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class="post-9252 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-data-nugget tag-algae tag-climate-change tag-coral tag-genotype tag-mutualism tag-photosynthesis tag-respiration entry"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://datanuggets.org/2024/09/too-hot-to-help/"><strong>Too hot to help? Friendship in a changing climate</strong></a></h2> <div class="entry-content"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Picture1.png"><img decoding="async" src="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Picture1-1024x769.png" alt="" class="wp-image-9265" width="328" height="246" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Picture1-1024x769.png 1024w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Picture1-300x225.png 300w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Picture1-768x577.png 768w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Picture1.png 1172w" sizes="(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This coral has lost its algae partners, causing it to be bleached. (Photo by Coffroth Lab)</figcaption></figure></div> <p class="wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio">The activities are as follows:</p> <ul type="video" class="wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/requesting-teacher-guides/">Teacher Guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Too-hot-to-help_studentA.pdf" title="">Student activity, Graph Type A, Level 3</a></li> <li><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Too-hot-to-help_studentB.pdf" title="">Student activity, Graph Type B, Level 3</a></li> <li><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Too-hot-to-help_studentC.pdf" title="">Student activity, Graph Type C, Level 3</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Grading-Rubric-2016.pdf">Grading Rubric</a></li> </ul> <p>When given emergency instructions on a flight, you’re told to put on your own oxygen mask before assisting others. This is because if you run out of oxygen, you won’t be able to help others. Turning to nature, this same idea may be true when we look at relationships between two species.</p> <p>Coral and certain types of algae form a <strong>mutualism</strong> where both species benefit from the partnership. Coral provides a safe home for algae, and algae make food for coral through photosynthesis. However, climate change is causing warmer ocean temperatures that stress the relationship. If the water gets too hot for algae, they can’t make food for the coral anymore. To survive, the algae must help themselves before they can help the coral.</p> <p>Casey is a biologist interested in studying the changing coral-algae mutualism. He wants to know whether different individuals of the same algae species do better than others in warming waters. Individuals of the same species can have different traits. For example, each human person belongs to the same species, but each of us has different traits. This is largely because of our genetic composition for these traits, or <strong>genotypes</strong>. Casey set out to test if different algae genotypes were capable of being better mutualists under warm temperatures. If he could identify these genotypes, then maybe that could help protect coral in the future.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-full is-resized"><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/thumbnail-1-1.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/thumbnail-1-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-9264" width="366" height="244" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/thumbnail-1-1.jpg 640w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/thumbnail-1-1-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Casey gets a sample of algae from a flask in his lab. (Photo by David J. Hawkins)</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Casey and his graduate student, Richard, set up experiments to test algae genotypes to see how well they performed at different temperatures. Casey and Richard grew five different genotypes of the same algae species in the lab. They used a pipette to transfer 10,000 cells of each genotype and placed them in flasks at two different temperatures. The lower temperature treatment is one where corals and their algae are usually happy: 26 degrees Celsius. The higher temperature treatment is where coral’s relationship with algae starts to break down: 30 degrees Celsius. At that temperature, many corals lose their algae entirely, in a process called coral bleaching.</p> <p>Casey and Richard measured two things – the total amount of photosynthesis and the total amount of respiration happening in each flask. They did this by tracking what happened to oxygen over time. When there is a lot of photosynthesis, oxygen goes up, and when there is a lot of respiration, oxygen goes down. Two conditions are best for the mutualism. First, a lot of photosynthesis means the algae produced more food that they can share with coral. Second, less respiration means the algae used less of the food for themselves and have more to share with the coral. In summary, when the algae is stressed it does less photosynthesis and more respiration, making it a worse trading partner for coral. The best algae partner is the genotype that can photosynthesize the most and respire the least. The net food available is how much of the food made through photosynthesis is available after subtracting the food used by respiration.</p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em>Featured scientists: Casey terHorst (he/him) and Richard Rachman (he/him) </em></p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em>from California State University Northridge</em></p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flesch–Kincaid Reading Grade Level</a> = </em>8.9</p> <p><strong>Additional teacher resources related to this Data Nugget</strong></p> <ul> <li>Here are some <a href="https://www.ecoevolab.com/can-a-coral-reef-die/" title="">blog posts from Casey’s lab </a>related to this topic.</li> <li>Visit <a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/research-topics/environmental-issues/climate-change/assisted-evolution">Madeline van Oppen at the Australian Institute of Marine Science</a>‘s website to learn more about assisted evolution in both corals and their algal symbionts.