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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Other events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1271" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1271"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1271</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1271-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1272" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1272"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1272</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1272-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1273" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1273"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1273</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1273-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.1</span> <span>Art and Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1274" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1274"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1274</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1274-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1275" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1275"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1275</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1275-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.3</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Science_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Science_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.1</span> <span>Art and Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Science_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1276" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1276"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1276</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1276-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.4</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.1</span> <span>Cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1277" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1277"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1277</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1277-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.3</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.4</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1278" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1278"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1278</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1278-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1279" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1279"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1279</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1279-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.4</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.5</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.6</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_Towns_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_Towns_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.1</span> <span>Cities and Towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_Towns_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1270s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1270" title="عقد 1270 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1270" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1270" title="Anyos 1270 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1270" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1270" title="Década del 1270 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1270" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-an" title="1270-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1270-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১২৭০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৭০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1270 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1270 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D1%8F" title="1270-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1270-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D1%8F" title="1270-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1270-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-e" title="1270-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1270-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1270" title="Bloavezhioù 1270 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1270" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1270" title="Dècada del 1270 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1270" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1270-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1270-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270au" title="1270au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1270au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270%27erne" title="1270'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1270'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1270" title="عوام 1270 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1270" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270er" title="1270er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1270er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270._aastad" title="1270. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1270. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1270" title="An 1270 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1270" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1270 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1270 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1270" title="Años 1270 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1270" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-aj_jaroj" title="1270-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1270-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270eko_hamarkada" title="1270eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1270eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B7%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۲۷۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۲۷۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%C3%A1rini" title="1270-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1270-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1270" title="Années 1270 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1270" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270id%C3%AD" title="1270idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1270idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270an" title="1270an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1270an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1270" title="Década de 1270 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1270" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1270年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1270年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1270년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1270년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-an" title="1270-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1270-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1271-1280" title="1271-1280 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1271-1280" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1270" title="Anni 1270 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1270" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-70_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-13" title="שנות ה-70 של המאה ה-13 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-70 של המאה ה-13" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-an" title="1270-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1270-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1270-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1270-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1270" title="Miaka ya 1270 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1270" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1270-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1270-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_am%C5%BEiaus_8-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XIII amžiaus 8-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIII amžiaus 8-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1270" title="Anni 1270 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1270" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1270-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1270-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1270-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1270-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १२७० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १२७० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1270-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1270-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1270" title="عقد 1270 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1270" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-an" title="1270-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1270-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1270 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1270 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-1279" title="1270-1279 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1270-1279" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1270年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1270年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%C3%A5rene" title="1270-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1270-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1270" title="Annaées 1270 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1270" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1270 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1270 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-lar" title="1270-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1270-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1270" title="Década de 1270 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1270" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1270" title="Anii 1270 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1270" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270_watakuna" title="1270 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1270 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1270-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1270-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D1%81" title="1270-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1270-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270s" title="1270s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1270s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1270" title="Vitet 1270 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1270" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270ini" title="1270ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1270ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270s" title="1270s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1270s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/70._roky_13._storo%C4%8Dia" title="70. roky 13. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="70. roky 13. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270." title="1270. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1270." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D0%B5" title="1270-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1270-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-e" title="1270-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1270-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-an" title="1270-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1270-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-luku" title="1270-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1270-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-talet" title="1270-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1270-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1270-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1270-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1270" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1270 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1270" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1270_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1270 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1270 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270%27ler" title="1270'ler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1270'ler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1270ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1270ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1270-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1270-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1270ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1270ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1270" title="Thập niên 1270 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1270" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1270" title="Anêyes 1270 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1270" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270_nga_dekada" title="1270 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1270 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1270年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1270年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1250s" title="1250s">1250s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1270s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290s" title="1290s">1290s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1270" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1270">1270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1271" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1271">1271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1272" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1272">1272</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1273" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1273">1273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1274" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1274">1274</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1275" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1275">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1276" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1276">1276</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1277" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1277">1277</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1278" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1278">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1279" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1279">1279</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1270s_births" title="Category:1270s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1270s_deaths" title="Category:1270s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1270s_by_country" title="Category:1270s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1270s_establishments" title="Category:1270s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1270s_disestablishments" title="Category:1270s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1270s</b> is the decade starting January 1, 1270, and ending December 31, 1279. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1270">1270</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1270&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1270&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa"> Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1270&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="The_Eighth_Crusade"> The Eighth Crusade</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1270&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: The Eighth Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Before <a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> launches the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a>, in an attempt to recapture the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>; the opening engagement is a siege of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – King Louis IX of France dies while besieging the city of Tunis, possibly due to poor quality drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end, through an agreement between <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Sicily">Charles I of Sicily</a> (Louis IX's brother) and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_al-Mustansir" title="Muhammad I al-Mustansir">Muhammad I al-Mustansir</a>, Khalif of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Other_events"> Other events</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1270&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Other events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> (10 Nehasé 1262) – <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> overthrows the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>, claims the imperial throne and establishes the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic Dynasty</a>, which will last until <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia"> Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1270&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Korea, the <a href="/wiki/Sambyeolcho_Rebellion" title="Sambyeolcho Rebellion">Sambyeolcho Rebellion</a> begins against the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty, a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> is captured from the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader States">Crusader States</a>, and utterly destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, who goes so far as to fill in its important <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbor</a>, leaving the site desolate, and the city never to be rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is made capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> Empire (approximate date).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The independent state of <a href="/wiki/Cutch_State" title="Cutch State">Kutch</a> is founded, in present-day <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A census of the Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> establishes that some 186,330 families reside within it, not including visitors and soldiers (Historian Jacques Gernet argues that this means a population of over 1 million inhabitants, making Hangzhou the most populous city in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili</a> garrison of <a href="/wiki/Gerdkuh" title="Gerdkuh">Gerdkuh</a>, Persia surrender after 17 years to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daftary1992p429_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary1992p429-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe"> Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1270&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a> - <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karuse" title="Battle of Karuse">Battle of Karuse</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> decisively, on the frozen surface of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V_of_Hungary" title="Stephen V of Hungary">Stephen V of Hungary</a> writes his walk to the <i>antiquum castellum</i> near <a href="/wiki/Miholjanec" title="Miholjanec">Miholjanec</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Attila" title="Sword of Attila">Sword of Attila</a> has been recently discovered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – Crucial aspects of the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a> (itself based on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s works) are banned by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Condemnation_of_1270" class="mw-redirect" title="Condemnation of 1270">condemnation</a> enacted by <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papal</a> authority at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, a work by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> that is considered within the Roman Catholic Church to be the paramount expression of its <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, is completed (year uncertain).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Witelo">Witelo</a> translates <a href="/wiki/Alhazen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhazen">Alhazen</a>'s 200-year-old treatise on <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <i>Kitab al-Manazir</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, bringing the work to European academic circles for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> fables known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i>, dating from as early as 200 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, are translated into Latin, from a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> version by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Capua" title="John of Capua">John of Capua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Old_New_Synagogue" title="Old New Synagogue">Old New Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> is completed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel" title="Rock of Cashel">Rock of Cashel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Ireland</a> is completed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_2nd_Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall">Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall</a>, donates to the Cistercian <a href="/wiki/Hailes_Abbey" title="Hailes Abbey">Hailes Abbey</a> in England (his father's foundation) a phial held to contain the <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Blood of Christ</a>, acquired in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>; this becomes such a magnet for <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> that within 7 years the monks are able to rebuild their abbey on a magnificent scale.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Melrose" title="Chronicle of Melrose">Chronicle of Melrose</a></i> is ended.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1271">1271</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1271&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1271&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1271&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_2"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1271&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1271)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1271)">Peace of Pressburg</a>: Kings <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V_of_Hungary" title="Stephen V of Hungary">Stephen V</a> sign a peace agreement at <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Pressburg</a>, settling territorial claims, following the failed invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> by Ottokar in April. In the agreement, Stephen promises not to support Ottokar's opponents in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, and Ottokar renounces the castles he and his partisans occupy in Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> departs from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> with his father and uncle <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_and_Maffeo_Polo" title="Niccolò and Maffeo Polo">Niccolò and Maffeo Polo</a>, to set off for <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> to meet the Mongolian emperor <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>) at his court in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. They sail across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and travel overland, crossing <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – The counties of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Poitou" title="County of Poitou">Poitou</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a> are absorbed into the French domains following the death of <a href="/wiki/Alphonse,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="Alphonse, Count of Poitiers">Alphonse, Count of Poitiers</a>, son of the late King <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Kamyenyets" title="Tower of Kamyenyets">Tower of Kamyenyets</a> (or the White Tower) in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> begins. Later, it becomes a frontier stronghold on the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Volhynia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1271&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February – Mamluk forces led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> continue their territorial expansion in western <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and appear before <a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita Castle</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/Chastel_Blanc" title="Chastel Blanc">White Castle</a>) built by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>. After a heroic defense, the small garrison is advised by Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B%C3%A9rard" title="Thomas Bérard">Thomas Bérard</a> to surrender. The survivors are allowed to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tortosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Fall of Krak des Chevaliers">Siege of Krak des Chevaliers</a>: Mamluk forces under Baibars capture the strategically important castle <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>. During the siege the defenders receive a letter, supposedly from Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Revel" title="Hugues de Revel">Hugues de Revel</a>, to surrender the castle. Under safe-conduct the Hospitallers retreat to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May–June – Baibars conducts an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1271)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1271)">siege of Tripoli</a>, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. He sends an Egyptian fleet (some 20 ships) to <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>, while King <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Cyprus" title="Hugh III of Cyprus">Hugh III of Cyprus</a> ("the Great") has left for <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. Due to bad weather and seamanship, 11 ships run aground and the crews fall into the hands of the Cypriots.