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</div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">วงโคจรค้างฟ้า</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 65 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasion%C3%AAre_wentelbaan" title="Geostasionêre wentelbaan – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geostasionêre wentelbaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_cheoestacionaria" title="Orbita cheoestacionaria – อารากอน" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orbita cheoestacionaria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="อารากอน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="مدار جغرافي ثابت – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدار جغرافي ثابت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_xeoestacionaria" title="Órbita xeoestacionaria – อัสตูเรียส" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Órbita xeoestacionaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="อัสตูเรียส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasionar_orbit" title="Geostasionar orbit – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Geostasionar orbit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геастацыянарная арбіта – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геастацыянарная арбіта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геастацыянарная арбіта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Геастацыянарная арбіта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостационарна орбита – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геостационарна орбита" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="ভূস্থির কক্ষপথ – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূস্থির কক্ষপথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitenn_geoarsavel" title="Orbitenn geoarsavel – เบรตัน" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Orbitenn geoarsavel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="เบรตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacionarna_orbita" title="Geostacionarna orbita – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Geostacionarna orbita" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rbita_geoestacion%C3%A0ria" title="Òrbita geoestacionària – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òrbita geoestacionària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacion%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Geostacionární dráha – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geostacionární dráha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostation%C3%A6re_bane" title="Geostationære bane – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geostationære bane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchrone_Umlaufbahn#Geostationäre_Umlaufbahn" title="Geosynchrone Umlaufbahn – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geosynchrone Umlaufbahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Γεωσύγχρονη τροχιά – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωσύγχρονη τροχιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคุณภาพ"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Geostationary orbit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_geoestacionaria" title="Órbita geoestacionaria – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Órbita geoestacionaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatsionaarne_orbiit" title="Geostatsionaarne orbiit – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geostatsionaarne orbiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_geoestazionario" title="Orbita geoestazionario – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orbita geoestazionario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="مدار زمین‌ایستا – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدار زمین‌ایستا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationaarinen_kiertorata" title="Geostationaarinen kiertorata – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geostationaarinen kiertorata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbite_g%C3%A9ostationnaire" title="Orbite géostationnaire – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orbite géostationnaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_xeoestacionaria" title="Órbita xeoestacionaria – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Órbita xeoestacionaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מסלול גאוסטציונרי – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסלול גאוסטציונרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भूस्थिर कक्षा – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूस्थिर कक्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacionarni_satelit" title="Geostacionarni satelit – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geostacionarni satelit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacion%C3%A1rius_p%C3%A1lya" title="Geostacionárius pálya – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geostacionárius pálya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_geostasioner" title="Orbit geostasioner – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orbit geostasioner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_geostazionaria" title="Orbita geostazionaria – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orbita geostazionaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="静止軌道 – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="静止軌道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="გეოსტაციონარული ორბიტა – จอร์เจีย" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოსტაციონარული ორბიტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="จอร์เจีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостационарлық орбита – คาซัค" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геостационарлық орбита" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="คาซัค" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%80_%EA%B6%A4%EB%8F%84" title="정지 궤도 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정지 궤도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2eostacion%C4%81r%C4%81_orb%C4%ABta" title="Ģeostacionārā orbīta – ลัตเวีย" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeostacionārā orbīta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเวีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂസ്ഥിര ഭ്രമണപഥം – มาลายาลัม" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂസ്ഥിര ഭ്രമണപഥം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="มาลายาลัม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тогтмол тойрог зам – มองโกเลีย" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тогтмол тойрог зам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="มองโกเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_geopegun" title="Orbit geopegun – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orbit geopegun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationaire_baan" title="Geostationaire baan – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geostationaire baan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasjon%C3%A6r_bane" title="Geostasjonær bane – นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geostasjonær