</li> <li>A couple YouTube videos demonstrating coral bleaching:</li> </ul> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" id="_ytid_65054" width="480" height="270" data-origwidth="480" data-origheight="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fA6mpexcyN4?enablejsapi=1&autoplay=0&cc_load_policy=0&cc_lang_pref=&iv_load_policy=1&loop=0&modestbranding=0&rel=1&fs=1&playsinline=0&autohide=2&theme=dark&color=red&controls=1&" class="__youtube_prefs__ epyt-is-override no-lazyload" title="YouTube player" allow="fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy="1" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=""></iframe> </div></figure> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" id="_ytid_87945" width="480" height="270" data-origwidth="480" data-origheight="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_ZfGIKiSwwQ?enablejsapi=1&autoplay=0&cc_load_policy=0&cc_lang_pref=&iv_load_policy=1&loop=0&modestbranding=0&rel=1&fs=1&playsinline=0&autohide=2&theme=dark&color=red&controls=1&" class="__youtube_prefs__ epyt-is-override no-lazyload" title="YouTube player" allow="fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy="1" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=""></iframe> </div></figure> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" id="_ytid_55293" width="480" height="270" data-origwidth="480" data-origheight="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aEdoizgeNJk?enablejsapi=1&autoplay=0&cc_load_policy=0&cc_lang_pref=&iv_load_policy=1&loop=0&modestbranding=0&rel=1&fs=1&playsinline=0&autohide=2&theme=dark&color=red&controls=1&" class="__youtube_prefs__ epyt-is-override no-lazyload" title="YouTube player" allow="fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy="1" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=""></iframe> </div></figure> </div><div class="post-meta"></div></div><div class="post-info"><span class="date published time" title="2019-11-04T14:28:24-05:00">11.4.19</span> </div><div class="post-6526 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-data-nugget tag-algae tag-animals tag-el-nino tag-marine entry"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://datanuggets.org/2019/11/crunchy-or-squishy/">Crunchy or squishy? How El Niño events change zooplankton</a></h2> <div class="entry-content"><div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Laura_ZooplanktonMicroscope-856x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-6528" width="298" height="357" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Laura_ZooplanktonMicroscope-856x1024.jpg 856w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Laura_ZooplanktonMicroscope-251x300.jpg 251w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Laura_ZooplanktonMicroscope-768x918.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Laura identifies and counts zooplankton from a net tow using a microscope. Laura conducted these identifications while on a research ship at sea. </figcaption></figure></div> <p>The activities are as follows:</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/requesting-teacher-guides/">Teacher Guide</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/El-Nino-Phytoplankton_StudentA.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type A, Level 3</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/El-Nino-Phytoplankton_StudentB.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type B, Level 3</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/El-Nino-Phytoplankton_StudentC.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type C, Level 3</a></li> <li><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/El-Nino-Phytoplankton_images.pptx" title="">PowerPoint of images</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Grading-Rubric-2016.pdf">Grading Rubric</a></li> <li><a href="https://about.dataclassroom.com/ready-to-teach/crunchy-or-squishy" title="">Digital Data Nugget on DataClassroom</a></li> </ul> <p>El Niño events happen every 5 to 10 years and take place in the Pacific Ocean. El Niño occurs when the winds that blow west over the equator temporarily weaken, and even switch direction. This allows warm surface waters that typically pile up on the western side of the Pacific Ocean to flow to the east. In South America, El Niño brings heavy rains and floods because the warm water moves toward that continent. On the other hand, the warm water moves away from the continent of Australia, causing drought. In the U.S., warm waters travel up to California during El Niño years, causing the ocean to be much warmer than usual. El Niño’s effects are so strong that it even changes the marine animals that live off the California coast in those years! </p> <p>Laura’s first experience with El Niño came when she was growing up in California. A strong El Niño event hit in 1997-98, and many cities in California flooded because of heavy rainstorms. The event even made the national news on TV! Laura’s second El Niño experience came in 2015, the year she started training to become a scientist. These events had such a big impact on her that she decided to study how zooplankton in the ocean are affected by El Niño. <strong>Zooplankton</strong> are tiny drifting ocean animals (“zoo” = animal + “plankton” = drifter) that eat <strong>phytoplankton </strong>(“plant drifters”). Zooplankton are important for the ocean’s food web because they are food for fish, whales, and seabirds. </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft is-resized"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/GelatinousZooplankton.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-6533" width="261" height="211" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/GelatinousZooplankton.jpg 720w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/GelatinousZooplankton-300x243.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Doliolids are a type of gelatinous zooplankton, meaning they have soft, watery bodies and not a lot of nutrition for other animals to eat. They can form large groups in the ocean called ‘blooms’.</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Zooplankton come in many shapes, sizes, and species. The two main groups are <strong>crustaceans</strong> and <strong>gelatinous animals</strong>. Crustaceans look like small shrimp and crabs, with hard, crunchy shells and segmented legs like insects. In contrast, gelatinous animals are watery and squishy, like jellyfish. Laura wanted to know how El Niño events might affect which group of zooplankton are found off the coast of California. </p> <p>Warm ocean waters during El Niño events have lower nutrient levels, so fewer phytoplankton grow leading to less food available for zooplankton. Gelatinous animals can survive in areas of the ocean where there is less food available. They are also able to live in warmer water than crustaceans. For these two reasons, Laura though that gelatinous animals may be able to live in the warmer water off California during El Niño events. Laura predicted that during the El Niño events of 1992-93, 1997-98, and 2015-16, the balance would shift in favor of gelatinous animals over crustaceans</p> <p>To test her idea, Laura used a long-term dataset that documents zooplankton collected offshore of southern California since 1951. Every spring, a ship goes out on the ocean and tows plankton nets for 30 minutes at 40 different locations. The ship brings back jars full of zooplankton. Scientists look at samples from those jars and identify the species and measure the lengths of each individual zooplankton in the sample. They then add up all the lengths of individual plankton to get the total biomass of each group. <strong>Biomass</strong> is similar to weight and shows us how big each animal is and how much space their group takes up. Scientists also measure water temperature and how much phytoplankton is found. The amount of phytoplankton is measured by detecting <strong>chlorophyll </strong>in the water. Chlorophyll from phytoplankton is a measure of how much food is available to zooplankton.