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – English prince <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">the Lord Edward</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Anjou</a> arrive in Acre, with a fleet of 30 galleys, starting <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade" title="Lord Edward's crusade">Lord Edward's crusade</a> (the Ninth) against Baibars. During this crusade they are unable to capture any territory and peace is quickly negotiated with the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. Baibars consolidates his occupation in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, detaches some 10,000 horsemen from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to support the Lord Edward in his war against Baibars. They invade Syria and defeat Mamluk forces who protect the region around <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. The Mongols plunder the cities of <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numan" title="Maarat al-Numan">Maarat al-Numan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_2"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1271&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> priest, is arrested by a band of soldiers and nearly beheaded. This incident, known as <i>Hosshaku Kenpon</i> or "casting off the transient and revealing the true," is regarded as a turning point of Nichiren's teachings within the various schools, known as <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Great Yuan" (大元; dà yuán), officially marking the start of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in China.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Nakhi</a> Kingdom, of the northern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> foothills, is annexed by the Yuan dynasty (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1271&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1271&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a> succeeds the late <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a> as the 184th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, as the compromise candidate between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclave</a>, the longest ever.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1272">1272</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1272&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1272&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_2"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1272&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_3"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1272&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Anjou</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, occupies the city of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, and establishes the Angevin <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a>. A delegation of Albanian nobles and citizens from Durrës make their way to Charles' court.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – Charles signs a treaty and is proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Albania" title="King of Albania">King of Albania</a>. He promises to protect the nobles and to honor the privileges they have from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. The treaty declares the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: <i>Regnum Albanie</i>) and the Kingdom of Sicily, under Charles' rule. He appoints <a href="/wiki/Gazo_Chinard" title="Gazo Chinard">Gazo Chinard</a> as his vicar-general, and sends his Sicilian fleet to <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Achaea</a>, to defend the principality against Byzantine attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – Marinid forces land in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and ravage the countryside. They kill and capture many and plunder livestock. They also attack the castle of <a href="/wiki/Vejer_de_la_Frontera" title="Vejer de la Frontera">Vejer de la Frontera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. On hearing the news, King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> ("the Wise") abandons his meeting with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Granada" title="Muhammad I of Granada">Muhammad I of Granada</a> and orders an all-out war against <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V_of_Hungary" title="Stephen V of Hungary">Stephen V of Hungary</a> falls ill and is taken to <a href="/wiki/Csepel_Island" title="Csepel Island">Csepel Island</a>. He dies and is succeeded by his 10-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV</a> ("the Cuman"), who is being held captive in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Koprivnica" title="Koprivnica">Koprivnica</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a>. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_the_Cuman" title="Elizabeth the Cuman">Queen Elizabeth</a>, becomes <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> during the minority of her son (until <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heiloo" title="Battle of Heiloo">Battle of Heiloo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Floris_V,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris V, Count of Holland">Floris V</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, makes an unsuccessful attack on <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> in an attempt to recover the body of his father, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William II</a>, who was killed (16 years ago) by the Frisians near <a href="/wiki/Hoogwoud" title="Hoogwoud">Hoogwoud</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a> – Charles I orders his officials to take all Genoese prisoner within his territories, except for the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs</a> and to seize their property. The Sicilian fleet occupies <a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a> on <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a> condemns the aggressive policy of Charles and proposes that the Genoese elect Guelph officials.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> – King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a> eliminates the last Moorish community in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a>, completing the reconquest of the west of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1272&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Cordwainers" title="Worshipful Company of Cordwainers">Worshipful Company of Cordwainers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Curriers" title="Worshipful Company of Curriers">Curriers</a> are granted rights to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> trade in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Fishmongers Company</a> receive its first <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">Royal Charter</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> dies at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> after a 56-year reign. He is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>, who slowly returns from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> via <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_2"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1272&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Cyprus" title="Hugh III of Cyprus">Hugh III of Cyprus</a> ("the Great") signs a peace with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, Mamluk ruler of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> is guaranteed for 10 years the possession of its present lands, which consists mainly of the narrow coastal plain from <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, together with the right to use without hindrance the pilgrim-road to <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a> is safeguarded by the peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">The Lord Edward</a>, heir to the English throne, prevents an assassination attempt on himself at Acre. A Syrian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Nizari</a> (or Assassin) supposedly sent by Baibars penetrates into the prince's chamber and stabs him with a poisoned dagger. The wound is not fatal, but Edward is seriously ill for some months. Baibars hastens to dissociate himself from the deed by sending his congratulations on the prince's escape.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – Nubian forces sack the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> outpost of <a href="/wiki/Aydhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Aydhab">Aydhab</a> and raid the southern frontier city of <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>. In return, Baibars invades the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_2"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1272&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Science"> Science</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1272&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, the recording of the <a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_tables" title="Alfonsine tables">Alfonsine tables</a> is completed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1273">1273</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1273" title="1273">1273</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1273&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_3"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_4"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Granada" title="Muhammad I of Granada">Muhammad I</a> (or Ibn al-Ahmar) suffers fatal injuries after falling from his horse near the city of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> during a minor military expedition. He is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a>, who becomes ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>. Muhammad enters negotiations with King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> ("the Wise") to make peace with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, but he refuses to grant a truce to the Banu governors (<i>arraeces</i>) of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadix" title="Guadix">Guadix</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Autumn – Sultan Muhammad II of Granada sends an embassy to the court of Alfonso X in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, where it is received with honour. Alfonso agrees to Granada's demands, to end his support for the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ashqilula" title="Banu Ashqilula">Banu Ashqilula</a>, in exchange for the promise that Muhammad becomes Alfonso's vassal. Muhammad pays him 450,000 <i>maravedis</i> each year in <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> and grants the Banu rebels a truce for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> is elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> over the rival candidate <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)">Great Interregnum</a>. He is the first of many <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> to hold the throne and is crowned in <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a>, on <a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a>. Ottokar refuses to acknowledge Rudolf as the new ruler and is placed under the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_ban" title="Imperial ban">imperial ban</a>, leading to the outbreak of war in <a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Congregatio Regni totius Sclavonie Generalis</i></span>, with its decisions (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">statuta et constitutiones</i></span>), is the oldest surviving document written by the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian parliament">Croatian parliament</a> (or Sabor).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Middle_East"> Middle East</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a> – Mamluk forces under <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> capture the last remaining stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Order of Assassins</a> (<i>Hashashin</i>) sect, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf_Castle" title="Al-Kahf Castle">Al-Kahf Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – Mongol forces surround the castle of <a href="/wiki/Al-Bira,_Baysan" title="Al-Bira, Baysan">Al-Bira</a>. Baibars skirts around the enemy with camels and wagons. He launches a devastating attack and routes the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – Followers of Persian poet and mystic <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> establish the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi Order</a> ("whirling dervishes") in the city of <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_3"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a>: Chinese forces surrender to <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s general <a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a> (or Achu) after a 6-year siege. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sambyeolcho_Rebellion" title="Sambyeolcho Rebellion">Sambyeolcho Rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo dynasty</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>) ends as rebel forces are defeated.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_3"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Science"> Art and Science</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Art and Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i>Holy Redeemer</i> <a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">khachkar</a>, believed to be one of the finest examples of that style of art, is carved in <a href="/wiki/Haghpat" title="Haghpat">Haghpat</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Economy"> Economy</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alfonso X creates and grants privileges to the <a href="/wiki/Mesta" title="Mesta">Mesta</a> to promote the <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool industry</a>, protecting <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> owners and their animals in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_2"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1273&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, Italian priest and theologian, writes <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, a master work of Catholic theology, leaving it <a href="/wiki/Unfinished_creative_work" title="Unfinished creative work">unfinished</a>, after having a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> experience during <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1274">1274</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1274&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_4"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_5"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a> convenes a council at <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, after Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> gives assurances that the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> is prepared to reunite with <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The council agrees to a settlement between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the Orthodox Church over several key issues – Orthodox acceptance of papal primacy and the acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></i> clause. Gregory approves a <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a> to support efforts to liberate the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> from Muslims, and reaches apparent resolution of the schism, which ultimately proves unsuccessful. All but four <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> of friars are suppressed. Catholic teaching on <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> is defined for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> be restored to King <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a>. Almost all European rulers agree, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, who has benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_2"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> finally returns from the Holy Land to be crowned king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> on <a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> two years after his father King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>'s death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Merton" title="Walter de Merton">Walter de Merton</a>, English chancellor and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, retires from royal service, in favour of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnell" title="Robert Burnell">Robert Burnell</a>, who becomes a strong ally of the Edwardian regime.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first main survey of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Rolls" title="Hundred Rolls">Hundred Rolls</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> seen as a follow-up to the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> (completed in <a href="/wiki/1086" title="1086">1086</a>), is begun; it lasts until <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_2"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a>, Marinid ruler, enters peacefully into <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, putting an end to some 40 years of the city's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_4"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a>–<a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bun%27ei" title="Battle of Bun'ei">Battle of Bun'ei</a>: Forces of the Mongol-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> invade <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. After conquering the Japanese settlements on <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Island" title="Tsushima Island">Tsushima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iki_Island" title="Iki Island">Iki</a> islands, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s fleet moves on to Japan and lands at <a href="/wiki/Hakata_Bay" title="Hakata Bay">Hakata Bay</a>. Their landing is not unopposed: an old sea wall runs along much of the bay, and behind it are stationed the warriors of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimune" title="Hōjō Tokimune">Hōjō Tokimune</a>. The Japanese open combat with whistling arrows (<i><a href="/wiki/Kabura-ya" title="Kabura-ya">kabura-ya</a></i>), designed to unnerve and intimidate their foes. The Mongols use bombs against the Japanese forces and manage to break through at a few places, burning down the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka" title="Hakata-ku, Fukuoka">Hakata</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a>). The invaders are eventually repelled, and after inflicting heavy losses on the Japanese, a withdrawal is ordered. Credited to a great typhoon – called a <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)"><i>kamikaze</i></a>, or divine wind – the Mongol fleet is dashed on the rocks and destroyed. Some sources suggest that 200 warships are lost. Of the 30,000 strong invasion force, some 13,000 does not return.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>, Japanese priest and philosopher, enters exile on <a href="/wiki/Minobu,_Yamanashi" title="Minobu, Yamanashi">Mount Minobu</a>. He leads a widespread movement of followers in <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sado,_Niigata" title="Sado, Niigata">Sado</a> mainly through his prolific letter-writing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_4"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonvesin_da_la_Riva" title="Bonvesin da la Riva">Bonvesin da la Riva</a>, Italian poet, writes the didactic-allegoric poem <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_di_Tre_Scricciur" title="Liber di Tre Scricciur">Liber di Tre Scricciur</a></i> ("Book of the Three Scriptures"). The text is in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> language (similar to other <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic languages</a>). The poem is one of the first great literary works in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>. It tells about <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>; the plot later prefigures <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> (Divina Commedia)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, the 9-year-old Dante first sees the 8-year-old <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice</a>, his lifelong muse. She appears later as one of his guides in the <i>Divine Comedy</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_3"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1274&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a> decrees that <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclaves</a> (gatherings of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> where the elections of a <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishop of Rome</a> are convened) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over 3 years to elect him.</li> <li>Gregory X obtains the region of <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> from Rudolf I, in exchange for acknowledging him as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. With this important acquisition, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> become the second-largest power block in Italy after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1275">1275</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1275&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_5"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neopatras" title="Battle of Neopatras">Battle of Neopatras</a>: Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 30,000 men), mostly mercenaries from <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Serbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>. He places these forces under his own brother, <a href="/wiki/John_Palaiologos_(brother_of_Michael_VIII)" title="John Palaiologos (brother of Michael VIII)">John Palaiologos</a>, and General <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Kaballarios" title="Alexios Kaballarios">Alexios Kaballarios</a>. Michael sends them against <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, and is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine navy</a> led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Doukas_Philanthropenos" title="Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos">Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos</a>, who is ordered to attack the Latin principalities and prevent them from aiding <a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas_of_Thessaly" title="John I Doukas of Thessaly">John I</a> ("Angelos"), ruler of Thessaly. John is caught by surprise by the rapid advance of the Byzantine forces and is bottled up with a garrison in his capital of <a href="/wiki/Ypati" title="Ypati">Neopatras</a>, which the Byzantines proceed to lay siege. John manages to escape: he climbs down the walls of the fortress with a rope and walks through the Byzantine lines. After 3 days, John reaches <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, where he requests the aid of <a href="/wiki/John_I_de_la_Roche" title="John I de la Roche">John I de la Roche</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Athens</a>. He receives some 500 horsemen with whom he returns to Neopatras. Meanwhile, the Byzantine forces have been weakened, with several detachments sent off to capture other forts or plunder the region. The Byzantines panic under the sudden attack of a smaller but disciplined Latin force and breaks completely when a Cuman contingent switches sides. Despite John's attempt to rally his forces, they flee and scatter.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demetrias" title="Battle of Demetrias">Battle of Demetrias</a>: Michael VIII Palaiologos sends a Byzantine fleet led by Alexios Philanthropenos to harass the Latin coasts. A joint Latin fleet composed of Lombard and Venetian vessels from <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Negroponte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian-held Crete</a>, is variously given at 30 to 60 ships. The Latin fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_II_da_Verona" title="Guglielmo II da Verona">Guglielmo II da Verona</a> takes the Byzantines by surprise and their attack is so effective that they almost win. Their ships, on which high wooden towers have been erected, have the advantage, and many Byzantine seamen and soldiers are killed or drowned. Just as victory seem sure, Greek reinforcements arrive, led by John I. His arrival boosts the Byzantines' morale, and John's men, ferried on board the ships by small boats, begin to replenish their casualties and turn the tide. The Latin casualties are heavy, which also include Guglielmo. By nightfall, all but two Latin ships have been captured.