CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Wars of national liberation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"49b9ec4e-004b-43c0-b53f-6f541a452419","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Wars_of_national_liberation","wgTitle":"Wars of national liberation","wgCurRevisionId":1275273527,"wgRevisionId":1275273527,"wgArticleId":910236,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from February 2011","All articles needing additional references","Wars of independence","National liberation movements","Decolonization","European colonisation of Africa","Marxist terminology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Wars_of_national_liberation","wgRelevantArticleId":910236,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1006311","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/1200px-Navarino.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="760"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/800px-Navarino.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="507"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/640px-Navarino.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="405"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Wars of national liberation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Wars_of_national_liberation rootpage-Wars_of_national_liberation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wars+of+national+liberation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wars+of+national+liberation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wars+of+national+liberation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wars+of+national+liberation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategies_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategies_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Strategies and tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategies_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decolonization_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Decolonization period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_wars_defined_as_national_liberation_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_wars_defined_as_national_liberation_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ongoing wars defined as national liberation conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_wars_defined_as_national_liberation_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wars of national liberation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="حرب التحرير الوطني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب التحرير الوطني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militoj_de_nacia_liberigo" title="Militoj de nacia liberigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Militoj de nacia liberigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslobodila%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Oslobodilački rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oslobodilački rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_pembebasan_nasional" title="Perang pembebasan nasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang pembebasan nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਕੌਮੀ ਮੁਕਤੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮੀ ਮੁਕਤੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="قومی آزادی دیاں جنگاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قومی آزادی دیاں جنگاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_nacional" title="Guerra de libertação nacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de libertação nacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft%C3%ABrat_%C3%A7lirimtare" title="Luftërat çlirimtare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luftërat çlirimtare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شەڕەکانی ئازادیی نەتەوەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕەکانی ئازادیی نەتەوەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslobodila%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Oslobodilački rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oslobodilački rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Національно-визвольна війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національно-визвольна війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="قومی آزادی کی جنگیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قومی آزادی کی جنگیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_tr%C3%A0o_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_d%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c" title="Phong trào giải phóng dân tộc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong trào giải phóng dân tộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="民族解放战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民族解放战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1006311#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wars_of_national_liberation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wars_of_national_liberation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&oldid=1275273527" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Wars_of_national_liberation&id=1275273527&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWars_of_national_liberation"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWars_of_national_liberation"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_of_national_liberation" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1006311" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conflict fought for national liberation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"National liberation", "Liberation struggle", "War of independence", and "War of Liberation" redirect here. For the concept in Marxist thought, see <a href="/wiki/National_liberation_(Marxism)" title="National liberation (Marxism)">National liberation (Marxism)</a>. For the anticommunist campaign in Kerala, see <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Struggle_(Kerala)" title="Liberation Struggle (Kerala)">Liberation Struggle (Kerala)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_of_independence" title="List of wars of independence">List of wars of independence</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navarino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/240px-Navarino.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/360px-Navarino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/480px-Navarino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Allied naval intervention at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Louis_Garneray" title="Ambroise Louis Garneray">Ambroise Louis Garneray</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wars of national liberation</b>, also called <b>wars of independence</b> or <b>wars of liberation</b>, are conflicts fought by <a href="/wiki/Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations">nations</a> to gain <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>. The term is used in conjunction with wars against foreign powers (or at least those perceived as foreign) to establish separate <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> for the rebelling nationality. From a different point of view, such wars are called <a href="/wiki/Insurgencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgencies">insurgencies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rebellions" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions">rebellions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mtw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> is often utilized by groups labeled as national <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movements</a>, often with support from other states. The term "wars of national liberation" is most commonly used for those fought during the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> movement. Since these were primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">third world</a>, against Western powers and their economic influence, and a major aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the phrase has often been applied selectively to criticize the foreign power involved.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamara_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of these wars were either vocally or materially supported by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which claimed to be an <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a> power, supporting the replacement of Western-backed governments with local <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist</a> or other non pro-Western parties.