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="553" height="154" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CrustaceanZooplankton.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-6532" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CrustaceanZooplankton.jpg 553w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CrustaceanZooplankton-300x84.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 553px) 100vw, 553px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A euphausiid, or “krill”, is a type of crustacean zooplankton, meaning that it is related to shrimp and crabs. It has a hard, segmented shell (exoskeleton). It is the main food source for blue whales and other whales and birds. </figcaption></figure></div> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em>Featured scientist: <a href="https://www.exponent.com/people/laura-lilly" title="">Laura Lilly</a> from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego</em></p> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em><a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests" target="_blank">Flesch–Kincaid Reading Grade Level</a> = 10.0</em></p> </div><div class="post-meta"></div></div><div class="post-info"><span class="date published time" title="2015-08-24T14:00:29-04:00">8.24.15</span> </div><div class="post-1411 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-data-nugget tag-algae tag-ecology tag-environmental tag-fertilization tag-marine tag-nitrogen tag-phosphorus tag-photosynthesis tag-wetland entry"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://datanuggets.org/2015/08/urbanization-and-estuary-eutrophication/">Urbanization and estuary eutrophication</a></h2> <div class="entry-content"><p><div id="attachment_1415" style="width: 322px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Chuck-Hopkinson.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1415" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-1415" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Chuck-Hopkinson.jpg" alt="Charles Hopkinson out taking dissolved O2 measurements." width="312" height="234" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Chuck-Hopkinson.jpg 400w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Chuck-Hopkinson-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-1415" class="wp-caption-text">Charles Hopkinson out taking dissolved O2 measurements.</p></div></p> <p>The activities are as follows:</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/requesting-teacher-guides/" rel="">Teacher Guide</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Estuary-Eutrophication_StudentA.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type A, Level 4</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Estuary-Eutrophication_StudentB.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type B, Level 4</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Estuary-Eutrophication_StudentC.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type C, Level 4</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Grading-Rubric-2016.pdf" rel="">Grading Rubric</a></li> </ul> <p>An estuary is a habitat formed where a freshwater river or stream meets a saltwater ocean. Many estuaries can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America. Reeds and grasses are the dominant type of plant in estuaries because they are able to tolerate and grow in the salty water. Where these reeds and grasses grow they form a special habitat called a <strong>salt marsh</strong>. Salt marshes are important because they filter polluted water and buffer the land from storms. Salt marshes are the habitat for many different kinds of plants, fish, shellfish, and birds.</p> <p><div id="attachment_1418" style="width: 322px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Senior-RA-Hap-Garritt-removing-YSI-logger-pipe-from-Middle-Road-bridge-in-winter.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1418" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-1418" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Senior-RA-Hap-Garritt-removing-YSI-logger-pipe-from-Middle-Road-bridge-in-winter.jpg" alt="Hap Garritt removing an oxygen logger from Middle Road Bridge in winter." width="312" height="416" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Senior-RA-Hap-Garritt-removing-YSI-logger-pipe-from-Middle-Road-bridge-in-winter.jpg 400w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Senior-RA-Hap-Garritt-removing-YSI-logger-pipe-from-Middle-Road-bridge-in-winter-225x300.jpg 225w" sizes="(max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-1418" class="wp-caption-text">Hap Garritt removing an oxygen logger from Middle Road Bridge in winter.</p></div></p> <p>Scientists are worried because some salt marshes are in trouble! Runoff from rain washes nutrients, usually from lawn fertilizers and agriculture, from land and carries them to estuaries. When excess nutrients<strong>, </strong>such as <strong>nitrogen</strong> or <strong>phosphorus</strong>, enter an ecosystem the natural balance is disrupted. The ecosystem becomes more productive, called <strong>eutrophication</strong>. Eutrophication can cause major problems for estuaries and other habitats.</p> <p>With more nutrients in the ecosystem, the growth of plants and algae explodes. During the day, algae photosynthesize and release O<sub>2</sub> as a byproduct. However, excess nutrients cause these same algae grow densely near the surface of the water, decreasing the light available to plants growing below the water on the soil surface. Without light, the plants die and are broken down by decomposers. Decomposers, such as bacteria, use a lot of O<sub>2 </sub>because they respire as they break down plant material. Because there is so much dead plant material for decomposers, they use up most of the O<sub>2</sub> dissolved in the water. Eventually there is not enough O<sub>2 </sub>for aquatic animals, such as fish and shellfish, and they begin to die-off as well.</p> <p><em>Two features can be used to identify whether eutrophication is occurring. The first feature is low levels of dissolved O<sub>2</sub> in the water. The second feature is when there are large changes in the amount of dissolved O<sub>2</sub> from dawn to dusk.