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_6"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – Marinid forces led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a> land in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> upon a call from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>. With a fleet of 20 ships organized at <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, some 5,000 men are transported from <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcázar Seguir</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a> without meeting any significant Christian opposition. The Maranids raid as far as the towns of <a href="/wiki/Vejer_de_la_Frontera" title="Vejer de la Frontera">Vejer de la Frontera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hova" title="Battle of Hova">Battle of Hova</a>: <a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar, King of Sweden</a> (Birgersson) is defeated by his brother <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus III</a> in the forest of <a href="/wiki/Tiveden" title="Tiveden">Tiveden</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – Magnus III deposes Valdemar Birgersson and is elected new king of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stones_of_Mora" title="Stones of Mora">Stones of Mora</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%89cija_(1275)" title="Battle of Écija (1275)">Battle of Écija</a>: A Castilian army led by <a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara_(died_1275)" title="Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)">Nuño González de Lara</a> is defeated by Marinid forces.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martos" title="Battle of Martos">Battle of Martos</a>: A Castilian army under <a href="/wiki/Sancho_of_Aragon_(archbishop_of_Toledo)" title="Sancho of Aragon (archbishop of Toledo)">Sancho of Aragon (archbishop of Toledo)</a> is defeated by the Moors at <a href="/wiki/Martos" title="Martos">Martos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Floris_V,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris V, Count of Holland">Floris V</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, grants the city of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> freedom from taxes (called a <a href="/wiki/Road_toll_(historical)" title="Road toll (historical)">road toll</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roccavione" title="Battle of Roccavione">Battle of Roccavione</a>: Ghibelline forces defeat a Neapolitan army at <a href="/wiki/Roccavione" title="Roccavione">Roccavione</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="British_Isles"> British Isles</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> ("Longshanks") demands a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> to pay homage, but Llywelyn refuses. In an attempt to stir up internal problems, Llywelyn seeks to marry 23-year-old <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_de_Montfort,_Princess_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales">Eleanor of Montfort</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a>, but she is captured by English pirates (employed by Edward) on the journey from <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> to meet Llywelyn. She is held prisoner at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> and used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1275" title="Statute of Westminster 1275">Statute of Westminster</a>, drawn up between <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> and Edward I, defines the legal privileges that landowners are allowed. These are based on the investigations carried out in <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a> into the landowner's rights to own their land. Establishing a series of laws into 51 chapters, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">Bailable</a> and non-bailable offenses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/1275_British_earthquake" title="1275 British earthquake">1275 British earthquake</a>: An earthquake strikes the south of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The epicentre is unknown, although it may have been in the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a> area on the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a><sup id="cite_ref-BGS_historical_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS_historical-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Musson_2015_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musson_2015-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronaldsway" title="Battle of Ronaldsway">Battle of Ronaldsway</a>: Scottish forces under <a href="/wiki/John_de_Vesci" title="John de Vesci">John de Vesci</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.</li> <li>The first main survey of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Rolls" title="Hundred Rolls">Hundred Rolls</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> seen as a follow-up to the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> completed in <a href="/wiki/1086" title="1086">1086</a>, is finished; it began in <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_3"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marinid forces take the city of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, at this time independent.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_5"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>March – Mongol forces (some 200,000 men) under <a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan of the Baarin</a> ("Hundred Eyes") defeat a Chinese army of 130,000 men led by the Song chancellor <a href="/wiki/Jia_Sidao" title="Jia Sidao">Jia Sidao</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a>. Sidao sends an emissary to Bayan to discuss a truce, but he declines to negotiate. Dowager Empress <a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoqing" title="Xie Daoqing">Xie Daoqing</a> strips Sidao of his rank and titles, and he is later on her orders executed by one of his own guards as he is being sent to exile in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> together with his father and uncle, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_and_Maffeo_Polo" title="Niccolò and Maffeo Polo">Niccolò and Maffeo Polo</a>, arrives at <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s opulent summer palace at <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a> (or 'Xanadu'), after a 4-year journey. They present the "Great Khan" sacred oil from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and letters from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a>. Kublai takes Marco into his royal court and appoints him as a 'special envoy' (possibly as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">tax collector</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The mountain fortress <a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut Castle</a> ("Eagle's Nest") is temporarily recaptured from the Mongols by a Nizari force under <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April – The Japanese era <a href="/wiki/Bun%27ei" title="Bun'ei">Bun'ei</a> ends and the <a href="/wiki/Kenji_(era)" title="Kenji (era)">Kenji</a> era begins during the reign of the 8-year-old <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Uda" title="Emperor Go-Uda">Emperor Go-Uda</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_5"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Science_2"> Art and Science</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Art and Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a> completes the French <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> work of fiction, <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a></i>, with a second section (the first section was written by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Lorris" title="Guillaume de Lorris">Guillaume de Lorris</a> in <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, the first instance is recorded of emission of <a href="/wiki/Life_annuity" title="Life annuity">life annuities</a> by a town in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>; this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, initiated in <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Technology"> Technology</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Verge_escapement" title="Verge escapement">verge escapement</a>, a simple type of <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a> used in clocks, is invented (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_4"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1275&action=edit&section=T-11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>August – Gregory X persuades King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> ("the Wise") to give up his claim to the title of "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>". Gregory gains support in northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a>, Spanish scholar and theologian, establishes a school in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a> to teach Arabic to preachers, in an attempt to aid <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytizing</a> to Moors. He also discovers <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian</a> monk, embarks on a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to Jerusalem. He travels to <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The era of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">tosafot</a></i> (medieval commentators on the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>) ends (it began in <a href="/wiki/1100" title="1100">1100</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1276">1276</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1276&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_6"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_7"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring <ul><li>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>, agree to a truce with King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> ("the Wise") for two years. Before Abu Yusuf leaves, Muhammad's secretary addresses a poem to Abu Yusuf, expressing fear of Castile's power and appealing for Marinid's continued support. Later, Abu Yusuf lands at <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcázar Seguir</a> on <a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a>. This ending the first Marinid invasion in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-OCGC_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCGC-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> ("Longshanks") orders the people of <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Gascony</a> (as part of the only English possessions in <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>) to provide <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> with warships "to resist the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> by sea", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and his plan to lead a Crusade to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCGC_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCGC-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>June – King <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I of Germany</a> declares war on his rival <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a>. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a>) except <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Moravia" title="History of Moravia">Moravia</a>. Rudolf makes <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> his capital, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, which will last until <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_4"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dongola_(1276)" title="Battle of Dongola (1276)">Battle of Dongola</a>: Mamluk forces led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> gain a decisive victory against the <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Kingdom of Makuria</a>. They capture the Makurian capital of <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a> and force King <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Makuria" title="List of rulers of Makuria">David of Makuria</a> to flee upstream on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. He seeks refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_al-Abwab" title="Kingdom of al-Abwab">Kingdom of Al-Abwab</a>, but is handed over to Baibars, who has him executed. Later, Baibars conquers <a href="/wiki/Al-Maris" title="Al-Maris">Al-Maris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a>), previously a part of Makuria, and annexes it into <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_6"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – The court of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, in an effort to escape a Mongol invasion under <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – Remnants of the Chinese Song court in <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> province conduct the coronation ceremony for Prince Zhao Shi to become Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Duanzong" title="Emperor Duanzong">Emperor Duanzong</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>).</li> <li>The mountain fortress <a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut Castle</a> ("Eagle's Nest") is again captured by the Mongols from a Nizari force under <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="The_Americas"> The Americas</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A severe 23-year <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> begins to affect the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area" title="History of the Grand Canyon area">Grand Canyon area</a>, eventually forcing the agriculture-dependent <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Puebloans</a> (or Anasazi) to migrate out of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_6"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Cities_and_towns"> Cities and towns</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> is granted the status of a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a>. Later this year, <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a> also receives the status.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Culture"> Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a>, is first recorded as having a collection of books, making <a href="/wiki/Merton_College_Library" title="Merton College Library">its Library</a> the world's oldest in continuous daily use.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Economy_2"> Economy</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a> (or Henricus) becomes the last major theologian openly to consider <a href="/wiki/Annuity_(finance_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annuity (finance theory)">annuities</a> as a usurious contract. The end of the debate allows for the expansion of the budding practice of renten emission, to become a staple of public finance in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_5"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1276&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a> dies after a 4-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a> as the 185th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – Innocent V dies after a 5-month reign at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a> (or Hadrian) as the 186th pope of the Catholic Church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – Adrian V (Hadrian) dies after a 2-month reign at <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a> as the 187th pope of Rome (until <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>).</li> <li>The foundation stone of the <a href="/wiki/Minoritenkirche_(Vienna)" title="Minoritenkirche (Vienna)">Minoritenkirche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> is laid by Ottokar II.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1277">1277</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1277&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_7"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_2"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Venetian_treaty_of_1277" title="Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277">Byzantine–Venetian Treaty</a>: Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> concludes an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. Stipulating a two-year truce, and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Michael keeps the Venetians and their fleet from participating in the attempts of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, to organize an anti-Byzantine crusade, while the Venetians can retain their access to the Byzantine market.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo" title="Uprising of Ivaylo">Uprising of Ivaylo</a>: An uprising under <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivaylo of Bulgaria">Ivaylo</a> breaks out in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> against the failure of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tih" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Tih">Konstantin Tih</a> to cope with the constant Mongol invasions which have devastated the country for years. Ivaylo confronts and defeats the plundering Mongols, and by autumn all Mongols are driven out of Bulgarian territory. In return, Konstantin gathers a small army and tries unsuccessfully to suppress the revolt but is himself killed in battle.</li> <li>Late – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus_(1277)" title="Battle of Pharsalus (1277)">Battle of Pharsalus</a>: Michael VIII sends a Byzantine expeditionary army under <a href="/wiki/John_Synadenos_(megas_stratopedarches)" title="John Synadenos (megas stratopedarches)">John Synadenos</a> to invade <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. The Byzantines are ambushed and defeated by Greek forces under <a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas_of_Thessaly" title="John I Doukas of Thessaly">John I Doukas</a>, Latin ruler of Thessaly, near (Old) <a href="/wiki/Farsala" title="Farsala">Pharsalus</a>. During the battle, Synadenos is captured and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kaballarios" title="Michael Kaballarios">Michael Kaballarios</a>, commander of the Latin mercenaries, dies shortly afterward of his wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_8"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Desio" title="Battle of Desio">Battle of Desio</a>: Lombard forces under Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ottone_Visconti" title="Ottone Visconti">Ottone Visconti</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Della_Torre" title="Della Torre">Della Torre</a> family troops for the rule of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. Later, Ottone enters the city in triumph, and imprisons <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_della_Torre" title="Napoleone della Torre">Napoleone della Torre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Castello_Baradello" title="Castello Baradello">Castello Baradello</a> at <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> (Northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>).</li> <li>February – The Duke of Wrocław <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV Probus">Henry IV Probus</a> is kidnapped from his estates in <a href="/wiki/Jelcz-Laskowice" title="Jelcz-Laskowice">Jelcz</a>, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bald" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław II the Bald">Bolesław II the Bald</a>.</li> <li>March – <a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a>, Dutch teacher and philosopher, is condemned by the French <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> for his advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroist</a> doctrine that reason is separate from Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, buys the title to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch_(pretender)" title="Maria of Antioch (pretender)">Maria of Antioch</a>, for 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">bezants</a> and an annual payment of 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Livres_tournois" class="mw-redirect" title="Livres tournois">livres tournois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_I_of_Karaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet I of Karaman">Mehmet I of Karaman</a>, Seljuk vizier, issues a <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> (decree) ordering the Turkish language to be used, instead of Arabic or Persian in government offices.</li> <li>August – Marinid forces led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf</a> cross the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and marches north, ravaging the districts of <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aberconwy" title="Treaty of Aberconwy">Treaty of Aberconwy</a>: Prince <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> sign a peace treaty which leaves Llywelyn only with the western part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, Franciscan friar and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> lecturer, is arrested for spreading anti-Church views; specifically, the Church's stance on Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_3"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elbistan" title="Battle of Elbistan">Battle of Elbistan</a>: A Mamluk army (some 14,000 men) under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> marches from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> into the Mongol-dominated <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> and attacks the Mongol occupation force at <a href="/wiki/Elbistan" title="Elbistan">Elbistan</a>. Baibars, with at least 10,000 horsemen, defeats and overwhelms the Mongol forces. After the battle, he marches unopposed to <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a> in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in triumph and enters the city on <a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_7"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a>: A Burmese army (some 80,000 men) led by King <a href="/wiki/Narathihapate" title="Narathihapate">Narathihapate</a> (or Sithu IV) invades Mongol territory in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. The invasion is repelled by the Mongol forces, who counterattack, reaching as far south as the fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Yingjiang_County" title="Yingjiang County">Kaungsin</a> ("Gold Teeth"), which guards the <a href="/wiki/Bhamo" title="Bhamo">Bhamo Pass</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. Later, the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Empire</a> begins to disintegrate after several <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma#Border_war_(1277–1278)" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Mongol invasions</a> under <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Migration of the (Southern) <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>: Some 50,000 citizens of the Song dynasty in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> become the first recorded inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, as they seek refuge from the invading armies of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. They also stay for a short period in (New) <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of <a href="/wiki/Hakata_Bay" title="Hakata Bay">Hakata Bay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> is completed; it is built in response to the attempted <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Japan">Mongol invasion of Japan</a> in <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_7"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_6"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1277&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Condemnations_of_1210%E2%80%931277#Condemnation_of_1277" title="Condemnations of 1210–1277">Condemnation of 1277</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">Pope John XXI</a> instructs <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tempier" title="Étienne Tempier">Étienne Tempier</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Paris</a>, to investigate the complaints of theologians in <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>. By order 219 propositions of philosophical and theological doctrines such as Averroism are prohibited from discussion in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, under a decree promulgated by Tempier.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April – John XXI sends a papal embassy to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to force Michael VIII Palaiologos, his 18-year-old son and heir <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos</a> and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/John_XI_of_Constantinople" title="John XI of Constantinople">John XI Bekkos</a> to reaffirm their allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Union of Lyon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Palace of Blachernae</a>. Michael refuses to accept a religious union of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – John XXI dies after an 8-month <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a> as the 188th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1278">1278</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1278&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_8"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_9"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William II of Villehardouin</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Achaea</a>, dies. By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Viterbo" title="Treaty of Viterbo">Treaty of Viterbo</a>, his lands passed under the direct control of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>. Charles appoints a <i><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a></i> to rule the Latin principality.