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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education_and_early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education_and_early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Higher education and early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education_and_early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_and_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_and_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writings and thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings_and_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings and thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings_and_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_political_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_political_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economic and political ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_political_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Race and ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late-talking_and_the_Einstein_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late-talking_and_the_Einstein_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late-talking and the Einstein syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late-talking_and_the_Einstein_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Donald Trump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joe_Biden_presidential_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joe_Biden_presidential_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Joe Biden presidential nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joe_Biden_presidential_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Career chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Selected essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="توماس سويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس سويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Томас Соуел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Соуел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="تامس سول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تامس سول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%86%8C%EC%9B%B0" title="토머스 소웰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 소웰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C" title="תומאס סואל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס סואל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="توماس سويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس سويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB" title="トーマス・ソウェル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・ソウェル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84" title="ټوماس سووېل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټوماس سووېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Соуэлл, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соуэлл, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Томас Соул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Соул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American economist (born 1930)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Thomas Sewell (disambiguation)">Thomas Sewell (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Sowell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dark haired man, wearing glasses and a suit and tie, looks into the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/220px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/330px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/440px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1041" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sowell in 1964</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1930-06-30</span>) </span>June 30, 1930<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 94)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina" title="Gastonia, North Carolina">Gastonia, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (until 1972)<br /><a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">Independent</a> (after 1972)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Alma Parr</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1964; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1975)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Mary Ash</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="January 17, 1981">1981</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (1970–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a> (1972–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a> (1976–1977)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> (1977–present)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> (1977–1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School of Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">Stigler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Allen_Brown" title="Sterling Allen Brown">Brown</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_and_Decisions" title="Knowledge and Decisions">Knowledge and Decisions</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_American_Education" title="Inside American Education">Inside American Education</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_the_Anointed" title="The Vision of the Anointed">The Vision of the Anointed</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Economics" title="Basic Economics">Basic Economics</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Applied_Economics:_Thinking_Beyond_Stage_One" title="Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One">Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_Action_Around_the_World" title="Affirmative Action Around the World">Affirmative Action Around the World</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Housing_Boom_and_Bust" title="The Housing Boom and Bust">The Housing Boom and Bust</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wealth,_Poverty_and_Politics" title="Wealth, Poverty and Politics">Wealth, Poverty and Politics</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charter_Schools_and_Their_Enemies" title="Charter Schools and Their Enemies">Charter Schools and Their Enemies</a></i> (2020)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Historical analysis of <a href="/wiki/Say%27s_law" title="Say's law">Say's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect_(United_States_Supreme_Court)" title="Greenhouse effect (United States Supreme Court)">Greenhouse effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge" title="Dispersed knowledge">Dispersed knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">Unintended consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black redneck theory</a></li> <li>Global analysis of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein syndrome">Einstein syndrome</a></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Boyer_Award" title="Francis Boyer Award">Francis Boyer Award</a> (1990)</li><li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1998)</li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a> (2002)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation#Bradley_Prize" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Prize</a> (2004)</li><li><a href="/wiki/GetAbstract_International_Book_Award" title="GetAbstract International Book Award">GetAbstract International Book Award</a> (2008)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsowell.com/">tsowell<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Sowell_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thomas_Sowell_signature.png/150px-Thomas_Sowell_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thomas_Sowell_signature.png/225px-Thomas_Sowell_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Thomas_Sowell_signature.png/300px-Thomas_Sowell_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="72" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CASBS formally became part of Stanford University in 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell was first a member of the Hoover Institution as a fellow in April of 1977. He became a Senior fellow in September 1980.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school<br />of economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">Positive non-interventionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Fogel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">Stigler</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_rationalism" title="Economic rationalism">Economic rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis" title="Efficient-market hypothesis">Efficient market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_rule" title="Friedman rule">Friedman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule" title="Friedman's k-percent rule">k-percent rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_economicus" title="Homo economicus">Homo economicus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_agent" title="Rational agent">Rational agent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">choice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">expectations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_inflation_target" title="Symmetrical inflation target">Symmetrical inflation target</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">Exchange rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_adjustment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation adjustment">Inflation adjustment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_targeting" title="Inflation targeting">Inflation targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market_operation" title="Open market operation">Open market operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">Tax cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">Tax reform</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought"><span class="wrap">Perspectives on capitalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" 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.mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #FED105; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Libertarianism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Boudreaux" title="Donald J. Boudreaux">Boudreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Tuccille" title="Jerome Tuccille">Tuccille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sununu" title="Chris Sununu">Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Usually_Begins_with_Ayn_Rand" title="It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand">It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; 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border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Congressional caucuses</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">Economic interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">Shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programme">Structural Adjustment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">Positive non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalization in India">Economic liberalization in India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boys">Chicago boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Sowell</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SOHL</span></i></a>; born June 30, 1930) is an American economist, <a href="/wiki/Economic_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic historian">economic historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_commentator" class="mw-redirect" title="Political commentator">political commentator</a>. He is a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">senior fellow</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With widely published commentary and books—and as a guest on TV and radio—he is a well-known voice in the American <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative movement</a> as a prominent <a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism#United_States" title="Black conservatism">black conservative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a> from President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell was born in <a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina" title="Gastonia, North Carolina">Gastonia, North Carolina</a>, and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Due to poverty and difficulties at home, he dropped out of <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School" title="Stuyvesant High School">Stuyvesant High School</a> and worked various odd jobs, eventually serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Afterward, he graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-courage_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a master's degree in economics from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> the next year and a Ph.D. in economics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201030–31_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201030–31-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his academic career, he held professorships at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. He has also worked at think tanks including the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a>. Since 1977, he has worked at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, where he is the Rose and Milton Friedman Senior Fellow on Public Policy. </p><p>Sowell was an important figure to the conservative movement during the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a>, influencing fellow economist <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Walter E. Williams</a> and U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was offered a position as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commissioner</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN_Q&A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was considered for posts including <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">U.S. Secretary of Education</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but declined both times.<sup id="cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN_Q&A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell is the author of more than 45 books (including revised and new editions) on a variety of subjects including politics, economics, education and race and he has been a syndicated columnist in more than 150 newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views are described as conservative, especially on social issues;<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PostWealthPoverty_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostWealthPoverty-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>, especially on economics;<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">libertarian-conservative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has said he may be best labeled as a libertarian, though he disagrees with the "libertarian movement" on some issues, such as <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell was born in 1930 into a poor family in <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregated</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina" title="Gastonia, North Carolina">Gastonia, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-courage_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died shortly before he was born, leaving behind Sowell's mother, a housemaid who already had four children. A great-aunt and her two grown daughters adopted Sowell and raised him.<sup id="cite_ref-courage_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother died a few years later of complications while giving birth to another child.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, <i>A Personal Odyssey,</i> Sowell wrote that his childhood encounters with white people were so limited that he did not know blond was a hair color.<sup id="cite_ref-TS:APO6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:APO6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recalls that his first memories were living in a small wooden house in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, which he stated was typical of most black neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was located on an unpaved street and had no electricity or running water.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sowell was nine years old, he and his extended family moved from North Carolina to <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, for greater opportunities, joining in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">large-scale trend</a> of African-American migration from the American south to the north. Family quarrels forced him and his aunt to room in other people's apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell qualified for <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School" title="Stuyvesant High School">Stuyvesant High School</a>, a prestigious academic high school in New York City; he was the first in his family to study beyond the sixth grade. However, he was forced to drop out at age 17 because of financial difficulties and family quarreling.<sup id="cite_ref-courage_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked a number of odd jobs, including long hours at a machine shop, and as a delivery man for <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TS:APO47_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:APO47-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also tried out for the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-nordlinger20110221_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordlinger20110221-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell was <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">drafted</a> into the armed services in 1951 during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a>. Although Sowell opposed the war and experienced racism, he was able to find fulfillment as a photographer, which eventually became his favorite hobby.<sup id="cite_ref-courage_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">honorably discharged</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education_and_early_career">Higher education and early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Higher education and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving military service, Sowell completed high school, took a civil service job in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, and attended night classes at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black college">historically black college</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201031_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201031-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His high scores on the <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a> exams and recommendations by two professors helped him gain admission to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a></i> in 1958 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in economics.