<sup id="cite_ref-mtw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1961 Soviet premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> pledged support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Soviet involvement was often viewed as a way to increase the size and influence of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>, and thus a form of imperialism itself. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> criticized the Soviet Union as being <a href="/wiki/Social_imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social imperialist">social imperialist</a>. In turn, China presented themselves as models of independent nationalist development outside of Western influence, particularly as such posturing and other long-term hostility meant they were regarded as a threat to Western power and regarded themselves as such, using their resources to politically, economically and militarily assist movements such as in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. When the nation is defined in ethnic terms, wars fought to liberate it have often entailed <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> in order to rid the claimed territory of other population groups.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a> generally holds that a <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a> with a legal right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> are entitled to wage wars of national liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Malanczukp336_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malanczukp336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> states tend to view these wars as <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> states tend to view them as international wars.<sup id="cite_ref-Malanczukp336_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malanczukp336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This difference in classification leads to varying perceptions of which laws of war apply in such situations.<sup id="cite_ref-Malanczukp336_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malanczukp336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is general agreement among all states today in principle that the use of force to frustrate a people's legal right to self-determination is unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-Malanczukp336_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malanczukp336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategies_and_tactics">Strategies and tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strategies and tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/375px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/500px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>; independent from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> since 1975, after the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">Kalashnikov</a> as symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed struggle">armed struggle</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese empire</a>, the book as symbol of instruction and a farming implement as symbol of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars">Wars</a> of national liberation are usually fought using guerrilla warfare. The main purpose of these tactics is to increase the cost of the anti-guerrilla forces past the point where such forces are willing to bear. Wars of national liberation generally depend on widespread public support, with ordinary civilians providing crucial support. Finally, wars of national liberation are often embedded in a larger context of great power politics and are often <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>. </p><p>These strategies explain why they are quite successful against foreign regimes and quite unsuccessful against indigenous regimes. Foreign regimes usually have a threshold beyond which they would prefer to go home rather than to fight the war. By contrast, an indigenous regime has no place to which they can retreat, and will fight much harder because of the lack of alternatives. Moreover, foreign regimes usually have fewer active supporters in the theater, and those that exist can often be easily identified, making it possible for guerrilla armies to identify their targets. By contrast, indigenous regimes often have much more popular support, and their supporters are often not easily recognized as such, making it much harder to conduct operations against them without also causing harm to neutral parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization_period">Decolonization period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decolonization period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>Surrender of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a> in 1781</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla-Rancagua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Batalla-Rancagua.jpg/220px-Batalla-Rancagua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Batalla-Rancagua.jpg/330px-Batalla-Rancagua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Batalla-Rancagua.jpg/440px-Batalla-Rancagua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2306" data-file-height="1729" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rancagua" title="Battle of Rancagua">Battle of Rancagua</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chilean War of Independence</a> in 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> (1791-1804) can be considered to be one of the first wars of national liberation. It pitted self-liberated <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> against <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Imperial France</a>, coming about during a period in history where interconnected movements such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutions</a> had caused a rise of national consciousness in the Atlantic world. At the same time during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> (1808-1833), the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Governments_(Spanish_American_independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriot Governments (Spanish American independence)">patriots</a> launched a series of complex wars of independence against the <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">royalists</a>, which resulted in the formation of new <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> states. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patras_(1821)" title="Siege of Patras (1821)">Siege of Patras</a> (1821) led to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, ending <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman domination</a> in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Easter_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Uprising">Easter Rising</a> (1916) in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919-1921), ending in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a> and the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> unsuccessfully fought a number of <a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">independence movements</a> until <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> gained independence. The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> fought its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">war of independence</a> (1917-1921), which resulted in being absorbed into a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet republic</a>. Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> fought a series of campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">war of independence</a> (1919-1922), which resulted in the subsequent withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied forces</a> and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian War of Independence">Indonesian War of Independence</a> (1945-1949) followed with the Liberation of <a href="/wiki/Irian_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Jaya">Irian Jaya</a> (1960-1962), the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (1946–54), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (1959–75), <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> (1971) and the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–62) were all considered national liberation wars by the rebelling sides of the conflicts. The <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC)'s struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime is also another example. Most of these rebellions were in part supported by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> the <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> objectives of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> were shared by many anticolonialist leaders, thus explaining the objective alliance between anticolonialist forces and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. The concept of "<a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>" itself had been theorized in Lenin's 1916 book, <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> — who founded the <a href="/wiki/Viet-Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet-Minh">Viet-Minh</a> in 1941 and declared the independence of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> on September 2, 1945, following the 1945 <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> — was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (PCF) in 1921. In January 1961, over three years before the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> which would mark the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a>'s increased involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, Soviet premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> would pledge support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-WGOW432-433_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGOW432-433-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same decade, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, would support national liberation movements in <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambique</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese colonial wars">Portuguese colonial wars</a> finally led to the recognition of Angola, Mozambique and <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> as independent states in 1975, following the April <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a> became a scene of guerrilla warfare by factors of the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army" title="Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army">ZANLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">ZAPU</a> against <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> until white-majority rule came to an end in 1979 and the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a> led to the independence of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> in April 1980. In February 1991, six months after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">coalition led by the United States</a> launched a ground offensive to <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign" title="Liberation of Kuwait campaign">liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation</a>. The 1991 <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> led to fewer wars of independence in part of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a>. The aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo-Zaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire">AFDL</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">invade Zaire</a>, overthrowing the regime of <a href="/wiki/Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobutu">Mobutu</a> and reverting its name to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">first Libyan Civil War</a> (2011), an uprising developed into a <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaddafi_forces" title="Anti-Gaddafi forces">rebellion</a>, toppling the regime of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> declared the liberation of Libya from 42 years of his rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ongoing_wars_defined_as_national_liberation_conflicts">Ongoing wars defined as national liberation conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ongoing wars defined as national liberation conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) is a national liberation movement, meaning that it holds official recognition of its legal status as such.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other national liberation movements in the <a href="/wiki/OAU" class="mw-redirect" title="OAU">OAU</a> at that time included the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) and <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a> (PAC). It is the only non-African national liberation movement to hold observer status in the OAU, and was one of the first national liberation movements granted permanent observer status by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> pursuant to a 1974 resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Shultzp100_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shultzp100-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilsonp119_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilsonp119-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PLO also participates in UN Security Council debates; since 1988, it has represented the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian people</a> at the UN under the name "<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Boczekp86_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boczekp86-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following current conflicts have sometimes also been characterized as wars or struggles of national liberation (such a designation is often subject to controversy): </p> <ul><li>Many <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> and foreign observers consider the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen Wars</a> to be wars of national liberation against <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some Iraqi insurgent groups, and certain political groups believe that the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> was a war of national liberation against the US-led <a href="/wiki/Multinational_force_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational force in Iraq">coalition</a>.</li> <li>Many Kurds believe the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> to be a war of national liberation of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> has sought the independence of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> since 1975 and considered its guerrilla war against Morocco as national liberation war (like many foreign observers, countries and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>), while Morocco considered it a <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionist</a> movement. Polisario had been recognized by some countries as the legitimate representative of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a>. The hostilities are frozen since the 1991 cease-fire following the settlement plan agreement.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Special:EditPage/Wars of national liberation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_of_independence" title="List of wars of independence">List of wars of independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_1831.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_1831.PNG/220px-Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_1831.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_1831.PNG/330px-Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_1831.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_1831.PNG/440px-Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_1831.