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a>, on <a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a>. He promises not to attack or invade the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> because Nicholas has hopes to unify the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1278%E2%80%931279)" title="Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)">Siege of Algeciras</a>: Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> ("the Wise") besiege <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> (at this time under control of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinids</a>). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a> to prevent the supply of the city from nearby <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Mary_of_Spain" title="Order of Saint Mary of Spain">Order of Saint Mary of Spain</a>, a military-<a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious order</a> which is concentrated in naval warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Marchfeld" title="Battle on the Marchfeld">Battle on the Marchfeld</a>: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I of Germany</a> in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV of Hungary</a> ("the Cuman"), defeat and kill <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. Rudolf's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> will continue to rule <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and other captured territories, until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – Aragonese forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> take the Muslim stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Montesa,_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Montesa, Valencia">Montesa</a>, putting an end to two years of <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a> rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-negotiating_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-negotiating-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_3"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> ("Longshanks") raises the penalty for <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_coin_debasement" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of coin debasement">coin clipping</a> from banishment to execution. All Jews are subjected to arrest and search of their homes on suspicion of coin clipping. Some 680 Jews are imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, with more than 300 subsequently executed. At this time, the Jewish population is believed to have been some 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_4"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January – Charles I is crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">King of Jerusalem</a>, and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. He surrenders the vicariate of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> to Nicholas III. His <i>bailiff</i>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_San_Severino" title="Roger of San Severino">Roger of San Severino</a>, appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers. <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VII_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VII of Antioch">Bohemond VII</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a> (and nominal <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Antioch" title="Prince of Antioch">Prince of Antioch</a>), acknowledges Roger as lawful <i>bailiff</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_8"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – The 7-year-old Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Duanzong" title="Emperor Duanzong">Emperor Duanzong</a> (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness. He is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a> who becomes the last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thánh Tông">Trần Thánh Tông</a>, second emperor of Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a>, takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for 11 years to co-rule with his son <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kh%C3%A2m" class="mw-redirect" title="Trần Khâm">Trần Khâm</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_8"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Culture"> Art and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The earliest known written copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></i>, a collection of ancient sacred <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> texts previously passed down orally, is produced.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets_2"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Lessines" title="Giles of Lessines">Giles of Lessines</a> writes his <i>De usuris</i>. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Europe" title="Catholic Church in Europe">Roman Catholic Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_7"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1278&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Urtx" title="Pere d'Urtx">Pere d'Urtx</a>, Catalan bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell">Urgell</a>, becomes the first Episcopal <a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, when he signs the <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A9age_of_Andorra_(1278)" title="Paréage of Andorra (1278)">paréage</a>, establishing joint-sovereignty over the territory with <a href="/wiki/Roger-Bernard_III,_Count_of_Foix" title="Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix">Roger-Bernard III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1279">1279</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1279&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_9"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_3"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Devina" title="Battle of Devina">Battle of Devina</a>: Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) to <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, to impose his ally (and son-in-law) <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_III_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen III</a> on the throne. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivaylo of Bulgaria">Ivaylo</a>, former rebel leader (see <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo" title="Uprising of Ivaylo">Uprising of Ivaylo</a>), attacks the Byzantines in the <a href="/wiki/Kotel_Pass" title="Kotel Pass">Kotel Pass</a>, completely routing them. Many of them perish in the battle – while the rest are captured and later killed by orders from Ivaylo. Later, Michael sends another army of some 5,000 men, but this is also defeated by Ivaylo before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>. Without support, Ivan Asen has to flee to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the turmoil in Bulgaria continues.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_10"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aizkraukle" title="Battle of Aizkraukle">Battle of Aizkraukle</a>: Lithuanian forces led by Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Traidenis" title="Traidenis">Traidenis</a> defeat an army of <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aizkraukle" title="Aizkraukle">Aizkraukle</a>. During the battle, the order suffers a great defeat, some 70 knights are killed, including Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Ratzeburg" title="Ernst von Ratzeburg">Ernst von Ratzeburg</a> (or Rassburg). The <a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a>, allies of the Livonian Order, revolt but later submit to Traidenis for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1278%E2%80%931279)" title="Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)">Siege of Algeciras</a>: Castilian forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> ("the Wise") abandon the siege (begun in <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>), after their fleet (some 400 ships) is destroyed by the Marinids led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr</a>. All prisoners are decapitated except the officers who are taken hostage. For the second time, the entire Castilian fleet is lost and Alfonso is forced to sign a new truce.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November – Alfonso X ("the Wise") grants the cities of <a href="/wiki/Medina-Sidonia" title="Medina-Sidonia">Medina-Sidonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_los_Gazules" title="Alcalá de los Gazules">Alcalá de los Gazules</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Mary_of_Spain" title="Order of Saint Mary of Spain">Order of Saint Mary of Spain</a>. He also donates the town of <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%B3n_de_la_Frontera" title="Morón de la Frontera">Morón de la Frontera</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Order of Alcántara">Order of Alcántara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_4"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>November – The first of the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain" title="Statutes of Mortmain">Statutes of Mortmain</a> are passed during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> ("Longshanks"), which prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.</li> <li>The second of two main surveys of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Rolls" title="Hundred Rolls">Hundred Rolls</a>, a census seen as a follow-up to the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> completed in <a href="/wiki/1086" title="1086">1086</a>, is begun; it lasts until <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> is moved into the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. Mints outside <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> are reduced, with only a few local and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal</a> mints continuing to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_5"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Mamluk forces led by the 19-year-old Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Said Barakah">Al-Said Barakah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> ("the Thousander") invade <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a>; a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> while they are away force Barakah to abdicate. In August, <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> takes over the government in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and proclaims himself sultan. He sends <a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a>, youngest son of former Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, into exile. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Sunqur_al-Ashqar" title="Sunqur al-Ashqar">Sunqur al-Ashqar</a>, Mamluk viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, refuses to accept Qalawun's authority and begins a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_5"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abu Ishaq, uncle of the Hafsid caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Ibrahim_I" title="Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I</a>, sides with the Almohad rebels of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, and takes <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_9"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s Mongol Yuan fleet attacks the Chinese Song fleet (some 1,000 ships) under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shijie" title="Zhang Shijie">Zhang Shijie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yamen,_Guangdong" title="Yamen, Guangdong">Yamen</a>. The Mongols send fireships, but this is not effective as the Song fleet is coated with fire-resistant mud. <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hongfan" title="Zhang Hongfan">Zhang Hongfan</a>, commander of the Mongol forces, orders the Song fleet to be cut off from its base, depriving it of its supplies. He splits the Yuan fleet into four squadrons and again attacks the Song. The ill and weakened Song soldiers are no match for the Mongols in close combat, and the chaotic environment makes battle command impossible. The chained Song ships can neither support or maneuver. Song Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiufu" title="Lu Xiufu">Lu Xiufu</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a> drown themselves rather than be taken captive. This marks the end of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> after three centuries, Kublai Khan becomes sole emperor of China. The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> reaches its largest extent, although it has already partially fragmented.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thawun_Gyi" title="Thawun Gyi">Thawun Gyi</a> settles at <a href="/wiki/Taungoo" title="Taungoo">Taungoo</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>), and becomes the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Toungoo" title="List of rulers of Toungoo">first ruler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1317" title="1317">1317</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – The <i><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB#Object_of_Veneration" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Dai-Gohonzon</a></i>, supreme object of veneration of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, is said to be inscribed by <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>.</li> <li>A Mongol Yuan embassy, sent by Kublai Khan to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, is killed by orders from <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimune" title="Hōjō Tokimune">Hōjō Tokimune</a>, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan#Second_invasion_(1281)" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">second invasion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a> becomes the third king of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">Phra Ruang dynasty</a>, ruling the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a> falls, due to attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya kingdom</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_9"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Cities_and_Towns_2"> Cities and Towns</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Cities and Towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Haapsalu" title="Haapsalu">Haapsalu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Danish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Estonia">Estonia</a> is founded and later becomes the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel%E2%80%93Wiek" title="Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Medicine"> Medicine</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1279&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a>'s (or Rhazes') medical writings are translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Faraj_ben_Salim" title="Faraj ben Salim">Faraj ben Salim</a>, some 350 years after al-Razi's death.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1270s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1270s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>, <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>, <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>, <a href="/wiki/1273" title="1273">1273</a>, <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>, <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>, <a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a>, <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>, <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a></div> <p><b>1270</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois" title="Charles, Count of Valois">Charles, Count of Valois</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Metochites" title="Theodore Metochites">Theodore Metochites</a>, Byzantine statesman and author<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Cesena" title="Michael of Cesena">Michael of Cesena</a>, Franciscan theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cino_da_Pistoia" title="Cino da Pistoia">Cino da Pistoia</a>, Italian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_Germany" title="Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany">Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhiyuan" title="Ma Zhiyuan">Ma Zhiyuan</a>, Chinese poet<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, Marathi saint and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>approximate</i> – <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a>, Scottish patriot<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1271</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Habsburg" title="Judith of Habsburg">Judith of Habsburg</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria">Stephen I</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1310" title="1310">1310</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> leader and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_Ferrers,_1st_Baron_Ferrers_of_Chartley" title="John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley">John de Ferrers</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_of_Anjou" title="Charles Martel of Anjou">Charles Martel</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1295" title="1295">1295</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Poland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1305" title="1305">1305</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gong of Song">Gong of Song</a>, Chinese emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Mahmud Ghazan</a>, Mongol ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1304" title="1304">1304</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Brittany" title="Blanche of Brittany">Blanche of Brittany</a>, French noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1327" title="1327">1327</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Duanli" title="Cheng Duanli">Cheng Duanli</a>, Chinese scholar and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_MacCarthy_Mor,_King_of_Desmond" title="Cormac MacCarthy Mor, King of Desmond">Cormac MacCarthy Mor</a>, Irish king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Desmond</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Portugal" title="Elizabeth of Portugal">Elizabeth of Aragon</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerlach_I,_Count_of_Nassau" title="Gerlach I, Count of Nassau">Gerlach I, Count of Nassau</a>, German nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a> (Mikhail Yaroslavich), Kievan Grand Prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1318" title="1318">1318</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Tamemichi" title="Nijō Tamemichi">Nijō Tamemichi</a>, Japanese poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saionji_Sh%C5%8Dshi" title="Saionji Shōshi">Saionji Shōshi</a> (Eifuku Mon'in), Japanese empress consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargis_II_Jaqeli" title="Sargis II Jaqeli">Sargis II Jaqeli</a>, Georgian nobleman and prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1334" title="1334">1334</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Consort_Sunbi_Heo" title="Royal Consort Sunbi Heo">Sunbi Heo</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Chungseon_of_Goryeo" title="Chungseon of Goryeo">Chungseon of Goryeo</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1335" title="1335">1335</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1272</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Sadatoki" title="Hōjō Sadatoki">Hōjō Sadatoki</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Ferrers,_1st_Baron_Ferrers_of_Groby" title="William Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Groby">William Ferrers</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a>, Chinese emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>)</li> <li>April – <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Acre" title="Joan of Acre">Joan of Acre</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Tolomei" title="Bernardo Tolomei">Bernardo Tolomei</a>, Italian theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Badr al-Din Solamish</a>, Mamluk ruler of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_VII,_Count_of_Henneberg-Schleusingen" title="Berthold VII, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen">Berthold VII, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen</a>, German nobleman and regent (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Longlegs,_Lord_of_Langeland" title="Eric Longlegs, Lord of Langeland">Eric Longlegs, Lord of Langeland</a> (Erik Eriksøn), Danish nobleman (d. 1310)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fath_al-Din_Ibn_Sayyid_al-Nas" title="Fath al-Din Ibn Sayyid al-Nas">Fath al-Din ibn Sayyid</a>, Egyptian theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1334" title="1334">1334</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Nevers" title="Louis I, Count of Nevers">Louis I, Count of Nevers</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Anjou" title="Margaret, Countess of Anjou">Margaret, Countess of Anjou</a>, French noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwu" title="Shiwu">Shiwu</a> ('Stonehouse'), Chinese poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1352" title="1352">1352</a>)</li> <li>Approximate date <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalric,_Lord_of_Tyre" title="Amalric, Lord of Tyre">Amalric, Lord of Tyre</a>, Outremer nobleman and prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1310" title="1310">1310</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Beauchamp,_10th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick">Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bruce" title="Isabel Bruce">Isabel Bruce</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1358" title="1358">1358</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Otto I, Landgrave of Hesse">Otto I, Landgrave of Hesse</a>, German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1273</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I of Navarre</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1305" title="1305">1305</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_1st_Baron_Percy" title="Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy">Henry Percy</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1314" title="1314">1314</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ewostatewos" title="Ewostatewos">Ewostatewos</a>, Ethiopian religious leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1352" title="1352">1352</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alphonso,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Alphonso, Earl of Chester">Alphonso</a>, English prince and heir (d. <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">Abulfeda</a>, Ayyubid prince, geographer and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Gordon,_Lord_of_Gordon" title="Adam de Gordon, Lord of Gordon">Adam de Gordon</a>, Scottish statesman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_VIII_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David VIII of Georgia">David VIII</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">House of Bagrationi</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_I_of_Vianden" title="Geoffrey I of Vianden">Geoffrey I of Vianden</a>, Luxembourgian nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1310" title="1310">1310</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII of Luxembrug</a>, Holy Roman Emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1313" title="1313">1313</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Adjurrum" title="Ibn Adjurrum">Ibn Adjurrum</a>, Marinid scholar and grammarian (d. <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Moronori" title="Kujō Moronori">Kujō Moronori</a>, Japanese nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_VIII_Bertrand_de_Bricquebec" title="Robert VIII Bertrand de Bricquebec">Robert Bertrand</a>, Norman nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Aragon,_Duchess_of_Calabria" title="Yolande of Aragon, Duchess of Calabria">Yolande of Aragon</a>, Spanish princess (<a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante"><i>infanta</i></a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1302" title="1302">1302</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1274</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Toulouse" title="Louis of Toulouse">Louis of Toulouse</a>, French archbishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clifford,_1st_Baron_Clifford" title="Robert Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford">Robert Clifford</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1314" title="1314">1314</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1329" title="1329">1329</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Beauchamp,_1st_Baron_Beauchamp_of_Somerset" title="John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Somerset">John Beauchamp</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria">Rudolf I</a>, German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1319" title="1319">1319</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a>, Syrian scholar and encyclopedist (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I,_Latin_Empress" title="Catherine I, Latin Empress">Catherine I</a>, Latin empress (d. <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_VI_of_Denmark" title="Eric VI of Denmark">Eric VI</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>) (d. 1319)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jayyab" title="Ibn