<sup id="cite_ref-courage_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CV_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell had initially chosen <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> to study under <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>, who would later receive the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a>, but when he learned that Stigler had moved to the University of Chicago, he followed him there and studied for his doctorate under Stigler upon arriving in the fall of 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell has said that he was a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> "during the decade of my 20s". One of his earliest professional publications was a sympathetic examination of <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> thought vs. <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> practice.<sup id="cite_ref-TS:1963_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:1963-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What began to change his mind toward supporting <a href="/wiki/Free-market_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market economics">free market economics</a>, he said, was studying the possible impact of <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wages</a> on unemployment of sugar industry workers in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> intern. Workers at the department were surprised by his questioning, he said, and he concluded that "they certainly weren't going to engage in any scrutiny of the law".<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> in economics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His dissertation was titled "<a href="/wiki/Say%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Say's Law">Say's Law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_glut" title="General glut">General Glut</a> Controversy".<sup id="cite_ref-TS:Glut_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:Glut-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1965 to 1969, Sowell was an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a> of economics at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. Writing 30 years later about the 1969 seizure of <a href="/wiki/Willard_Straight_Hall" title="Willard Straight Hall">Willard Straight Hall</a> by black students at Cornell, Sowell characterized the students as "<a href="/wiki/Hoodlum" title="Hoodlum">hoodlums</a>" with "serious academic problems [who were] admitted under lower academic standards", and noted "it so happens that the pervasive racism that black students supposedly encountered at every turn on campus and in town was not apparent to me during the four years that I taught at Cornell and lived in <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-sowell19990503_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowell19990503-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell has taught economics at Howard University, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a>, Cornell, <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201031_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201031-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Howard, Sowell wrote, he was offered the position as head of the economics department, but he declined.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1980, he has been a <a href="/wiki/Senior_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior fellow">Senior Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, where he holds a fellowship named after <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, his mentor.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoover_bio_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover_bio-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hoover appointment, because it did not involve teaching, gave him more time for his numerous writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Sowell appeared several times on <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a>'s show <i><a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing Line (TV series)">Firing Line</a></i>, during which he discussed the economics of race and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>. Sowell has written that he gradually lost faith in the academic system, citing low academic standards and counterproductive university bureaucracy, and he resolved to leave teaching after his time at the University of California, Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>, he recounts, "I had come to Amherst, basically, to find reasons to continue teaching. What I found instead were more reasons to abandon an academic career."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview, Sowell said he had been offered a position as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commissioner</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford administration</a> in 1976, but that after pursuing the opportunity, he withdrew from consideration to avoid the political games surrounding the position.<sup id="cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN_Q&A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said in another interview that he was offered the post of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">United States Secretary of Education</a> but declined.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, after Reagan's election, Sowell and Henry Lucas organized the Black Alternatives Conference to bring together black and white conservatives; one attendee was a young <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, then a congressional aide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillard20016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillard20016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell was appointed as a member of the Economic Policy Advisory Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but resigned after the first meeting, disliking travel from the West Coast and lengthy discussions in Washington; of his decision to resign, Sowell cited "the opinion (and the example) of Milton Friedman, that some individuals can contribute more by staying out of government".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2021_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, Sowell testified in favor of federal appeals court judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> during the hearings for <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">Bork's nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court</a>. In his testimony, Sowell said that Bork was "the most highly qualified nominee of this generation" and that what he viewed as <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">judicial activism</a>, a concept that Bork opposed as a self-described <a href="/wiki/Originalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Originalist">originalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Textualist">textualist</a>, "has not been beneficial to minorities."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a review of Sowell's 1987 book, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i>, Larry D. Nachman in <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i> magazine described Sowell as a leading representative of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_and_thought">Writings and thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writings and thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Themes of Sowell's writing range from <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a> on <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>, to the problems of children perceived as having disabilities. </p><p>Sowell had a nationally syndicated column distributed by <a href="/wiki/Creators_Syndicate" title="Creators Syndicate">Creators Syndicate</a> that was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes (magazine)">Forbes</a></i> magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">The New York Post</a></i>, and other major newspapers, as well as online on websites such as <i><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell commented on current issues, which include <a href="/wiki/Liberal_media_bias_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal media bias in the United States">liberal media bias</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">judicial activism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">abortion</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-TS:PT_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:PT-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>; the tension between government policies, programs, and protections and familial <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>; government <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-guncontrol_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guncontrol-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militancy</a> in <a href="/wiki/U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. foreign policy">U.S. foreign policy</a>; the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-MultiCult_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MultiCult-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">mob rule</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">overturning of <i>Roe v. Wade</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education" title="The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education">The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</a></i>, Sowell was the most <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">cited</a> black economist between 1991 and 1995, and second most cited between 1971 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a frequent guest on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rush_Limbaugh_Show" title="The Rush Limbaugh Show">The Rush Limbaugh Show</a></i>, in conversations with Walter E. Williams, who was a substitute host for Limbaugh.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 27, 2016, Sowell announced the end of his syndicated column, writing that, at age 86, "the question is not why I am quitting, but why I kept at it so long", and cited a desire to focus on his photography hobby.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a>,</i> distributed by the <a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose_Network" title="Free to Choose Network">Free to Choose Network</a>, features Sowell along with Milton Friedman and a number of other panelists as they discuss the relationship between freedom and individual economic choices.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A documentary detailing his career entitled "Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World" was released by the Free to Choose Network in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_political_ideology">Economic and political ideology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic and political ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the spring of 1972, Sowell was a registered <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, after which he then left the Democratic Party and resolved not to associate with any political party again, stating "I was so disgusted with both candidates that I didn't vote at all."<sup id="cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN_Q&A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he is often described as a <a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">black conservative</a>, Sowell said, "I prefer not to have labels, but I suspect that '<a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>' would suit me better than many others, although I disagree with the libertarian movement on a number of things."<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been described as one of the most prominent advocates of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Arnhart" title="Larry Arnhart">Larry Arnhart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell primarily writes on economic subjects, generally advocating a <a href="/wiki/Unregulated_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Unregulated market">free market</a> approach to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell opposes the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>, arguing that it has been unsuccessful in preventing <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">economic depressions</a> and limiting <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TS:Fed_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:Fed-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell described his study of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> in his autobiography; as a former Marxist who early in his career became disillusioned with it, he emphatically opposes <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, providing a <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a> in his book <i>Marxism: Philosophy and Economics</i> (1985). </p><p>Sowell has also written a trilogy of books on <a href="/wiki/Economic_ideology" title="Economic ideology">ideologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political positions</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i>, in which he speaks on the origins of political strife; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_the_Anointed" title="The Vision of the Anointed">The Vision of the Anointed</a></i>, in which he compares the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> worldviews; and <i>The Quest for Cosmic Justice</i>, in which, as in many of his other writings, he outlines his thesis of the need felt by <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politicians</a>, and leaders to fix and perfect the world in <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> and ultimately, he posits, disastrous fashions. Separate from the trilogy, but also in discussion of the subject, he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i>, building on his earlier work, in which he discusses what he argues to be the blind <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a> and follies of intellectuals in a variety of areas. </p><p>His book <i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_and_Decisions" title="Knowledge and Decisions">Knowledge and Decisions</a></i>, a winner of the 1980 Law and Economics Center Prize, was heralded as a "landmark work", selected for this prize "because of its cogent contribution to our understanding of the differences between the market process and the process of government". In announcing the award, the centre acclaimed Sowell, whose "contribution to our understanding of the process of regulation alone would make the book important, but in reemphasizing the diversity and efficiency that the market makes possible, [his] work goes deeper and becomes even more significant."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> wrote: "In a wholly original manner [Sowell] succeeds in translating abstract and theoretical argument into highly concrete and realistic discussion of the central problems of contemporary economic policy."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell opposes the imposition of minimum wages by governments, arguing in his book <i>Basic Economics</i> that "Unfortunately, the real minimum wage is always zero, regardless of the laws, and that is the wage that many workers receive in the wake of the creation or escalation of a government-mandated minimum wage, because they either lose their jobs or fail to find jobs when they enter the labor force."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He goes further to argue that minimum wages disproportionately affect "members of racial or ethnic minority groups" that have been discriminated against. He asserts that "Before federal minimum wage laws were instituted in the 1930s, the black unemployment rate was slightly lower than the white unemployment rate in 1930. But then followed the <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Bacon_Act_of_1931" title="Davis–Bacon Act of 1931">Davis-Bacon Act of 1931</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act_of_1933" title="National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933">National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938" title="Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938">Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938</a> – all of which imposed government-mandated minimum wages, either on a particular sector or more broadly... By 1954, black unemployment rates were double those of whites and have continued to be at that level or higher. Those particularly hard hit by the resulting unemployment have been black teenage males."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell also favors <a href="/wiki/Drug_decriminalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug decriminalization">decriminalization of all drugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TS:Essay_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:Essay-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opposes <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a> laws, arguing, "On net balance, they do not save lives, but cost lives."<sup id="cite_ref-guncontrol_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guncontrol-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell has supported <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> political positions on race, and is known for caustic, sarcastic criticism of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> black civil rights figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032–33_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032–33-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell has argued that <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">systemic racism</a> is an untested, questionable hypothesis, writing, "I don't think even the people who use it have any clear idea what they're saying", and compared it to <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> tactics used by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> because if it is "repeated long enough and loud enough", people "cave in" to it.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creitz_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creitz-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several of his works—including <i>The Economics and Politics of Race</i> (1983), <i>Ethnic America</i> (1981), <i><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_Action_Around_the_World" title="Affirmative Action Around the World">Affirmative Action Around the World</a></i> (2004), and other books—Sowell challenges the notion that black progress is due to progressive government programs or policies. He claims that many problems identified with black people in modern society are not unique, neither in terms of American ethnic groups, nor in terms of a rural <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> struggling with disruption as it became <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanized</a>, as discussed in his <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is critical of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">race-based quotas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When people get used to preferential treatment, equal treatment seems like discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> He takes issue with the notion of government as a helper or savior of minorities, arguing that the historical record shows the opposite. In <i>Affirmative Action Around the World</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell holds that affirmative action affects more groups than is commonly understood, though its impacts occur through different mechanisms, and has long since ceased to favor blacks.