bane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostasjon%C3%A6r_bane" title="Geostasjonær bane – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geostasjonær bane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_geoestacion%C3%A0ria" title="Orbita geoestacionària – อ็อกซิตัน" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orbita geoestacionària" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="อ็อกซิตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_geostacjonarna" title="Orbita geostacjonarna – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orbita geostacjonarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%B9" title="جیوسٹیشنری آربٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیوسٹیشنری آربٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbita_geoestacion%C3%A1ria" title="Órbita geoestacionária – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Órbita geoestacionária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%C4%83_geosta%C8%9Bionar%C4%83" title="Orbită geostaționară – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orbită geostaționară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостационарная орбита – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геостационарная орбита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacionarna_orbita" title="Geostacionarna orbita – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geostacionarna orbita" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="භූස්ථාවර කක්ෂය – สิงหล" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භූස්ථාවර කක්ෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="สิงหล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geostationary orbit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacion%C3%A1rna_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Geostacionárna dráha – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Geostacionárna dráha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostacionarna_orbita" title="Geostacionarna orbita – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geostacionarna orbita" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостационарна орбита – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геостационарна орбита" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_G%C3%A9osetasion%C3%A9r" title="Orbit Géosetasionér – ซุนดา" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Orbit Géosetasionér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ซุนดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostation%C3%A4r_omloppsbana" title="Geostationär omloppsbana – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geostationär omloppsbana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="புவிநிலைச் சுற்றுப்பாதை – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவிநிலைச் சுற்றுப்பாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="భూ స్థిర కక్ష్య – เตลูกู" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూ స్థిర కక్ష్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="เตลูกู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Мадори заминисто – ทาจิก" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мадори заминисто" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ทาจิก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeostatik_y%C3%B6r%C3%BCnge" title="Jeostatik yörünge – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jeostatik yörünge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геостаціонарна орбіта – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геостаціонарна орбіта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%B9" title="جیوسٹیشنری آربٹ – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیوسٹیشنری آربٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B9_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_t%C4%A9nh" title="Quỹ đạo địa tĩnh – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quỹ đạo địa tĩnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%9D%99%E6%AD%A2%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球静止轨道 – จีนอู๋" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地球静止轨道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="จีนอู๋" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="地球靜止軌道 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地球靜止軌道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%9D%9C%E6%AD%A2%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="地球靜止軌道 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地球靜止軌道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="แก้ไขลิงก์ข้ามภาษา" class="wbc-editpage">แก้ไขลิงก์</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="เนมสเปซ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ดูหน้าเนื้อหา [c]" accesskey="c"><span>บทความ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" rel="discussion" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับหน้าเนื้อหา [t]" 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title="ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหน้านี้"><span>สารสนเทศหน้า</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&page=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2&id=11944163&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="สารสนเทศเกี่ยวกับวิธีการอ้างอิงหน้านี้"><span>อ้างอิงบทความนี้</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2"><span>รับยูอาร์แอลแบบสั้น</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2"><span>ดาวน์โหลดคิวอาร์โค้ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> พิมพ์/ส่งออก </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geostationary_orbit" hreflang="en"><span>วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192316" title="ลิงก์ไปยังสิ่งนี้ในคลังซึ่งเชื่อมโยงข้อมูลต่าง ๆ เข้าด้วยกัน [g]" accesskey="g"><span>สิ่งนี้ในวิกิสนเทศ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">หน้าตา</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Geostationaryjava3D.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Geostationaryjava3D.gif/200px-Geostationaryjava3D.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Geostationaryjava3D.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>วงโคจรค้างฟ้าจากมุมมองด้านบน ซึ่งดาวเทียมทั้งสองจะอยู่ตำแหน่งเติมตลอดเมื่อมองจากพื้นโลก</figcaption></figure><p><b>วงโคจรค้างฟ้า</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">geostationary orbit หรือ Geostationary Earth Orbit , อักษรย่อ: <b>GEO</b></span>) เป็นวงโคจรที่มีระยะทางห่างจากพื้นโลก 35,786 กิโลเมตร (22,236 ไมล์) ขึ้นไปเหนือ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="เส้นศูนย์สูตร">เส้นศูนย์สูตร</a>ของโลก มีทิศทางการโคจรทวนเข็มนาฬิกาเหมือนทิศทางการหมุนของโลก วัตถุที่อยู่ในวงโคจรดังกล่าวจะมี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3" title="คาบการโคจร">คาบการโคจร</a>เกือบเท่ากับของโลก คือ 23 ชั่วโมง 56 นาที 4 วินาที และนั่นเองทำให้เมื่อสังเกตวัตถุที่อยู่ในวงโคจรนี้จากโลก วัตถุจะปรากฏนิ่งในตำแหน่งเดิมตลอดเวลา เราจึงเรียก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ดาวเทียม">ดาวเทียม</a>ในวงโคจรค้างฟ้านี้ว่า <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ดาวเทียมประจำที่">ดาวเทียมประจำที่</a></b> ซึ่งส่วนมากเป็น <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ดาวเทียมสื่อสาร">ดาวเทียมสื่อสาร</a> และ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ดาวเทียมอุตุนิยมวิทยา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ดาวเทียมอุตุนิยมวิทยา</a> วงโคจรที่มีลักษณะใกล้เคียงกับวงโคจรค้างฟ้าคือ <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="วงโคจรพ้องคาบโลก">วงโคจรพ้องคาบโลก</a></b> ที่แตกต่างกันตรงที่ไม่ได้โคจรในระนาบเดียวกับเส้นศูนย์สูตร </p><p>แนวคิดเรื่อง <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="วงโคจรพ้องคาบโลก">วงโคจรพ้องคาบโลก</a> เพื่อการสื่อสารนั้นถูกเผยแพร่เป็นครั้งแรกเมื่อปี ค.