</em> Remember, during the day when it’s sunny, photosynthesis converts CO<sub>2</sub>, water, and light into glucose and O<sub>2</sub>. Decomposition reverses the process, using glucose and O<sub>2</sub> and producing CO<sub>2</sub> and water. This means that when the sun is down at night, O<sub>2</sub> is not being added to the water from photosynthesis. However, O<sub>2</sub> is still being used for decomposition and respiration by animals and plants at night.</p> <p>The scientists focused on two locations in the Plum Island Estuary and measured <strong>dissolved O<sub>2</sub></strong> <strong>levels</strong>, or the amount of O<sub>2 </sub>in the water. They looked at how the levels of O<sub>2</sub> changed throughout the day and night. They predicted that the <strong>upper</strong> part of the estuary would show the two features of eutrophication because it is located near an urban area. They also predicted the <strong>lower</strong> part of the estuary would not be affected by eutrophication because it was farther from urban areas.</p> <p><div id="attachment_1289" style="width: 606px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/salt-marsh-1.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1289" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-1289" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/salt-marsh-1.jpg" alt="A view of the Plum Island estuary" width="596" height="298" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/salt-marsh-1.jpg 690w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/salt-marsh-1-300x150.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-1289" class="wp-caption-text">A view of the Plum Island estuary</p></div></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em>Featured scientists: <a href="https://www.marsci.uga.edu/directory/people/charles-hopkinson" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Charles Hopkinson</a> from University of Georgia and Hap Garritt from the <a href="http://www.mbl.edu/ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marine Biological Laboratory Ecosystems Center</a></em></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em><span id="Flesch.E2.80.93Kincaid_grade_level" class="mw-headline"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Flesch–Kincaid Reading Grade Level</a> = 9.6</span></em></p> </div><div class="post-meta"></div></div><div class="post-info"><span class="date published time" title="2014-08-13T12:10:44-04:00">8.13.14</span> </div><div class="post-761 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-data-nugget tag-adaptation tag-algae tag-evolution tag-marine tag-predation entry"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://datanuggets.org/2014/08/dangerous-aquatic-prey-can-predators-adapt-to-toxic-algae/">Dangerous Aquatic Prey: Can Predators Adapt to Toxic Algae?</a></h2> <div class="entry-content"><p><div id="attachment_762" style="width: 268px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Finiguerra-sampling-copepods-in-NJ.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-762" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-762 " src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Finiguerra-sampling-copepods-in-NJ-233x300.jpg" alt="Figure 1: Scientist Finiguerra collecting copepods at the New Jersey experimental site." width="258" height="332" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Finiguerra-sampling-copepods-in-NJ-233x300.jpg 233w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Finiguerra-sampling-copepods-in-NJ-797x1024.jpg 797w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Finiguerra-sampling-copepods-in-NJ.jpg 1202w" sizes="(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-762" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1: Scientist Finiguerra collecting copepods at the New Jersey experimental site.</p></div></p> <p style="color: #434345;">The activities are as follows:</p> <ul style="color: #434345;"> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/requesting-teacher-guides/">Teacher Guide</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Toxic-Algae_StudentA.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type A, Level 4</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Toxic-Algae_StudentB.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type B, Level 4</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Toxic-Algae_StudentC.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type C, Level 4</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Grading-Rubric-2016.pdf" rel="">Grading Rubric</a></li> </ul> <p>Phytoplankton are microscopic algae that form the base of all aquatic food chains. While organisms can safely eat most phytoplankton, some produce toxins. When these toxic algae reach high population levels it is known as a <strong>toxic algal bloom</strong>. These blooms are occurring more and more often across the globe – a worrisome trend! Toxic algae poison animals that eat them, and in turn, humans that eat these animals. For example, clams and other shellfish filter out large quantities of the toxic algae, and the toxic cells accumulate in their tissues. If humans then eat these contaminated shellfish they can become very sick, and even die.</p> <p>One reason the algae produce toxins is to reduce predation. However, if predators feed on toxic prey for many generations, the predator population may evolve resistance, by natural selection, to the toxic prey. In other words, the predators may adapt and would be able to eat lots of toxic prey without being poisoned. Copepods, small crustaceans and the most abundant animals in the world, are main consumers of toxic algae. Along the northeast coast of the US, there is a toxic phytoplankton species, <em>Alexandrium fundyense</em>, which produces very toxic blooms. Blooms of <em>Alexandrium</em> occur often in Maine, but are never found in New Jersey. Scientists wondered if populations of copepods that live Maine were better at coping with this toxic prey compared to copepods from New Jersey.</p> <p><div id="attachment_767" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/copepod-and-toxic-Alexandriium-sp.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-767" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-767" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/copepod-and-toxic-Alexandriium-sp-300x188.png" alt="Figure 2: A photograph of a copepod (left) and the toxic alga Alexandrium sp. (right)." width="300" height="188" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/copepod-and-toxic-Alexandriium-sp-300x188.png 300w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/copepod-and-toxic-Alexandriium-sp-1024x643.png 1024w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/copepod-and-toxic-Alexandriium-sp.png 1964w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-767" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2: A photograph of a copepod (left) and the toxic alga Alexandrium sp. (right).