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One of the few policies that can be said to harm virtually every group in a different way. ... Obviously, whites and Asians lose out when you have preferential admission for black students or Hispanic students—but blacks and Hispanics lose out because what typically happens is the students who have all the credentials to succeed in college are admitted to colleges where the standards are so much higher that they fail.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i>Intellectuals and Race</i> (2013), Sowell argues that <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">intelligence quotient</a> (IQ) gaps are hardly startling or unusual between, or within, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a>. He notes that the roughly 15-point <a href="/wiki/Black-white_IQ_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-white IQ gap">gap in contemporary black–white IQ scores</a> is similar to that between the national average and the scores of certain <a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">ethnic white groups</a> in years past, in periods when the nation was absorbing new immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late-talking_and_the_Einstein_syndrome">Late-talking and the Einstein syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late-talking and the Einstein syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell's book <i>The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late</i> was published in 2021 as a follow-up to his <i>Late-Talking Children</i>. In it, Sowell discusses what he calls the "Einstein syndrome", which refers to the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Late_talker" title="Late talker">late-talking</a> children. Sowell says these children are frequently misdiagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">pervasive developmental disorder</a>. He includes the research of Stephen Camarata and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, among others. Sowell says this trait affected many historical figures who developed prominent careers, such as physicists <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>; mathematician <a href="/wiki/Julia_Robinson" title="Julia Robinson">Julia Robinson</a>; and musicians <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a>. According to Sowell, some children develop unevenly (<a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous development">asynchronous development</a>) for a period in childhood due to rapid and extraordinary development in the analytical functions of the brain. This may temporarily "rob resources" from neighboring functions such as <a href="/wiki/Language_development" title="Language development">language development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2009 column titled "The Bush Legacy", Sowell assessed President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> as "a mixed bag" but "an honorable man."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell said the media was "filtering and spinning" its coverage regarding abortions<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has spoken out against <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">sex-selective abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, he named <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> as presidents he liked.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Donald Trump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell was strongly critical of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and grudgingly endorsed <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican presidential primaries</a>, criticizing him as well, stating that "we can only make our choices among those actually available".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2016 Republican primary, Sowell criticized Trump, questioning whether Trump had "any principles at all, other than promoting Donald Trump?"<sup id="cite_ref-TrumpNotConservative_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrumpNotConservative-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two weeks before the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, Sowell recommended voting for Trump over <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, because he would be "easier to impeach".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, when asked on his thoughts of <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump's presidency</a>, Sowell replied, "I think he's better than <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">the previous president</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During interviews in 2019, Sowell defended Trump against <a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">charges of racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joe_Biden_presidential_nomination">Joe Biden presidential nomination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Joe Biden presidential nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, Sowell wrote that if the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic presidential nominee</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, it could signal a point of no return for the United States, a tipping point akin to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Roman Empire</a>. In an interview in July 2020, he stated that "the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> overcame many problems in its long history but eventually it reached a point where it could no longer continue, and much of that was from within, not just the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a> attacking from outside." Sowell wrote that if Biden became president, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> would have an enormous amount of control over the nation, and if this happened, they could twin with the "radical left" and ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Defunding_the_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Defunding the police">defunding the police</a> could come to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-Creitz_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creitz-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell has written about education throughout his career. He has argued for the need for reform of the school system in the United States. In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Charter_Schools_and_Their_Enemies" title="Charter Schools and Their Enemies">Charter Schools and Their Enemies</a></i> (2020), Sowell compares the educational outcomes of school children educated at <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">charter schools</a> with those at conventional public schools. In his research, Sowell first explains the need and his methodology for choosing comparable students—both ethnically and socioeconomically—before listing his findings. He presents the case that charter schools on the whole do significantly better in terms of educational outcomes than conventional schools.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell argues that many U.S. schools are failing children; contends that "indoctrination" has taken the place of proper education; and argues that <a href="/wiki/List_of_education_trade_unions" title="List of education trade unions">teachers' unions</a> have promoted harmful education policies. Sowell contends that many schools have become monopolies for educational bureaucracies.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>Education: Assumptions Versus History</i> (1986), Sowell analyzes the state of education in U.S. schools and universities. In particular, he examines the experiences of blacks and other ethnic groups in the American education system and identifies the factors and patterns behind both success and failure.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberals">Classical liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarians</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> of different disciplines have received Sowell's work positively.<sup id="cite_ref-CM-Peerless_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM-Peerless-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatRev-Chew_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatRev-Chew-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these, he has been noted for originality, depth and breadth,<sup id="cite_ref-TS:Seeing_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:Seeing-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NNC_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNC-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clarity of expression, and thoroughness of research.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NNC_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNC-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell's publications have been received positively by economists <a href="/wiki/Steven_Plaut" title="Steven Plaut">Steven Plaut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_H._Hanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve H. Hanke">Steve H. Hanke</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:5_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">John B. Taylor</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> philosophers <a href="/wiki/Carl_Cohen_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Cohen (professor)">Carl Cohen</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Tibor Machan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> science historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> essayist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Early" title="Gerald Early">Gerald Early</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientists</a> <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thernstrom" title="Abigail Thernstrom">Abigail Thernstrom</a><sup id="cite_ref-NatRev-Think_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatRev-Think-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-TS:Seeing_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS:Seeing-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> psychologists <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Joffe" title="Josef Joffe">Josef Joffe</a>, publisher and editor of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-NNC_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNC-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a>, in a 2015 <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">column</a>, stated that "it's a scandal that economist Thomas Sowell has not been awarded the Nobel Prize. No one alive has turned out so many insightful, richly researched books."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Nathan J. Robinson</a> stated that Sowell "is not given much attention by mainstream scholars in the academy, and few of his books are reviewed by major liberal-leaning publications."<sup id="cite_ref-nathanjrobinson_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nathanjrobinson-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested this may be because "[h]is books rarely engage with the major academic literature on the subject he's writing about" and he often "leaves out crucial pieces of data that would make his position look weaker", citing his writing on <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> policy and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> as an example.<sup id="cite_ref-nathanjrobinson_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nathanjrobinson-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/James_B._Stewart_(economist)" title="James B. Stewart (economist)">James B. Stewart</a> wrote a critical review of <i>Black Rednecks and White Liberals</i>, calling it "the latest salvo in Thomas Sowell's continuing crusade to represent allegedly dysfunctional value orientations and behavioral characteristics of African Americans as the principal reasons for persistent economic and social disparities." He also criticized it for downplaying the impact of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in black communities in the 1980s Sowell became, in historian Michael Ondaatje's words, "persona non grata, someone known to talk <i>about</i>, rather than with, African Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201033_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201033-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist Bernadette Chachere,<sup id="cite_ref-link.springer.com_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link.springer.com-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> law professor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thompson_Ford" title="Richard Thompson Ford">Richard Thompson Ford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sociologists <a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_1984_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_1984-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Richard Coughlin<sup id="cite_ref-Coughlin_1995_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coughlin_1995-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have criticized some of his work. </p><p>Criticisms include neglecting discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">women in the workforce</a> in <i>Rhetoric or Reality?</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_1984_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_1984-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the methodology of <i>Race and Culture: A World View</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Coughlin_1995_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coughlin_1995-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and portrayal of opposing theories in <i>Intellectuals and Race</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doleac" title="Jennifer Doleac">Jennifer Doleac</a> criticized <i>Discrimination and Disparities</i>, arguing that statistical discrimination is real and pervasive (Sowell argues that existing racial disparities are mostly due to accurate sorting based on underlying characteristics, such as education) and that government intervention can achieve societal goals and make markets work more efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columnist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pearlstein" title="Steven Pearlstein">Steven Pearlstein</a> criticized <i>Wealth, Poverty and Politics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PostWealthPoverty_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostWealthPoverty-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell was married to Alma Jean Parr from 1964 to 1975, and married Mary Ash in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has two children.<sup id="cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN_Q&A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Humanities_Medal_Winners_for_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/National_Humanities_Medal_Winners_for_2003.jpg/220px-National_Humanities_Medal_Winners_for_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/National_Humanities_Medal_Winners_for_2003.jpg/330px-National_Humanities_Medal_Winners_for_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/National_Humanities_Medal_Winners_for_2003.jpg/440px-National_Humanities_Medal_Winners_for_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> (last on right) accepting the 2002 <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a> on Sowell's behalf</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1982: the Mencken Award for Best Book, from the Free Press Association, for his <i>Ethnic America: A History</i>.</li> <li>1990: the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Boyer_Award" title="Francis Boyer Award">Francis Boyer Award</a>, presented by the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>.</li> <li>1998: the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Hook">Sydney Hook</a> Award, from the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">National Association of Scholars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998: elected membership to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002: the <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a>, presented by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, for prolific scholarship melding <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, economics, and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>.</li> <li>2003: the <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation#Bradley_Prize" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Prize</a> for intellectual achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoovr_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoovr-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004: the <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> Award, presented by <a href="/wiki/Laissez_Faire_Books" title="Laissez Faire Books">Laissez Faire Books</a>, for his <i><a href="/wiki/Applied_Economics:_Thinking_Beyond_Stage_One" title="Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One">Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pressREL_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressREL-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: the International Book Award, from <a href="/wiki/GetAbstract" title="GetAbstract">getAbstract</a>, for his book <i>Economic Facts and Fallacies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EcFaX_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EcFaX-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_chronology">Career chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Career chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor economist">Labor economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a>, June 1961 – August 1962</li> <li>Instructor in economics, Douglass College, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, September 1962 – June 1963</li> <li>Lecturer in economics, <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>, September 1963 – June 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic analyst">Economic analyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone & Telegraph Co.</a>, June 1964 – August 1965</li> <li>Assistant professor of economics, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, September 1965 – August 1969<sup id="cite_ref-sowell19990503_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowell19990503-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Associate professor of economics, <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>, September 1969 – June 1970</li> <li>Associate professor of economics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, September 1970 – June 1972</li> <li>Project director, <a href="/wiki/Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a>, August 1972 – July 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a>, July 1976 – March 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Visiting professor">Visiting professor</a> of economics, <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a>, September–December 1977</li> <li>Fellow, <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, April–August 1977</li> <li>Professor of economics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>, July 1974 – June 1980</li> <li>Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, September 1980–present</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1971. <i>Economics: Analysis and Issues</i>. <a href="/wiki/Scott_Foresman" title="Scott Foresman">Scott Foresman & Co</a>.