ศ. 1928 โดยชาวโครเอเชีย Herman Potočnik<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_SP-4026_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_SP-4026-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> แต่ไม่เป็นที่แพร่หลาย ต่อมาแนวคิดนี้ปรากฏใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="นิยายวิทยาศาสตร์">วรรณกรรมวิทยาศาสตร์</a>ซึ่งได้รับความนิยมมาก เรื่อง <i>Venus Equilateral</i> โดย <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD._%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="จอร์จ โอ. สมิทธิ์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จอร์จ โอ. สมิทธิ์</a><sup id="cite_ref-VE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> แต่เขาก็ไม่ได้สนใจในรายละเอียด ต่อมาก็ได้ไปปรากฏในนิยายวิทยาศาสตร์อีกเรื่องที่แต่งโดย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="นักประพันธ์">นักประพันธ์</a>ชาวอังกฤษ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="อาร์เธอร์ ซี. คลาร์ก">อาร์เธอร์ ซี. คลาร์ก</a> จากกระแสนิยมในวรรณกรรมของเขา แนวคิดนี้จึงแพร่หลาย ตามด้วยข้อมูลและทฤษฏีมากมายถึงหลักการของมัน ในปี ค.ศ. 1945 เอกสารชื่อ "Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?" (การถ่ายทอดภาคพื้นดินครั้งยิ่งใหญ่ — ฐานปล่อยจรวดจะสามารถกระจายสัญญาณวิทยุได้ครอบคลุมทั่วโลกหรือไม่?) ถูกตีพิมพ์ในนิตยสาร <i>ไวร์เลสส์ เวิลด์</i> ซึ่งคลาร์กได้ยอมรับถึงการเชื่อมบทนำของเขาไปยังวรรณกรรมชุด <i>Venus Equilateral</i> ฉบับสมบูรณ์<sup id="cite_ref-VEintro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VEintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ซึ่งคลาร์กได้พรรณนาถึงวงโคจรดังกล่าวเป็นครั้งแรกว่า มันจะเป็นประโยชน์สำหรับการออกอากาศและการสื่อสารผ่านดาวเทียม<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ซึ่งในบางครั้ง มันก็ถูกเรียกว่า <b>วงโคจรคลาร์ก</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> แต่วงโคจรที่คลาร์กจินตนาการไว้นั้น มีเส้นรอบวงยาว 265,000 กิโลเมตร ซึ่งเกือบจะใกล้เคียงกับความเป็นจริงในเวลาต่อมา </p><p>นอกจากนี้ ยังมีแนวคิดในการใช้ประโยชน์จากวงโคจรค้างฟ้า ในการสร้าง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="ลิฟต์อวกาศ">ลิฟต์อวกาศ</a> อีกด้วย </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NASA_SP-4026-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_SP-4026_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFNoordung1995" class="citation book cs1">Noordung, Hermann (1995) [1929]. <i>The Problem With Space Travel</i>. Translation from original German. DIANE Publishing. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-7881-1849-4" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-7881-1849-4"><bdi>978-0-7881-1849-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+With+Space+Travel&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-1849-4&rft.aulast=Noordung&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code>) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="mw-redirect" title="วิธีใช้:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VE_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"(Korvus's message is sent) to a small, squat building at the outskirts of Northern Landing. It was hurled at the sky. … It … arrived at the relay station tired and worn, … when it reached a space station only five hundred miles above the city of North Landing." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, George O. (1976). <i>The Complete Venus Equilateral</i>. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-345-25551-8-185" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-345-25551-8-185"><bdi>0-345-25551-8-185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Venus+Equilateral&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">ตรวจสอบค่า <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code>: invalid prefix (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" class="mw-redirect" title="วิธีใช้:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VEintro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VEintro_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is therefore quite possible that these stories influenced me subconsciously when … I worked out the principles of synchronous communications satellistes …", op. cit, p. x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318000548/http://www.clarkefoundation.org/docs/ClarkeWirelessWorldArticle.pdf">"Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Arthur C. Clark. October 1945. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจาก<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarkefoundation.org/docs/ClarkeWirelessWorldArticle.pdf">แหล่งเดิม</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>เมื่อ 2009-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">2009-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extra-Terrestrial+Relays+%E2%80%94+Can+Rocket+Stations+Give+Worldwide+Radio+Coverage%3F&rft.pub=Arthur+C.+Clark&rft.date=1945-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarkefoundation.org%2Fdocs%2FClarkeWirelessWorldArticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf5-1.php">"Basics of Space Flight Section 1 Part 5, Geostationary Orbits"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">2009-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basics+of+Space+Flight+Section+1+Part+5%2C+Geostationary+Orbits&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fbasics%2Fbsf5-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span id=".E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99"></span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sque.co.uk/physics/geostationary-orbit/">แหล่งที่มาแบบกราฟิกของรัศมีวงโคจรค้างฟ้าของโลก</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120223556/http://www.sque.co.uk/physics/geostationary-orbit/">เก็บถาวร</a> 2008-11-20 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em;font-weight:bold;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">(อังกฤษ)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braeunig.us/space/orbmech.htm">Orbital Mechanics</a> (Rocket and Space Technology) <span style="font-size:0.95em;font-weight:bold;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">(อังกฤษ)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satsig.net/sslist.htm">รายชื่อดาวเทียมในวงโคจรค้างฟ้า</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em;font-weight:bold;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">(อังกฤษ)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golombek.com/sat/">Clarke Belt Snapshot Calculator</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626002953/http://www.golombek.com/sat/">เก็บถาวร</a> 2006-06-26 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/3d/JTrack3D.html/">3D Real Time Satellite Tracking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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