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1831)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1831)">Battle of Ostrołęka</a> during the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak,_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/220px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/330px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/440px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass" title="Battle of Shipka Pass">Defence of Shipka Pass</a> against Turkish troops was crucial for the independence of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_at_river_Skit_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_at_river_Skit_1877.jpg/220px-Battle_at_river_Skit_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_at_river_Skit_1877.jpg/330px-Battle_at_river_Skit_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_at_river_Skit_1877.jpg/440px-Battle_at_river_Skit_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption>Clash between Turks and Romanians during the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a> in 1877</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patarei_nr_1_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Patarei_nr_1_1919.jpg/220px-Patarei_nr_1_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Patarei_nr_1_1919.jpg/330px-Patarei_nr_1_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Patarei_nr_1_1919.jpg/440px-Patarei_nr_1_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Estonian artillery preparing for a battle during the 1918–1920 <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Conflicts which have been described as national liberation struggles: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_War_of_Liberation" title="Swedish War of Liberation">Swedish War of Liberation</a> (1521–23).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1803" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Rebellion of 1803">Irish Rebellion of 1803</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> against Napoleon's occupation of Spain and Portugal during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/German_Campaign_of_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="German Campaign of 1813">German campaign of 1813</a> against Napoleon's occupation of German lands during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian War of Independence">Swedish-Norwegian War</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> (1821).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a> (1844–1856).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Italian Wars of Independence</a> (1848-1866)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Restoration War</a> (1863–1865).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li>Explicit wars of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> against Japanese invasion of Vietnam.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Viet Minh</a> against French colonial rule in Indochina</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li>The Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">resistance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state-sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes">Sri Lankan colonization</a> in Tamil-speaking territories and discrimination against the Tamil people.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising</a> against French colonial rule in 1947.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> against <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (1954–1962).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Overseas War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> against <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1961-1974).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">UPC</a> against <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a> (NLF) and the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Occupied_South_Yemen" title="Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen">Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen</a> (FLOSY).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Rebellion</a> against British rule in Kenya.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a> in white-ruled <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>), led by <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">ZANU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">ZAPU</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a> against <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> & <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> against <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritanian</a> occupation.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, by the South West Africa People's Organization (<a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a>) and <a href="/wiki/SWANU" title="SWANU">SWANU</a> against <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Dervish War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei Revolt</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_War_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation War (Yugoslavia)">National Liberation War and Socialist Revolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> within <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> (National Liberation Army) against <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> occupators and their collaborators.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> in which forces of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> fought against occupying forces of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and forces of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> against <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, with <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> against <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and communist bloc.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> against <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a> against the occupying <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-irish_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-irish war">Anglo-Irish War</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>; also, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> against the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, aimed at creating a socialist republic within a united Ireland, from 1969 until 1998.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, against the occupying <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Vietnamese Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a> of 1977 with <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino">Augusto Sandino</a>'s forces against the occupying <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, by <a href="/wiki/FROLINAT" title="FROLINAT">FROLINAT</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">Tombalbaye</a> dictatorship</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime by <a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">Azanian People's Liberation Army</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen Wars</a>, by the Chechen peoples against <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Revolutionary_Army" title="Bougainville Revolutionary Army">Bougainville Revolutionary Army</a> against <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> against <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> has been considered a national liberation movement.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian War of Independence">Ten-Day War</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War_of_1992-1995" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian War of 1992-1995">Bosnian War</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_independence_movements" title="African independence movements">African independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clausewitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausewitz">Clausewitz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of colonialism">chronology of colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>, especially V and XII</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_of_independence" title="List of wars of independence">List of wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_autonomist_and_secessionist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active autonomist and secessionist movements">List of active autonomist and secessionist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_recognized_by_intergovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations">List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decolonized_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of decolonized nations">List of decolonized nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_separatist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical separatist movements">List of historical separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">List of sovereign states by date of formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">List of states with limited recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_jiefang" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzu jiefang">Minzu jiefang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mtw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mtw_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtw_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein1990" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moscowsthirdworl00rubi/page/80"><i>Moscow's Third World Strategy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moscowsthirdworl00rubi/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07790-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07790-8"><bdi>0-691-07790-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow%27s+Third+World+Strategy&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-691-07790-8&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=Alvin+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoscowsthirdworl00rubi%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNamara-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._McNamara" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert S. McNamara">McNamara, Robert S.