</li> <li>1972. <i>Black Education: Myths and Tragedies</i>. <a href="/wiki/David_McKay_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="David McKay Co.">David McKay Co.</a> . <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-30015-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-30015-5">0-679-30015-5</a> .</li> <li>1972. <i>Say's Law: An Historical Analysis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04166-7">978-0-691-04166-7</a>.</li> <li>1974. <i>Classical Economics Reconsidered</i>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00358-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00358-0">978-0-691-00358-0</a>.</li> <li>1975. <i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Economics" title="Race and Economics">Race and Economics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/David_McKay_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="David McKay Co.">David McKay Co</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-30262-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-30262-9">978-0-679-30262-9</a>.</li> <li>1980. <i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_and_Decisions" title="Knowledge and Decisions">Knowledge and Decisions</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03736-0">978-0-465-03736-0</a>.</li> <li>1981. <i>Ethnic America: A History</i> . Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02074-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02074-7">0-465-02074-7</a>. <ul><li>Chapter 1, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208141440/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/159f/66e582c3bb3f5d5414cf0695dc5aac74426e.pdf">The American Mosaic</a> ."</li></ul></li> <li>1981. <i>Markets and Minorities</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04399-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04399-2">0-465-04399-2</a> .</li> <li>1981. <i>Pink and Brown People: and Other Controversial Essays</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Press">Hoover Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-7532-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-7532-2">0-8179-7532-2</a>.</li> <li>1983. <i>The Economics and Politics of Race</i>. <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-01891-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-01891-2">0-688-01891-2</a>.</li> <li>1984. <i>Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality?</i> William Morrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-03113-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-03113-7">0-688-03113-7</a>.</li> <li>1985. <i>Marxism: Philosophy and Economics</i>. Quill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-06426-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-06426-4">0-688-06426-4</a>.</li> <li>1986. <i>Education: Assumptions Versus History</i>. Hoover Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-8112-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-8112-8">0-8179-8112-8</a>.</li> <li>1987. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles</a></i> . William Morrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-06912-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-06912-6">0-688-06912-6</a>.</li> <li>1987. <i>Compassion Versus Guilt and Other Essays</i>. William Morrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-07114-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-07114-7">0-688-07114-7</a>.</li> <li>1990. <i>Preferential Policies: An International Perspective</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-08599-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-08599-7">0-688-08599-7</a></li> <li>1993. <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_American_Education" title="Inside American Education">Inside American Education</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">The Free Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5408-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5408-2">0-7432-5408-2</a>.</li> <li>1993. <i>Is Reality Optional?: and Other Essays</i>. Hoover. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9262-0">978-0-8179-9262-0</a>.</li> <li>1995. <i>Race and Culture: A World View</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06796-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06796-4">0-465-06796-4</a>.</li> <li>1995. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_the_Anointed" title="The Vision of the Anointed">The Vision of the Anointed: Self-Congratulation As a Basis for Social Policy</a></i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-08995-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-08995-X">0-465-08995-X</a>.</li> <li>1996. <i>Migrations and Cultures: A World View</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04589-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04589-8">0-465-04589-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41748039">41748039</a>.</li> <li>1998. <i>Conquests and Cultures: An International History</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-01400-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-01400-3">0-465-01400-3</a>.</li> <li>1998. <i>Late-Talking Children</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-03835-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-03835-2">0-465-03835-2</a>.</li> <li>1999. <i>The Quest for Cosmic Justice</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86463-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86463-0">0-684-86463-0</a>.</li> <li>2000. <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86465-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86465-7">0-684-86465-7</a>.</li> <li>2000. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Economics" title="Basic Economics"><i>Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy</i> (1st ed.)</a> . Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-08145-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-08145-2">0-465-08145-2</a>.</li> <li>2002. <i>Controversial Essays</i>. Hoover. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-2992-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-2992-4">0-8179-2992-4</a>.</li> <li>2002. <i>The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-08141-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-08141-X">0-465-08141-X</a>.</li> <li>2003. <i><a href="/wiki/Applied_Economics:_Thinking_Beyond_Stage_One" title="Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One">Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-08143-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-08143-6">0-465-08143-6</a>.</li> <li>2004. <i><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_Action_Around_the_World" title="Affirmative Action Around the World">Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study</a></i>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10775-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10775-3">978-0-300-10775-3</a>.</li> <li>2004. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Economics" title="Basic Economics"><i>Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy</i> (revised and expanded ed.)</a>. New York: Basic Books.</li> <li>2005. <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-086-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-086-4">978-1-59403-086-4</a>.</li> <li>2006. <i>Ever Wonder Why?: and Other Controversial Essays</i> . Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4752-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4752-1">978-0-8179-4752-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/253604328">253604328</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0817947523">0817947523</a>.</li> <li>2006. <i>On Classical Economics</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12606-8">978-0-300-12606-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007. <i>A Man of Letters</i>. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-196-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-196-0">978-1-59403-196-0</a>.</li> <li>2007. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Economics" title="Basic Economics"><i>Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy</i> (3rd ed.).</a> Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Books_Group" title="Perseus Books Group">Perseus Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00260-3">978-0-465-00260-3</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76897806">76897806</a>.</li> <li>2008. <i>Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One</i> (2nd ed.). Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00345-7">978-0-465-00345-7</a> . <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/260206351">260206351</a> .</li> <li>2008. <i>Economic Facts and Fallacies</i> . Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00349-5">978-0-465-00349-5</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1033591370">1033591370</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0465003494">0465003494</a>.</li> <li>2009. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Housing_Boom_and_Bust" title="The Housing Boom and Bust">The Housing Boom and Bust</a></i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01880-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01880-2">978-0-465-01880-2</a>. <ul><li>Chapter 5, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://60secondupdates.com/vnh/60/pdf/housing-boom-and-bust.pdf">The Past and the Future</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125084010/http://60secondupdates.com/vnh/60/pdf/housing-boom-and-bust.pdf">Archived</a> November 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>."</li></ul></li> <li>2010. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Economics" title="Basic Economics"><i>Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy</i> (4th ed.).</a> Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02252-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02252-6">978-0-465-02252-6</a>.</li> <li>2010. <i>Dismantling America: and Other Controversial Essays</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02251-9">978-0-465-02251-9</a> . <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/688505777">688505777</a> .</li> <li>2010. <i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> . Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01948-9">978-0-465-01948-9</a> . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitolreader.com/bonus/Intellectuals%20and%20Society.pdf">Lay summary</a> .</li> <li>2011. <i>The Thomas Sowell Reader</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02250-2">978-0-465-02250-2</a>.</li> <li>2011. <i>Economic Facts and Fallacies, 2nd edition</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465022038" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465022038">978-0465022038</a></li> <li>2013. <i>Intellectuals and Race</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05872-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05872-3">978-0-465-05872-3</a>.</li> <li>2014. <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Economics" title="Basic Economics">Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy</a></i> (5th ed.). New York: Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06073-3">978-0-465-06073-3</a>.</li> <li>2015. <i><a href="/wiki/Wealth,_Poverty_and_Politics" title="Wealth, Poverty and Politics">Wealth, Poverty and Politics: An International Perspective</a></i>. Basic Books.<sup id="cite_ref-PABub_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PABub-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016. <i>Wealth, Poverty and Politics: An International Perspective</i> (2nd ed.). Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09676-3">978-0-465-09676-3</a>.</li> <li>2018. <i>Discrimination and Disparities</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-541-64560-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-541-64560-8">978-1-541-64560-8</a>.</li> <li>2019. <i>Discrimination and Disparities</i> (revised, enlarged ed.) Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-541-64563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-541-64563-9">978-1-541-64563-9</a>.</li> <li>2020. <i><a href="/wiki/Charter_Schools_and_Their_Enemies" title="Charter Schools and Their Enemies">Charter Schools and Their Enemies</a></i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-541-67513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-541-67513-1">978-1-541-67513-1</a>.</li> <li>2023. <i>Social Justice Fallacies</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-541-60392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-541-60392-9">978-1-541-60392-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_essays">Selected essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Selected essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell1973" class="citation journal cs1">Sowell, Thomas (May 1973). "Arthur Jensen and His Critics: The Great IQ Controversy". <i>Change</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00091383.1973.10568506">10.1080/00091383.1973.10568506</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40161749">40161749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Change&rft.atitle=Arthur+Jensen+and+His+Critics%3A+The+Great+IQ+Controversy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00091383.1973.10568506&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40161749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1975. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED130570.pdf">Affirmative Action Reconsidered. Was It Necessary in Academia?</a>" (<i>Evaluation Studies</i> 27). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research">American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8447-3199-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8447-3199-4">0-8447-3199-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/75042779">75-42779</a>.</li> <li>1979. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2510&context=law_lawreview">Status versus Behavior</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_Law_Review" title="Washington University Law Review">Washington University Law Review</a></i> 1979(1):179–188.</li> <li>1982. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.456.9623&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=57">Weber and Bakke, and the Presuppositions of 'Affirmative Action'</a>." pp. 37–63 in <i>Discrimination, Affirmative Action, and Equal Opportunity: An Economic and Social Perspective</i>, edited by W. E. Block and M. A. Walker. <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88975-039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88975-039-5">978-0-88975-039-5</a>.</li> <li>2002. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/0817928928_79.pdf">The Education of Minority Children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626041235/https://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/0817928928_79.pdf">Archived</a> June 26, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." pp. 79–92 in <i>Education in the Twenty-First Century,</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazear" title="Edward Lazear">E. P. Lazear</a>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsowell.com/speducat.html">Available via eText</a>.</li> <li>2002. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/0817998721_167.pdf">Discrimination, Economics, and Culture</a>." pp. 167–180 in <i>Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thernstrom" title="Abigail Thernstrom">A. Thernstrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Thernstrom" title="Stephan Thernstrom">S. Thernstrom</a>. Hoover Institution Press.</li> <li>2012. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weblogbahamas.com/files/hoover-proof.pdf">'Trickle Down' Theory and 'Tax Cuts for the Rich'</a>" (<i>Hoover Institution Press Publication</i> 635) Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1615-2">978-0-8179-1615-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EY3prsH-5bwC">EY3prsH-5bwC</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect_(United_States_Supreme_Court)" title="Greenhouse effect (United States Supreme Court)">Greenhouse effect (United States Supreme Court)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_columnists" title="List of newspaper columnists">List of newspaper columnists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: Sowell did not receive the National Humanities Medal in person; Justice [[Clarence Thomas]] received it on his behalf on February 23, 2003.;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell declined to be awarded the National Humanities Medal in person. Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> received it on his behalf on February 23, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The article finds that "black economists who are most frequently cited are almost never economic theoreticians. Rather, they tend to be social commentators who write widely on issues of race."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/profiles/thomas-sowell">"Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i>Hoover Institution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140516020254/http://www.hoover.org/fellows/9767">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span>. <q>He writes on economics, history, social policy, ethnicity, and the history of ideas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fprofiles%2Fthomas-sowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2962681">"The Most Highly Cited Black Economists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education" title="The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education">The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</a></i> (15): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>37. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2962681">10.2307/2962681</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2962681">2962681</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816233752/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2962681">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Most+Highly+Cited+Black+Economists&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2962681&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2962681%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2962681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOndaatje2010" class="citation book cs1">Ondaatje, Michael L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794702292"><i>Black Conservative Intellectuals in Modern America</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0687-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0687-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-0687-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794702292">794702292</a>. <q>Perched at the forefront of the new black vanguard and certainly its unofficial intellectual messiah since the mid-1970s, Sowell was the most prolific black conservative writer of the era.