al-Jayyab">Ibn al-Jayyab</a>, Andalusian scholar and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_Faliero" title="Marino Faliero">Marino Faliero</a> (or Falier), doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1355" title="1355">1355</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizzardo_IV_da_Camino" title="Rizzardo IV da Camino">Rizzardo IV da Camino</a>, Italian nobleman and military leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_of_Majorca" title="Sancho of Majorca">Sancho I</a> ("the Peaceful"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1324" title="1324">1324</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seisetsu_Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Seisetsu Shōchō">Seisetsu Shōchō</a>, Chinese Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1339" title="1339">1339</a>)</li> <li>Approximate date <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Murimuth" title="Adam Murimuth">Adam Murimuth</a>, English priest and chronicler (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_de_Montfort" title="Anastasia de Montfort">Anastasia de Montfort</a>, Italian noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a>, Persian poet and mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1338" title="1338">1338</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Chiragh_Dehlavi" title="Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi">Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1275</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Badlesmere,_1st_Baron_Badlesmere" title="Bartholomew Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere">Bartholomew Badlesmere</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="John II, Duke of Brabant">John II, Duke of Brabant</a> ("the Peaceful"), Dutch nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chungseon_of_Goryeo" title="Chungseon of Goryeo">Chungseon of Goryeo</a> (or Wang Jang), Korean ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Horn" title="Andrew Horn">Andrew Horn</a>, English scholar, chamberlain and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymer_de_Valence,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke</a>, Anglo-French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1324" title="1324">1324</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> poet, philosopher and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Brittany_(abbess)" title="Eleanor of Brittany (abbess)">Eleanor of Brittany</a>, Anglo-Norman <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> abbess (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_Cerda_(1275%E2%80%931322)" title="Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322)">Fernando de la Cerda</a>, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1322)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Tamefuji" title="Nijō Tamefuji">Nijō Tamefuji</a> (Fujiwara no Tamefuji), Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1324)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasan_J%C5%8Dseki" title="Gasan Jōseki">Gasan Jōseki</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> Zen monk and disciple (d. <a href="/wiki/1366" title="1366">1366</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Lunel" title="Gerard of Lunel">Gerard of Lunel</a>, French nobleman, monk and hermit (d. <a href="/wiki/1298" title="1298">1298</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Raska" title="Gregory of Raska">Gregory of Raska</a>, Serbian copyist, bishop and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1321" title="1321">1321</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueraula_de_Codines" title="Gueraula de Codines">Gueraula de Codines</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Folk_healer" title="Folk healer">folk healer</a> and occultist (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Morotoki" title="Hōjō Morotoki">Hōjō Morotoki</a>, Japanese nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shikken" title="Shikken">shikken</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Bouville" title="Hugues de Bouville">Hugues de Bouville</a>, French nobleman and chamberlain (d. <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Halld%C3%B3rsson" title="Jón Halldórsson">Jón Halldórsson</a>, Norwegian cleric, priest and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1339" title="1339">1339</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> monk and teacher (d. <a href="/wiki/1351" title="1351">1351</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Zittau" title="Peter of Zittau">Peter of Zittau</a>, Bohemian <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>, historian and writer (d. 1339)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fuyuhira" title="Takatsukasa Fuyuhira">Takatsukasa Fuyuhira</a>, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. <a href="/wiki/1327" title="1327">1327</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Alnwick" title="William of Alnwick">William of Alnwick</a>, English friar, bishop and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1276</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Multon,_1st_Baron_Multon_of_Gilsland" title="Thomas de Multon, 1st Baron Multon of Gilsland">Thomas de Multon, 1st Baron Multon of Gilsland</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1313" title="1313">1313</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Louis, Count of Évreux">Louis, Count of Évreux</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1319" title="1319">1319</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay,_1st/9th_Earl_of_Devon" title="Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon">Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_II_of_Denmark" title="Christopher II of Denmark">Christopher II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1332" title="1332">1332</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of Brabant">Margaret of Brabant</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hisaaki" title="Prince Hisaaki">Hisaaki</a>, Japanese prince and shogun (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Bavaria,_Margravine_of_Brandenburg" title="Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg">Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg</a>, German noblewoman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diederik_II_count_of_Limburg_Hohenlimburg" title="Diederik II count of Limburg Hohenlimburg">Diederik II</a>, German count of <a href="/wiki/Limburg-Hohenlimburg" title="Limburg-Hohenlimburg">Limburg-Hohenlimburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_4th_Earl_of_Hereford" title="Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford">Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Uchisane" title="Ichijō Uchisane">Ichijō Uchisane</a>, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. <a href="/wiki/1304" title="1304">1304</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Lusignan" title="Margaret of Lusignan">Margaret of Lusignan</a>, queen consort of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, German co-ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1318" title="1318">1318</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Moravia,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn">Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn</a> (or Moray), Scottish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_ad-Din_al-Tufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm ad-Din al-Tufi">Najm ad-Din al-Tufi</a>, Persian scholar and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert of Anjou</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">House of Capet</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dagworth" title="Thomas Dagworth">Thomas Dagworth</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_III_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang III of Georgia">Vakhtang III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">House of Bagrationi</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1308" title="1308">1308</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1277</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kanzan_Egen" title="Kanzan Egen">Kanzan Egen</a>, Japanese monk (d. <a href="/wiki/1360" title="1360">1360</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_I_Visconti" title="Galeazzo I Visconti">Galeazzo I Visconti</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christina_Ebner" title="Christina Ebner">Christina Ebner</a>, German mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1356" title="1356">1356</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a>, Byzantine emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamatsu_Norimura" title="Akamatsu Norimura">Akamatsu Norimura</a>, Japanese governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Shugo" title="Shugo">shugo</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_V_of_Lippe" title="Bernard V of Lippe">Bernard V</a>, German bishop (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lippe" title="House of Lippe">House of Lippe</a>) d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_of_Bribir" title="George I Šubić of Bribir">George I Šubić of Bribir</a>, Croatian nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1302" title="1302">1302</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_IV,_Count_of_Holstein-Pl%C3%B6n" title="Gerhard IV, Count of Holstein-Plön">Gerhard IV</a>, German nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Magnusdotter" title="Ingeborg Magnusdotter">Ingeborg Magnusdotter</a> Swedish princess, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1319" title="1319">1319</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Mar" title="Isabella of Mar">Isabella of Mar</a>, Scottish noblewoman, wife of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_of_Denmark" title="Martha of Denmark">Martha of Denmark</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)#Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">Sweden</a> (d. 1341)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meih%C5%8D_Sotetsu" title="Meihō Sotetsu">Meihō Sotetsu</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> monk (d. 1350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smbat_I_Hetumian" title="Smbat I Hetumian">Smbat I Hetumian</a> (or Sempad), king of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1310" title="1310">1310</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Wei Yilin</a>, Chinese physician and surgeon (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1278</b> </p> <ul><li>January 10/11 – <a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Rita of Armenia</a>, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Woodstock" title="Mary of Woodstock">Mary of Woodstock</a>, English princess, nun (d. <a href="/wiki/1332" title="1332">1332</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kokan_Shiren" title="Kokan Shiren">Kokan Shiren</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> patriarch (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safi_al-Din_al-Hilli" title="Safi al-Din al-Hilli">Safi al-Din al-Hilli</a>, Persian poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theobald_de_Verdun,_2nd_Baron_Verdun" title="Theobald de Verdun, 2nd Baron Verdun">Theobald II</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Prince_of_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I, Prince of Taranto">Philip I, Prince of Taranto</a>, Neapolitan prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Seton" title="Christopher Seton">Christopher Seton</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1306" title="1306">1306</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Constantine I, King of Armenia">Constantine I</a> (or III), co-ruler of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1310" title="1310">1310</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Majorca" title="Ferdinand of Majorca">Ferdinand of Majorca</a>, Aragonese prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infante</a></i>) (d. 1316)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Sadaaki" title="Hōjō Sadaaki">Hōjō Sadaaki</a>, Japanese nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Hocsem" title="Jean de Hocsem">Jean van Hocsem</a>, Belgian monk and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Graham_(died_1337)" title="John de Graham (died 1337)">John de Graham</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Piedmont" title="Philip I of Piedmont">Philip I of Piedmont</a>, Latin prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Achaea</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1334" title="1334">1334</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Lancaster">Thomas of Lancaster</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1279</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I_of_Granada" title="Ismail I of Granada">Ismail I</a>, Nasrid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Nuwayri" title="Al-Nuwayri">Al-Nuwayri</a>, Egyptian encyclopedist (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Asida_Muhammad_II" title="Abu Asida Muhammad II">Abu Asida Muhammad II</a>, Hafsid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1309" title="1309">1309</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Bek_(bishop_of_Norwich)" title="Antony Bek (bishop of Norwich)">Antony Bek</a>, English chancellor and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Hirotoki" title="Hōjō Hirotoki">Hōjō Hirotoki</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Burgrave_of_Nuremberg" title="John I, Burgrave of Nuremberg">John I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Louis I, Duke of Bourbon">Louis I, Duke of Bourbon</a> ("the Lame"), French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktabai" title="Muktabai">Muktabai</a> (or Mukta), Indian religious leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_de_Brus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel de Brus">Nigel de Brus</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1306" title="1306">1306</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Otto I, Duke of Pomerania">Otto I</a>, Polish nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">House of Griffin</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahida_Abbasiyah" title="Zahida Abbasiyah">Zahida Abbasiyah</a>, Abbasid poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>, <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>, <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>, <a href="/wiki/1273" title="1273">1273</a>, <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>, <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>, <a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a>, <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>, <a href="/wiki/1278" title="1278">1278</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a></div> <p><b>1270</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary_(saint)" title="Margaret of Hungary (saint)">Saint Margaret of Hungary</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_of_France_(saint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabelle of France (saint)">Saint Isabelle of France</a>, French princess and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Montfort,_Lord_of_Tyre" title="Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre">Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1206" title="1206">1206</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_B%C3%A1ncsa" title="Stephen I Báncsa">Stephen Báncsa</a>, Hungarian cardinal (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)" title="Boniface of Savoy (bishop)">Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_of_Brienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonso of Brienne">Alphonso of Brienne</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Montfort,_Lord_of_Castres" title="Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres">Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II of Navarre</a> (Theobald V of Champagne) (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_VII_Ulu" class="mw-redirect" title="David VII Ulu">David VII Ulu</a>, King of Georgia (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abi Usaibia">Ibn Abi Usaibia</a>, Syrian Arab medical historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_of_Vienna" title="Isaac ben Moses of Vienna">Isaac ben Moses of Vienna</a>, Jewish rabbi and scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bigod,_4th_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk">Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uli_I_of_Mali" title="Uli I of Mali">Uli I of Mali</a>, second mansa of the Mali Empire<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1271</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Countess_of_Chiny" title="Joan, Countess of Chiny">Joan, Countess of Chiny</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France">Isabella of Aragon</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_Andechs-Merania" title="Beatrix of Andechs-Merania">Beatrix of Andechs-Merania</a>, German princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Almain" title="Henry of Almain">Henry of Almain</a> (Henry of Cornwall), English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a>, Andalusian philosopher and mystic</li> <li>c. April 10 – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Posthumous" title="Stephen the Posthumous">Stephen the Posthumous</a>, Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1236" title="1236">1236</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Isabella of France, Queen of Navarre">Isabella of France</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Braganca" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew of Braganca">Bartholomew of Braganca</a>, Italian friar and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Burgh,_1st_Earl_of_Ulster" title="Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster">Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster</a> (or Bourke), Norman nobleman</li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_de_Peralta" title="Arnaldo de Peralta">Arnaldo de Peralta</a>, Aragonese archbishop and statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alphonse,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="Alphonse, Count of Poitiers">Alphonse, Count of Poitiers</a>, son of Louis VIII of France (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Countess_of_Toulouse" title="Joan, Countess of Toulouse">Joan of Toulouse</a>, French noblewoman (b. 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Annibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Annibale Annibaldi">Annibaldo degli Annibaldi</a>, Italian theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav III</a>, Kievan Grand Prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li>October or November – <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Zorzi" title="Marsilio Zorzi">Marsilio Zorzi</a>, Venetian statesman, Count of Curzola and Mèleda<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Steinv%C3%B6r_Sighvatsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinvör Sighvatsdóttir">Steinvör Sighvatsdóttir</a>, Icelandic female poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Basset" title="Philip Basset">Philip Basset</a>, English chief justiciar (b. <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>)</li> <li>November 6 or 7 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Segusio" title="Henry of Segusio">Henry of Segusio</a>, Italian jurist and cardinal-bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Hasan" title="Al-Mansur al-Hasan">Al-Mansur al-Hasan</a>, Yemeni imam and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1199" title="1199">1199</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Palaiologos_(half-brother_of_Michael_VIII)" title="Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII)">Constantine Palaiologos</a>, Byzantine nobleman, half-brother of Emperor Michael VIII, co-ruler and monk (b. c.1230)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyas-ud-din_Baraq" title="Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq">Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a>, Persian philosopher and mystic (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauretta_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Lauretta of Saarbrücken">Lauretta of Saarbrücken</a>, German noblewoman and regent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Chernigov" title="Maria of Chernigov">Maria of Chernigov</a>, Kievan princess, regent and chronicler (b. <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Grey" title="Richard de Grey">Richard de Grey</a>, English nobleman, constable and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Leybourne" title="Roger de Leybourne">Roger de Leybourne</a>, English nobleman and High Sheriff</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardan_Areveltsi" title="Vardan Areveltsi">Vardan Areveltsi</a>, Armenian historian and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1272</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_of_Molina" title="Alfonso of Molina">Alfonso of Molina</a>, Leonese prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Enzo_of_Sardinia" title="Enzo of Sardinia">Enzo of Sardinia</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Saga" title="Emperor Go-Saga">Go-Saga</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzalan_(1246%E2%80%931272)" title="John Fitzalan (1246–1272)">John FitzAlan</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zita" title="Zita">Zita</a> (or Sitha), Italian maid and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1212" title="1212">1212</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cantimpr%C3%A9" title="Thomas of Cantimpré">Thomas of Cantimpré</a>, Flemish priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1201" title="1201">1201</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Bourgogne" title="Guy de Bourgogne">Guy de Bourgogne</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_I,_Duke_of_Schleswig" title="Eric I, Duke of Schleswig">Eric I, Duke of Schleswig</a> (Abelsøn), Danish nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berchtold_von_Falkenstein" title="Berchtold von Falkenstein">Berchtold von Falkenstein</a>, German abbot</li> <li>c. June – <a href="/wiki/James_Audley_(died_1272)" title="James Audley (died 1272)">James Audley</a> (or Aldithel), English high sheriff (b. 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_V_of_Hungary" title="Stephen V of Hungary">Stephen V</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Middleton_(Lord_Chancellor)" title="Richard Middleton (Lord Chancellor)">Richard Middleton</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_de_Brus" title="Peter III de Brus">Peter III de Brus</a>, English nobleman</li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Abbeville" title="Gerard of Abbeville">Gerard of Abbeville</a>, French monk and theologian (b. 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Brittany" title="Yolande of Brittany">Yolande of Brittany</a>, French noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_of_Augsburg" title="David of Augsburg">David of Augsburg</a>, German friar and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Ratisbon" title="Berthold of Ratisbon">Berthold of Ratisbon</a>, German monk and preacher (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_T%C3%BCrje" title="Philip Türje">Philip Türje</a>, Hungarian archbishop (b. 1218)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanieu_VI_d%27Albret" title="Amanieu VI d'Albret">Amanieu VII</a>, French nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_Anglicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomeus Anglicus">Bartholomeus Anglicus</a>, English monk and encyclopedist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Guerra" title="Guido Guerra">Guido Guerra V</a>, Italian nobleman and politician (b. 