</p></div></p> <p>Scientists tested whether copepod populations that have a long history of exposure to toxic <em>Alexandrium</em> are adapted to this toxic prey. To do this, they raised copepods from Maine (long history of exposure to toxic <em>Alexandrium</em>) and New Jersey (no exposure to toxic <em>Alexandrium</em>) in the laboratory. They raised all the copepods under the same conditions. The copepods reproduced and several generations were born in the lab (a copepod generation is only about a month). This experimental design eliminated differences in environmental influences (temperature, salinity, etc.) from where the populations were originally from.</p> <p>The scientists then measured how fast the copepods were able to produce eggs, also called their egg production rate. Egg production rate is an estimate of growth and indicates how well the copepods can perform in their environment. The copepods were given either a diet of toxic <em>Alexandrium</em> or another diet that was non-toxic. If the copepods from Maine produced more eggs while eating <em>Alexandrium, </em>this would be evidence that copepods have adapted to eating the toxic algae. The non-toxic diet was a control to make sure the copepods from Maine and New Jersey produced similar amounts of eggs while eating a good food source. For example, if the copepods from New Jersey always lay fewer eggs, regardless of good or bad food, then the control would show that. Without the control, it would be impossible to tell if a difference in egg production between copepod populations was due to the toxic food or something else.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em>Featured scientists: <a href="https://finiguerra.eeb.uconn.edu/me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Michael Finiguerra</a> and Hans Dam from University of Connecticut-Avery Point, and David Avery from the Maine Maritime Academy</em></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em><span id="Flesch.E2.80.93Kincaid_grade_level" class="mw-headline"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Flesch–Kincaid Reading Grade Level</a> = 10.6</span></em></p> <p style="color: #434345; text-align: left;"><strong>There are three scientific papers associated with the data in this Data Nugget. The citations and PDFs of the papers are below. </strong></p> <p style="color: #434345; text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;">Colin, SP and HG Dam (2002) <a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Colin-and-Dam-2002.pdf">Latitudinal differentiation in the effects of the toxic dinoflagellate <em>Alexandrium</em> spp. on the feeding and reproduction of populations of the copepod <em>Acartia hudsonica</em></a><span style="font-style: italic;">. </span>Harmful Algae 1:113-125</p> <p style="color: #434345; text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;">Colin, SP and HG Dam (2004) <a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Colin-and-Dam-2004.pdf">Testing for resistance of pelagic marine copepods to a toxic dinoflagellate</a>. Evolutionary Ecology 18:355-377</p> <p style="color: #434345; text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;">Colin, SP and HG Dam (2007) <a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Colin-and-Dam-2007.pdf">Comparison of the functional and numerical responses of resistant versus non-resistant populations of the copepod<em> Acartia hudsonica</em> fed the toxic dinoflagellate <em>Alexandrium tamarense</em></a>. Harmful Algae 6:875-882</p> </div><div class="post-meta"></div></div><div class="post-info"><span class="date published time" title="2014-03-25T17:18:21-04:00">3.25.14</span> </div><div class="post-581 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-data-nugget tag-adaptation tag-algae tag-animals tag-climate-change tag-coral-reef tag-environmental tag-evolution tag-food-web tag-marine tag-mutualism tag-photosynthesis tag-temperature tag-water entry"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://datanuggets.org/2014/03/coral-bleaching-and-climate-change/">Coral bleaching and climate change</a></h2> <div class="entry-content"><div id="attachment_585" style="width: 353px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/reef-pic.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-585" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-585" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/reef-pic-300x224.png" alt="A Pacific coral reef with many corals" width="343" height="256" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/reef-pic-300x224.png 300w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/reef-pic-1024x764.png 1024w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/reef-pic.png 1944w" sizes="(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-585" class="wp-caption-text">A Pacific coral reef with many corals</p></div> <p>The activities are as follows:</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/requesting-teacher-guides/">Teacher Guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Coral-Bleaching_StudentA.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type A, Level 1</a></li> <li><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Coral-Bleaching_StudentB.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type B, Level 1</a></li> <li><a href="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Coral-Bleaching_StudentC.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type C, Level 1</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Grading-Rubric-2016.pdf" rel="">Grading Rubric</a></li> <li><a href="https://about.dataclassroom.com/ready-to-teach/coral-bleaching"><span data-sheets-root="1">Digital Data Nugget on DataClassroom</span></a></li> </ul> <p>Éste Data Nugget también está disponible en Español:</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Coral-Bleaching_translation_StudentA.pdf">Actividad para estudiantes, Tipo de gráfica A</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Coral-Bleaching_translation_StudentB.pdf">Actividad para estudiantes, Tipo de gráfica B</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Coral-Bleaching_translation_StudentC.pdf">Actividad para estudiantes, Tipo de gráfica C</a></li> </ul> <p>Corals are animals that build coral reefs. Coral reefs are home to many species of animals – fish, sharks, sea turtles, and anemones all use corals for habitat! Corals are white, but they look brown and green because certain types of algae live inside them. Algae, like plants, use the sun’s energy to make food. The algae that live inside the corals’ cells are tiny and produce more sugars than they themselves need. The extra sugars become food for the corals. At the same time, the corals provide the algae a safe home. The algae and corals coexist in a relationship where each partner benefits the other, called a <strong>mutualism</strong>: these species do better together than they would alone.