</a> (1965-08-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon4/ps3.htm">"Buildup of U.S. Forces in VietNam, Statement by Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, Before the Subcommittee on Department of Defense Appropriations of the Senate Committee on Appropriations on August 4, 1965"</a>. <i>Department of State Bulletin</i>: 369<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+State+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Buildup+of+U.S.+Forces+in+VietNam%2C+Statement+by+Secretary+of+Defense%2C+Robert+S.+McNamara%2C+Before+the+Subcommittee+on+Department+of+Defense+Appropriations+of+the+Senate+Committee+on+Appropriations+on+August+4%2C+1965&rft.pages=369&rft.date=1965-08-30&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fpentagon4%2Fps3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallardGubbayMiddleton1997" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, Chet; Gubbay, Jon; Middleton, Chris (1997). <i>The Student's Companion to Sociology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7567-7867-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7567-7867-0"><bdi>0-7567-7867-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Companion+to+Sociology&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7567-7867-0&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Chet&rft.au=Gubbay%2C+Jon&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Little_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle1980" class="citation journal cs1">Little, Wendell E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/sep-oct/little.html">"Wars of National Liberation—Insurgency"</a>. <i>Air University Review</i> (<span class="nowrap">September–</span>October)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+University+Review&rft.atitle=Wars+of+National+Liberation%E2%80%94Insurgency&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ESeptember%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3EOctober&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Wendell+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpower.maxwell.af.mil%2Fairchronicles%2Faureview%2F1980%2Fsep-oct%2Flittle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2013" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). <i>Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3038-5"><bdi>978-1-4422-3038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+Fate%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Making+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3038-5&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hayden, Robert M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2501233">"Schindler's Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and Population Transfers"</a>. <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>55</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">727–</span>748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2501233">10.2307/2501233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2501233">2501233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232725375">232725375</a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Rendering an area ethnically homogenous by using force or in- timidation to remove from a given area persons of another ethnic or religious group" seems, in fact, an essential element in the program of many state builders and national liberation movements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Schindler%27s+Fate%3A+Genocide%2C+Ethnic+Cleansing%2C+and+Population+Transfers&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E727-%3C%2Fspan%3E748&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232725375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2501233%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2501233&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2501233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kelman, Herbert C. (1997). "Negotiating National Identity and Self-Determination in Ethnic Conflicts: The Choice Between Pluralism and Ethnic Cleansing". <i>Negotiation Journal</i>. <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1024840110195">10.1023/A:1024840110195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189900927">189900927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Negotiation+Journal&rft.atitle=Negotiating+National+Identity+and+Self-Determination+in+Ethnic+Conflicts%3A+The+Choice+Between+Pluralism+and+Ethnic+Cleansing&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1024840110195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189900927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kelman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malanczukp336-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malanczukp336_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malanczukp336_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malanczukp336_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malanczukp336_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malanczuk, 1997, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higgins-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2004" class="citation journal cs1">Higgins, Noelle (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jha.ac/articles/a132.pdf">"The Application of International Humanitarian Law to Wars of National Liberation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Humanitarian Assistance</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanitarian+Assistance&rft.atitle=The+Application+of+International+Humanitarian+Law+to+Wars+of+National+Liberation&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Noelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jha.ac%2Farticles%2Fa132.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGOW432-433-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WGOW432-433_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Andrew_and_Vasili_Mitrokhin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a> (2005). "24 "The Cold War Comes to Africa". <i>The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World</i> (hardcover). Basic Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">432–</span>433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465003112" title="Special:BookSources/9780465003112"><bdi>9780465003112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24+%22The+Cold+War+Comes+to+Africa&rft.btitle=The+World+Was+Going+Our+Way%3A+The+KGB+and+the+Battle+for+the+Third+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E433&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780465003112&rft.au=Christopher+Andrew+and+Vasili+Mitrokhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSess.:_1988-1989)1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sess.: 1988-1989), UN General Assembly (43rd (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/192616">"Observer status of national liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and/or the League of Arab States :: resolutions /: adopted by the General Assembly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Digital_Library" title="United Nations Digital Library">United Nations Digital Library</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Observer+status+of+national+liberation+movements+recognized+by+the+Organization+of+African+Unity+and%2For+the+League+of+Arab+States+%3A%3A+resolutions+%2F%3A+adopted+by+the+General+Assembly.&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Sess.