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_de_Prendergast" title="Maud de Prendergast">Maud de Prendergast</a>, Norman-Irish noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Blemmydes" title="Nikephoros Blemmydes">Nikephoros Blemmydes</a>, Byzantine theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1197" title="1197">1197</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Saint-Amour" title="William of Saint-Amour">William of Saint-Amour</a>, French philosopher and writer</li> <li>Approximate date – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sherwood" title="William of Sherwood">William of Sherwood</a>, English philosopher and logician</li></ul> <p><b>1273</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Granada" title="Muhammad I of Granada">Muhammad I</a>, Nasrid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Ch%C3%A2teauroux" title="Odo of Châteauroux">Odo of Châteauroux</a>, French bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">Al-Qurtubi</a>, Moorish scholar and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Masamura" title="Hōjō Masamura">Hōjō Masamura</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anno_von_Sangershausen" title="Anno von Sangershausen">Anno von Sangershausen</a>, German Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Sandwich" title="Henry of Sandwich">Henry of Sandwich</a>, English bishop (b. 1204)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arsenios_Autoreianos" title="Arsenios Autoreianos">Arsenios Autoreianos</a>, Byzantine patriarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Queen_of_Germany" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany">Elisabeth of Bavaria</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">October 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hildebold_of_Wunstorf" title="Hildebold of Wunstorf">Hildebold of Wunstorf</a>, German archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_de_Cantilupe" title="George de Cantilupe">George de Cantilupe</a>, English nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Adelaide of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant">Adelaide of Burgundy</a>, French noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, Persian scholar and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81kos_(chronicler)" title="Ákos (chronicler)">Ákos</a>, Hungarian cleric, priest, chancellor and chronicler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Suerbeer" title="Albert Suerbeer">Albert Suerbeer</a>, German archbishop and prince-bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin II, Latin Emperor">Baldwin of Courtenay</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Elmacin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Elmacin">George Elmacin</a>, Egyptian historian and writer (b. 1205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_degli_Ubaldini" title="Ottaviano degli Ubaldini">Ottaviano degli Ubaldini</a>, Italian bishop and cardinal (b. 1214)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Keldeleth" title="Robert de Keldeleth">Robert de Keldeleth</a>, Scottish monk, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and chancellor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walerand" title="Robert Walerand">Robert Walerand</a>, English nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Seneschal_of_Gascony" title="Seneschal of Gascony">seneschal</a> and judge</li></ul> <p><b>1274</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Erlandsen" title="Jakob Erlandsen">Jakob Erlandsen</a>, Danish cleric and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar" title="Lal Shahbaz Qalandar">Lal Shahbaz Qalandar</a>, Afghan <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Malik" title="Ibn Malik">Ibn Malik</a>, Moorish grammarian and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, Italian friar and theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Wartenberg" title="Heinrich von Wartenberg">Heinrich von Wartenberg</a>, Swiss nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_St_Martin" title="Lawrence of St Martin">Lawrence of St. Martin</a>, English archdeacon and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>, Persian scientist and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1201" title="1201">1201</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, Italian theologian and philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">Henry I</a> (or Henry III), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">House of Blois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">Wonjong of Goryeo</a>, Korean prince and ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stitchill" title="Robert Stitchill">Robert Stitchill</a> (or Stichel), English <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Duzong" title="Emperor Duzong">Duzong</a> (or Zhao Qi), Chinese emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Sorbon" title="Robert de Sorbon">Robert de Sorbon</a>, French chaplain and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prince_Munetaka" title="Prince Munetaka">Munetaka</a>, Japanese prince and shogun (b. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li>September 26–29 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_K%C5%91szegi" title="Henry I Kőszegi">Henry I Kőszegi</a> ("the Great"), Hungarian nobleman (b. 1210)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_(son_of_Edward_I)" title="Henry (son of Edward I)">Henry</a>, English prince and son of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8D_Sukekuni" title="Sō Sukekuni">Sō Sukekuni</a>, Japanese governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Jit%C5%8D" title="Jitō">jitodai</a></i>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Akiuji" title="Fujiwara no Akiuji">Fujiwara no Akiuji</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. 1207)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aveline_de_Forz,_Countess_of_Aumale" title="Aveline de Forz, Countess of Aumale">Aveline de Forz</a>, English noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Castile" title="Philip of Castile">Philip of Castile</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Montferrat" title="Beatrice of Montferrat">Beatrice of Montferrat</a>, Italian noblewoman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_of_Preston" title="Gilbert of Preston">Gilbert of Preston</a>, English nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Chief Justice of the Common Pleas">chief justice</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bingzhong" title="Liu Bingzhong">Liu Bingzhong</a>, Chinese court advisor and architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a>, Seljuk philosopher and writer (b. 1207)</li> <li>Approximate date <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Fitz_Thedmar" title="Arnold Fitz Thedmar">Arnold Fitz Thedmar</a>, English merchant and chronicler (b. 1201)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Longleg,_Lord_of_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="William Longleg, Lord of Douglas">William Longleg, Lord of Douglas</a>, Scottish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1275</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Raymond of Penyafort</a>, Spanish priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175">1175</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Liechtenstein" title="Ulrich von Liechtenstein">Ulrich von Liechtenstein</a>, German poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paio_Peres_Correia" title="Paio Peres Correia">Paio Peres Correia</a>, Portuguese Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Urania_of_Worms" title="Urania of Worms">Urania of Worms</a>, German Jewish <a href="/wiki/Firzogerin" title="Firzogerin">precentress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England" title="Margaret of England">Margaret of England</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shi_Tianze" title="Shi Tianze">Shi Tianze</a>, Chinese general and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Ch%C5%8Dshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara no Chōshi">Fujiwara no Chōshi</a>, Japanese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_England" title="Beatrice of England">Beatrice of England</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Leicester" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester">Eleanor of England</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Brienne" title="Marie of Brienne">Marie of Brienne</a>, Latin empress and regent (b. <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cecile_of_Baux" title="Cecile of Baux">Cecile of Baux</a>, Savoyan noblewoman and regent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_Thuringia,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Sophie of Thuringia, Duchess of Brabant">Sophie of Thuringia</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> (b. 1224)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arghun_Aqa" title="Arghun Aqa">Arghun Aqa</a> the Elder, Mongol nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Tiepolo" title="Lorenzo Tiepolo">Lorenzo Tiepolo</a> (or Theupolo), doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara_(died_1275)" title="Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)">Nuño González de Lara</a>, Spanish nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_2nd_Earl_of_Hereford" title="Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford">Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford</a>, English nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sancho_of_Aragon_(archbishop_of_Toledo)" title="Sancho of Aragon (archbishop of Toledo)">Sancho of Aragon</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toledo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo">Toledo</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand de la Cerda">Ferdinand de la Cerda</a>, Spanish prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Bar" title="Margaret of Bar">Margaret of Bar</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_Birgersson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Birgersson">Eric Birgersson</a>, Swedish nobleman (b. 1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Sicily,_Latin_Empress" title="Beatrice of Sicily, Latin Empress">Beatrice of Sicily</a>, Latin empress of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_IV,_Lord_of_Lippe" title="Bernard IV, Lord of Lippe">Bernard IV of Lippe</a>, German nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VI_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VI of Antioch">Bohemond VI of Antioch</a> ("the Fair"), Outremer prince and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_VI,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Dietrich VI, Count of Cleves">Dietrich VI of Meissen</a>, German nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tameie" title="Fujiwara no Tameie">Fujiwara no Tameie</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)"><i>waka</i></a> poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Briel" title="Geoffrey of Briel">Geoffrey of Briel</a> (or Bruyères), Achaean nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Sidao" title="Jia Sidao">Jia Sidao</a>, Chinese politician and Grand Chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_FitzJohn" title="John FitzJohn">John FitzJohn</a>, English nobleman and rebel leader (b. 1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Tadaie" title="Kujō Tadaie">Kujō Tadaie</a>, Japanese nobleman and chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1229" title="1229">1229</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Grimaldi" title="Luca Grimaldi">Luca Grimaldi</a>, Genoese <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a>, politician and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Balog,_Bishop_of_Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Paul Balog, Bishop of Veszprém">Paul Balog</a>, Hungarian vice-chancellor and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Luxi" title="William of Luxi">William of Luxi</a>, priest, preacher, theologian and biblical exegete (d.o.b. unknown)<sup id="cite_ref-LuxiPostilla_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuxiPostilla-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueting_Fuyu" title="Xueting Fuyu">Xueting Fuyu</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> monk and abbot (b. <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1276</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walram_II,_Count_of_Nassau" title="Walram II, Count of Nassau">Walram II, Count of Nassau</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Holland,_Countess_of_Henneberg" title="Margaret of Holland, Countess of Henneberg">Margaret of Holland, Countess of Henneberg</a>, Dutch noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zaynaddin_Ibn_al-Ajami" title="Zaynaddin Ibn al-Ajami">Zaynaddin Ibn al-Ajami</a>, Ayyubid scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a>, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Antioch" title="Henry of Antioch">Henry of Antioch</a>, Outremer nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a> ("the Conqueror"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1208" title="1208">1208</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a>, pope of the Catholic Church (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vicedomino_de_Vicedominis" title="Vicedomino de Vicedominis">Vicedomino de Vicedominis</a>, Italian cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kanezawa_Sanetoki" title="Kanezawa Sanetoki">Hōjō Sanetoki</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Badawi" title="Ahmad al-Badawi">Ahmad al-Badawi</a>, Almohad <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> scholar and mystic (b. <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_III,_Archbishop_of_Esztergom" title="Benedict III, Archbishop of Esztergom">Benedict III</a>, Hungarian priest, vice-chancellor and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Longespee" title="Ela Longespee">Ela Longespee</a>, English noblewoman and co-heiress (b. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_of_Borgo_San_Donnino" title="Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino">Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino</a>, Italian friar, scholar and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Guinizelli" title="Guido Guinizelli">Guido Guinizelli</a>, Italian poet and founder of <a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_France_(1264%E2%80%931276)" title="Louis of France (1264–1276)">Louis of France</a>, French prince and heir apparent (b. <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamuro_Mitsutoshi" title="Hamuro Mitsutoshi">Hamuro Mitsutoshi</a>, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilde_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Mathilde of Saarbrücken">Mathilde of Saarbrücken</a>, German noblewoman and regent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_al-Qazwini_al-Katibi" title="Najm al-Din al-Qazwini al-Katibi">Najm al-Din al-Qazwini al-Katibi</a>, Persian scholar and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolandino_of_Padua" title="Rolandino of Padua">Rolandino of Padua</a>, Italian scholar, jurist and writer (b. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_of_Kostroma" title="Vasily of Kostroma">Vasily of Kostroma</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1277</b> </p> <ul><li>January/March – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Sicily" title="Philip of Sicily">Philip of Sicily</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">House of Anjou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Toucy" title="Philippe de Toucy">Philippe de Toucy</a>, French nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenlong" title="Chen Wenlong">Chen Wenlong</a>, Chinese general (b. <a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_G%C3%BCttingen" title="Ulrich von Güttingen">Ulrich von Güttingen</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a></li> <li>February – <a href="/wiki/Simone_Paltanieri" title="Simone Paltanieri">Simone Paltanieri</a>, Italian archpriest and cardinal</li> <li>April – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gutkeled" title="Joachim Gutkeled">Joachim Gutkeled</a>, Hungarian nobleman and knight<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_I" title="Stefan Uroš I">Stefan Uroš I</a> ("the Great"'), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Werle" title="Nicholas I of Werle">Nicholas I of Werle</a>, German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> (or May 1279) – <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Mehmed" title="Shams al-Din Mehmed">Shams al-Din Mehmed</a> of Karaman, Seljuk nobleman and vizier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> (or Abu al-Futuh), Mamluk sultan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humbert_of_Romans" title="Humbert of Romans">Humbert of Romans</a>, French friar and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Parwana" title="Mu'in al-Din Parwana">Mu'in al-Din Parwana</a>, Seljuk statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Balian_of_Arsuf" title="Balian of Arsuf">Balian of Arsuf</a>, Cypriot nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Falkenburg" title="Beatrice of Falkenburg">Beatrice of Falkenburg</a>, German queen consort</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mastino_I_della_Scala" title="Mastino I della Scala">Mastino I della Scala</a>, Italian nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Merton" title="Walter de Merton">Walter de Merton</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rochester" title="Diocese of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">Al-Nawawi</a>, Seljuk scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="John, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">John I</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tih" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Tih">Konstantin Tih</a>, Bulgarian nobleman and ruler, killed in revolt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folke_Johansson_%C3%84ngel" title="Folke Johansson Ängel">Folke Johansson Ängel</a> ("Angelus"'), Swedish archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Isenburg-Covern" title="Frederick II of Isenburg-Covern">Frederick II</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Isenburg" title="County of Isenburg">House of Isenburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Castile" title="Frederick of Castile">Frederick of Castile</a>, Spanish prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infante</a></i>), executed (b. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a>, Chinese general and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Leona" title="Jacopo da Leona">Jacopo da Leona</a>, Italian secretary, jurist and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licoricia_of_Winchester" title="Licoricia of Winchester">Licoricia of Winchester</a>, English Jewish businesswoman, murdered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madog_II_ap_Gruffydd,_Lord_of_Dinas_Bran" title="Madog II ap Gruffydd, Lord of Dinas Bran">Madog II ap Gruffydd, Lord of Dinas Bran</a>, Welsh prince and nobleman, killed in battle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_al-Mustansir" title="Muhammad I al-Mustansir">Muhammad I al-Mustansir</a>, Hafsid sultan and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqiq_al-Hilli" title="Muhaqqiq al-Hilli">Muhaqqiq al-Hilli</a>, Persian scholar, poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Navigajoso" title="Paolo Navigajoso">Paolo Navigajoso</a>, Venetian nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux"><i>megadux</i></a>), ruler of Lemnos, killed in battle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savakanmaindan" title="Savakanmaindan">Savakanmaindan</a>, Malayan ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squarcino_Borri" title="Squarcino Borri">Squarcino Borri</a> (or Scarsini), Italian <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_of_Strasburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich of Strasburg">Ulrich of Strasburg</a>, German monk and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Saliceto" title="William of Saliceto">William of Saliceto</a>, Italian scholar and surgeon</li></ul> <p><b>1278</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_II_K%C3%A1n" title="Ladislaus II Kán">Ladislaus II Kán</a>, Hungarian nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Skerning" title="Roger Skerning">Roger de Skerning</a>, English monk and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Count_of_J%C3%BClich" title="William IV, Count of Jülich">William IV</a>, German nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li>March 28 or 29 – <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Saint-Martin" title="Bertrand de Saint-Martin">Bertrand de Saint-Martin</a>, French cardinal and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William II of Villehardouin</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Achaea</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Duanzong" title="Emperor Duanzong">Emperor Duanzong</a> (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Broce" title="Pierre de la Broce">Pierre de la Broce</a>, French nobleman and councilor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_della_Torre" title="Napoleone della Torre">Napoleone della Torre</a> (or Napo), Italian nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>, Bohemian nobleman and king (b. <a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a>)</li> <li>September or October – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Chauncy" title="Robert de Chauncy">Robert de Chauncy</a>, English cleric, bishop and high sheriff</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barnim_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania">Barnim I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">House of Griffin</a>)</li> <li>December 26/31 – <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław II the Horned</a>, Polish nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">House of Piast</a>)</li> <li>December (or 1277) – <a href="/wiki/Sambor_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania">Sambor II of Tczew</a>, German nobleman, prince and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew,_Duke_of_Slavonia" title="Andrew, Duke of Slavonia">Andrew, Duke of Slavonia</a>, Hungarian nobleman and prince (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">House of Árpád</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chauderon" title="Geoffrey Chauderon">Geoffrey Chauderon</a>, Latin nobleman and Grand Constable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_de_Saint-Maard" title="Lancelot de Saint-Maard">Lancelot de Saint-Maard</a>, French nobleman and marshal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanxi_Daolong" title="Lanxi Daolong">Lanxi Daolong</a>, Chinese-born monk and calligrapher (b. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Chi%C3%AAu_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Lý Chiêu Hoàng">Lý Chiêu Hoàng</a>, Vietnamese empress consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Opava" title="Martin of Opava">Martin of Opava</a> (or Poland), Polish bishop and chronicler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_B%C3%A1ncsa" title="Stephen II Báncsa">Stephen II Báncsa</a>, Hungarian prelate and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Tudur_ap_Ednyfed_Fychan" title="Sir Tudur ap Ednyfed Fychan">Tudur ap Ednyfed Fychan</a>, Welsh nobleman and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubertino_Pallavicini" title="Ubertino Pallavicini">Ubertino Pallavicini</a>, Italian nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Pallavicini_family" title="Pallavicini family">House of Pallavicini</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1279</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a> ("the Boulonnais"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Ratzeburg" title="Ernst von Ratzeburg">Ernst von Ratzeburg</a>, German knight and Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Countess_of_Ponthieu" title="Joan, Countess of Ponthieu">Joan of Dammartin</a>, Spanish queen consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiufu" title="Lu Xiufu">Lu Xiufu</a> (or Junshi), Chinese Grand Chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1236" title="1236">1236</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a>, Chinese emperor (<a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">House of Zhao</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rinchen_Gyaltsen" title="Rinchen Gyaltsen">Rinchen Gyaltsen</a>, Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Imperial_preceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial preceptor">imperial preceptor</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abel,_Lord_of_Langeland" title="Abel, Lord of Langeland">Abel Abelsøn</a>, Danish nobleman and landowner (b. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Bergamo" title="Alberto da Bergamo">Alberto da Bergamo</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar (b. <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Wishart" title="William Wishart">William Wishart</a> (or Wischard), Scottish bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Langton" title="William Langton">William Langton</a> (or Rotherfield), English archdeacon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Spanheim" title="Philip of Spanheim">Philip of Spanheim</a>, German archbishop and patriarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> ("the Great"), German nobleman (b. 1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tempier" title="Étienne Tempier">Étienne Tempier</a>, French bishop and chancellor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a>, English archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_II,_Count_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ulrich II, Count of Württemberg">Ulrich II, Count of Württemberg</a>, German nobleman and ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a>, Polish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Gravesend" title="Richard of Gravesend">Richard of Gravesend</a>, English priest and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Ajall Shams al-Din Omar</a>, Persian governor and ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_de_Lindsay_of_the_Byres" title="David de Lindsay of the Byres">David de Lindsay</a>, Scottish nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilla_in_Choimded_%C3%93_Cerbaill%C3%A1in" title="Gilla in Choimded Ó Cerbailláin">Gilla in Choimded Ó Cerbailláin</a> (or Germanus), Irish bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(mathematician)" title="Li Ye (mathematician)">Li Ye</a> (or Li Zhi), Chinese mathematician and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ferrers,_6th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby">Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby</a>, English nobleman and landowner (b. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> and archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1270s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConte2008" class="citation book cs1">Conte, Joseph J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAbaJ3EbWjUC&q=eighth+crusade+1270&pg=PA14"><i>The 14th and Final Crusade to the Middle East: Crusades from the 11th Century to the 21st Century</i></a>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452055466" title="Special:BookSources/9781452055466"><bdi>9781452055466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+14th+and+Final+Crusade+to+the+Middle+East%3A+Crusades+from+the+11th+Century+to+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781452055466&rft.aulast=Conte&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAbaJ3EbWjUC%26q%3Deighth%2Bcrusade%2B1270%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFof_Beaulieuof_Chartres2013" class="citation book cs1">of Beaulieu, Geoffrey; of Chartres, William (2013). Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia; Field, Sean L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59A6AgAAQBAJ&q=Louis+IX+1270&pg=PT94"><i>The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres</i></a>. Translated by Field, Larry F. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801469138" title="Special:BookSources/9780801469138"><bdi>9780801469138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanctity+of+Louis+IX%3A+Early+Lives+of+Saint+Louis+by+Geoffrey+of+Beaulieu+and+William+of+Chartres&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780801469138&rft.aulast=of+Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=of+Chartres%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59A6AgAAQBAJ%26q%3DLouis%2BIX%2B1270%26pg%3DPT94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2015" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFfrBgAAQBAJ&q=1270+siege+of+tunis&pg=PA140"><i>Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317461098" title="Special:BookSources/9781317461098"><bdi>9781317461098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Violence%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Faith+and+Conflict+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317461098&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFfrBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1270%2Bsiege%2Bof%2Btunis%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalibo2016" class="citation book cs1">Halibo, Gidey Seyoum (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jO-HDgAAQBAJ&q=Yekuno+Amlak+1270&pg=PA397">"Law, Religion and Pluralism in Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Complex Interaction"</a>. In Coertzen, Pieter; Green, M. Christian; Hansen, Len (eds.). <i>Religious Freedom and Religious Pluralism in Africa: Prospects and Limitations</i>. Stellenbosch, South Africa: AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781928357032" title="Special:BookSources/9781928357032"><bdi>9781928357032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law%2C+Religion+and+Pluralism+in+Ethiopia%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Complex+Interaction&rft.btitle=Religious+Freedom+and+Religious+Pluralism+in+Africa%3A+Prospects+and+Limitations&rft.place=Stellenbosch%2C+South+Africa&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=AFRICAN+SUN+MeDIA&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781928357032&rft.aulast=Halibo&rft.aufirst=Gidey+Seyoum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjO-HDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DYekuno%2BAmlak%2B1270%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInjaeMillerJinhoonHyun-Hae2014" class="citation book cs1">Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014). Shin, Michael D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&q=Sambyeolcho+Rebellion+1270&pg=PA79"><i>Korean History in Maps</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107098466" title="Special:BookSources/9781107098466"><bdi>9781107098466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+History+in+Maps&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107098466&rft.aulast=Injae&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Miller%2C+Owen&rft.au=Jinhoon%2C+Park&rft.au=Hyun-Hae%2C+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46OTBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSambyeolcho%2BRebellion%2B1270%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvi-YonahStern1978" class="citation book cs1">Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orbpAAAAMAAJ&q=Ashkelon+1270"><i>Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land</i></a>. Vol. I. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132751155" title="Special:BookSources/9780132751155"><bdi>9780132751155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Archaeological+Excavations+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780132751155&rft.aulast=Avi-Yonah&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stern%2C+Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorbpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAshkelon%2B1270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer2014" class="citation book cs1">Pfeiffer, Judith (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkVWAgAAQBAJ&q=1270+Tabriz&pg=PA308"><i>Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th - 15th Century Tabriz</i></a>. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004262577" title="Special:BookSources/9789004262577"><bdi>9789004262577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Patronage+and+the+Transmission+of+Knowledge+in+13th+-+15th+Century+Tabriz&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004262577&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBkVWAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1270%2BTabriz%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621181900/http://www.indianngos.com/districts/kutch.asp">"Welcome to Kutch"</a>. <i>www.indianngos.com</i>. 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(16 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows111/irows111.htm">"The Growth of Hangzhou and the Geopolitical Context in East Asia"</a>. <i>The Institute for Research on World-Systems Working Papers</i>. <b>111</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+for+Research+on+World-Systems+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+Hangzhou+and+the+Geopolitical+Context+in+East+Asia&rft.volume=111&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft.aulast=Chase-Dunn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Hiroku&rft.au=Anderson%2C+E.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firows.ucr.edu%2Fpapers%2Firows111%2Firows111.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary1992p429-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daftary1992p429_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1992" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1992). <i>The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42974-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42974-0"><bdi>978-0-521-42974-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isma%27ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42974-0&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jaques, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&q=Battle+of+Karuse+1270&pg=PA513"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O</i></a>. Vol. 2: F - O. Westport, CN, London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335389" title="Special:BookSources/9780313335389"><bdi>9780313335389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+F-O&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN%2C+London&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313335389&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC%26q%3DBattle%2Bof%2BKaruse%2B1270%26pg%3DPA513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownFlores2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Stephen F.; Flores, Juan Carlos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeQlAAAAQBAJ&q=1270+Averroism&pg=PA45"><i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology</i></a>. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movemenets. Vol. 76. Lanham, MA, Toronto, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810864535" title="Special:BookSources/9780810864535"><bdi>9780810864535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+Philosophy+and+Theology&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MA%2C+Toronto%2C+Plymouth&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Religions%2C+Philosophies%2C+and+Movemenets&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780810864535&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft.au=Flores%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeQlAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1270%2BAverroism%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerrier1909" class="citation book cs1">Perrier, Joseph Louis (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revivalscholast00perrgoog"><i>The Revival of Scholastic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revival+of+Scholastic+Philosophy+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Perrier&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevivalscholast00perrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutton1815" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Charles (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xk2AAAAQAAJ&q=1270+Vitello+Alhazen&pg=PA136"><i>A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary: Containing an Explanation of the Terms, and an Account of the Several Subjects, Comprised Under the Heads Mathematics, Astronomy, and Philosophy Both Natural and Experimental Also Memoirs of the Lives and Writing of the Eminent Authors, Both Ancient and Modern who by Their Discoveries or Improvements Have Contributed to the Advancement of Them</i></a>. London: Rivington. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Philosophical+and+Mathematical+Dictionary%3A+Containing+an+Explanation+of+the+Terms%2C+and+an+Account+of+the+Several+Subjects%2C+Comprised+Under+the+Heads+Mathematics%2C+Astronomy%2C+and+Philosophy+Both+Natural+and+Experimental+Also+Memoirs+of+the+Lives+and+Writing+of+the+Eminent+Authors%2C+Both+Ancient+and+Modern+who+by+Their+Discoveries+or+Improvements+Have+Contributed+to+the+Advancement+of+Them&rft.place=London&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Rivington&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_xk2AAAAQAAJ%26q%3D1270%2BVitello%2BAlhazen%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanman1920" class="citation book cs1">Lanman, Charles Rockwell (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZZAAAAMAAJ&q=John+of+Capua+1270"><i>Harvard Oriental Series: Descriptive List Thereof, Revised to 1920: with a Brief Memorial of Its Joint-founder, Henry Clarke Warren</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Oriental+Series%3A+Descriptive+List+Thereof%2C+Revised+to+1920%3A+with+a+Brief+Memorial+of+Its+Joint-founder%2C+Henry+Clarke+Warren&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Lanman&rft.aufirst=Charles+Rockwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrZZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DJohn%2Bof%2BCapua%2B1270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank2001" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Ben G. (2001) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5azmtjTEQW4C&q=Old+New+Synagogue+1270&pg=PA489"><i>A Travel Guide to Jewish Europe: A practical, anecdotal and adventurous journey through historic Jewish Europe, including kosher restaurants, cafes, synagogues and museums, plus cultural and heritage sites</i></a> (Third ed.). Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. p. 489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455613298" title="Special:BookSources/9781455613298"><bdi>9781455613298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Travel+Guide+to+Jewish+Europe%3A+A+practical%2C+anecdotal+and+adventurous+journey+through+historic+Jewish+Europe%2C+including+kosher+restaurants%2C+cafes%2C+synagogues+and+museums%2C+plus+cultural+and+heritage+sites.&rft.place=Gretna%2C+LA&rft.pages=489&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781455613298&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Ben+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5azmtjTEQW4C%26q%3DOld%2BNew%2BSynagogue%2B1270%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brockman, Norbert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC&q=Rock+of+Cashel+1270&pg=PA460"><i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places</i></a>. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598846546" title="Special:BookSources/9781598846546"><bdi>9781598846546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places&rft.pages=460&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781598846546&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkSk4euA-TEC%26q%3DRock%2Bof%2BCashel%2B1270%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England328158" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=328158&resourceID=19191">"Hailes Abbey (328158)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004166233" title="Special:BookSources/9789004166233"><bdi>9789004166233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Border+Communities+between+Violence+and+Opportunities%3A+Scotland+and+Pomerania+Compared&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Poland-Lithuania%3A+Contact+and+Comparison+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+1795&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=The+Northern+World&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004166233&rft.aulast=Jamroziak&rft.aufirst=Emilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVB51DPui-TsC%26q%3DChronicle%2Bof%2BMelrose%2B1270%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel, Pál (2001). <i>The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526</i>, p. 107. I.B. Tauris Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3">1-86064-061-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polo, Marco; Rustichello of Pisa (2004). <i>The Travels of Marco Polo – Volume 1</i>, p. 19. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 278-80. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Hugh (1994). <i>Crusader Castles</i>, pp. 148–150. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42068-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42068-7">0-521-42068-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of Buddhism</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nichirenlibrary.org">http://www.nichirenlibrary.org</a> Accessed 2015-03-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222074700/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/">Archived</a> 2015-03-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbabin, Jean (1998). <i>Charles I of Anjou. Power, Kingship, and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe</i>, p. 91. Bloomsbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-767-0">978-1-78093-767-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John V.A. Fine Jr. (1987). <i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i>, p. 181. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4">0-472-08260-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1958). <i>The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century</i>, p. 156. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60474-2">978-1-107-60474-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, David (2004). <i>The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284</i>, p. 46. London, UK: Penguin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014824-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014824-4">978-0-14-014824-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLock2013" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC"><i>The Routledge Companion to the Crusades</i></a>. Routledge. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135131371" title="Special:BookSources/9781135131371"><bdi>9781135131371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Crusades&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135131371&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkCKZ9Hs4-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 282. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: <i>Acre 1291. Bloody sunset of the Crusader States</i>, p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5">978-1-84176-862-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/mathematical-treasure-the-alfonsine-tables">"Mathematical Treasure: The Alfonsine Tables | Mathematical Association of America"</a>. <i>www.maa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 60. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 60–61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 147. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLock2013" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC"><i>The Routledge Companion to the Crusades</i></a>. Routledge. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135131371" title="Special:BookSources/9781135131371"><bdi>9781135131371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Crusades&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135131371&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkCKZ9Hs4-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Roberts (2011). <i>Great Commanders of the Medieval World (454–1582)</i>, pp. 196–197. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85738-589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85738-589-5">978-0-85738-589-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dw0.htm">"Denzinger EN 824"</a>. <i>The Sources of Catholic Dogma (Enchiridion Symbolorum)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411220700/http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dw0.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sources+of+Catholic+Dogma+%28Enchiridion+Symbolorum%29&rft.atitle=Denzinger+EN+824&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clerus.org%2Fbibliaclerusonline%2Fen%2Fdw0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prestwich, Michael (2005). <i>Plantagenet England 1225–1360</i>, p. 123. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922687-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922687-0">978-0-19-922687-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picard1997-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicard1997" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Christophe (1997). <i>La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle</i>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+mer+et+les+musulmans+d%27Occident+VIIIe-XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Turnbull (2010). Osprey: <i>The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281</i>, pp. 48–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-456-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-456-5">978-1-84603-456-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_E._Bondanella" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter E. Bondanella">Peter E. Bondanella</a> (2003). <i>The Inferno</i>, Introduction, p. XI, Barnes & Noble Classics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59308-051-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59308-051-4">1-59308-051-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDante_Alighieri2013" class="citation book cs1">Dante Alighieri (2013). <i>Delphi Complete Works of Dante Alighieri</i>. Vol. 6 (Illustrated ed.). Delphi Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909496-19-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909496-19-4"><bdi>978-1-909496-19-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Dante+Alighieri&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-909496-19-4&rft.au=Dante+Alighieri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriele Esposito (2019). Osprey: <i>Armies of the Medieval Italian Wars 1125–1325</i>, p. 36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3340-2">978-1-4728-3340-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). <i>The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i>, p. 188. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4">0-472-08260-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). <i>Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in byzantine-Latin Relations</i>, p. 284. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011763434">1011763434</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait</i>, p. 65. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 67–68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait</i>, p. 69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGS_historical-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BGS_historical_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119072210/http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm">"Notes on Individual Earthquakes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm">the original</a> on 2007-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Individual+Earthquakes&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakes.bgs.ac.uk%2Fearthquakes%2Fhistorical%2Fhistorical_listing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musson_2015-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musson_2015_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMusson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Musson, Roger (9 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seced.org.uk/images/newsletters/MUSSON.pdf">"What Was the Largest British Earthquake?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SECED Conference 2015</i>: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.seced.org.uk/images/newsletters/MUSSON.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Paris: La Découverte. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2"><bdi>978-2-7071-5231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+c%C5%93r+du+Maghreb+classique.+De+l%27ouverture+islamo-arabe+au+repli+%28658-1518%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2&rft.aulast=Meynier&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tan Koon San (2014). <i>Dynastic China: An Elementary History</i>, p. 299. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-88-5">978-983-9541-88-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergreen, Laurence (2007). <i>Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu</i>, pp. 340–41. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26769-6">978-0-307-26769-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wasserman, James (2001). <i>The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven</i>, p. 115. Simon and Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-873-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-873-5">978-1-59477-873-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virani, Shafique N.; Virani, Assistant Professor Departments of Historical Studies and the Study of Religion Shafique N. (2007). <i>The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation</i>, p. 32. Oxford University Press, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0">978-0-19-531173-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuijderduijn2009" class="citation book cs1">Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). <i>Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)</i>. Leiden/Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17565-5"><bdi>978-90-04-17565-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Capital+Markets.+Markets+for+renten%2C+state+formation+and+private+investment+in+Holland+%281300-1550%29&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17565-5&rft.aulast=Zuijderduijn&rft.aufirst=Jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 147. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Gernet (1996). <i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i>, p. 376. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7">0-521-49781-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCGC-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCGC_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCGC_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2011" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 69, 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-2302-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gibraltar+Crusade%3A+Castile+and+the+battle+for+the+Strait&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=69%2C+71&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2302-6&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 148. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seignobos, Robin (2012). <i>The other Ethiopia: Nubia and the Crusade (12th and 14th century)</i>, pp. 307–311. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0066-2127">0066-2127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wasserman, James (2001). <i>The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of heaven</i>, p. 115. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-873-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-873-5">978-1-59477-873-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virani, Shafique N. (2007). <i>The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation</i>, p. 32. Oxford University Press, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0">978-0-19-531173-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, Letitia Burns (1992). <i>The Grand Canyon</i>, pp. 16–19, 30–32. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+%26+Archives+-+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Merton+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merton.ox.ac.uk%2Faboutmerton%2Flibrary8.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">506–</span>562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Financial+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicol1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC"><i>Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations</i></a>. 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Routledge. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135131371" title="Special:BookSources/9781135131371"><bdi>9781135131371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Crusaders&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135131371&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkCKZ9Hs4-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait</i>, p. 73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Alf (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Product?Product=9781471864216"><i>Health and the People</i></a>. Hodder Education. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471864216" title="Special:BookSources/9781471864216"><bdi>9781471864216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+and+the+People&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781471864216&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoddereducation.co.uk%2FProduct%3FProduct%3D9781471864216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). <i>Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Illkhanid War, 1260–1281</i>, p. 174. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46226-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46226-6">978-0-521-46226-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Than_Tun" title="Than Tun">Than Tun</a> (1964). <i>Studies in Burmese History</i> (in Burmese). Vol 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon. pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minahan, James B. (2014). <i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i>, p. 169. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-017-1">978-1-61069-017-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duhem, Pierre (1913). "History of Physics". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). <i>Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations</i>, p. 276. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/101176343">101176343</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). <i>The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i>, p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4">0-472-08260-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). <i>The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i>, p. 186. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4">0-472-08260-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195334036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195334036">978-0195334036</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-negotiating-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-negotiating_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Epalza1999" class="citation book cs1">de Epalza, Miguel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&q=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243"><i>Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror</i></a>. Brill. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11244-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11244-8"><bdi>90-04-11244-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+cultures%3A+bilingual+surrender+treaties+in+Muslim-Crusader+Spain+under+James+the+Conqueror&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11244-8&rft.aulast=de+Epalza&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjFacnscoBIC%26q%3DTreaty%2Bof%2BAlcaraz%2B1243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David B. Green. Haaretz – Jewish World: <i>All Jews of England are arrested in a 'coin-clipping' scandal</i>, retrieved on November 17, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 288. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">506–</span>562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Financial+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urban, William (1994). <i>The Baltic Crusade</i>, pp. 283–286. Chicago, Illinois: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929700-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-929700-10-4">0-929700-10-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 77–78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C207">"Records of the Royal Mint"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Archive">The National Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 324. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeynier2010" class="citation book cs1">Meynier, Gilbert (2010). <i>L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)</i>. Paris: La Découverte. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2"><bdi>978-2-7071-5231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+c%C5%93ur+du+Maghreb+classique.+De+l%27ouverture+islamo-arabe+au+repli+%28658-1518%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2&rft.aulast=Meynier&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiser2001" class="citation book cs1">Hiser, Patricia (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkRhncYY0aUC&q=1270+Charles%2C+Count+of+Valois&pg=PA141"><i>My Kind of Man: With the History of the Gwinn, O?Connor, Kincaid, Richardson, Hiser West Virginia Families and Other Associated Lines and the Avery Family of Maine</i></a>. San Jose New York Lincoln Shanghai: iUniverse. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595210008" title="Special:BookSources/9780595210008"><bdi>9780595210008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Kind+of+Man%3A+With+the+History+of+the+Gwinn%2C+O%3FConnor%2C+Kincaid%2C+Richardson%2C+Hiser+West+Virginia+Families+and+Other+Associated+Lines+and+the+Avery+Family+of+Maine&rft.place=San+Jose+New+York+Lincoln+Shanghai&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780595210008&rft.aulast=Hiser&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLkRhncYY0aUC%26q%3D1270%2BCharles%252C%2BCount%2Bof%2BValois%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout1987" class="citation book cs1">Ousterhout, Robert G. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ufxapiQewAC&q=1270+Theodore+Metochites&pg=PA34"><i>The Architecture of the Kariye Camii in Istanbul</i></a>. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Vol. 25. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884021650" title="Special:BookSources/9780884021650"><bdi>9780884021650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+the+Kariye+Camii+in+Istanbul&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780884021650&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ufxapiQewAC%26q%3D1270%2BTheodore%2BMetochites%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaftWhiteWhite1999" class="citation book cs1">Haft, Adele J.; White, Jane G.; White, Robert J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQogJS1WSOYC&q=1270+Michael+of+Cesena&pg=PA75"><i>The Key to "The Name of the Rose": Including Translations of All Non-English Passages</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472086214" title="Special:BookSources/9780472086214"><bdi>9780472086214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+to+%22The+Name+of+the+Rose%22%3A+Including+Translations+of+All+Non-English+Passages&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780472086214&rft.aulast=Haft&rft.aufirst=Adele+J.&rft.au=White%2C+Jane+G.&rft.au=White%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQogJS1WSOYC%26q%3D1270%2BMichael%2Bof%2BCesena%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrundage2008" class="citation book cs1">Brundage, James A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWILTfX3078C&q=1270+Cino+da+Pistoia&pg=PA119"><i>The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts</i></a>. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226077611" title="Special:BookSources/9780226077611"><bdi>9780226077611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Legal+Profession%3A+Canonists%2C+Civilians%2C+and+Courts&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780226077611&rft.aulast=Brundage&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWILTfX3078C%26q%3D1270%2BCino%2Bda%2BPistoia%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWispelwey2011" class="citation book cs1">Wispelwey, Berend (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=486s3eMkLfgC&q=1270+Isabella+of+Burgundy+queen+of+germany&pg=PA575"><i>Biographical Index of the Middle Ages</i></a>. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. p. 575. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110914160" title="Special:BookSources/9783110914160"><bdi>9783110914160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=K.+G.+Saur+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783110914160&rft.aulast=Wispelwey&rft.aufirst=Berend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D486s3eMkLfgC%26q%3D1270%2BIsabella%2Bof%2BBurgundy%2Bqueen%2Bof%2Bgermany%26pg%3DPA575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1990" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Julia C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97FjAAAAMAAJ&q=1270+Ma+Zhiyuan"><i>Female Suicide in Chinese Drama: Selected Plays from the Yuan Dynasty to the Cultural Revolution</i></a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Suicide+in+Chinese+Drama%3A+Selected+Plays+from+the+Yuan+Dynasty+to+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Julia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97FjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D1270%2BMa%2BZhiyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSadarangani2004" class="citation book cs1">Sadarangani, Neeti M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVQrKJbJ2JIC&q=1270+Namdev&pg=PA43"><i>Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact</i></a>. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176254366" title="Special:BookSources/9788176254366"><bdi>9788176254366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Poetry+in+Medieval+India%3A+Its+Inception%2C+Cultural+Encounter+and+Impact&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788176254366&rft.aulast=Sadarangani&rft.aufirst=Neeti+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVQrKJbJ2JIC%26q%3D1270%2BNamdev%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearson2015" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Stuart (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WykCAAAQBAJ&q=1270+William+Wallace&pg=PT15"><i>Great Scottish Heroes - Fifty Scots Who Shaped the World</i></a>. London: John Blake Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784186135" title="Special:BookSources/9781784186135"><bdi>9781784186135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Scottish+Heroes+-+Fifty+Scots+Who+Shaped+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=John+Blake+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781784186135&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WykCAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1270%2BWilliam%2BWallace%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joan-I-queen-of-France">"Joan I | Facts & Biography"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Joan+I+%7C+Facts+%26+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJoan-I-queen-of-France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCsepregi2018" class="citation book cs1">Csepregi, Ildikó (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73NKDwAAQBAJ&q=1270+death">"Preface to the Text Recording Margaret's Miracles"</a>. In Csepregi, Ildikó; Klaniczay, Gábor; Péterfi, Bence (eds.). <i>The Oldest Legend: Acts of the Canonization Process, and Miracles of Saint Margaret of Hungary</i>. Central European Medieval Texts. Translated by Csepregi, Ildikó; Flanigan, Clifford; Perraud, Louis. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789633862186" title="Special:BookSources/9789633862186"><bdi>9789633862186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+to+the+Text+Recording+Margaret%27s+Miracles&rft.btitle=The+Oldest+Legend%3A+Acts+of+the+Canonization+Process%2C+and+Miracles+of+Saint+Margaret+of+Hungary&rft.place=Budapest%2C+New+York&rft.series=Central+European+Medieval+Texts&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789633862186&rft.aulast=Csepregi&rft.aufirst=Ildik%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73NKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1270%2Bdeath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMews2011" class="citation book cs1">Mews, Constant J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Okq5YXXkHkC&q=1270+Saint+Isabelle+of+France&pg=PA19">"The "Speculum dominarum" ("Miroir des dames") and Transformations of the Literature of Instruction for Women in the Early Fourteenth Century"</a>. In Green, Karen; Mews, Constant J. (eds.). <i>Virtue Ethics for Women 1250-1500</i>. The New Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400705296" title="Special:BookSources/9789400705296"><bdi>9789400705296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Speculum+dominarum%22+%28%22Miroir+des+dames%22%29+and+Transformations+of+the+Literature+of+Instruction+for+Women+in+the+Early+Fourteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Virtue+Ethics+for+Women+1250-1500&rft.place=Dordrecht+Heidelberg+London+New+York&rft.series=The+New+Synthese+Historical+Library&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789400705296&rft.aulast=Mews&rft.aufirst=Constant+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Okq5YXXkHkC%26q%3D1270%2BSaint%2BIsabelle%2Bof%2BFrance%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLower2018" class="citation book cs1">Lower, Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EE1YDwAAQBAJ&q=Philip+of+Montfort%2C+Lord+of+Tyre+1270&pg=PA165"><i>The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191061837" title="Special:BookSources/9780191061837"><bdi>9780191061837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tunis+Crusade+of+1270%3A+A+Mediterranean+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780191061837&rft.aulast=Lower&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEE1YDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPhilip%2Bof%2BMontfort%252C%2BLord%2Bof%2BTyre%2B1270%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalagean2016" class="citation book cs1">Salagean, Tudor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuAzDwAAQBAJ&q=Bela+IV+of+hungary+1270&pg=PA106"><i>Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System</i></a>. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 450 - 1450. Vol. 37. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004311343" title="Special:BookSources/9789004311343"><bdi>9789004311343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transylvania+in+the+Second+Half+of+the+Thirteenth+Century%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Congregational+System&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=East+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages+450+-+1450&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004311343&rft.aulast=Salagean&rft.aufirst=Tudor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYuAzDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBela%2BIV%2Bof%2Bhungary%2B1270%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKosta2007" class="citation book cs1">Kosta, László (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y214Oo0uK-oC&q=1270&pg=PA18">"Análise Prosopográfica Dos Cónegos Dos Cabidos Catedralícios Húngaros Na Idade Média (1200-1350): Conclusões"</a>. <i>Carreiras Eclesiásticas no Ocidente Cristão (séc. XII-XIV)</i>. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos de História - Universidade Católica Portuguesa. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789728361266" title="Special:BookSources/9789728361266"><bdi>9789728361266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An%C3%A1lise+Prosopogr%C3%A1fica+Dos+C%C3%B3negos+Dos+Cabidos+Catedral%C3%ADcios+H%C3%BAngaros+Na+Idade+M%C3%A9dia+%281200-1350%29%3A+Conclus%C3%B5es&rft.btitle=Carreiras+Eclesi%C3%A1sticas+no+Ocidente+Crist%C3%A3o+%28s%C3%A9c.+XII-XIV%29&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudos+de+Hist%C3%B3ria+-+Universidade+Cat%C3%B3lica+Portuguesa&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789728361266&rft.aulast=Kosta&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY214Oo0uK-oC%26q%3D1270%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, The Late F. L.; Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&q=Boniface+of+Savoy+1270&pg=PA226"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a> (Third ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pages=226&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=The+Late+F.+L.&rft.au=Cross%2C+Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DBoniface%2Bof%2BSavoy%2B1270%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaposchkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Gaposchkin, Marianne Cecilia (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofsaintlou00gapo"><i>The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofsaintlou00gapo/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801445507" title="Special:BookSources/9780801445507"><bdi>9780801445507</bdi></a>. <q>1270 Louis IX.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Saint+Louis%3A+Kingship%2C+Sanctity%2C+and+Crusade+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780801445507&rft.aulast=Gaposchkin&rft.aufirst=Marianne+Cecilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofsaintlou00gapo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParsons1977" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, John Carmi (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IulTPcYlR-IC&q=1270+Alphonso+of+Brienne"><i>The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290: An Edition of British Library, Additional Manuscript 35294 with Introduction and Notes</i></a>. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888440372" title="Special:BookSources/9780888440372"><bdi>9780888440372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Court+and+Household+of+Eleanor+of+Castile+in+1290%3A+An+Edition+of+British+Library%2C+Additional+Manuscript+35294+with+Introduction+and+Notes&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780888440372&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=John+Carmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIulTPcYlR-IC%26q%3D1270%2BAlphonso%2Bof%2BBrienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaddicott2001" class="citation book cs1">Maddicott, J. R. (2001) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgQ8C10Ut4QC&q=1270+Philip+of+Montfort%2C+Lord+of+Castres&pg=PR25"><i>Simon de Montfort</i></a>. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521376365" title="Special:BookSources/9780521376365"><bdi>9780521376365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simon+de+Montfort&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=xxv&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521376365&rft.aulast=Maddicott&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgQ8C10Ut4QC%26q%3D1270%2BPhilip%2Bof%2BMontfort%252C%2BLord%2Bof%2BCastres%26pg%3DPR25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrevité-Orton1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Previté-Orton, C. W. (1978) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53I5AAAAIAAJ&q=1270+Theobald+II+of+Navarre&pg=PA776"><i>Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter</i></a>. Vol. 2: The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance. Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 776. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521099776" title="Special:BookSources/9780521099776"><bdi>9780521099776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Shorter&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+London%2C+New+York%2C+Melbourne&rft.pages=776&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780521099776&rft.aulast=Previt%C3%A9-Orton&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53I5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1270%2BTheobald%2BII%2Bof%2BNavarre%26pg%3DPA776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNatho2009" class="citation book cs1">Natho, Kadir I. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eE2pDLgibVoC&q=1270+David+Ulu&pg=PA72"><i>Circassian History</i></a>. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781465316998" title="Special:BookSources/9781465316998"><bdi>9781465316998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circassian+History&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781465316998&rft.aulast=Natho&rft.aufirst=Kadir+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeE2pDLgibVoC%26q%3D1270%2BDavid%2BUlu%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAydin2016" class="citation book cs1">Aydin, Sami (2016) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0IIpnov0BsC&q=1270+Ibn+Abi+Usaibia&pg=PA200"><i>A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine</i></a>. Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus. Vol. 24. Leiden, Boston: Horatius Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781888456042" title="Special:BookSources/9781888456042"><bdi>9781888456042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medicine%3A+Byzantine+and+Islamic+medicine&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Aristoteles+Semitico-Latinus&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Horatius+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781888456042&rft.aulast=Aydin&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0IIpnov0BsC%26q%3D1270%2BIbn%2BAbi%2BUsaibia%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFishman2011" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Talya (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEMoAgAAQBAJ&q=1270+Isaac+ben+Moses+of+Vienna&pg=PA156"><i>Becoming the People of the Talmud: Oral Torah as Written Tradition in Medieval Jewish Cultures</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812222876" title="Special:BookSources/9780812222876"><bdi>9780812222876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+the+People+of+the+Talmud%3A+Oral+Torah+as+Written+Tradition+in+Medieval+Jewish+Cultures&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780812222876&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Talya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEMoAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1270%2BIsaac%2Bben%2BMoses%2Bof%2BVienna%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFairclough2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fairclough, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XLI%20Part%204%20(2008)_Bigods%20at%20Walton%20Hall%20and%20their%20successors%20J%20Fairclough_405%20to%20425.pdf">"Bigods at Walton Hall and their Successors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Suffolk+Institute+of+Archaeology+and+History&rft.atitle=Bigods+at+Walton+Hall+and+their+Successors&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=418&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fairclough&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk%2Fcustomers%2FSuffolk%2520Institute%2F2014%2F01%2F10%2FVolume%2520XLI%2520Part%25204%2520%282008%29_Bigods%2520at%2520Walton%2520Hall%2520and%2520their%2520successors%2520J%2520Fairclough_405%2520to%2520425.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabb2018" class="citation book cs1">Babb, J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GsxaDwAAQBAJ&q=1270+Uli+I&pg=PT465"><i>A World History of Political Thought</i></a>. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786435538" title="Special:BookSources/9781786435538"><bdi>9781786435538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Political+Thought&rft.place=Cheltenham+and+Northampton%2C+MA&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781786435538&rft.aulast=Babb&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGsxaDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1270%2BUli%2BI%26pg%3DPT465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazzon2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mazzon, Martino (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marsilio-zorzi_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/">"Zorzi, Marsilio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a>, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo</i> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zorzi%2C+Marsilio&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani%2C+Volume+100%3A+Vittorio+Emanuele+I%E2%80%93Zurlo&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rft.aulast=Mazzon&rft.aufirst=Martino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmarsilio-zorzi_%2528Dizionario-Biografico%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzűcs2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szűcs, Jenő (2002). <i>Az utolsó Árpádok </i>[The Last Árpáds]<i><span></span></i> (in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-389-271-6" title="Special:BookSources/963-389-271-6"><bdi>963-389-271-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Az+utols%C3%B3+%C3%81rp%C3%A1dok+%5BThe+Last+%C3%81rp%C3%A1ds%5D&rft.pub=Osiris+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=963-389-271-6&rft.aulast=Sz%C5%B1cs&rft.aufirst=Jen%C5%91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LuxiPostilla-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LuxiPostilla_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luxi, <i>Postilla super Baruch</i>, pp. xiii-xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Blessed-Gregory-X">"Blessed Gregory X | pope | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Blessed+Gregory+X+%7C+pope+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FBlessed-Gregory-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkó2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Markó, László (2006). <i>A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon</i> [<i>Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i>] (in Hungarian). Helikon Kiadó. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-547-085-1" title="Special:BookSources/963-547-085-1"><bdi>963-547-085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+magyar+%C3%A1llam+f%C5%91m%C3%A9lt%C3%B3s%C3%A1gai+Szent+Istv%C3%A1nt%C3%B3l+napjainkig%3A+%C3%89letrajzi+Lexikon&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Helikon+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=963-547-085-1&rft.aulast=Mark%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1270s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Richardson, Kimball G. Everingham, <i>Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families</i>, page 192</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Artists <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79978#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/787dedf2-849d-4153-847f-99c85850e535">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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