 F.3d 1447 (7th Cir. 1996), where Zeidenberg purchased a CD-ROM, created by ProCD, which contained a compilation of a telephone directory database. Upon purchase of this CD-ROM, Zeidenberg installed the software onto his computer then created a website which offered to visitors the information contained on the CD-ROM at a price less than what ProCD charged for the software. Prior to his purchase of the software, Zeidenberg may not have been aware of any prohibited use or dissemination of the product without consent by ProCD. However, upon preparing to install the software onto his computer, the software license appeared on his computer screen and would not allow him to continue with the installation without indicating acceptance by clicking his assent in a dialog box. The court held that Zeidenberg did accept the offer and the terms contained within the license by clicking through the dialog box. Zeidenberg had the opportunity to read the terms of the license prior to clicking the acceptance box. The court further stated that Zeidenberg could have rejected the terms of the contract and returned the software. (<i>Id.</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, in the 2017 opinion <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/16-2750/16-2750-2017-08-17.pdf?ts=1502980212">Meyer v. Uber Technologies</a>, the Second Circuit of the United States Court of Appeal held that users were on fair notice of the arbitration provision in <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber's</a> registration process, because Uber presented the app's terms of service via hyperlink. "While it may be the case that many users will not bother reading the additional terms, that is the choice the user makes," Judge Chin wrote. "The user is still on inquiry notice." The Court further held that "[w]hen considering the perspective of a reasonable smartphone user, we need not presume that the user has never before encountered an app or entered into a contract using a smartphone..." Instead, the Court explained that "[a] reasonable user would know that by clicking the registration button, he was agreeing to the terms and conditions accessible via the hyperlink, whether he clicked on the hyperlink or not."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 May 2015, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> decided in the case of El Majdoub v. CarsOnTheWeb.Deutschland GmbH (case n°C-322/14), on a referral from a German court,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that click-wrap agreements are acceptable under certain circumstances as a "durable record" of the acceptance of general conditions within the meaning of Regulation 44/2001 (now replaced by Regulation 1215/2012, also known as the 'Brussels I Recast Regulation').<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clickwraps have been shown to have an agenda-setting function, wherein aspects of clickwraps like prominent join buttons are easier to notice than the links to the privacy policies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browse_wrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Browse wrap">Browse wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_signature" title="Electronic signature">Electronic signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Signatures_in_Global_and_National_Commerce_Act" title="Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act">Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act</a> (ESIGN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_v._Microsoft_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Rudder v. Microsoft Corp.">Rudder v. Microsoft Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink wrap contract">Shrink wrap contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftMan_Products_Co._v._Adobe_Systems_Inc." title="SoftMan Products Co. v. Adobe Systems Inc.">SoftMan Products Co. v. Adobe Systems Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">Software license</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SMS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFObarOeldorf-Hirsch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Obar, Jonathan A.; Oeldorf-Hirsch, Anne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2056305118784770">"The Clickwrap: A Political Economic Mechanism for Manufacturing Consent on Social Media"</a>. <i>Social Media + Society</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 205630511878477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2056305118784770">10.1177/2056305118784770</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Media+%2B+Society&rft.atitle=The+Clickwrap%3A+A+Political+Economic+Mechanism+for+Manufacturing+Consent+on+Social+Media&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205630511878477&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2056305118784770&rft.aulast=Obar&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.&rft.au=Oeldorf-Hirsch%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2056305118784770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClickwrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObar2022" class="citation web cs1">Obar, Jonathan (June 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtQ2tNUTF3Q">"The Clickwrap and The Biggest Lie on the Internet"</a>. <i>YouTube</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Clickwrap+and+The+Biggest+Lie+on+the+Internet&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft.aulast=Obar&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DgtQ2tNUTF3Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClickwrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/kunkel93_text.html#Shrinkwrap%20License%20Cases_T">Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Nicol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clickwrapped.com/">Clickwrapped: Who Respects Your Rights Online?</a> Accessed July 30, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2008" class="citation web cs1">Hilton, Claude (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705110536/http://www.iparadigms.com/iParadigms_03-11-08_Opinion.pdf">"Memorandum Opinion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iparadigms.com/iParadigms_03-11-08_Opinion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+Opinion&rft.pub=United+States+District+Court+for+the+Eastern+District+of+Virginia%2C+Alexandria+Division&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iparadigms.com%2FiParadigms_03-11-08_Opinion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClickwrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws.lp.findlaw.com/7th/961139.html">FindLaw Article</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoundy1996" class="citation news cs1">Loundy, David (February 8, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loundy.com/CDLB/Zeidenberg.