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Conservative+Intellectuals+in+Modern+America&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794702292&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0687-6&rft.aulast=Ondaatje&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F794702292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarly2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Early" title="Gerald Early">Early, Gerald</a> (May 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonreader.wustl.edu/c/the-black-conservative-lion-in-winter/">"The Black Conservative Lion in Winter"</a>. <i>The Common Reader</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181604/https://commonreader.wustl.edu/c/the-black-conservative-lion-in-winter/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Common+Reader&rft.atitle=The+Black+Conservative+Lion+in+Winter&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft.aulast=Early&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonreader.wustl.edu%2Fc%2Fthe-black-conservative-lion-in-winter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillard2001" class="citation book cs1">Dillard, Angela D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45023496"><i>Guess who's coming to dinner now? : multicultural conservatism in America</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. pp. 6, 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1939-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1939-2"><bdi>0-8147-1939-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45023496">45023496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guess+who%27s+coming+to+dinner+now%3F+%3A+multicultural+conservatism+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6%2C+60&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45023496&rft.isbn=0-8147-1939-2&rft.aulast=Dillard&rft.aufirst=Angela+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F45023496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltz2003" class="citation news cs1">Wiltz, Teresa (February 28, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/02/28/bush-honors-eight-from-the-humanities/03bf0a0d-ea09-4447-8e50-119ac4ca40f4/">"Bush Honors Eight From the Humanities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bush+Honors+Eight+From+the+Humanities&rft.date=2003-02-28&rft.aulast=Wiltz&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F2003%2F02%2F28%2Fbush-honors-eight-from-the-humanities%2F03bf0a0d-ea09-4447-8e50-119ac4ca40f4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-courage-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-courage_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-courage_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-courage_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-courage_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-courage_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-courage_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraglia2001" class="citation web cs1">Graglia, Nino A. (Winter 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050909080051/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/newsletter/01winter/review.html">"Profile in courage"</a>. <i>Hoover Institution Newsletter</i>. Hoover Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/newsletter/01winter/review.html">the original</a> on September 9, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Profile+in+courage&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Graglia&rft.aufirst=Nino+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-hoover.stanford.edu%2Fpubaffairs%2Fnewsletter%2F01winter%2Freview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201030–31-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201030–31_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOndaatje2010">Ondaatje 2010</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/821216878"><i>Up from the projects : an autobiography</i></a>. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1256-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1256-7"><bdi>978-0-8179-1256-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/821216878">821216878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192251/https://www.worldcat.org/title/821216878">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+from+the+projects+%3A+an+autobiography&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F821216878&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1256-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F821216878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2019" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Corey (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1121044511"><i>The enigma of Clarence Thomas</i></a> (First ed.). New York City. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-384-1"><bdi>978-1-62779-384-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1121044511">1121044511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enigma+of+Clarence+Thomas&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1121044511&rft.isbn=978-1-62779-384-1&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1121044511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-SPAN_Q&A-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN_Q&A_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214083124/http://www.q-and-a.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1019">"Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i>Q&A</i>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. April 17, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.q-and-a.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1019">the original</a> on December 14, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Q%26A&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell&rft.date=2005-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.q-and-a.org%2FTranscript%2F%3FProgramID%3D1019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOndaatje2010">Ondaatje 2010</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/16711">"Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Rose (TV series)">Charlie Rose</a></i>. September 15, 1995. Event occurs at 5:50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207054945/https://charlierose.com/videos/16711">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charlie+Rose&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell&rft.date=1995-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharlierose.com%2Fvideos%2F16711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/thomas-sowell">"Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Endowment for the Humanities">The National Endowment for the Humanities</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817035041/https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/thomas-sowell">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Endowment+for+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fnational-humanities-medals%2Fthomas-sowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2016/12/27/farewell_132647.html">"Farewell"</a>. <i>Real clear politics</i>. December 27, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928121804/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2016/12/27/farewell_132647.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+clear+politics&rft.atitle=Farewell&rft.date=2016-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F12%2F27%2Ffarewell_132647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle2005" class="citation book cs1">Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812407954"><i>Encyclopedia of Politics : the left and the right</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Publications">Sage Publications</a>. p. 876. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6531-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-6531-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812407954">812407954</a>. <q>He is a libertarian on economics and a conservative on most social issues but he has registered as an independent in politics since 1972.... Limbaugh's listeners enjoy listening in as Williams and Sowell discuss the free market and traditional social values.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Politics+%3A+the+left+and+the+right.&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=876&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812407954&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6531-5&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=Rodney+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F812407954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malagisi, Christopher, host. 23 April 2018. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conservativebookclub.com/31010/podcasts/podcast-episode-5-interview-legendary-thomas-sowell-new-book-legacy-thinks-trump-future-america">Interview with the Legendary Thomas Sowell: His New Book, His Legacy, and What He Thinks of Trump and the Future of America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808233455/https://www.conservativebookclub.com/31010/podcasts/podcast-episode-5-interview-legendary-thomas-sowell-new-book-legacy-thinks-trump-future-america">Archived</a> August 8, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (podcast). Ep. 5 in <i>The Conservative Book Club Podcast</i>. US: The Conservative Book Club.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostWealthPoverty-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PostWealthPoverty_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PostWealthPoverty_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearlstein2015" class="citation news cs1">Pearlstein, Steven (September 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/heres-why-poor-people-are-poor-says-a-conservative-black-academic/2015/09/03/df8ff1fc-1ab4-11e5-93b7-5eddc056ad8a_story.html">"Here's why poor people are poor, says a conservative black academic"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113054/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/heres-why-poor-people-are-poor-says-a-conservative-black-academic/2015/09/03/df8ff1fc-1ab4-11e5-93b7-5eddc056ad8a_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+poor+people+are+poor%2C+says+a+conservative+black+academic&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft.aulast=Pearlstein&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fheres-why-poor-people-are-poor-says-a-conservative-black-academic%2F2015%2F09%2F03%2Fdf8ff1fc-1ab4-11e5-93b7-5eddc056ad8a_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Younkins, Edward W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcJqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA318"><i>Capitalism and Commerce: Conceptual Foundations of Free Enterprise</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5280-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5280-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-5280-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906230535/https://books.google.com/books?id=FcJqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA318">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Commerce%3A+Conceptual+Foundations+of+Free+Enterprise&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-5280-5&rft.aulast=Younkins&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcJqAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwolinskiFerguson2022" class="citation book cs1">Zwolinski, Matt; Ferguson, Benjamin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuNhEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Companion to Libertarianism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-56922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-56922-3"><bdi>978-1-000-56922-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192301/https://books.google.com/books?id=cuNhEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Libertarianism&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-56922-3&rft.aulast=Zwolinski&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuNhEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyGonzowitz2022" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Robert S.; Gonzowitz, Susan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZ5XEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34"><i>Teaching as Protest: Emancipating Classrooms Through Racial Consciousness</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-54060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-54060-4"><bdi>978-1-000-54060-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906230525/https://books.google.com/books?id=aZ5XEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+as+Protest%3A+Emancipating+Classrooms+Through+Racial+Consciousness&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-54060-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Gonzowitz%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZ5XEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salon-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawhill1999" class="citation web cs1">Sawhill, Ray (November 10, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001007222000/http://salon.com/books/int/1999/11/10/sowell/print.html">"Black and right"</a>. <i>Salon.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/1999/11/10/sowell_2/">the original</a> on October 7, 2000. <q>I prefer not to have labels, but I suspect that 'libertarian' would suit me better than many others, although I disagree with the libertarian movement on a number of things – military preparedness, for instance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Black+and+right&rft.date=1999-11-10&rft.aulast=Sawhill&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F1999%2F11%2F10%2Fsowell_2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195167795.001.0001"><i>Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present</i></a>. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195167795.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195167795.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516779-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516779-5"><bdi>978-0-19-516779-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192233/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195167795.001.0001/acref-9780195167795;jsessionid=E08285B0B5EF96373077D3126ED9F891">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History+1896+to+the+Present&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195167795.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516779-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195167795.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/news/black-history-month-profile-thomas-sowell">"Black History Month Profile: Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i>Hoover Institution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509165839/https://www.hoover.org/news/black-history-month-profile-thomas-sowell">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=Black+History+Month+Profile%3A+Thomas+Sowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fnews%2Fblack-history-month-profile-thomas-sowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS:APO6-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS:APO6_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS:APO47-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS:APO47_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>, pp. 47, 58, 59, 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordlinger20110221-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nordlinger20110221_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Nordlinger" title="Jay Nordlinger">Nordlinger, Jay</a>. February 21, 2011. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://live-national-review.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/nrdpdf/20110221_0.pdf#page=45">A lion in high summer: Thomas Sowell, charging ahead</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213030/https://www.nationalreview.com/sites/default/files/nrdpdf/20110221_0.pdf#page=45">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i> 63(3):43–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201031-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201031_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201031_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOndaatje2010">Ondaatje 2010</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sowell, Thomas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2679117">"A Personal Odyssey from Howard to Harvard and Beyond"</a>. <i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i> (30): <span class="nowrap">122–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2679117">10.2307/2679117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1077-3711">1077-3711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2679117">2679117</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603012649/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2679117">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=A+Personal+Odyssey+from+Howard+to+Harvard+and+Beyond&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=1077-3711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2679117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2679117&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2679117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CV_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsowell.com/cv.html">"Curriculum vita"</a>. <i>TSowell.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522143536/http://www.tsowell.com/cv.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TSowell.com&rft.atitle=Curriculum+vita&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsowell.com%2Fcv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2021" class="citation web cs1">Riley, Jason (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2021/06/12/the-conversion-of-thomas-sowell/">"The Conversion of Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516230937/https://reason.com/2021/06/12/the-conversion-of-thomas-sowell/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=The+Conversion+of+Thomas+Sowell&rft.date=2021-07&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2021%2F06%2F12%2Fthe-conversion-of-thomas-sowell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS:1963-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS:1963_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, Thomas. 1963. "Karl Marx and the Freedom of the Individual." <i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(journal)" title="Ethics (journal)">Ethics</a></i> 73(2):120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS:Glut-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS:Glut_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell,_Thomas1968" class="citation thesis cs1">Sowell, Thomas (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/4284259"><i>Say's Law and the General Glut Controversy</i></a> (PhD dissertation). University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113055/https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/4284259">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Say%27s+Law+and+the+General+Glut+Controversy&rft.inst=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Sowell%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fvufind%2FRecord%2F4284259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sowell19990503-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sowell19990503_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sowell19990503_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell,_Thomas1999" class="citation news cs1">Sowell, Thomas (May 3, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/research/day-cornell-died">"The Day Cornell Died"</a>. <i>The Weekly Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719114819/https://www.hoover.org/research/day-cornell-died">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=The+Day+Cornell+Died&rft.date=1999-05-03&rft.au=Sowell%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fday-cornell-died&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2000" class="citation book cs1">Sowell, Thomas (2000). <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>. BasicBooks. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684864648" title="Special:BookSources/9780684864648"><bdi>9780684864648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Personal+Odyssey&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780684864648&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoover_bio-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoover_bio_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140516020254/http://www.hoover.org/fellows/9767">"Thomas Sowell"</a>. Hoover Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/fellows/9767">the original</a> on May 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Ffellows%2F9767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillard20016-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillard20016_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillard2001">Dillard 2001</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueter1995" class="citation book cs1">Rueter, Theodore (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959428491"><i>The politics of race : African Americans and the political system</i></a>. London. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-315-28636-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-315-28636-X"><bdi>1-315-28636-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959428491">959428491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+race+%3A+African+Americans+and+the+political+system&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959428491&rft.isbn=1-315-28636-X&rft.aulast=Rueter&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F959428491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2021-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2021_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2021">Riley 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1987" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (September 26, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/26/us/the-bork-hearings-legal-establishment-divided-over-bork-nomination.html">"Legal Establishment Divided Over Bork Nomination"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308195327/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/26/us/the-bork-hearings-legal-establishment-divided-over-bork-nomination.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Legal+Establishment+Divided+Over+Bork+Nomination&rft.date=1987-09-26&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2Fthe-bork-hearings-legal-establishment-divided-over-bork-nomination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Day9Pa">Video of Sowell's testimony at C-SPAN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724144255/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Day9Pa">Archived</a> July 24, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nachman, Larry D. March 1987. "'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/a-conflict-of-visions-by-thomas-sowell/">A Conflict of Visions', by Thomas Sowell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113113/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/a-conflict-of-visions-by-thomas-sowell/">Archived</a> June 9, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell.html">"Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i>Jewish World Review</i>. November 6, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029092201/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+World+Review&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell&rft.date=2009-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fsowell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2004" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas (October 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041214143644/https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell101204.asp">"The media's role"</a>. Creators Syndicate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell101204.asp">the original</a> on December 14, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+media%27s+role&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2004-10-12&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fsowell101204.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsowell.com/judicial.htm">"Judicial Activism Reconsidered"</a>. <i>T Sowell</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406225207/http://www.tsowell.com/judicial.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T+Sowell&rft.atitle=Judicial+Activism+Reconsidered&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsowell.com%2Fjudicial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS:PT-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS:PT_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2004" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas (June 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040813183454/https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell060404.asp">"Thomas Sowell : 'Partial truth' abortion"</a>. Creators Syndicate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell060404.asp">the original</a> on August 13, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell+%3A+%27Partial+truth%27+abortion&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2004-06-04&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fsowell060404.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getabstract.com/pages/0/web/BookAward.jsp">"International Book Award"</a>. Get Abstract. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510090033/http://www.getabstract.com/pages/0/web/BookAward.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Book+Award&rft.pub=Get+Abstract&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getabstract.com%2Fpages%2F0%2Fweb%2FBookAward.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guncontrol-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guncontrol_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guncontrol_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/01/13/do-gun-control-laws-control-guns">"Do Gun Control Laws Control Guns?"</a>. Creators Syndicate. January 22, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226232136/https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/01/13/do-gun-control-laws-control-guns">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Gun+Control+Laws+Control+Guns%3F&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fread%2Fthomas-sowell%2F01%2F13%2Fdo-gun-control-laws-control-guns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MultiCult-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MultiCult_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/250190/cult-multiculturalism-thomas-sowell">"The Cult of Multiculturalism"</a>. <i>National Review Online</i>. October 18, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092142/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/250190/cult-multiculturalism-thomas-sowell">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Online&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+Multiculturalism&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticles%2F250190%2Fcult-multiculturalism-thomas-sowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2022" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas (August 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2022/08/02/weeding-out-pro-mob-rule-pols-is-the-biggest-problem-this-election-year/">"Weeding out pro-mob rule pols is the biggest problem this election year"</a>. <i>New York Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907014707/https://nypost.com/2022/08/02/weeding-out-pro-mob-rule-pols-is-the-biggest-problem-this-election-year/">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Weeding+out+pro-mob+rule+pols+is+the+biggest+problem+this+election+year&rft.date=2022-08-02&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2022%2F08%2F02%2Fweeding-out-pro-mob-rule-pols-is-the-biggest-problem-this-election-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/podcast/2020/10/21/bob-chitester-how-free-to-choose-changed-the-world/">"Bob Chitester: How Free To Choose Changed the World"</a>. <i>Reason.com</i>. October 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=Bob+Chitester%3A+How+Free+To+Choose+Changed+the+World&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fpodcast%2F2020%2F10%2F21%2Fbob-chitester-how-free-to-choose-changed-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetwork" class="citation web cs1">Network, Free To Choose. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/free_to_choose/">"Free To Choose"</a>. <i>freetochoosenetwork.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freetochoosenetwork.org&rft.atitle=Free+To+Choose&rft.aulast=Network&rft.aufirst=Free+To+Choose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreetochoosenetwork.org%2Fprograms%2Ffree_to_choose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/coming-in-2021-thomas-sowell-common-sense-in-a-senseless-world/">"Coming in 2021: "Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>American Enterprise Institute – AEI</i>. July 9, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121045634/https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/coming-in-2021-thomas-sowell-common-sense-in-a-senseless-world/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Enterprise+Institute+%E2%80%93+AEI&rft.atitle=Coming+in+2021%3A+%22Thomas+Sowell%3A+Common+Sense+in+a+Senseless+World%22&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fcarpe-diem%2Fcoming-in-2021-thomas-sowell-common-sense-in-a-senseless-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetwork" class="citation web cs1">Network, Free To Choose. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/thomas_sowell/">"Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World"</a>. <i>freetochoosenetwork.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315175152/https://www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/thomas_sowell/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freetochoosenetwork.org&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell%3A+Common+Sense+in+a+Senseless+World&rft.aulast=Network&rft.aufirst=Free+To+Choose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreetochoosenetwork.org%2Fprograms%2Fthomas_sowell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilley2013" class="citation book cs1">Dilley, Stephen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739181065/Darwinian-Evolution-and-Classical-Liberalism-Theories-in-Tension"><i>Darwinian Evolution and Classical Liberalism: Theories in Tension</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739181065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739181065"><bdi>978-0739181065</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192239/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739181065/Darwinian-Evolution-and-Classical-Liberalism-Theories-in-Tension">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itmakessenseblog.com/2011/01/13/thomas-sowell-federal-reserve-a-cancer/">the original</a> on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 8, 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210135111/https://www.wsj.com/articles/notable-quotable-thomas-sowell-1460154361">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Notable+%26+Quotable%3A+Thomas+Sowell&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fnotable-quotable-thomas-sowell-1460154361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/thomas-sowell-on-the-differential-impact-of-the-minimum-wage/">"Thomas Sowell on the differential impact of the minimum wage"</a>. <i>American Enterprise Institute – AEI</i>. May 31, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210135122/https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/thomas-sowell-on-the-differential-impact-of-the-minimum-wage/">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Enterprise+Institute+%E2%80%93+AEI&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell+on+the+differential+impact+of+the+minimum+wage&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fcarpe-diem%2Fthomas-sowell-on-the-differential-impact-of-the-minimum-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS:Essay-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS:Essay_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, Thomas (1987); <i>Compassion Versus Guilt, and Other Essays</i>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-07114-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-07114-7">0-688-07114-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032–33-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOndaatje201032–33_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOndaatje2010">Ondaatje 2010</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChasmar2020" class="citation news cs1">Chasmar, Jessica (July 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201029041334/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/thomas-sowell-joe-biden-win-could-signal-point-of-/">"Thomas Sowell: Joe Biden win could signal 'point of no return for this country'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/thomas-sowell-joe-biden-win-could-signal-point-of-/">the original</a> on October 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell%3A+Joe+Biden+win+could+signal+%27point+of+no+return+for+this+country%27&rft.date=2020-07-13&rft.aulast=Chasmar&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2Fjul%2F13%2Fthomas-sowell-joe-biden-win-could-signal-point-of-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creitz-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creitz_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creitz_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreitz2020" class="citation news cs1">Creitz, Charles (July 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/thomas-sowell-systemic-racism-has-no-meaning">"Thomas Sowell says concept of systemic racism 'has no meaning,' warns US could reach 'point of no return'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Fox News Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819122400/https://www.foxnews.com/media/thomas-sowell-systemic-racism-has-no-meaning">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Website&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell+says+concept+of+systemic+racism+%27has+no+meaning%2C%27+warns+US+could+reach+%27point+of+no+return%27&rft.date=2020-07-12&rft.aulast=Creitz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fmedia%2Fthomas-sowell-systemic-racism-has-no-meaning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2005" class="citation book cs1">Sowell, Thomas (January 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704062056/https://books.google.com/books?id=JMxpBOnQIH8C&pg=PA1&source=kp_read_button&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Black Rednecks and White Liberals</i></a> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594033498" title="Special:BookSources/1594033498"><bdi>1594033498</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMxpBOnQIH8C&pg=PA1">the original</a> on July 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Rednecks+and+White+Liberals&rft.place=Google+Books&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=1594033498&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJMxpBOnQIH8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2000" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas (August 10, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001026193310/https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell081400.asp">"Blacks and Bootstraps"</a>. Creators Syndicate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell081400.asp">the original</a> on October 26, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blacks+and+Bootstraps&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2000-08-10&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fsowell081400.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030604112055/https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell042203.asp">"Quota 'logic'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Creators Syndicate. April 22, 2003. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quota+%27logic%27&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2003-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fsowell042203.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704054348/https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/1148374-when-people-get-used-to-preferential-treatment-equal-treatment-seems">"Thomas Sowell Quote"</a>. July 13, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/1148374-when-people-get-used-to-preferential-treatment-equal-treatment-seems">the original</a> on July 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell+Quote&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fquotes%2F1148374-when-people-get-used-to-preferential-treatment-equal-treatment-seems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoover1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoover1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2004" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas (October 30, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110191859/http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/8108">"Affirmative Action around the World | Hoover Institution"</a>. Hoover.