</p> <p>When the water gets too warm, the algae can no longer live inside corals, so they leave. The corals then turn from green to white, called <strong>coral bleaching</strong>. Climate change has been causing the Earth’s air and oceans to get warmer. With warmer oceans, coral bleaching is becoming more widespread. If the water stays too warm, bleached corals will die without their algae mutualists.</p> <div id="attachment_588" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ArnoIneAndArno_5.22_5.23.10_David-119.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-588" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-588" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ArnoIneAndArno_5.22_5.23.10_David-119-300x225.jpg" alt="Scientist Carly working on a coral reef" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ArnoIneAndArno_5.22_5.23.10_David-119-300x225.jpg 300w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ArnoIneAndArno_5.22_5.23.10_David-119-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ArnoIneAndArno_5.22_5.23.10_David-119.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-588" class="wp-caption-text">Scientist Carly working on a coral reef</p></div> <p>Carly is a scientist who wanted to study coral bleaching so she could help protect corals and coral reefs. One day, Carly observed an interesting pattern. Corals on one part of a reef were bleaching while corals on another part of the reef stayed healthy. She wondered, why some corals and their algae can still work together when the water is warm, while others cannot?</p> <p>Ocean water that is closer to the shore (<strong>inshore</strong>) gets warmer than water that is further away (<strong>offshore</strong>). Perhaps corals and algae from inshore reefs have adapted to warm water. Carly wondered whether inshore corals are better able to work with their algae in warm water because they have adapted to these temperatures. If so, inshore corals and algae should bleach less often than offshore corals and algae. Carly designed an experiment to test this. She collected 15 corals from inshore and 15 from offshore reefs in the Florida Keys. She brought them into an aquarium lab for research. She cut each coral in half and put half of each coral into tanks with normal water and the other half into tanks with heaters. The normal water temperature was 27°C, which is a temperature that both inshore and offshore corals experience during the year. The warm water tanks were at 31°C, which is a temperature that inshore corals experience, but offshore corals have never previously experienced. Because of climate change, offshore corals may experience this warmer temperature in the future. After six weeks, she recorded the number of corals that bleached in each tank.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"> <em>Featured scientist: <a href="https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/carlslab">Carly Kenkel</a> from The University of Texas at Austin</em></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em><span id="Flesch.E2.80.93Kincaid_grade_level" class="mw-headline"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Flesch–Kincaid Reading Grade Level</a> = 8.0</span></em></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>There are two scientific papers associated with the data in this Data Nugget. The citations and PDFs of the papers are below. </strong></p> <ul> <li>Kenkel CD, E Meyer, MV Matz (2013) <a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/mec12390-final.pdf">Gene expression under chronic heat stress in populations of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) from different thermal environments</a>. Molecular Ecology 22:4322-433</li> <li style="text-align: left;">Kenkel CD, G Goodbody-Gringley, D Caillaud, SW Davies, E Bartels, MV Matz (2013) <a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/mec12391-final.pdf">Evidence for a host role in thermotolerance divergence between populations of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) from different reef environments</a>. Molecular Ecology 22:4335-4348</li> </ul> <p><strong>If your students are looking for more data on coral bleaching, check out <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/coral-bleaching-activity">HHMI BioInteractive’s classroom activity</a> in which students use authentic data to assess the threat of coral bleaching around the world. Also, check out the two videos below!</strong></p> <ul> <li>A video in BioInteractive’s “Scientists at Work” series showing researchers working on the same hypothesis in another part of the world: <a title="coral" href="https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/steve-palumbi-megan-morikawa-study-coral-reef-damage-american-samoa" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Steve Palumbi & Megan Morikawa Study Coral Reef Damage in American Samoa</a></li> </ul> <p><iframe loading="lazy" title="Steve Palumbi and Megan Morikawa Study Coral Reef Damage in American Samoa" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aAoapsP1x8w?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <ul> <li>Another BioInteractive video, appropriate for upper level high school classrooms. Visualizes the process of coral bleaching at different scales. Video includes lots of complex vocabulary about cells and the process of photosynthesis.</li> </ul> <p><iframe loading="lazy" title="Coral Bleaching Animation— HHMI BioInteractive Video" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_ZfGIKiSwwQ?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <p><span style="border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml; base64,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); 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background-size: 14px 14px; background-color: #bd081c; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; border: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-position: 3px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Save</span><span style="border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml; base64,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); 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background-size: 14px 14px; background-color: #bd081c; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; border: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-position: 3px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Save</span><span style="border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml; base64,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); background-size: 14px 14px; background-color: #bd081c; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; border: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-position: 3px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Save</span></p> <p><span