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Shrink-wrap' licenses don't shrink access to data"</a>. <i>Chicago Daily Law Bulletin</i>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+Law+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%27Shrink-wrap%27+licenses+don%27t+shrink+access+to+data&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1996-02-08&rft.aulast=Loundy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loundy.com%2FCDLB%2FZeidenberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClickwrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/16-2750/16-2750-2017-08-17.pdf?ts=1502980212">"Meyer v. Uber Techs, Inc., Nos. 16-2750, 16-2752, 2017 WL 3526682 (2d Cir. Aug. 17, 2017)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422061443/https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/16-2750/16-2750-2017-08-17.pdf?ts=1502980212">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-04-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meyer+v.+Uber+Techs%2C+Inc.%2C+Nos.+16-2750%2C+16-2752%2C+2017+WL+3526682+%282d+Cir.+Aug.+17%2C+2017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcases.justia.com%2Ffederal%2Fappellate-courts%2Fca2%2F16-2750%2F16-2750-2017-08-17.pdf%3Fts%3D1502980212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClickwrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2017" class="citation news cs1">Frankel, Alison (2017-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-otc-uber-idUSKCN1AX2G6">"2nd Circuit's Uber arbitration ruling huge win for app industry"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=2nd+Circuit%27s+Uber+arbitration+ruling+huge+win+for+app+industry&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-otc-uber-idUSKCN1AX2G6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClickwrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Court of Justice of the European Communities, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/EUECJ/2015/C32214.html">El Majdoub (Judgment) (2015) EUECJ C-322/14 (21 May 2015)</a>, accessed 1 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swarb.co.uk/el-majdoub-v-carsontheweb-deutschland-gmbh-ecj-21-may-2015/">El Majdoub v CarsOnTheWeb.Deutschland GmbH: ECJ 21 May 2015</a>, accessed 1 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObarOeldorf-Hirsch2020" class="citation journal cs1">Obar, J. A.; Oeldorf-Hirsch, Anne (2020). "The biggest lie on the internet: Ignoring the privacy policies and terms of service policies of social networking services". <i>Information, Communication & Society</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 128-147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information%2C+Communication+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+biggest+lie+on+the+internet%3A+Ignoring+the+privacy+policies+and+terms+of+service+policies+of+social+networking+services&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-147&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Obar&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Oeldorf-Hirsch%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClickwrap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clickwrap&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>YouTube Video:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtQ2tNUTF3Q">The Clickwrap and The Biggest Lie on the Internet</a> </p> <dl><dt>Examples of Clickwrap contracts</dt> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306095303/http://www.isaacbowman.com/PKI-old-technology-has-a-new-rival">Online electronic signatures using clickwrap</a></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://t-mobile.com">T-Mobile uses clickwrap for online phone purchases</a></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Template:United States contract case law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Template talk:United States contract case law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States contract case law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_contract_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States contract law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contract formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance" title="Offer and acceptance">Offer and acceptance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonard_v._Pepsico,_Inc." title="Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.">Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_v._Tropicana_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel & Casino">Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel & Casino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Wholesale_Grocery_Co._v._Weber_Packing_Corp." title="Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp.">Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ever-Tite_Roofing_Corp._v._Green" title="Ever-Tite Roofing Corp. v. Green">Ever-Tite Roofing Corp. v. Green</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lefkowitz_v._Great_Minneapolis_Surplus_Store,_Inc" title="Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc">Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Implied-in-fact_contract" title="Implied-in-fact contract">Implied-in-fact contract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad_Co._v._United_States" title="Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. United States">Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mailbox rule">Mailbox rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ellefson_v._Megadeth,_Inc." title="Ellefson v. Megadeth, Inc.">Ellefson v. Megadeth, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink wrap contract">Shrinkwrap</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clickwrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Browsewrap" title="Browsewrap">Browsewrap</a> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Specht_v._Netscape_Communications_Corp." title="Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.">Specht