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/8108">the original</a> on January 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affirmative+Action+around+the+World+%26%23124%3B+Hoover+Institution&rft.pub=Hoover.org&rft.date=2004-10-30&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpublications%2Fhoover-digest%2Farticle%2F8108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2020" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Andrew (July 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/sowell-systemic-racism-is-a-lie-that-has-no-meaning-and-reminiscent-of-nazi-propaganda">"Thomas Sowell: Idea of 'systemic racism' a lie that has 'no meaning' and is reminiscent of Nazi propaganda"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518141626/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/sowell-systemic-racism-is-a-lie-that-has-no-meaning-and-reminiscent-of-nazi-propaganda">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell%3A+Idea+of+%27systemic+racism%27+a+lie+that+has+%27no+meaning%27+and+is+reminiscent+of+Nazi+propaganda&rft.date=2020-07-13&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Fsowell-systemic-racism-is-a-lie-that-has-no-meaning-and-reminiscent-of-nazi-propaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2013" class="citation book cs1">Sowell, Thomas (2013). <i>Intellectuals and race</i>. Ashland, Oregon: Blackstone Audio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482923537" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482923537"><bdi>978-1482923537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectuals+and+race&rft.place=Ashland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Blackstone+Audio&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1482923537&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2021" class="citation book cs1">Sowell, Thomas (August 10, 2021). <i>The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781541601376" title="Special:BookSources/9781541601376"><bdi>9781541601376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Einstein+Syndrome%3A+Bright+Children+Who+Talk+Late&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2021-08-10&rft.isbn=9781541601376&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2009" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas (January 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120035536/http://www.creators.com/opinion/thomas-sowell/the-bush-legacy.html">"The Bush Legacy"</a>. Creators Syndicate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creators.com/opinion/thomas-sowell/the-bush-legacy.html">the original</a> on January 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bush+Legacy&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fopinion%2Fthomas-sowell%2Fthe-bush-legacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/2004/06/04/partial-truth-abortion-n1298147">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Partial truth' abortion"</a>. <i>Townhall</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Townhall&rft.atitle=%27Partial+truth%27+abortion&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fthomassowell%2F2004%2F06%2F04%2Fpartial-truth-abortion-n1298147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2012/06/real-war-women-thomas-sowell/">"The Real 'War on Women'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. June 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell+Returns&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Hazlett&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2018%2F11%2F26%2Fthomas-sowell-returns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2016" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Thomas (February 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/02/16/tragedy-and-choices">"Tragedy and Choices"</a>. Creators Syndicate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226232137/https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/02/16/tragedy-and-choices">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tragedy+and+Choices&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fread%2Fthomas-sowell%2F02%2F16%2Ftragedy-and-choices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrumpNotConservative-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrumpNotConservative_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell" class="citation news cs1">Sowell, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/04/16/conservatives-for-trump">"Conservatives for Trump?"</a>. No. April 26, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226232132/https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/04/16/conservatives-for-trump">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conservatives+for+Trump%3F&rft.issue=April+26%2C+2016&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fread%2Fthomas-sowell%2F04%2F16%2Fconservatives-for-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSJxyVJjAfk">"Thomas Sowell Reverses Position On Donald Trump"</a>. October 6, 2022 – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell+Reverses+Position+On+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxSJxyVJjAfk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUvQxcVYQlY">Sowell: Politicians using race as their ticket to whatever racket they're running</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108025732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUvQxcVYQlY">Archived</a> November 8, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ingraham_Angle" title="The Ingraham Angle">The Ingraham Angle</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. March 6, 2019. via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, Thomas. March 22, 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/03/22/thomas_sowell_no_hard_evidence_that_trump_is_a_racist.html">No Hard Evidence Trump is a racist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521034126/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/03/22/thomas_sowell_no_hard_evidence_that_trump_is_a_racist.html">Archived</a> May 21, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_%26_Friends" title="Fox & Friends">Fox & Friends</a></i>. – via <a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2021" class="citation news cs1">Sowell, Thomas (January 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/01/21/a-vote-at-the-crossroads">"A vote at the crossroads"</a>. Creators Syndicate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226232133/https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/01/21/a-vote-at-the-crossroads">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+vote+at+the+crossroads&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fread%2Fthomas-sowell%2F01%2F21%2Fa-vote-at-the-crossroads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Walter (July 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/williams-charter-schools-and-their-enemies">"Williams: Charter schools and their enemies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824170128/https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/williams-charter-schools-and-their-enemies">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&rft.atitle=Williams%3A+Charter+schools+and+their+enemies&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontosun.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fwilliams-charter-schools-and-their-enemies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2020/07/27/the-collapsing-case-against-charter-schools/">"The Collapsing Case against Charter Schools"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Collapsing+Case+against+Charter+Schools&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Kevin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F07%2F27%2Fthe-collapsing-case-against-charter-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contemporarythinkers.org/thomas-sowell/book/3996-2/">"Education: Assumptions Versus History"</a>. <i>Contemporary Thinkers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125041842/https://contemporarythinkers.org/thomas-sowell/book/3996-2/">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Thinkers&rft.atitle=Education%3A+Assumptions+Versus+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontemporarythinkers.org%2Fthomas-sowell%2Fbook%2F3996-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CM-Peerless-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CM-Peerless_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2011" class="citation web cs1">Williamson, Kevin D. (December 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720003414/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/thomas-sowell-peerless-nerd/">"Thomas Sowell: Peerless Nerd, The truth about one of America's Giants"</a>. <i>commentarymagazine.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/thomas-sowell-peerless-nerd/">the original</a> on July 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commentarymagazine.com&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell%3A+Peerless+Nerd%2C+The+truth+about+one+of+America%27s+Giants&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Kevin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fthomas-sowell-peerless-nerd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatRev-Chew-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatRev-Chew_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlinger2005" class="citation web cs1">Nordlinger, Jay (August 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/215370/chewing-nails-jay-nordlinger">"Chewing Nails"</a>. <i>www.nationalreview.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218194454/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/215370/chewing-nails-jay-nordlinger">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalreview.com&rft.atitle=Chewing+Nails&rft.date=2005-08-29&rft.aulast=Nordlinger&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F215370%2Fchewing-nails-jay-nordlinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes2-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes2_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2015" class="citation web cs1">Forbes, Steve (November 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2015/11/04/turning-the-page-on-2015/">"Turning the Page on 2015"</a>. <i>Forbes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113058/https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2015/11/04/turning-the-page-on-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft.atitle=Turning+the+Page+on+2015&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fsteveforbes%2F2015%2F11%2F04%2Fturning-the-page-on-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Higgins, James (Spring 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/tom-sowell-in-practice-and-theory/">"Tom Sowell in Practice and Theory"</a>. <i>Claremont Review of Books</i>. Vol. 1, no. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214051149/https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/tom-sowell-in-practice-and-theory/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Claremont+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Tom+Sowell+in+Practice+and+Theory&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclaremontreviewofbooks.com%2Ftom-sowell-in-practice-and-theory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span> Higgins describes Sowell as having written a "brilliant trilogy on culture and societies (<i>Race and Culture</i>, <i>Migrations and Culture</i>, and <i>Conquests and Culture</i>). [...] His stature must be attributed to his ability to bring light where there is darkness and logic where there is confusion to public policy in general and economics in particular."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS:Seeing-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TS:Seeing_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TS:Seeing_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208155110/http://www.aei.org/publication/thomas-sowell-seeing-clearly/">"Thomas Sowell – Seeing Clearly"</a>. <i>AEI</i>. December 19, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/publication/thomas-sowell-seeing-clearly/">the original</a> on December 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AEI&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell+%E2%80%93+Seeing+Clearly&rft.date=2005-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fpublication%2Fthomas-sowell-seeing-clearly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NNC-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NNC_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNC_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNC_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoffe1995" class="citation web cs1">Joffe, Josef (March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/race-and-culture-by-thomas-sowell/">"Nature, Nurture, Culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113055/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/race-and-culture-by-thomas-sowell/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nature%2C+Nurture%2C+Culture&rft.date=1995-03&rft.aulast=Joffe&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticles%2Frace-and-culture-by-thomas-sowell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes" class="citation news cs1">Forbes, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2015/11/04/turning-the-page-on-2015/">"Turning The Page On 2015"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113058/https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2015/11/04/turning-the-page-on-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Turning+The+Page+On+2015&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fsteveforbes%2F2015%2F11%2F04%2Fturning-the-page-on-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut1983" class="citation web cs1">Plaut, Steven (December 1, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-economics-and-politics-of-race-by-thomas-sowell/">"Unconventional Truths"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113055/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-economics-and-politics-of-race-by-thomas-sowell/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Unconventional+Truths&rft.date=1983-12-01&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-economics-and-politics-of-race-by-thomas-sowell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanke2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_H._Hanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve H. Hanke">Hanke, Steve H.</a> (July 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/commentary/thomas-sowell-90-more-relevant-ever">"Thomas Sowell at 90 Is More Relevant Than Ever"</a>. <i>Cato</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181421/https://www.cato.org/commentary/thomas-sowell-90-more-relevant-ever">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell+at+90+Is+More+Relevant+Than+Ever&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Hanke&rft.aufirst=Steve+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fcommentary%2Fthomas-sowell-90-more-relevant-ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">Taylor, John B.</a> (June 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economicsone.com/2020/06/30/happy-birthday-and-a-terrific-new-book-by-thomas-sowell/">"Happy Birthday and a Terrific New Book by Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i>Economicsone</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625055153/https://economicsone.com/2020/06/30/happy-birthday-and-a-terrific-new-book-by-thomas-sowell/">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economicsone&rft.atitle=Happy+Birthday+and+a+Terrific+New+Book+by+Thomas+Sowell&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomicsone.com%2F2020%2F06%2F30%2Fhappy-birthday-and-a-terrific-new-book-by-thomas-sowell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Cohen_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Cohen (professor)">Cohen, Carl</a> (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/carl-cohen/affirmative-action-around-the-world-by-thomas-sowell/">"Affirmative Action Around the World by Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627012006/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/carl-cohen/affirmative-action-around-the-world-by-thomas-sowell/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=Affirmative+Action+Around+the+World+by+Thomas+Sowell&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fcarl-cohen%2Faffirmative-action-around-the-world-by-thomas-sowell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachan1985" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan, Tibor</a> (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1985/09/01/marxism-demystified/">"Marxism Demystified"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623221319/https://reason.com/1985/09/01/marxism-demystified/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Marxism+Demystified&rft.date=1985-09&rft.aulast=Machan&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F1985%2F09%2F01%2Fmarxism-demystified%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (September 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/09/06/michael-shermer/liberty-science">"Liberty and Science"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cato_Unbound" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato Unbound">Cato Institute</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727224038/https://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/09/06/michael-shermer/liberty-science">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=Liberty+and+Science&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato-unbound.org%2F2011%2F09%2F06%2Fmichael-shermer%2Fliberty-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatRev-Think-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatRev-Think_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/345961/clear-thinking-race">"Clear Thinking on Race"</a>. <i>National Review Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. April 16, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111010600/https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/345961/clear-thinking-race">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20201541">the original</a> on January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Literature&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Thomas+Sowell%27s+Discrimination+and+Disparities&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E574-%3C%2Fspan%3E589&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236338788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjel.20201541&rft.aulast=Doleac&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Farticles%3Fid%3D10.1257%2Fjel.20201541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jenniferdoleac.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Doleac_SowellReview_JEL.pdf">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123042822/http://jenniferdoleac.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Doleac_SowellReview_JEL.pdf">Archived</a> November 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>, pp. 162–163, 253, 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Thomas_Sowell.aspx">"Thomas Sowell Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720064714/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Thomas_Sowell.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell+Facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+%7C+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+Thomas+Sowell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FThomas_Sowell.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/sowell_thomas_1930">"Sowell, Thomas, 1930–"</a>. <i>search.credoreference.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113104/https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/sowell_thomas_1930">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.credoreference.com&rft.atitle=Sowell%2C+Thomas%2C+1930%E2%80%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Ftopic%2Fsowell_thomas_1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Nelson Black (2004). "Freefall of the American university". <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> <i><a href="/wiki/WND_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="WND Books">WND Books</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Thomas+Sowell&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203203023/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Thomas+Sowell&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DThomas%2BSowell%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoovr-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoovr_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Sowell" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Sowell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/bios/sowell.html">"Hoover Institution – Fellows – Thomas Sowell"</a>. Hoover.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609140438/http://www.hoover.org/bios/sowell.