%3A+1988-1989%29&rft.aufirst=UN+General+Assembly+%2843rd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F192616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shultzp100-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shultzp100_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shultz, 1988, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilsonp119-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilsonp119_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 1990, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boczekp86-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boczekp86_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boczek, 2005, p86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sakwa" title="Richard Sakwa">Sakwa, Richard</a> (2005), <i>Chechnya: From Past to Future</i>, p. 208. Anthem Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-164-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84331-164-X">1-84331-164-X</a>, 9781843311645</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evangelista, Matthew (2002), The Chechen wars: will Russia go the way of the Soviet Union?, p. 142. Brookings Institution Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-2498-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-2498-5">0-8157-2498-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2498-8">978-0-8157-2498-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunlop, John B. (1998), <i>Russia Confronts Chechnya</i>, p. 93. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63619-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63619-1">0-521-63619-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63619-3">978-0-521-63619-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoleslaw_Adam_Boczek2005" class="citation book cs1">Boleslaw Adam Boczek (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NR7mFXCB-wgC&pg=PA86"><i>International law: a dictionary</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5078-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law%3A+a+dictionary&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5078-1&rft.au=Boleslaw+Adam+Boczek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNR7mFXCB-wgC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanczuk1997" class="citation book cs1">Malanczuk, Peter Autor (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/akehurstsmoderni0000mala"><i>Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11120-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11120-1"><bdi>978-0-415-11120-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akehurst%27s+Modern+Introduction+to+International+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11120-1&rft.aulast=Malanczuk&rft.aufirst=Peter+Autor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fakehurstsmoderni0000mala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2000" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&pg=PA41"><i>Native vs. settler: ethnic conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31357-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31357-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31357-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+vs.+settler%3A+ethnic+conflict+in+Israel%2FPalestine%2C+Northern+Ireland%2C+and+South+Africa&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31357-8&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PNt46aB_sYC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_H._Shultz1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Shultz" title="Richard H. Shultz">Richard H. Shultz</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtebWixsIdYC&pg=PA100"><i>The Soviet Union and revolutionary warfare: principles, practices, and regional comparisons</i></a>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8711-4"><bdi>978-0-8179-8711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+revolutionary+warfare%3A+principles%2C+practices%2C+and+regional+comparisons&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8711-4&rft.au=Richard+H.+Shultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtebWixsIdYC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1990" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Heather A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNj5hzOHIasC&pg=PA119"><i>International law and the use of force by national liberation movements</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825662-5"><bdi>978-0-19-825662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law+and+the+use+of+force+by+national+liberation+movements&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-825662-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Heather+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNj5hzOHIasC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+of+national+liberation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://*.iapl.net/statements/nlm.pdf">Edre U. Olalia, Vice President of International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) THE STATUS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW OF NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS AND THEIR USE OF ARMED FORCE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iadllaw.org/files/THE%20STATUS%20IN%20INTERNATIONAL%20LAW%20OF%20NATIONAL%20LIBERATION%20MOVEMENTS%20AND%20THEIR%20USE%20OF%20ARMED%20FORCE%20by%20Edre%20Olalia.pdf">Edre U. Olalia, Vice President of International Association of People’s Lawyers - The status in International Law of National Liberation Movements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapl.net/index.php/en/third-congress/79-a-reversal-of-international-law">A reversal of International Law</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006311#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090020">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560667305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&oldid=1275273527">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&oldid=1275273527</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_independence" title="Category:Wars of independence">Wars of independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_liberation_movements" title="Category:National liberation movements">National liberation movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Decolonization" title="Category:Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_colonisation_of_Africa" title="Category:European colonisation of Africa">European colonisation of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marxist_terminology" title="Category:Marxist terminology">Marxist terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2011">Articles needing additional references from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 01:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_national_liberation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wars of national liberation</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>14 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-829g7","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.558","walltime":"0.716","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2587,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":50417,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3769,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":73714,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 598.296 1 -total"," 33.01% 197.501 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.41% 134.085 9 Template:Cite_book"," 16.67% 99.722 1 Template:Authority_control"," 15.26% 91.282 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.39% 68.136 1 Template:Unreferenced_section"," 10.48% 62.700 1 Template:Unreferenced"," 10.00% 59.836 1 Template:Ambox"," 9.89% 59.157 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.87% 47.103 1 Template:Redirect-multi"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.350","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6500769,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-68c5fdd74d-rlpcs","timestamp":"20250212013050","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wars of national liberation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wars_of_national_liberation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1006311","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1006311","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-09T00:44:29Z","dateModified":"2025-02-12T01:30:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e8\/Navarino.jpg","headline":"conflict fought for national liberation"}</script> </body> </html>