style="border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml; base64,phn2zyb4bwxucz0iahr0cdovl3d3dy53my5vcmcvmjawmc9zdmciighlawdodd0imzbwecigd2lkdgg9ijmwchgiihzpzxdcb3g9ii0xic0xidmxidmxij48zz48cgf0acbkpsjnmjkundq5lde0ljy2mibdmjkundq5ldiyljcymiaymi44njgsmjkumju2ide0ljc1ldi5lji1nibdni42mzismjkumju2idaumduxldiyljcymiawlja1mswxnc42njigqzaumduxldyunjaxidyunjmyldaumdy3ide0ljc1ldaumdy3iemymi44njgsmc4wnjcgmjkundq5ldyunjaxidi5ljq0oswxnc42njiiigzpbgw9iinmzmyiihn0cm9rzt0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tllxdpzhropsixij48l3bhdgg+phbhdgggzd0itte0ljczmywxljy4nibdny41mtysms42odygms42njusny40otugms42njusmtqunjyyiemxljy2nswymc4xntkgns4xmdksmjquodu0idkuotcsmjyunzq0iem5ljg1niwyns43mtggos43ntmsmjqumtqzidewljaxniwymy4wmjigqzewlji1mywymi4wmsaxms41ndgsmtyuntcyidexlju0ocwxni41nzigqzexlju0ocwxni41nzigmteumtu3lde1ljc5nsaxms4xntcsmtqunjq2iemxms4xntcsmtiuodqyideyljixmswxms40otugmtmuntiyldexljq5nsbdmtqunjm3ldexljq5nsaxns4xnzusmtiumzi2ide1lje3nswxmy4zmjmgqze1lje3nswxnc40mzygmtqundyylde2ljegmtqumdkzlde3ljy0mybdmtmunzg1lde4ljkznsaxnc43ndusmtkuotg4ide2ljayocwxos45odggqze4ljm1mswxos45odggmjaumtm2lde3lju1niaymc4xmzysmtqumdq2iemymc4xmzysmtauotm5ide3ljg4ocw4ljc2nyaxnc42nzgsoc43njcgqzewljk1osw4ljc2nya4ljc3nywxms41mzygoc43nzcsmtqumzk4iem4ljc3nywxns41mtmgos4ymswxni43mdkgos43ndksmtcumzu5iem5ljg1niwxny40odggos44nzismtcunia5ljg0lde3ljczmsbdos43ndesmtgumtqxidkuntismtkumdizidkundc3lde5ljiwmybdos40miwxos40nca5lji4ocwxos40otegos4wncwxos4znzygqzcunda4lde4ljyymia2ljm4nywxni4yntigni4zodcsmtqumzq5iem2ljm4nywxmc4yntygos4zodmsni40otcgmtuumdiyldyundk3iemxos41ntusni40otcgmjmumdc4ldkunza1idizlja3ocwxmy45otegqzizlja3ocwxoc40njmgmjaumjm5ldiylja2miaxni4yotcsmjiumdyyiemxnc45nzmsmjiumdyyidezljcyocwyms4znzkgmtmumzayldiwlju3mibdmtmumzayldiwlju3miaxmi42ndcsmjmumdugmtiundg4ldizljy1nybdmtiumtkzldi0ljc4ncaxms4zotysmjyumtk2idewljg2mywyny4wntggqzeylja4niwyny40mzqgmtmumzg2ldi3ljyznyaxnc43mzmsmjcunjm3iemyms45nswyny42mzcgmjcuodaxldixljgyocayny44mdesmtqunjyyiemyny44mdesny40otugmjeuotusms42odygmtqunzmzldeunjg2iibmawxspsijymqwodfjij48l3bhdgg+pc9npjwvc3znpg==); background-size: 14px 14px; background-color: #bd081c; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; border: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-position: 3px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Save</span><span style="border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml; base64,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); background-size: 14px 14px; background-color: #bd081c; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; border: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-position: 3px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Save</span></p> <p><span style="border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml; base64,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); background-size: 14px 14px; background-color: #bd081c; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; border: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-position: 3px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Save</span><span style="border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml; base64,phn2zyb4bwxucz0iahr0cdovl3d3dy53my5vcmcvmjawmc9zdmciighlawdodd0imzbwecigd2lkdgg9ijmwchgiihzpzxdcb3g9ii0xic0xidmxidmxij48zz48cgf0acbkpsjnmjkundq5lde0ljy2mibdmjkundq5ldiyljcymiaymi44njgsmjkumju2ide0ljc1ldi5lji1nibdni42mzismjkumju2idaumduxldiyljcymiawlja1mswxnc42njigqzaumduxldyunjaxidyunjmyldaumdy3ide0ljc1ldaumdy3iemymi44njgsmc4wnjcgmjkundq5ldyunjaxidi5ljq0oswxnc42njiiigzpbgw9iinmzmyiihn0cm9rzt0ii2zmziigc3ryb2tllxdpzhropsixij48l3bhdgg+phbhdgggzd0itte0ljczmywxljy4nibdny41mtysms42odygms42njusny40otugms42njusmtqunjyyiemxljy2nswymc4xntkgns4xmdksmjquodu0idkuotcsmjyunzq0iem5ljg1niwyns43mtggos43ntmsmjqumtqzidewljaxniwymy4wmjigqzewlji1mywymi4wmsaxms41ndgsmtyuntcyidexlju0ocwxni41nzigqzexlju0ocwxni41nzigmteumtu3lde1ljc5nsaxms4xntcsmtqunjq2iemxms4xntcsmtiuodqyideyljixmswxms40otugmtmuntiyldexljq5nsbdmtqunjm3ldexljq5nsaxns4xnzusmtiumzi2ide1lje3nswxmy4zmjmgqze1lje3nswxnc40mzygmtqundyylde2ljegmtqumdkzlde3ljy0mybdmtmunzg1lde4ljkznsaxnc43ndusmtkuotg4ide2ljayocwxos45odggqze4ljm1mswxos45odggmjaumtm2lde3lju1niaymc4xmzysmtqumdq2iemymc4xmzysmtauotm5ide3ljg4ocw4ljc2nyaxnc42nzgsoc43njcgqzewljk1osw4ljc2nya4ljc3nywxms41mzygoc43nzcsmtqumzk4iem4ljc3nywxns41mtmgos4ymswxni43mdkgos43ndksmtcumzu5iem5ljg1niwxny40odggos44nzismtcunia5ljg0lde3ljczmsbdos43ndesmtgumtqxidkuntismtkumdizidkundc3lde5ljiwmybdos40miwxos40nca5lji4ocwxos40otegos4wncwxos4znzygqzcunda4lde4ljyymia2ljm4nywxni4yntigni4zodcsmtqumzq5iem2ljm4nywxmc4yntygos4zodmsni40otcgmtuumdiyldyundk3iemxos41ntusni40otcgmjmumdc4ldkunza1idizlja3ocwxmy45otegqzizlja3ocwxoc40njmgmjaumjm5ldiylja2miaxni4yotcsmjiumdyyiemxnc45nzmsmjiumdyyidezljcyocwyms4znzkgmtmumzayldiwlju3mibdmtmumzayldiwlju3miaxmi42ndcsmjmumdugmtiundg4ldizljy1nybdmtiumtkzldi0ljc4ncaxms4zotysmjyumtk2idewljg2mywyny4wntggqzeylja4niwyny40mzqgmtmumzg2ldi3ljyznyaxnc43mzmsmjcunjm3iemyms45nswyny42mzcgmjcuodaxldixljgyocayny44mdesmtqunjyyiemyny44mdesny40otugmjeuotusms42odygmtqunzmzldeunjg2iibmawxspsijymqwodfjij48l3bhdgg+pc9npjwvc3znpg==); background-size: 14px 14px; background-color: #bd081c; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; border: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-position: 3px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Save</span></p> <p><span style="border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; text-indent: 20px; width: auto; padding: 0px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #ffffff; background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml; base64,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); 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background-size: 14px 14px; background-color: #bd081c; position: absolute; opacity: 1; z-index: 8675309; display: none; cursor: pointer; border: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-position: 3px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Save</span></p> <p></p> </div><div class="post-meta"></div></div><div class="post-info"><span class="date published time" title="2014-01-21T18:16:31-05:00">1.21.14</span> </div><div class="post-443 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-data-nugget tag-algae tag-disturbance tag-environmental tag-insects tag-substrate tag-water entry"><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://datanuggets.org/2014/01/float-down-the-river-total-suspended-solids/">Float down the Kalamazoo River</a></h2> <div class="entry-content"><p><div id="attachment_446" style="width: 353px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Morrow-lake-2.png" rel="attachment wp-att-446"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-446" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-446" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Morrow-lake-2-300x202.png" alt="Morrow Lake, a reservoir created along the Kalamazoo River. The water is held in a reservoir by a dam. When water flows into the reservoir it slows, potentially letting some of the total suspended solids settle to the bottom of the river." width="343" height="231" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Morrow-lake-2-300x202.png 300w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Morrow-lake-2-1024x690.png 1024w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Morrow-lake-2.png 1230w" sizes="(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-446" class="wp-caption-text">Morrow Lake, a reservoir created along the Kalamazoo River. The water is held in a reservoir by a dam. When water flows into the reservoir it slows, potentially letting some of the total suspended solids settle to the bottom of the river.