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoover+Institution+%E2%80%93+Fellows+%E2%80%93+Thomas+Sowell&rft.pub=Hoover.org&rft.au=Thomas+Sowell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fbios%2Fsowell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pressREL-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pressREL_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/press-releases/hoover-fellow-thomas-sowell-receives-lysander-spooner-award-applied-economics">"Hoover Fellow Thomas Sowell Receives Lysander Spooner Award for Applied Economics"</a>. Hoover Institution. March 11, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113143/https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/hoover-fellow-thomas-sowell-receives-lysander-spooner-award-applied-economics">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoover+Fellow+Thomas+Sowell+Receives+Lysander+Spooner+Award+for+Applied+Economics&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fhoover-fellow-thomas-sowell-receives-lysander-spooner-award-applied-economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EcFaX-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EcFaX_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getabstract.com/en/summary/economic-facts-and-fallacies/10032">"Economic Facts and Fallacies Summary"</a>. <i>getAbstract</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701132706/https://www.getabstract.com/en/summary/economic-facts-and-fallacies/10032">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=getAbstract&rft.atitle=Economic+Facts+and+Fallacies+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getabstract.com%2Fen%2Fsummary%2Feconomic-facts-and-fallacies%2F10032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berdell, John. 2007. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eh.net/book_reviews/on-classical-economics/">On Classical Economics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701035418/https://eh.net/book_reviews/on-classical-economics/">Archived</a> July 1, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (review). <i>EH.net</i>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Association" title="Economic History Association">Economic History Association</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PABub-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PABub_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Driscoll Jr., Gerald P. 2016. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701035413/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b092/ce61e2c8fa865b1ddd2d50e651201f22165e.pdf">Wealth, Poverty and Politics: An International Perspective</a>" (review). <i><a href="/wiki/Cato_Journal" title="Cato Journal">Cato Journal</a></i> 36:196–206. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132598832">132598832</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kwong, Jo (2008). "Sowell, Thomas (1930–)." pp. 482–483 in <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">R. Hamowy</a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n294">10.4135/9781412965811.n294</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804">978-1412965804</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2008009151">2008-9151</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling, Richard M.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aier.org/article/thomas-sowell-at-90-understanding-race-relations-around-the-world/">"Thomas Sowell at 90: Understanding Race Relations Around the World,"</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Economic_Research" title="American Institute for Economic Research">American Institute for Economic Research</a>, June 16, 2020</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_L._Riley" title="Jason L. Riley">Riley, Jason L.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/jason-l-riley/maverick/9781541619692/"><i>Maverick: A Biography of Thomas Sowell</i></a> Basic Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541619685" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541619685">978-1541619685</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541619692" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541619692">978-1541619692</a> (e-book), <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08HM2NQ66">B08HM2NQ66</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2022" class="citation journal cs1">Riley, Jason L. (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imprimis.hillsdale.edu/continuing-importance-thomas-sowell/">"The Continuing Importance of Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i>. <b>51</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-8432">0277-8432</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imprimis&rft.atitle=The+Continuing+Importance+of+Thomas+Sowell&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2022-03&rft.issn=0277-8432&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Jason+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimprimis.hillsdale.edu%2Fcontinuing-importance-thomas-sowell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Sowell" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsowell.com/">Thomas Sowell's home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creators.com/author/dr-thomas-sowell">Thomas Sowell Features</a> at <a href="/wiki/Creators_Syndicate" title="Creators Syndicate">Creators Syndicate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell1.asp">Archive of Articles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816002915/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell1.asp">Archived</a> August 16, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Thomas Sowell at JewishWorldReview.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?thomassowell">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russ_Roberts" title="Russ Roberts">Roberts, Russ</a> (February 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/thomas_sowell/">"Sowell on Economic Facts and Fallacies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EconTalk" title="EconTalk">EconTalk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EconTalk&rft.atitle=Sowell+on+Economic+Facts+and+Fallacies&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econtalk.org%2Farchives%2F_featuring%2Fthomas_sowell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK4M9iJrgto">Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World</a>, 2021 PBS intellectual biography of its subject with Jason Riley hosting.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sowell%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Sowell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sowell%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Sowell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sowell%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Sowell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sowell%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Sowell%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Sowell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1752237/">Thomas Sowell</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Sowell" title="Template:Thomas Sowell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Sowell" title="Template talk:Thomas Sowell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Sowell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Sowell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Thomas_Sowell26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Sowell</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Economics" title="Race and Economics">Race and Economics</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_and_Decisions" title="Knowledge and Decisions">Knowledge and Decisions</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_American_Education" title="Inside American Education">Inside American Education</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_the_Anointed" title="The Vision of the Anointed">The Vision of the Anointed</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Economics" title="Basic Economics">Basic Economics</a></i> (2000–2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Applied_Economics:_Thinking_Beyond_Stage_One" title="Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One">Applied Economics</a></i> (2003; 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_Action_Around_the_World" title="Affirmative Action Around the World">Affirmative Action Around the World</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Housing_Boom_and_Bust" title="The Housing Boom and Bust">The Housing Boom and Bust</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wealth,_Poverty_and_Politics" title="Wealth, Poverty and Politics">Wealth, Poverty and Politics</a></i> (2015; 2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charter_Schools_and_Their_Enemies" title="Charter Schools and Their Enemies">Charter Schools and Their Enemies</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chicago_school_of_economics214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chicago_school_economists" title="Template:Chicago school economists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chicago_school_economists" title="Template talk:Chicago school economists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago_school_economists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago school economists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chicago_school_of_economics214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Calvert_Simons" title="Henry Calvert Simons">Henry Calvert Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(economist)" title="Karl Brunner (economist)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_D._Cagan" title="Phillip D. Cagan">Phillip D. Cagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_G._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry G. Johnson">Harry G. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_H._Meltzer" title="Allan H. Meltzer">Allan H. Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laidler" title="David Laidler">David Laidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Sumner" title="Scott Sumner">Scott Sumner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">New economic history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Townsend" title="Robert M. Townsend">Robert M. Townsend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">New social economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Mincer" title="Jacob Mincer">Jacob Mincer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James Heckman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Murphy" title="Kevin M. Murphy">Kevin M. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._List" title="John A. List">John A. List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Venkatesh" title="Sudhir Venkatesh">Sudhir Venkatesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitt" title="Steven Levitt">Steven Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_G._Fryer_Jr." title="Roland G. Fryer Jr.">Roland Fryer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Tullock" title="Gordon Tullock">Gordon Tullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Gregory_Holcombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Randall Gregory Holcombe">Randall Holcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Downs" title="Anthony Downs">Anthony Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Niskanen" title="William A. Niskanen">William A. Niskanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Director" title="Aaron Director">Aaron Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Landes" title="William Landes">William Landes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Richard Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Easterbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Easterbrook">Frank H. Easterbrook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business and finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry Markowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron Scholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Julian Lincoln Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene Fama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_French" title="Kenneth French">Kenneth French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Harvey" title="Campbell Harvey">Campbell Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverism" title="Riverism">Riverism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruralism_(Uruguay)" title="Ruralism (Uruguay)"><i>Ruralismo</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies1176" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Conservatism in the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian values">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives"><span style="color:white">People</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Jurists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">Yoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen_(political_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Deneen (political theorist)">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ailes" title="Roger Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Perot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservative parties in the United States"><span style="color:white">Parties</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Think tanks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Historical factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Literature</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Republic,_Not_an_Empire" title="A Republic, Not an Empire">A Republic, Not an Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/23px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism"><span style="color:white">Conservatism portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_social_conservatism" title="Template:American social conservatism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_social_conservatism" title="Template talk:American social conservatism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_social_conservatism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American social conservatism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social conservatism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">Gay agenda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-pornography movement in the United States">Anti-pornography movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition of drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_prayer_in_the_United_States" title="School prayer in the United States">School prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(author)" title="David Barton (author)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Brownback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Bryant" title="Anita Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Boebert" title="Lauren Boebert">Boebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boykin" title="Peter Boykin">Boykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">Bozell III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Candace Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn">Coburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">DeLay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">DeMint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Dice" title="Mark Dice">Dice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Donohue" title="Bill Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Falwell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr." title="Jerry Falwell Jr.">Falwell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louie_Gohmert" title="Louie Gohmert">Gohmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hostettler" title="John Hostettler">Hostettler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._James_Kennedy" title="D. James Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_King" title="Steve King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Parsley" title="Rod Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Pence" title="Greg Pence">Pence (Greg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Perkins_(politician)" title="Tony Perkins (politician)">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Peroutka" title="Michael Peroutka">Peroutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Robinson_(American_politician)" title="Mark Robinson (American politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Ruzicka" title="Gayle Ruzicka">Ruzicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scarborough" title="Rick Scarborough">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Schundler" title="Bret Schundler">Schundler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Stenzel" title="Pam Stenzel">Stenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_Beth_Stuckey" title="Allie Beth Stuckey">Stuckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tancredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Tatum" title="Brandon Tatum">Tatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Elizabeth_Uihlein" title="Richard and Elizabeth Uihlein">Uihlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Principles_Project" title="American Principles Project">American Principles Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">Concerned Women for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">Family Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_on_Sexual_Exploitation" title="National Center on Sexual Exploitation">National Center on Sexual Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">National Organization for Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">National Right to Life Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">Parents Television and Media Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Values_Coalition" title="Traditional Values Coalition">Traditional Values Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions in the Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Declaration:_A_Call_of_Christian_Conscience" title="Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience">Manhattan Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_pride" title="Straight pride">Straight pride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism" title="Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism" title="Template talk:Nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Antiquity">Nationalism in Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Animal">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic ultranationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-/New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">List of fascist movements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question" title="National question">National question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">National revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">Natural border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">State-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neoliberalism83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoliberalism" title="Template:Neoliberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoliberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Neoliberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neoliberalism83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">Economic interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_School_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago School (economics)">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boys">Chicago boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3106" style="padding:3px"><table 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-mlcks","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.669","walltime":"3.192","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25890,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":666362,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":39879,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":685012,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2466.301 1 -total"," 25.56% 630.340 3 Template:Reflist"," 17.49% 431.342 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