v. Netscape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster_Corp._v._Tickets.com,_Inc." title="Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.">Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nguyen_v._Barnes_%26_Noble,_Inc." title="Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.">Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCD,_Inc._v._Zeidenberg" title="ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg">ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Zappos.com,_Inc.,_Customer_Data_Security_Breach_Litigation" title="In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation">In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cartridge_Remanufacturers_Ass%27n_Inc._v._Lexmark_International_Inc." title="Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.">Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Step-Saver_Data_Systems,_Inc._v._Wyse_Technology" title="Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology">Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Baystate_Technologies,_Inc." title="Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.">Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bragg_v._Linden_Research,_Inc." title="Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.">Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consideration_under_American_law" title="Consideration under American law">Consideration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamer_v._Sidway" title="Hamer v. Sidway">Hamer v. Sidway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirksey_v._Kirksey" title="Kirksey v. Kirksey">Kirksey v. Kirksey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_v._Murray" title="Angel v. Murray">Angel v. Murray</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_v._Trustees_of_Boston_Univ." title="King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.">King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Marine_Construction_Co._v._United_States_District_Court" title="Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court">Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salsbury_v._Northwestern_Bell_Telephone_Co." title="Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.">Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substantial_performance" title="Substantial performance">Substantial performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Zehmer" title="Lucy v. Zehmer">Lucy v. Zehmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_%26_Youngs,_Inc._v._Kent" title="Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent">Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity</a> & <a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">3rd parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Cicco_v._Schweizer" title="De Cicco v. Schweizer">De Cicco v. Schweizer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_v._Buick_Motor_Co." title="MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.">MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Implied_warranty" title="Implied warranty">Implied warranty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caveat_emptor" title="Caveat emptor">caveat emptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_v._McGee" title="Hawkins v. McGee">Hawkins v. McGee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seixas_and_Seixas_v._Woods" title="Seixas and Seixas v. Woods">Seixas and Seixas v. Woods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henningsen_v._Bloomfield_Motors,_Inc." title="Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.">Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._L._Christian_and_Associates_v._United_States" title="G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States">G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Bridge_Co._v._Hamilton" title="Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton">Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense against formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Amway_Corp." title="Morrison v. Amway Corp.">Morrison v. Amway Corp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Blockbuster,_Inc." title="Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.">Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_v._U.S._District_Court_ex_rel_Talk_America" title="Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America">Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McMichael_v._Price" title="McMichael v. Price">McMichael v. Price</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a> (written) & <a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence</a> (unwritten & informal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffaloe_v._Hart" title="Buffaloe v. Hart">Buffaloe v. Hart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foman_v._Davis" title="Foman v. Davis">Foman v. Davis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscionable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconscionable">Unconscionable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Walker-Thomas_Furniture_Co." title="Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.">Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchwald_v._Paramount" title="Buchwald v. Paramount">Buchwald v. Paramount</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelling Contract</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_v._Walker" title="Sherwood v. Walker">Sherwood v. Walker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenawee_County_Board_of_Health_v._Messerly" title="Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly">Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illegality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_v._Martin" title="Stoddard v. Martin">Stoddard v. Martin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SCO_Group,_Inc._v._DaimlerChrysler_Corp." title="SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.">SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Spearin" title="United States v. Spearin">United States v. Spearin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helene_Curtis_Industries,_Inc._v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States">Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States </a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laidlaw_v._Organ" title="Laidlaw v. Organ">Laidlaw v. Organ</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Bolles" title="Smith v. Bolles">Smith v. Bolles</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contract</a> obligation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Promissory_estoppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Promissory estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drennan_v._Star_Paving_Co." title="Drennan v. Star Paving Co.">Drennan v. Star Paving Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">Unjust enrichment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Britton_v._Turner" title="Britton v. Turner">Britton v. 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