</p></div></p> <p>The activities are as follows:</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/requesting-teacher-guides/">Teacher Guide</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Float-down-the-river_StudentA.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type A, Level 2</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Float-down-the-river_StudentB.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type B, Level 2</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Float-down-the-river_StudentC.pdf">Student activity, Graph Type C, Level 2</a></li> <li><a href="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Grading-Rubric-2016.pdf" rel="">Grading Rubric</a></li> <li><a href="https://about.dataclassroom.com/ready-to-teach/kalamazoo-river" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Digital Data Nugget on DataClassroom</a></li> </ul> <p>Ever since she was a kid, rivers have fascinated Leila. One of her hobbies is to kayak and canoe down the Kalamazoo River in Michigan, near where she lives. For her work, she researches all the living things in the river and how humans affect them. She is especially interested in changes in the river food web, caused by humans building dams along the river, and an oil spill in 2010.</p> <p>Leila knows there is a lot more in river water than what meets the eye! As the river flows, it picks up bits of dead plants, single-celled algae, and other living and nonliving particles from the bottom of the river. The mix of all these particles is called <strong>total suspended solids (TSS) </strong>because these particles are suspended in the river water as it flows. The food web in the Kalamazoo River depends on the particles that are floating in the water. Invertebrates eat decomposing leaves and algae, and fish eat the invertebrates.</p> <p><div id="attachment_3397" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3397" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-3397" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Leila_outreach-300x199.jpg" alt="Leila showing off some of the cool invertebrates that can be found in the Kalamazoo River." width="300" height="199" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Leila_outreach-300x199.jpg 300w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Leila_outreach.jpg 720w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><p id="caption-attachment-3397" class="wp-caption-text">Leila showing off some of the cool invertebrates that can be found in the Kalamazoo River.</p></div></p> <p>As you float down the river, particles settle to the river bottom and new ones are picked up. The amount of suspended solids in a river is influenced by how fast the water in the river is flowing. The faster the water flows, the more particles are picked up and carried down the river. The slower the water flows, the more particles will settle to the bottom. <strong>Discharge</strong> is a measure of how fast water is flowing. You can think about discharge as the number of cubes (one foot on each side) filled with water that pass by a point every second. During certain times of the year, water flows faster and there is more discharge. In spring, when the snow starts melting, a lot of water drains from the land into the river. There also tends to be a lot more rain in the fall. Things humans build on the river can also affect discharge. For example, we build dams to generate hydroelectric power by capturing the energy from flowing water. Dams slow the flow of river water, and therefore they may cause some of the suspended solids to settle out of the water and onto the bottom of the river.</p> <p>Leila wanted to test how a dam that was built on the Kalamazoo River influenced total suspended solids. If the dam is reducing the amount of total suspended solids, it could have negative effects on the food chain. She was also curious to see if the dam has different effects depending on the time of year. On eight different days from May to October in 2009, Leila measured total suspended solids at two locations along river. She collected water samples upstream of the dam, before the water enters the reservoir, and samples downstream after the water has been in the reservoir and passed over the dam. She also measured discharge downstream of the dam.</p> <p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3394" src="http://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/KalamazooRiver.png" alt="KalamazooRiver" width="1419" height="617" srcset="https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/KalamazooRiver.png 1419w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/KalamazooRiver-300x130.png 300w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/KalamazooRiver-768x334.png 768w, https://datanuggets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/KalamazooRiver-1024x445.png 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1419px) 100vw, 1419px" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em>Featured scientist: Leila Desotelle from Michigan State University</em></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em><span id="Flesch.E2.80.93Kincaid_grade_level" class="mw-headline"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch–Kincaid_readability_tests" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Flesch–Kincaid Reading Grade Level</a> = 8.7</span></em></p> <p><strong>If your students are looking for more information on how the amount of water flowing in the river affects the food chain and the health of the ecosystem overall, check out the video below!</strong></p> <ul> <li>A video in BioInteractive’s “Scientists at Work” series showing researchers working on the same questions in a different river system: <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/riverine-food-webs-how-flow-rates-affect-biomass">Riverine Food Webs – How Flow Rates Affect Biomass</a></li> </ul> <p><iframe loading="lazy" id="_ytid_44441" width="480" height="270" data-origwidth="480" data-origheight="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cYCkuJ5bHTk?enablejsapi=1&autoplay=0&cc_load_policy=0&cc_lang_pref=&iv_load_policy=1&loop=0&modestbranding=0&rel=1&fs=1&playsinline=0&autohide=2&theme=dark&color=red&controls=1&" class="__youtube_prefs__ epyt-is-override no-lazyload" title="YouTube player" allow="fullscreen; accelerometer; 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